BASICENGLISHGRAMMAR STRUCTURESANDVOCABULARY ASHORTCOURSEINENGLISHFORADULTSTUDENTS Prof.JuanGmo.MoyaMontaña
STUDENT´SNAME________________________________________
DEPARTAMENTOCOMUNICACIONALDELEJÉRCITO
Este material ha sido preparado como una contribución para los alumnos de las Escuelas dependientes del Comando de Institutos y Doctrina y el Personal del Ejército de Chile -especialmente aquellos que se encuentran destinados en unidades alejadas- y que deseen actualizar y reforzar su dominio de las estructuras gramaticales del idioma inglés, incrementar su vocabulario y mejorar las estrategias comunicativas, mediante un trabajo personal.
Con mucho afecto y gratitud a la querida Institución, que me ha permitido servir con entusiasmo y crecer profesionalmente.
Prof. Juan Gmo. Moya Montaña Profesor de Inglés de la Academia de Guerra, la Academia Politécnica Militar, la Escuela Militar y la Escuela de Telecomunicaciones del Ejército de Chile. jmoyam@profing.tie.cl
Ejército de Chile Departamento Comunicacional Registro de Propiedad Intelectual N° 151.465 I.S.B.N. N° 956-7527-35-0 Impreso en los Talleres del Instituto Geográfico Militar
INDICE Pág •Prologo _________________________________________________________________ 5 •SugerenciasMetodológicas________________________________________________ 7 •TableofContents_________________________________________________________ 9 •Unit1__________________________________________________________________ 15 •Unit2__________________________________________________________________ 27 •Unit3__________________________________________________________________ 37 •Unit4__________________________________________________________________ 47 •Unit5__________________________________________________________________ 59 •Unit6__________________________________________________________________ 77 •Unit7__________________________________________________________________ 91 •Unit8_________________________________________________________________ 103 •Unit9_________________________________________________________________ 115 •Unit10________________________________________________________________ 127 •Unit11________________________________________________________________ 141 •Unit12________________________________________________________________ 157 •Unit13________________________________________________________________ 175 •Unit14________________________________________________________________ 191 •Unit15________________________________________________________________ 203 •Unit16________________________________________________________________ 215 •Unit17________________________________________________________________ 225 •Unit18________________________________________________________________ 237 •Unit19________________________________________________________________ 253 •Unit20________________________________________________________________ 263 •Unit21________________________________________________________________ 277 •Apendices ____________________________________________________________ 297 Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Prólogo Prólogo
ElprofesorJuanMoyaMontañamehadistinguidoconlasolicituddeprologarStructuresand Vocabulary,textodeautoaprendizajedegramáticainglesabásicaparaadultos.Estemanualforma partedelesfuerzopermanentedelprofesorMoyaporcontribuiralmejoramientodelaenseñanzade esteidiomaenelEjército. El autor me concede la oportunidad de testimoniar mi reconocimiento y felicitarlo por su largatrayectoriacomoprofesorvinculadoalEjércitodeChile.*También,mepermitehacerlellegarel sentimiento–ycreoserportadordecientosdeintegrantesdelainstitución–deprofundoafectohacia elcomprometidoteacherque,sacrificandohorasdedescanso,acudióenauxiliodetantosdenosotros cuando, con desesperación y a última hora, buscábamos incrementar nuestro nivel de inglés para cumpliralgunamisiónencomendada. Alrespecto,permítasemeunaanécdota.Ellanoessinounejemplo–meatrevoadecirlo–de milesdevivenciasqueoficialesycuadropermanentetuvimosparatratardeestar“alaaltura”,poder entenderyhacernosentenderenunidiomaextranjero;casisiempreenlavísperadeunacomisiónde servicioodestinaciónqueasíloexigía. Sevivíaelmesdeoctubrede1980yelinfrascrito–entoncesmayor–recibiólaordendepresentarse, ¡enunasemana!(despuéssetransformaronen15días)alcursodeEstadoMayorenelArmyWarCollege dePretoria,Sudáfrica,dondesesuponíaquelasclaseserandictadaseninglésyenafrikaans.Esta designacióncambiabasorpresivamentemidestinoaunaunidadenChile,luegodequemiparticipación enelcursodeEstadoMayorenlaEscuelaSuperiordeGuerradeFranciafueracancelada,debidoalcese delosintercambioscastrensescondichopaís.Ello,despuésdehaberconcluido–juntoamicompañero, elmayorHernánReyes–unametódicapreparaciónenelidiomafrancés. YaquísurgeelreconocidorasgodelapersonalidaddelprofesorJuanMoya.Enfrentadoéla nuestrapocapreparaciónyescasotiempodisponible,seentregódellenoyconentusiasmoaesta titánicatarea.Éstaconsistióenclasesdiarias,dondeelprofesorMoyafuemisombra;disparandoverbos, haciéndomerepetirpertinazmentecientosdepalabrasparaaumentarmivocabulario;exigiéndomeel spellingdetodoelabecedario,númerosyunidadesdemedida.Estoocurríadurantetodoeldía,en mediodeentregas,cierredeoficina,firmasdeactasytrámitesparasacarpasaporte. Nuncapodréolvidaresascuatroúltimasnochesenquenosacompañó,aIsabelyamí,desde las9delanochehastalas3delamadrugada,impartiendosuslecciones,haciéndonospreguntasa lascualesrespondíamosencaramadossobrecajas,baúlesymaletas. Siesterelatonoindicavoluntaddeservicioyentrega,creoqueningúnotropodríareflejarese espíritudecooperacióndeldistinguidoautoryamigo. Deesatraumáticaexperiencianacióladecisión–conelgranapoyodemissuperiores,primero, y,luego,enelejerciciodemisfuncionescomoCJE.–,debuscaruncambiointegralquepermitieraa * ElProfesorJuanMoyaMontañafuecontratadocomoAyudantedeProfesorparalaEscuelaMilitarel1demarzode1970yprestóservicios alainstituciónpor30añosenformacontinuaenelyamencionadoInstitutoMatriz,enlaAcademiadeGuerrayenelComandodeInstitutos Militares. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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losoficialesycuadropermanentedelEjércitoincorporaralingléscomounsegundoidioma,exigible medianteunprocesoregulado,quecombinaraelinteréspersonalyelapoyoinstitucionalparaellogro delobjetivo. Bienconocemoselsistemavigentequeseorientaatalpropósito.Vayanaquímisagradecimientos tambiénatodoslosquelohanconstruido;tambiénacuantoshandebido“sufrir”elproceso.Sin duda,estosúltimos,ahorasedancuentaquehanadquiridounaherramientabásicaenlaformación deunprofesionalmilitarmoderno. Contodo,noquisieradejarlaimpresiónqueenelEjércitohabríaexistidounadespreocupación ofaltadeeficienciaenestamateria.Porelcontrario,nuestroslegendariosprofesoresdeinglés,tanto delaEscuelaMilitarcomodelaAcademiadeGuerradelEjército–Mr.Lühr,Mr.Clerc,Mr.Parada,Mr. Sepúlveda,yotros–,buscabanelmismopropósito.Y,porsupuesto,obteníanresultadosacordesa lashoras,tiempos,sistemaseinterésdelosalumnosydelainstituciónporeltema. LoquepasófuequelascrecientesdemandasdecooperacióninternacionalalEjércitosuperaron elsistemavigente;peronoasílavoluntad,vocaciónyentregadeesosejemplaresmaestros.Tampoco, elpermanenteinterésdelainstituciónporelasunto. De allí surge la necesidad del cambio, conocido por todos, hacia la actual estructura de la Escuela de Idiomas del Ejército y la aplicación de un modelo educacional en la materia, que ya cubrevariaslenguas(desdeelinglésalchinomandarín,incluyendotambiénlasoriginariasrapanui, mapudungunyaimara),dondenuestropersonalsepreparasistemáticayformalmenteconunagran dosisdecompromisopersonalenestatarea. Estelibro,sinduda,contribuiráaformarpartedelasmúltiplesvariablesqueconfiguraneste todo:laformaciónenidiomasextranjerosdelpersonaldelEjércitoparacapacitarlosalnivelquehoy exigenuestraprofesiónylascaracterísticasdeunmundoglobalizado.
JuanEmilioCheyreEspinosa GeneraldeEjército ComandanteenJefedelEjército
Santiago,enerode2006.
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Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
SugerenciasMetodológicas 1.
Leer,estudiarymemorizarlasdefinicionesyreglasgramaticalesdadasenlasdiferentesunidadesdelcurso.
2.
Estudiarlasilustraciones,losejemplosdadosylapronunciaciónfiguradaindicadaenalgunoscasos.
3.
Resolverlosejerciciosdadoscomotarea.Uselápizdegrafitoparaescribir.
4.
CompararlasrespuestasdadasporUd.conlasdadasenlasClavesdeRespuestasycorrijasuserrores.
5.
Sihubieramuchasrespuestasincorrectas(másdeun20%),estudiardenuevolasdefinicionesyreglasdadasal iniciodelaunidadpertinenteyvolverahacerlosejercicios.
6.
Estudiarenloposibleconotra(s)persona(s)paracomparar,discutirypracticarlosejerciciosdados.
7.
Estudiarymemorizarloslistadosdepalabras(sustantivos,adjetivos,verbos,preposiciones,etc.),frasesyexpresiones idiomáticasqueaparecenalfinaldecadaunidad.
8.
Distribuir en forma adecuada el tiempo de estudio, de modo que haya una continuidad y regularidad. No es convenienteestudiarvariashorasdeunasolavezydejarpasarmuchotiempoantesdeiniciarotraetapa.
9.
Aprovecharcualquiermomentolibreparaestudiar,estudiaryestudiar.EsteesfuerzorealizadoporUd.rendirásus frutosyletraerámuchassatisfacciones. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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TABLEOFCONTENTS PARTONE:ELEMENTARYLEVEL UNIT1
UNIT2
UNIT3
UNIT4
UNIT5
• TOBE(Present,PastandFuture) • THEENGLISHALPHABET • THEPHONETICALPHABET
• What?,Who?,How?,When?,Why?,Howold?Howlong?Whattime? • This,That,These,Those;A(N);The;At,On,In;Until,For • Now,today;yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday;lastweek/lastyear/last Monday,tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextweek,twodaysago
• • • •
• Howmuch?Howmany? • Much,many,little,few,alot,lotsof,verylittle,veryfew
THERETOBE (Present,PastandFuture) SOME-NOTANY-NO-ANY CARDINALNUMBERS VOCABULARY: -People
• HAVEGOT/HASGOT • ADJECTIVES • ARTICLESI-DefiniteandIndefinite • TELLINGTHETIME • VOCABULARY: -Adjectives
• Uncountablenouns:money,sugar,milk,water,work,etc. • Countablenouns:people,men,students,books,etc. • O´clock,quarterpast/to,halfpast,minutespast/to • Inthemorning/afternoon/evening;atnight • Noon/midday,midnight
• PRESENTCONTINUOUSTENSE • Now,atpresent,atthemoment,atthistime,temporarily,forthetime being. • INFINITIVESANDGERUNDS • Howold?,Howtall?,Howfar?,Howlong?,Howhigh?,Howfast?, • TIMEANDDATES Howdeep?,Howthick?,Howwide?,Howbig?,Whatcolor?,Whatsize?, • ORDINALNUMBERS Whatshape?,Whatis/are.........like? • QUESTIONWORDS1 Fordescribingpeopleandthings. • VOCABULARY: -Numerals,TimeandDates
• SIMPLEPRESENTTENSE • ADVERBSOFFREQUENCY • QUESTIONWORDSII Forrequestinginformation. • ARTICLESII-Generalandspecific • RELATIVEPRONOUNS:Whoand Which • VOCABULARY: -Timeexpressions(I) -Clothes
• Everyday,everyweek,everymonth,etc. • Always,generally,usually,often,sometimes,never,etc. • Onceaday,twiceaweek,threetimesayear,etc. • What?,Who?,Which?,Why?,Where?,How?Whom?,Whose?,How much?,Howmany?,Howoften?,Howlong?,Whattime?,Whatkindof?, Whatsortof?,etc.
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UNIT7
• PASTCONTINUOUSTENSE • IMPERATIVEFORM • ARTICLESIII-Nationalities, professions,titlesandranks; streets,cities,countriesand geographicalnames. • EXCLAMATORYFORM • VOCABULARY: -Thehouse
• Atthattime,at10:30lastnight,etc.,WhenPeterarrivedthismorning, whentheygotmarried,etc. • Openthedoor,please.Please,don´tdothat. • AnAmerican,aChilean,anEnglishman,etc. • Adoctor,anengineer,asecretary,etc. • Mr.Scott,Cpt.Jones,Dr.White,etc. • OnFifthAvenue,InSaltLakeCity,InCanada,intheUSA,inNorthCarolina, intheWestIndies. • Whatatallwoman!,Whatbeautifulflowers!Whatniceweather! Howtallsheis!Howquicklytimepasses!
UNIT8
• SIMPLEFUTURETENSEI:Will • RELATIVEPRONOUNS:Who, Whom,Whose • SOMEBODY/SOMEONE, SOMETHING,SOMEWHERE ANDDERIVEDWORDS • VOCABULARY: -TheCity
• Johnwillcomeheretomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow/nextweek/next month/atthistimetomorrow/atthistimenextyear,etc. • Hesaidthathewastired. Hetoldmethathewastired. • Whoishe?Whomdidyousee?Whoseisthatcar?Whosecareisit?:The manwithwhomMaryisworkingnow,Themanwhosecarisparkedoutside. • Somebody/someone,something,somewhere,notanybody/notanyone, notanything,notanywhere,nobody/noone,nothing,nowhere
UNIT9
• SIMPLEFUTURETENSEII: AM/IS/ARE+GOINGTO....... • ITTAKES......../ITTOOK......./ ITWILLTAKE......=DEMORAR • COMPARISONOFADJECTIVES • VOCABULARY: -Food
• Johnisgoingtocomeheretomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow/next week,etc. • Ittakesme20minutesto..... • Howlongdoesittaketo....? • Short-shorterthan-theshortest • Intelligent,moreintelligentthan,themostintelligent • Asfastas....... • Good-better-best,etc.
UNIT10
• SIMPLEFUTURETENSEIII: AM/IS/ARE+ING • MODALVERBS:CAN,MUST, MAY,SHOULD,OUGHTTO • HAVETO=TENERQUE • VOCABULARY: -PartsOfTheBody -TimeExpressionsII
• Johniscomingheretomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow,etc. • Bobcanswimverywell;Petermustbehereat8:15tomorrow;You mayusethephonenow;Theyshouldt/oughttobemorecarefulofwhat theysay • Ihavetobuyanotherdictionary.Thisoneistooold
UNIT11
• FUTURECONTINUOUSTENSE • MAKINGREQUESTS • ASKINGFORPERMISSION • OFFERINGTODOSOMETHING • INVITINGORSUGGESTINGTO DOSOMETHINGTOGETHER • ALSO,TOO,ASWELL,SO; • NOT...EITHER,NEITHER/NOR • BUT • POSITIONOFDIRECTAND INDIRECTOBJECTS • VOCABULARY: • OurHealth
• Theywillbeworkingatthistimetomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow,etc. • Can/Will/Could/Wouldyouopenthedoorplease?Wouldyou mindopeningthedoor,please? • CanI/MayI/DoyoumindifIopenthewindow? • ShallI/Doyouwantmeto/Wouldyoulikemetoopenthewindow? • Shallwe/Wouldyouliketo/Whydon´twe/Let´sgotoadisco tonight;Howaboutgoingtoadiscotonight? • TheboyalsospeaksItalian;HespeaksItalian,too/aswell;Theboy speaksItalianandsodoesthegirl. • Peterdoesn´tlikegolfandIdon´tlikeiteither;Peterdoesn´tlikegolfand neitherdoI. • TheboyspeaksItalian,butthegirldoesn´t.. • Bobsentsomeflowerstohisgirlfriend;Bobsenthisgirlfriendsome flowers;Bobsenthersomeflowers.
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PARTTWO:INTERMEDIATELEVEL UNIT12
• PRESENTPERFECTTENSE • PLURALIZATIONOFNOUNS • USEOFINFINITIVESAND GERUNDSI VERB+GERUND • VOCABULARY: -PrepositionsandConnectors
• • • • • • • •
Ihaveseenthatmovie Maryhasn´tfinishedtypingityet Havetheyarrivedalready? Just,before,lately,once,twice,threetimes,never,already,notyet,yet/ already?,since,for,ever Book/books;brush/brushes;knife/knives;baby/babies;day/days;etc. Irregularpluralforms Enjoyplaying,keeptalking,etc. Goskiing,goshopping,etc.
• PRESENTPERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • USEOFINFINITIVESAND GERUNDSII A. Verb+to-infinitive B.Verb+somebody+bare infinitive C.Verb+gerund/bare infinitive D.Verb+somebody+bare infinitive/to-infinitive E.Verb+ing/to-infinitive • TAGENDINGS • VOCABULARY: -SportsandRecreation
• • • • • • • • • •
Ihavebeenworkingallday Theyagreedtomeetoutsidethetheater. Hewillletthemplay Hewantsustogo,too Isawhercrossing/crosstheroad. I´llhelpyoudo/todothat Iliketoplaying/toplaygolf Thefloorneedscleaning/tobecleaned Heworkswell,doesn´the? Hedidn´tcometothemeeting,didhe?
UNIT13
UNIT14 • PASTPERFECTTENSE • ADVERBS:FORMATIONAND COMPARISON • REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS • PASTTENSEOF“GOINGTO” • VOCABULARY: -Nature
• Hehadseenthefilmbefore • Thetrainhadalreadyleftwhenhearrived • Quickly,carefully,certainly,etc. • Fast,hard,early,late,soon • Morequickly,morecarefully,etc. • Sooner,harder,earlier,etc. • Hecuthimself;Hehimselfdidit;Helivesallbyhimself • Weweregoingtoplayfootballbutitbegantorain
• PASTPERFECTCONTINUOUS TENSE • PASTTENSEOFSHOULD/ OUGHTTO • WOULD RATHER / HAD BETTER • MODALVERBSII: • COULDDOSOMETHING -COULDHAVEDONE SOMETHING -MUST/CAN/MUSTHAVE,/ CAN´THAVEDONE SOMETHING -MAY,MIGHT,MAYHAVE/MIGHT HAVEDONESOMETHING • VOCABULARY: -TheWeather
• • • • • • • • • • •
UNIT15 Hehadbeenworkingallday Heshouldhavestudiedharder./Heoughttohavedoneit You´dbettertakeataxiifyouwanttobetherebeforeyourtrainleaves Wecouldgotothemovie Wecouldhavegonetothemovie Hemustbeverytired Hecan´tbehungryalready Hemusthavegonehome Hecan´thavedonethatalone Itmay/mightbetrue Youmusthave/mighthaveleftitintheshop
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UNIT16
• FUTUREPERFECTTENSE • SEQUENCEOFVERBTENSES • THEPRESENTTENSEAFTER WHEN,ASSOONAS,UNTIL, ETC. • USEOFELSE,ORELSE/ OTHERWISE • VOCABULARY: -TheWorkshop
• • • • •
UNIT17
• THEPASSIVEVOICE • BESUPPOSEDTO • VOCABULARY: -TheArmedForcesI
• Thebookwaspublishedin1998 • Thetrainissupposedtoarriveat9:45
UNIT18
• CONDITIONALSENTENCES • SUBJUNCTIVEAFTERWISH • VERB+PRESENTOF SUBJUNCTIVE • VOCABULARY: -TheArmedForcesII
• Ifyoustudyhardyou´llpassthecourse • Ifyoustudiedharderyou´dgetbettermarks • Ifyouhadstudiedharderyouwouldhavepassedthecourse • IwishIcouldswim • IwishIhadseenher • Iwishitwouldstopsnowing • Isuggestthatshewaitafewminutes.
UNIT19
• REPORTEDSPEECH A.STATEMENTS B.QUESTIONS C.COMMANDS,ORDERS • VOCABULARY: -RegularandIrregularVerbs
• Hesaidhewantedtogo • Hetoldmethathewantedtogo • Heaskedmewheretheywere • Hetoldmetositdown
UNIT20
• USEFULENGLISHPHRASES ANDEXPRESSIONSIN ENGLISHFORTRAVELLERS
• Atasocialgathering • Atahotel • Atarestaurant • Howtogettoplaces • Atthestation/airport • Shopping
UNIT21
• ASSESSMENTTEST
• • • •
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Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
Theywillhavefinishedtheworkbythen Hesayshe´stired/Hesaidhewastired. WhenIseehertomorrow....... Doyouneedanythingelse? I´lltakeataxi,orelseI´llmissmyflight.
Student’sQuestionBooklet AnswerSheet AnswerKey Teacher’sTextScript
BASICENGLISHGRAMMAR STRUCTURESANDVOCABULARY
PARTONE
ELEMENTARYLEVEL
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UNIT1 PARTI.TOBE(SEROESTAR) A. ELTIEMPOPRESENTE:AM/æm/,IS/iz/,ARE/a:r/ 1. ElverboTOBEtienetresformaseneltiempopresente:AM-IS-ARE Iam/aiæm/ Youare/iúá:r/ Heis/hi:íz/ Sheis/shi:íz/ Itis/itíz/
(Yosoy/estoy) (Túeres/estás) (Eles/está) (Ellaes/está) (Es/está)
Weare/wi:á:r/ Youare/iúá:r/
(Nosotros/assomosoestamos) (Uds.son/están)
Theyare/δéiá:r/ (Ellos/asson/están)
Enconversación,normalmenteseusanlascontraccionesI’m.You´re,He´s,She´s,It´s,We´re,They´re. Escuche,repitayaprenda: What?/wót/¿Qué?¿Cuál?;Who?/hu:/¿Quién?;Where?/wéar/¿Dónde?;How?/háu/¿Cómo?;This/δis/este/a, That /δæt/ese/a;These /δí:z/estos/as;Those /δóuz/esos/asA/a/(antesdecons.)un/a;,An /an/(antesdevocal)un/a;The /δe(antesdecons.),δi/(antesdevocal)el,la,los,las;At/æt/en;In/in/en;On/on/encimade;Now/náu/ahora;Today/tudéi/Hoy día;Thanks /δæηks/gracias;Thankyou /δæηkiu:/gracias;Fine /fáin/bien;Verywell /vériuél/muybien;Muchbetter/match béter/muchomejor
Whatisthis?/wótizδis/¿Quéesesto? What´sthat?/wotsδæt/¿Quéeseso? Whatarethese?/wóta:rδí:z/,¿Quésonéstos? Whatarethose?/wóta:rδóuz/,¿Quésonesos?
Itisapen./itsapén/Esunlápiz It´sanambulance./itsanæmbiulans/Esunaambulancia Theyarebooks./δeia:rbúks/Sonlibros They´recars./δeirká:rz/Sonautos
Isthisapen?/izδisapén/ Isthatahouse?/isδætaháus/ Arethesebooks?/a:rδí:zbúks/ Arethosecars?/á:rδóuzká:rz/ Whoisthatman?/húizδætmæn/ Who´sthatwoman?/hú:zδætwúman/. Whoarethosemen?/hú:a:rδóuzmén/
Yes,itis.It´sapen/iés,itiz.itsapén/ Yes,Itis.It´sahouse./iésitizitseháus/ Yes,theyare.They´rebooks./iés,δeiá:r.δeirbúks/ Yes,theyare.They´recars./iés,δeiá:r.δeirká:rz/ He´sMr.Jones,thenewinstructor./hi:zδeniú:instráktor/ She´sMissBlack,thesecretary./shi:zδesékretri/ They´reBob,JimandTom,thestudents./δeirδestiú:dents/
WhereisBob?/wéarizbób/ Where´sthecar?/wéarzδeká:r/ Where´sthebook?/wéarzδebúk/ Wherearethecars?/wéara:rδeká:rz/ Wherearethestudents?/wéara:rδestiú:dents/
He´sathome./hi:zathóum/ It´sinthegarage./itsinδegáridll/ It´sonthedesk./itsonδedésk/ They´reinthecarpark./δéirinδeká:rpá:rk/ They´reinthelab./δéirinδelæb/
Howareyou?/háuá:riu:/ How´sJohn?/háuzdllón/ Howarethechildren?/háua:rδetchíldrn/
I´mfine,thanks./áimfáin,θæηks/ He´smuchbetter,thanks./hí:zmátchbéter,θæηks/ They´reverywell,thankyou./δeirvériwélθæηkiu/
2.Laformanegativaseexpresausandolapalabranot.NormalmenteformandolascontraccionesISN´T/íznt/ oAREN´T/á:rent/
Iamnot/aiæmnót/ Youarenot/iúá:rnót/ Heisnot/hi:iznót/ Sheisnot/shí:iznót/ Itisnot/itiznót/ Wearenot/wí:a:rnót/ Theyarenot/δeia:rnót/
---------------------------- Youaren´t/iuá:rent/ Heisn´t/hí:íznt/ Sheisn´t/shí:íznt/ Itisn´t/itíznt/ Wearen´t/wí:á:rent/ Theyaren´t/δeiá:rent/
I´mnot/aimnót/ You´renot/iúrnót/ He´snot/hí:znót/ She´snot/shí:znót/ It´snot/itsnót/ We´renot/wí:rnót/ They´renot/δeirnót/ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Escuche,repitayaprenda:
isnot/iznót/,isn´t/íznt/;arenot/a:rnót/,aren´t/á:rent/; here/híar/aquí;there/δéar/allí;overthere/óuverδéar/allá
Iamnotapilot./páilot/ Theyarenotstudents/stiú:dnts/. Heisnothere/híar/. Theyarenotthere/(éar/ Itisnotatrain./tréin/ Bobisnotverywell/vériwél/ Thestudentsarenotinthelab/læb/.
---------------------------- Theyaren´tstudents. Heisn´there. Theyaren´tthere. Itisn´tatrain. Heisn´tverywell. Theyaren´tinthelab.
I´mnotapilot They´renotstudents. He´snothere. They´renotthere. It´snotatrain. He´snotverywell. They´renotinthelab.
Escuche,repitayaprendaestaspreguntasyrespuestas:
Isthisapen?/pén/ Isthatatank?/tæηk/ Arethesebooks?/búks/ Arethosechairs?/tchéarz/
No,itisn´t.(It´snotapen.)It´sapencil./pénsl/ No,itisn´t.(It´snotatank.)It´satruck./trák/ No,theyaren´t.(They´renotbooks.)They´remagazines./mægazinz/ No,theyaren´t.(They´renotchairs).They´retables/téiblz/.
3.Laformainterrogativaseexpresamediantesimpleinversióndeordenconelsujetodelaoración.
AmI?/amai/ Areyou?/á:riú:/ Ishe?/ízhí:/ Isshe?/ízshí:/ Isit?/ízit/
Aren´tI?*/á:rentai/ Aren´tyou?/á:rentiu:/ Isn´the?/íznthi:/ Isn´tshe?/ízntshi:/ Isn´tit?/ízntit/
Arewe?/á:rwí:/ Areyou?/á:riú:/ Arethey?/á:rδei/
Aren´twe?/á:rentwi:/ Aren´tyou?/á:rentiú:/ Aren´tthey?/á.rentδei/
* Debido a que no existe una contracción paraAM NOT, habitualmente se usaAREN¨T en este caso. En conversacióncoloquialseusalacontracciónAIN¨T/éint/Ejemplo:Aren´tIyourfriend?Ain´tIyourfriend? Escuche,repitayaprenda:
AmIright?/ámáiráit/¿Estoycorrecto? Areyouallright?/á.riu:ó:lráit/¿Estásbien? Isheacaptain?/ízhi:akáptin/Eséluncapitán? Aretheybusy?/á:rδeibízi/¿Estánellosocupados? Ismyanswercorrect?/ízmaiá:nserkorékt/
Aren´tIright?/á:rentairáit/Noestoyenlocierto? Aren´tyoutired?/á:rentiutáiard/¿Noestáscansado? Isn´tsheanurse?/ízntshi.ane:rs/¿Noesellaunaenfermera? Aren´ttheyhappy?/á:rentδeihæpi/¿Noestánellosfelices? Isn´tthisquestioncorrect?/ízntδiskwéstchionkorékt/
EXERCISES Ex.1.UsethecorrectformoftheverbTOBE(am/is/are) 1.Theteacher______intheclassroomnow. are 2.JohnandMary_____goodfriends. are is 3.Themen______tired. 4.Thosevehicles______slow-moving.(vehículoslentos) 5.Thoseweapons______powerful.(armas-poderosas)
6.DoctorSmith_____busyrightnow. 7.Thetrain_____tenminuteslate. 8.______anundergraduatestudent. 9.Theinstructor´sname_____JohnDoe. 10.Theinstructors_____inthestaff-room.(saladeprofs.)
Ex.2.Answerthesequestions,asintheexample IsTomapilot? 1.Areyouintheoffice? 2.IsthatmanMr.Clark? 3.Arewereadytogo? 4.AmIagoodinstructor? 5.Arethestudentsinclass? 6.IsMissJonesasecretary? 7.Isthisamodernplane? 16
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Yes,heis.He´sapilot. Yes,_____________ _______________________________________ Yes,_____________ _______________________________________ ________________ _______________________________________ ________________ _______________________________________ ________________ _______________________________________ ________________ _______________________________________ ________________ _______________________________________
8.Arethemanualsupdated?(actualizados) ________________ _______________________________________ 9.Isthebankopen? ________________ _______________________________________ 10.Areyouhungry?(hambriento) ________________ _______________________________________ Ex.3.Answerthequestionsasintheexample: Aretheyinstructors?(students) No,theyarenot.(Theyaren´tinstructors) They´restudents 1.Aretheboysangry?enojados(hungry)hambrientos No,_________________ (_________________________ ) ___________________________________ 2.Areyouthirsty?sedientos(hungry) ____________________ (_________________________ ) ___________________________________ 3.IsBobathome?encasa(atwork)eneltrabajo ____________________ (_________________________ ) ___________________________________ 4.Arethechildrenhappy?felices(sad)tristes ____________________ (_________________________ ) ___________________________________ 5.Isyourbrotheradoctor?(anengineer) ____________________ (_________________________ ) ___________________________________ 6.AreyourfriendsAmerican?(British) ____________________ (_________________________ ) ___________________________________ 7.Areyouanavyofficer?(anarmyofficer) ____________________ (_________________________ ) ___________________________________ 8.Isthetableclean?limpia(dirty)sucia ____________________ (_________________________ ) ___________________________________ 9.Arethemenold?viejos(young)jóvenes ____________________ (_________________________ ) ___________________________________ 10.IsCpt.Bowmanonduty?deservicio(offduty)defranco____________________ (_________________________ ) ___________________________________ Ex.4Askquestions,asintheexamplebelow: TheBrowns-athome 1.Themanager/inhisoffice 2.PeterandJohn/inclass 3.Thecourse/interesting 4.Yourfriends/fromCanada 5.Thecomputer/connectedtoInternet 6.Thepackage/lightorheavy(livianoopesado) 7.Thepictures/clear(nítidas,claras) 8.Thechildren/intheplayground.(patio) 9.TheCD´s/inthedrawer(gaveta) 10.Themaps/inthelibrary(biblioteca)
AretheBrownsathome? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.5.Askquestionsusingthewh-wordsWhat?,Who?,Where?,How?,asintheexample: It´saplane. 1.It´saknife 2.They´rebooks 3.Thecigarettesareinthebag 4.I´mfine,thanks 5.Thecat´sunderthesofa 6.It´sachair 7.Thatboy´smybrother 8.Thebooksareonthetable 9.Thechildrenaretired 10.Thatwoman´smywife
What´sthis?oWhat´sthat? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
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Ex.6.Completeandpractisethesedialogueswithapartner. 1.
Robert Jack Robert Jack
: : : :
Howdoyoudo?Myname______RobertBrown. Howdoyoudo?Myname______JackRichardson.Where______youfrom,Mr.Brown? I______American.I______fromAppleton,Wisconsin. Oh.That______veryinteresting.
2.
Frank John Frank John Frank
: : : : :
Hello.Myname______Frank.What______yourname? Myname______John.How______you? I______fine,thanks.______youastudenthere? No,I______not.I______aninstructor. Oh.Pleasedtomeetyou,Sir.
3.
Peter : Michael : Peter : Michael : Peter : Michael : Peter : Michael :
4.
Jack Jim Jack Jim Jim Jack Janet
: : : : : : :
Hello,Mike Hello,Peter.Who______thatgirl? She______Mary.She______anewstudent. Where______shefrom? She______fromAustralia. ______shesingle? No,she____________.She______married. Oh.That´sbadnews. Where______you,Jim? I______here,inthelibrary. ______youalone? No,I____________.I______withmyfriendJanet.Comeandmeether. (pausa) This______Janet.She______myclassmate.She______fromLondon. Hello,I______gladtomeetyou,Jane.How______you? I______fine,Jack.I´mgladtomeetyou,too.
B. ELTIEMPOPASADO:WAS/woz/-WERE/wer/ 1. ElverboTOBEtienelassiguientesformaseneltiempopasado:WAS/woz/-WERE/wer/ Iwas/aiwóz/(yoera/estaba/fui/estuve) Youwere/iú:wé:r/(Túeras/estabas/fuiste/estuviste) Hewas/hí:wóz/(Elera/estaba/fue/estuvo) Shewas/shi:wóz/(Ellaera/estaba/fue/estuvo) Itwas/itwóz/(era/estaba/fue/estuvo)
Wewere/wi:wé:r/(Nos.éramos/estábamos/fuimos/estuvimos) Youwere/iú:wé:r/(Uds.eran/estaban/fueron/estuvieron) Theywere/δeiwé:r/(Ellos/asan/estaban/fueron/estuvieron)
Escuche,leayaprenda: When?/wén/,¿Cuándo?Why?/wái/,¿Porqué?;Howold?/háuóuld/¿Quéedad? Lastweek/lá:stwí:k/;lasemanapasadaTwodaysago/tú:déizagóu/HacedosdíasYesterday/jésterdei/ayer; Thedaybeforeyesterday/δedéibifórjésterdei/anteayerLastnight/la:stnáit/anoche
Iwasverybusyyesterday./aiwozvéribíziiésterdei/ (Yoestuvemuyocupadoayer) Johnwasathomealldaytoday./dllónwozathóumó:ldéitudéi/ (Johnestuvoencasatodoeldíahoy) WewereinParislastyear/wiwé:rinpárisla:stíar/ (NosotrosestuvimosenParisdelañopasado) Marywasthebeststudentinmyclass./mériwozδebéststiú:dentinmaiklás/ (Maryeralamejoralumnademicurso) Theywereverygoodfriends./δeiwé:rvérigudfréndz/ (Elloseran/fueronmuybuenosamigos) Mr.Jacksonwasherethreeweeksago./místerdjæksonwozhíarθrí:wí:ksagóu/ (MrJacksonestuvoaquíhace3semanas).
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2. LaformanegativaseexpresausandoNOTdespuésdeWASoWERE.Normalmenteseusanlascontracciones WASN´T/wóznt/oWEREN´T/wé:rent/. Escuche,leayaprenda: Iwasnotverybusylastweek./aiwoznótvéribízilá:stwí:k/ (Yonoestuvemuyocupadolasemanapasada) (Johnnoestuvoencasaestamañana) Johnwasn´tathomethismorning./dllónwózntathóumδismórnin/ Weweren´tinNewYorklastyear./wiwé:rentinniú:iórklá:stíar/ (NosotrosnoestuvimosenN.Y.elañopasado) Marywasn´tagoodstudentathighschool./mériwózntagúdstiú:dentatháiskú:l/ (Marynoeraunabuenaalumnaenelliceo) Theyweren´tveryhardworking./δeiwé:rntvérihá:rdwérkiη/ (Ellosnoeranmuytrabajadores) 3. LaformainterrogativaseexpresainvirtiendoelordendeWAS/WEREconelsujeto Escuche,leayaprenda: Wereyouinclassthismorning?/we:riú:inklásδismórnin/ WasJohnsickyesterday?/wozdllónsíkiésterdi/ WasMaryagoodstudentatschool?/wozmériagúdstiú:dentatskú:l/ Wherewereyouatthistimeyesterday?/wéarwé:riúatδistáimiésterdi/ WhywasJimabsentfromwork?/wáiwozdllímæbsentfromwé:rk/
(¿Estuvisteenclaseestamañana?) (¿EstuvoJohnenfermoayer?) (¿EraMaryunabuenaalumnaenelcolegio?) (¿Dóndeestabasaestahoraayer?) (¿PorquéestuvoJimausentedeltrabajo?)
EXERCISES: Ex.1.CompletethesesentenceswiththeproperformoftheverbTOBE,presentorpast: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
John______inNewYorkthedaybeforeyesterdaybuthe______inChicagotoday. wasnt was They______freetoday,butthey______atworkyesterday. Today______Monday.Yesterday______Sunday. Where______theJohnsonslastweekend?Where______theytoday? Theelevator______outoforderlastnight,butit______workingwellnow. John______n´tintheofficeattenthismorningbecausehe______atameeting. Bob______verysickyesterday,buthe______muchbettertoday.
Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)Negativeb)interrogative 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Thesecretarywasbusyatmidday. Theyweregoodfriendsatschool. Theweatherwasfinethatday. Themenweretiredafterthelongwalk. Marywaslateforthetrainthismorning. Henrywasatthemovieat7P.M.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.3.Askquestionsusingwh-wordslikeWhat?Where?When?,Why?,How?,Howold,Who? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Tomwasathomeatmidnightlastnight. Johnwasinthecaratthatmoment. Lizwasinbedbecauseshewassick. TheSmithswereinChilein1985. Georgewasalittlebetterthismorning. MrClarkwasabout85yearsoldwhenhedied.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
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C. ELTIEMPOFUTURO:WILLBE/willbi:/ 1. EltiempofuturodelverboTOBEseexpresamedianteelusodelVerboModalWILLseguidodelinfinitivo BE.Normalmenteseusalacontracción‘llenlaconversacióndiariainformal. Iwillbe/aiwilbí:/(Yoseré/estaré) Youwillbe/iú:wilbí:/(Túserás/estarás) Hewillbe/hi:wilbí:/(Elserá/estará) Shewillbe/shí:wilbí:/(Ellasserá/estará) Itwillbe/itwilbí:/(Será/estará)
Wewillbe/wí:wilbí:/(Nos.seremos/estaremos) Youwillbe/iú:wilbí:/(Uds.serán/estarán) Theywillbe/δeiwilbí:/(Ellos/asseránestarán)
Tambiénsepuedenusarlassiguientescontracciones: I´llbe/áilbí:/
You´llbe/iu:lbí:/
He´llbe/hí:lbí:/
They´llbe/δeilbí:/
Escuche,leayaprenda: Howlong?/háulóη/¿Cuántotiempo?Until/antíl/hasta;For/for/porWhattime?/wóttáim/¿Quéhora?Tomorrow/tumórou/mañana; Nextweek/´nekstwi:k/lapróximasemana;Thedayaftertomorrow/δedéiá:ftertumórou/pasadomañana
Iwillbeverybusythisafternoon./áiwilbí:véribíziδisa:fternú:n/.Estarémuyocupadoestatarde Johnwillbeinclassuntil1o´clock./dllónwilbí:inklá:santilwánoklók/Johnestaráenclaseshastala1 It´llbehottomorrow./ítlbí:hottumórou/Estarácalurosomañana I´llbeonleavefortwoweeks./ailbí:onlí:vfortú:wí:ks/Yoestaréconpermisopordossemanas 2. LaformanegativaseexpresausandolapalabraNOTdespuésdelverbomodalWILLNormalmenteseusa lacontracciónWON´T/wóunt/. Escuche,leayaprenda: Iwillnotbeverybusytomorrrow./aiwilnótbí:bízitumórou/Noestarémuyocupadomañana Marywillnotbeathometoday./mériwilnótbí:athóumtudéi/Marynoestaráencasahoydía. Theywon´tbehereallday./δeiwóuntbí:híaró:ldei/Ellosnoestaránaquítodoeldía Itwon´tbecoldtonight./itwóuntbí:kóuldtunáit/Noestaráfrioestanoche 3. LaformainterrogativaseexpresausandoelverbomodalWILLolacontracciónWON´Tdelantedelsujeto. Escuche,leayaprenda: Willyoubefreetomorrowevening?/wiliú:bí:frí:tumórouí:vnin/¿Estaráslibremañanaenlanoche? Willthetestbedifficult?/wilδetéstbí:dífikalt/¿Serádificillaprueba? WilltheybehereonMonday?/wilδeibí:híaronmándei/¿estaránellosaquíellunes? Won´tyoubeatthemeeting?/wóuntiú.bi:atδemí:tin/¿Noestarástúenlareunión? Whenwilltheybehereagain?/wénwilδeibí:híaragéin/¿Cuándoestaránellosaquínuevamente? HowlongwilltheybeinWashington?/háuloηwilδeibí:inwóshiδton/¿CúantotiempoestaránellosenWashington? Whattimewillyoubeback?/wóttáimwiliu:bí:bæk/¿AquéhoraestaráUd.deregreso? EXERCISES: Ex.1.Completethesentencesasintheexample: Johnisnotathometoday,buthe (willbeathome) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 20
tomorrow.
TomandJackaren´tinthesameclassthissemester,butthey_______________________________ nextsemester. Johnisn´tabsenttoday,buthe _________________________________________________ thedayaftertomorrow. Itisnotverycoldnow,butit______________________________________________________________ thisevening. Wearenotbusyrightnow,butwe _________________________________________________________ afterlunch. Iamnotinmyofficeatthemoment,butI ________________________________________________ intenminutes. Mr.Johnsonwasnotatthemeetinglastweek,buthe _______________________________________ nextMonday. Theweatherwasnotverynicelastmonth,butit_____________________________________________ nextmonth. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintothenegativeandtheinterrogativeforms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Johnwillbeinclasstoday. It´llbehottomorrow. Myfriendswillbeherebefore12. Theprogramwillbeinteresting. Mary´llbeintheofficeallmorning. I´llbeinthefirstteam. Theywillbeinthenexttownbeforemidday.
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
Ex.3.AskquestionsusingWhere?,When?,Why?How?,Howlong?,Whattime?,etc. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Alltheshopswillbeclosedtomorrowbecauseit´sSunday. ___________________________________________ IwillbefreenextTuesdaymorning. ___________________________________________ Thestudentswillbeinthelabthisafternoon. ___________________________________________ Theywillbehereatten-thirty. ___________________________________________ Theweatherwillbeverynicethismonth. ___________________________________________ MarywillbeinNewYorknextweekend. ___________________________________________ ShewillbebackinChileonWednesday. ___________________________________________ Theywillbeathomealldaybecausetheweatherisnotgood. ___________________________________________ Mr.Johnsonwillbeabsentfromworkforthreedays? ___________________________________________
Ex.4.Answerthefollowingquestions,inEnglish. 1. Wherewereyouatthistimeyesterday? 2.Whenwillyoubeonvacationagain? 3.Howareyoutoday? 4.WhowasabsentfromclasslastMonday? 5.Whyisyourfriendinbedatthistime? 6.Wherewereyoulastweekend? 7.WhowaswithyouatthepartylastSaturday? 8.Whenisthenextgeneralmeeting? 9.Wherewillyoubeatthistimetomorrow? 10.WhywereyouabsentfromclasslastFriday?
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
Ex.5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish: 1.Ellosestaránmuyocupadosmañanaenlamañana. 2.Esosniñosnosonmuybuenosalumnos. 3.¿Dóndeestántusamigosahora? 4.¿Quiénestuvoaquíestamañana? 5.Nosotrosnoestuvimosaquílasemanapasada. 6.Ellaseráunaexcelentesecretaria. 7.Ellosfueronbuenosamigosenelcolegio 8.Losinformesnoestabanlistostodavía. 9.MrJacksonestuvoenlaoficinatodoeldía. 10.Cuándoestánelloslibrestodoeldía? 11.¿Quiéneraesehombre? 12.Estenoesunlibromuyinteresante. 13.Alguienestuvoaquíayerenlatarde. 14.¿CuándoestaráUd.enesaciudadnuevamente?
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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PARTII.
THEENGLISHALPHABET
Vowels: Consonants:
A
E
I
O
U
/éi/
/i:/
/ái/
/óu/
/iú/
B
C
D
G
P
T
V
/bi:/
/si:/
/di:/
/dlli:/
/pi:/
/ti:/
/vi:/
F
L
M
N
S
X
Z
/ef/
/el/
/em/
/en/
/es/
/eks/
/zed/*
J
H
K
Y
Q
W
R
/dlléi/
/eitch/
/kei/
/uái/
/kiú/
/dábliu/
/a:r/
*EnInglésAmericanolaletraZsepronuncia/zi:/
PRACTICEEXERCISES: Ex.1.¿Puedeleerestasseriesdeletras? 1. E-I-O-A-E-I-E-O-U-I-U-A-E 2. P-G-B-V-T-C-Z-L-F-N-S-X-D-B-C-L-M-X-V-B 3. J-Y-Q-W-H-K-Y-R-C-L-H-G-N-Y-Q-T-X-W-R-Z-J-K-F 4. E-C-L-M-X-V-B-A-I-B-D-X-S-N-F-O-G-U-Q-Y-W-A 5. U-I-E-J-O-G-K-A-T-E-P-I-W-O-Q-A-X-O-I-A Ex.2.Escuche,leayaprenda: 1. Howdoyouspellyourfirstname?/háudiu:spélio:rfe:rstnéim/ 2. MylastnameisVasquez,that´sV-A-S-Q-U-E-Z./máila:stnéimisváskes,δætsvi:éiéskiúi:zéd/ 3. TomworksforIBMinLA./tómwé:rksforáibí:éminéléi/ Ex.3.Practiqueestosdiálogosconalgúnamigo: 1.
A: Mybrother´snameisIgnacio. /máibráδerznéimizignásio/ B: Canyouspellthat,please /kániu:spélδætplí:z/ A: I-G-N-A-C-I-O /aidllí:énéisí:áióu/ B: Thankyou /θæηkiu:/
2.
A: B: A: B:
WhendidyoubuyyourVCR? /wéndidiú:báiio:rví:sí:á.r/
Lastmonth.IboughtitatthePX /lá:stmánθáibó:titatδepí:éks/
Wasitveryexpensive? /wózitekspénsiv/
No,itonlycostmeeighty-fivedollars /nóuitóunlikóstmi:éitifáivdólarz/
Ex.4.¿Puededeletrearestaspalabras? Yorkshire Mexico
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Washington Quebec
geography Chicago
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Kalamazoo Venezuela
Japan Shanghai
whisky Tokyo
Ex.5.Estudieestassiglas(acronyms)deusofrecuente: USA B.C. A.D. FBI OK ITT a.m.
BBC UCLA VAT UFO NCO PTO p.m.
PLO USSR VCR NBT CO ADC EST
ATM OAS IBM CIA IRA MIT APC
DC COD GPS GMT MIA Ph.D OBE
¿Puedeagregaralgunasotrassiglasdeusofrecuente? ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
CEO UK UNO DEA MP FOB CIF ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
THEPHONETICALPHABET Thisalphabetisusedinradio/telephonecommunicationtospelldifficultwords: asin /azin/
comoen
for
/fo:r/
para
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Alfa/álfa/ Bravo/brávou/ Charlie/tchá:rli/ Delta/délta/ Echo/ékou/ Foxtrot/fókstrot/ Golf/gólf/ Hotel/houtél/ India/índia/ Juliett/dlluliét/ Kilo/kílou/ Lima/líma/ Mike/máik/
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
for for for for for for for for for for for for for
November/nouvémber/ Oscar/óskar/ Papa/pápa/ Quebec/kuibék/ Romeo/rómiou/ Sierra/siéra/ Tango/táηgou/ Uniform/íunifo:rm/ Victor/víktor/ Whisky/wíski/ X-ray/éksréi/ Yankee/iáηki/ Zulu/zúlu/
asin asin asin asin asin asin asin asin asin asin asin asin asin
Examples: 1. MynameisJUAN.Ispell:JforJuliett;Uforuniform;AforalfaandNforNovember:JUAN 2. Thecommander´slastnameisCLARK.Ispell:CasinCharlie;LasinLima,AasinAlfa;RasinRomeoandKas inKilo:CLARK
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Bl24
KEYTOANSWERS UNIT1 Part1 A. Ex.1.1.is2.are3.are4.are5.are6.is7.is8.am9.is10.are Ex.2.1.Yes,Iam.I´mintheoffice.2.Yes,heis.He´sMr.Clark.3.Yes,weare-We´rereadytogo.4.Yes,youare.You´rea goodinstructor.5.Yes,theyare.They´reinclass.6.Yes,sheis.She´sasecretary.7.Yes,itis.It´samodernplane. 8.Yes,theyare.They´reupdated.9.Yes,itis.It´sopen.10.Yes,Iam.I´mhungry. Ex.3.1.No,they´renot.Theyaren´tangry.They´rehungry.2.No,I´mnot.I´mnotthirsty.I´mhungry.3.No,he´snot.Heisn´t athome.He´satwork.4.No,they´renot.Theyaren´thappy,They´resad.5.No,he´snot.Heisn´tadoctor.He´san engineer.6.No,they´renot.Theyaren´tAmerican.They´reBritish.7.No,I´mnot.I´mnotannavyofficer.I´maarmy officer.8.No,it´snot.Itisn´tclean.It´sdirty.9.No,they´renot.Theyaren´told.They´reyoung. Ex.4.1.Isthemanagerinhisoffice?2.ArePeterandJohninclass?3.Isthecourseinteresting?4.Areyourfriendsfrom Canada?5.Isthecomputerconnectedtointernet?6.Isthepackagelightorheavy?7.Arethepicturesclear?8. Arethechildrenintheplayground?9.AretheCD´sinthedrawer?10.Arethemapsinthelibrary? Ex.5.1.What´sthis/that?2.Whatarethese/those?3.Wherearethecigarettes?.?4.Howareyou?5.Where´sthecat? 6.What´sthis/that?7.Who´sthatboy?8.Wherearethebooks?9.Howarethechildren?10.Who´sthatwoman? Ex.6.1.R:isJ:is-areR:am-amJ:is 2.F:is-isJ:is-areF:am-AreJ:am-am 3.M:isP:is-isM:isP:isM:isP:isn´t-is 4.Ja:areJi:amJa:areJi:amnot-am(pause)is-is-isJa:am-areJa:am B. Ex.1.1.Was-is2.Are-were3.Is-was4.Were-are5.Was-is6.Was-was7.Was-is Ex.2.1.Thesecretarywasn´t...../Wasthesecretary....?2.Theyweren´t...../Werethey....?3.Theweatherwasn´t...... /Wastheweather....?4.Themenweren´t...../Werethemen.....?5.Marywasn´t...../WasMary....?6.Henry wasn´t....../WasHernry....? Ex.3.1.WherewasTomat....?2.Whowasinthecar.....?3.WhywasLizinbed?4.WhenweretheSmiths....?5.How wasGeorge....?6.HowoldwasMrClarkwhen....? C. Ex.1.1.willbeinthesameclass2.willbeabsent3.willbeverycold4.willbeverybusy5.willbeinmyoffice6.willbe atthemeeting7.willbeverynice. Ex.2.1.Johnwon´tbe...../WillJohnbe....?2.Itwon´tbe...../Willitbe....?3.Myfriendswon´tbe.../Willmyfriendsbe....? 4.Theprogramwon´tbe.../Willtheprogrambe...?5.Marywon´tbe.../WillMarybe...?6.Iwon´tbe.../WillIbe....? Ex.3.1.Whywillalltheshopsbeclosedtomorrow?2.Whenwillyoubefree?3.Wherewillthestudentsbethisafternoon? 4.Atwhattimewilltheybehere?5.Howwilltheweatherbethismonth?6.WhenwillMarybeinNewYork?7.When willshebebackinChile?8.Whywilltheybeathomeallday?9.HowlongwillMrJohnsonbeabsentfromwork? Ex.4.(openanswers) Ex.5.1.They´llbeverybusytomorrowmorning.2.Thosechildrenarenotverygoodstudents.3.Whereareyourfriends now?4.Whowasherethismorning?5.Weweren´therelastweek.6.She´llbeanexcellentsecretary7.They weregoodfriendsatschool.8.Thereportsweren´treadyyet.9.MrJacksonwasintheofficeallday.10.Whenare theyfreeallday?11.Whowasthatman?12.Thisisn´taveryinterestingbook.13.Somebodywashereyesterday afternoon/evening.14.Whenwillyoubeinthatcityagain? Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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PARTI.THERETOBE(HABER,EXISTIR)
UNIT2
A. PRESENTTENSE:THEREIS-THEREARE Estasexpresionesseusanparaindicarlaexistenciadealgo.SonequivalentesalaexpresiónHAY,encastellano. THEREIS/δearíz/seusaconsustantivossingularesoincontables.THEREARE/δeará:r/seusaconsustantivosplurales. Normalmente,enelsingular,seusalacontracciónTHERE´S/δéarz/. Thereisabookonthedesk/δearízebúkonδedésk/(Hayunlibrosobreelescritorio) There´sacarinthecarpark./δéarzeká:rinδeká:rpa:rk/(Hayunautoenelestacionamiento) There´ssomewaterintheglass./δéarzsamwóterinδeglæs/(Hayaguaenelvaso) Thereare10studentsinmyclass./δeará:rténstiúdentsinmaiklæs/(Hay10alumnosenmicurso) Therearesomechairsintheroom/δeará:rsamtchéarzinδerúm/(Hayalgunassillasenlasala) LaformanegativaseexpresaconTHEREISNOT/THEREISN´T/δearíznt/oTHEREARENOT/THEREAREN´T/δeará:rent/ Thereisnotabookonthedesk./δeariznótebúkonδedésk/ Thereisn´tacarinthecarpark./δéaríznteká:rinδeká:rpa:rk/ Thereisn´tanywaterintheglass./δéaríznténiwóterinδeglæs/ There´snowaterintheglass/δéarznóuwóterinδeglæs/ Therearenot10studentsinmyclass./δeara:rnótténstiúdentsinmaiklæs/ Therearen´t10studentsinmyclass./δeará:rentténstiúdentsinmaiklæs/ Therearen´tanychairsintheroom./δeará:renténitchéarzinδerúm/ Therearenochairsintheroom./δeara:rnóutchéarzinδerúm/ LaformainterrogativasehacemediantesimpleinversióndelverboconlapalabraTHERE. Isthereabookonthedesk?/ízδerebúkonδedésk/ Isthereacarinthecarpark?/ízδereká:rinδeká:rpa:rk/ Isthereanywaterintheglass?/ízδéréniwóterinδeglæs/ Arethere10studentsintheclass?/á:rδerténstiúdentsinmaiklæs/ Arethereanychairsintheroom?/á:rδerénitchéarzinδerúm/ Haydospalabrasinterrogativasestrechamenterelacionadascon ThereisyThereare:HOWMUCH? /háumatch/ (¿Cuánto?¿Cuánta?)yHOWMANY?/háuméni/(¿Cuántos?¿Cuántas?) Howmuchwhiskyisthereintheglass? Howmuchiceisthereintheglass? Howmuchwateristhere? Howmanydoorsarethereinthisroom? Howmanywindowsarethere? Howmanychairsarethere?
There´sverylittle(whisky). There´salot(ofice). Thereisn´tany(water).There´snowater. There´sonlyone(door). Therearethree(windows). Therearen´tany(chairs).Therearenochairs.
Comoud.haadvertido,lapalabra SOME /sám/ (algo,algunos/as)solamenteseusaenformaafirmativa.Enlas interrogacionessedebeusarlapalabraANY/éni/.EnlaformanegativasepuedeusarNOTANY/noténi/oNO/nóu/. Estudielasiguientetabla: Affirmative
SOME
Negative
NOTANY NO
Interrogative
ANY?
There´ssomewaterintheglass./δéarzsamwóterinδeglá:s/ Therearesometreesinthegarden/δéará:rsamtrí:zinδegá:rdn/ Thereisn´tanywaterintheglass./δearíznténiwóterinδeglá:s/ Therearen´tanytreesinthegarden./δeará:renténitrí:zinδegá:rdn/ There´snowaterintheglass./δéarznóuwóterinδeglá:s/ Therearenotreesinthegarden./δeará:rnóutrí:zinδegá:rdn/ Isthereanywaterintheglass?/izδearzéniwóterinδeglá:s/ Arethereanytreesinthegarden?./a:rδearénitrí:zinδegá:rdn/ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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NoteelusodeLITTLE/lítl/(poco/a),FEW/fiú:/(pocos/as)yALOTOF/elótov/(bastante/bastantes) There´sverylittlewaterintheglass/δéarzvérilítlwóterinδeglá:s/Haymuypocaaguaenelvaso There´salotoficeinmyglass./δéarzelótováisinmaiglá:s/Haybastantehieloenmivaso Thereareveryfewdesksintheroom./δeara:rvérifiú:desksinδerú:m/Haymuypocosescritoriosenlasala Therearealotofchairsintheroom./δeara:relótovtchéarzinrú:m/Haybastantessillasenlasala. Laexpresiónalotofnormalmenteseusaenoracionesafirmativas.Enlasoracionesnegativaseinterrogativasse prefiereusarlaspalabrasmuchomany,segúnseaelcaso
Affirmative
alotof
There´salotofsugarinthebowl/δéarzelótovshúgarinδebóul/ Therearealotofbooksontheshelf./δéará:relótovbuksonδeshélf/
Negative
notmuch notmany
Thereisn´tmuchsugarinthebowl./δéarízntmutchshúgarinδebóul/ Therearen´tmanybooksontheshelf./δéará:rentménibuksonδeshélf/
Interrogative
much? many?
Istheremuchsugarinthebowl?/izδéarmutchshúgarinδebóul/ Aretheremanybooksontheshelf?/á:rδéarménibuksonδeshélf/
ElartículoindefinidoA/AN(un,una)notieneunaformaparaelplural,porlotantoseomite.Normalmenteelartículo A/ANsereemplazaporlaspalabrasSOME/sam/algunos/as,SEVERAL/séverl/varios/as,MANY/méni/muchos/as. Thereisatreeinthegarden.
Therearetreesinthegarden Therearesometreesinthegarden Thereareseveraltreesinthegarden. Therearemanytreesinthegarden.
CuandoTHEREIS/THEREAREvanseguidasdirectamenteporunsustantivo,enlasnegacionesgeneralmentese usalapalabraNO/nóu/ There´swaterinthatbottle.There´snowaterinthatbottle. Thereareflowersinthegarden.Therearenoflowersinthegarden Finalmente,estudielasiguientetabla
Thereis
some alotof much alittle verylittle no/notany
milkinthisbottle
Thereare
some several many alotof afew veryfew no/notany
flowersinthe garden.
EXERCISES Ex.1.CompletethesentencesusingTHEREISorTHEREARE: 1. _______________________ somebooksontheshelf. 2. _______________________ verylittlemoneyleftinthebox. 3. _______________________ onlyonestudentinthelabnow. 4. _______________________ veryfewpeopleattheconference. 28
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5. _______________________ nomoremilkinthejug. 6. _______________________ nomorecassettesinthebox. 7. _______________________ notimeleft. 8. _______________________ severalhelicoptersintheairfield. 9. _______________________ somelettersforyouonthedesk. 10. _______________________ alotofmistakesinyourcomposition. Ex.2.Changethefollowingstatementsintothenegativeform. 1.There’salotoffruitinthebasket. 2.Therearealotofstudentsabsent. 3.There´ssomemoremeatinthefridge. 4.Therearesomeextrachairsintheroom. 5.There´satelephoneintheroom. 6.Therearealotofpeopleintheroom. 7.Therearesomemorecleanglasses. 8.Thereare30daysinFebruary. 9.There´ssomemoremoneyinmypocket. 10.There´scentralheatingintheroom.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.3.Changethefollowingsentencesintotheinterrogativeform. 1.There´sahotelneartheTrainingCenter. 2.Therearesomestudentsabsenttoday. 3.There´salotoffreetimeinthemornings. 4.There´ssomemorecoffeeinthecup. 5.Therearemorethan10students. 6.Therearemorewomenthanmen. 7.Thereisanotherchairinthatroom 8.Therearesomemorebooks. 9.Thereare24hoursinaday. 10.There´satrainforParisinthemorning.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.4.Completethefollowingquestionsandanswers.UseHOWMUCH......ISTHERE?OrHOWMANY.......... ARETHERE?inthequestions,andTHERE’SorTHEREAREintheAnswers. Ej.:(Howmany) dictionaries(arethere)? 1. ___________________ money ______________ ? 2. ___________________ doors________________ inthelab? 3. ___________________ milk _________________ inthejug? 4. ___________________ videotapes___________ ? 5. ___________________ work_________________ today? 6. ___________________ people_______________ intheroom?. 7. ___________________ butter________________ inthedish? 8. ___________________ secretaries____________ here? 9. ___________________ women ______________ inthatgroup? 10.___________________ men_________________ inthecrew?
(Thereare)8,sir. ________________ verylittle. ________________ justone. ________________ nomilkinit. ________________ veryfew. ________________ alotofwork. ________________ alot. ________________ justalittle. ________________ two. ________________ fiveorsix. ________________ fourmen.
Ex.5.UseLITTLE,FEW,ALOTintheblankspaces. 1.Therearevery______________________________ booksintheschoollibrary. 2.There´s____________________________________ milkleftinthebottle. 3.There´svery________________________________ iceinmyglass. 4.There´s____________________________________ ofnoiseinthisroom. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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5.Thereare__________________________________ oftreesinthatpark. 6.Thereareonlya____________________________ ticketsavailable. 7.Thereare__________________________________ studentsabsentfromclasstoday. 8.There´s____________________________________ ofsugarinmycoffee.It´stoosweet. 9.Thereare__________________________________ oferrorsinmybill. 10.There´sjusta ______________________________ whiskyleftinthebottle. B. PASTTENSE:THEREWAS-THEREWERE ElpasadodeTHEREIS/THEREAREseexpresausandoTHEREWAS/δearwóz//THEREWERE/δearwe:r/Lanegación seexpresausandolapalabra NOTdespuésde WASyWERE.Normalmenteseusanlascontracciones THERE WASN´T/δearwózent/THEREWEREN´T/δearwé:rent/.Lainterrogaciónseexpresainvirtiendoelordendelaspalabras WASyWEREconlapalabraTHERE. Escuche,leayaprenda Therewasalotofnoiseintheroom/δearwaselotovnóisinδerú:m/Habíabastanteruidoenlasala. Thereweremanypeopleabsent./δearwe:rménipí:plæbsent/Habíamuchaspersonasausentes. Therewasn´tanybeerinthecan./δearwóznténibíarinδekæn/Nohabíanadadecervezaenlalata. Thereweren´tmanybooksonthedesk./δearwé:rntménibuksonδedésk/Nohabíamuchoslibrossobreelescritorio. WasthereaTVintheroom?/wozδearetÍ:ví:inδerú:m/¿Habíauntelevisorenlahabitación? Howmanypeoplewerethereattheparty?/háumenipí:plwe:rδearatδepá:rti/(¿Cuántagentehabíaenlafiesta?). EXERCISES: Ex.1.ChangeintothePastTense: 1.There´salotofworkintheofficetoday. 2.Therearetwobooksmissingfromtheshelf. 3.Howmuchmilkisthereinthefridge? 4.Therearen´tmanyhotelsinthistown. 5.Isthereenoughmoneyforthetrip? 6.Howmanypeoplearethereonboard? 7.Thereisn´tmuchtimetotalk. 8.Thereareveryfewpeopleinthepub. 9.Aretheremanyerrorsinthebill? 10.There´sverylittlewhiskyleft.
_________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Ex.2.Answerthesequestions,usingtheinformationgiveninparenthesis: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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Howmanystudentswerethereinthisclasslastyear?(about20) _________________________________________________________________________ WeretheremanypeopleatthemeetinglastMonday?(No,notmorethan30) _________________________________________________________________________ HowmuchfreetimewasthereduringtheBasicTrainingPeriod?(verylittle,ofcourse) _________________________________________________________________________ Wasthereenoughbreadforallthepeople?(yes,morethanenough) _________________________________________________________________________ Howmanystudentswerethereinthelaboratory?(notany) _________________________________________________________________________ HowmanydayswerethereinFebruarythatyear?(29,itwasaleapyear) _________________________________________________________________________ Weretheremanycarsinthestreetatthattime?(Yes,lotsofcars) _________________________________________________________________________
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C. FUTURETENSE:THEREWILLBE ElfuturodeTHEREIS/THEREAREseexpresaconlaformaTHEREWILLBE/δearwilbí:/.Enlaconversacióndiaria WILLseuneconlapalabraTHERE,formandolacontracciónTHERE´LLBE/δearlbí:/. Escuche,leayaprenda: TherewillbeaverygoodprogramonTVtonight/δearwilbí:everigudpróugramontí:ví:tunaít/.Habráunmuybuenprograma enlaTVestanoche.
Therewillbetwomoretestsnextweek./δearwilbí:tú:mó:rtéstsnekstwí:k/.Habrádospruebasmáslapróximasemana. There´llbeanothermeetingthisevening./δearlbí:anáδermí:tiηδisí:vniη/.Habráotrareuniónestatarde. There´llbesomemorerainnextweekend. /δearlbí:sámmó:rréinnékstwikénd/.Habráalgomásdelluviaelpróximofinde semana
LaformanegativaseexpresausandolapalabraNOTdespuésdelverbomodalWILL,normalmenteformandola contracciónWON´T/wóunt/Enlaspreguntas,elverbomodalWILLprecedealapalabraTHERE. Escuche,leayaprenda: TherewillnotbeagoodprogramonTVtonight./δearwilnotbí:egudpróugramontí:ví:tunáit/. Therewillnotbeanothermeetingthisevening./δearwilnotbí:anáδermí:tiηδisí:vniη/ Therewon´tbetwomoretestsnextweek./δearwóuntbí:tú:mó:rtestsnekstwí:k/ WilltherebeagoodprogramonTVthisevening?/wilδearbí:agudpróugramontí:ví:δisí:vnin/ Willtherebeanymorerainnextweekend?/wilδearbí.enimó:rréinnekstwi:kend/ Howmanytestswilltherebenextweek?/háuménitéstswilδearbí:nekstwí:k/ EXERCISES: Ex.1.Changeintothefuturetense. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Thereisalotoffreetimeintheevening. Therearesomewomenatthemeeting. Thereisn´tanyfoodleftinthefridge. Howmanypeoplearethereatthereception? Howmuchmoneyisthereinthebox? Isthereanymorework? Aretheremorethantenstudentsinyourclass?
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2.UsetherighttenseofThereToBe(Present,PastorFuture). 1.Howmanywomen____________________________ 2.____________________________________________ 3.____________________________________________ 4.Howmuchfreetime __________________________ 5.____________________________________________ 6.____________________________________________ 7.____________________________________________ 8.____________________________________________ 9.Howmanystudents___________________________ 10.____________________________________________
atthepartylastSaturday? alotofnoiseinthisroomnow. severaltreesintheparknow. nexttime? verylittlefoodinthefridgenow. notanymoreexercisesinthebooknow. alotofnoiseatthediscolastnight. veryfewflowersinourgarden. inyourclasslastyear? muchmilkleft.Justoneortwobottles.
Ex.3.TranslatetheprevioussentencesintoSpanish. 1.______________________________________________________________ 2.______________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________ 4.______________________________________________________________ 5.______________________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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6.______________________________________________________________ 7.______________________________________________________________ 8.______________________________________________________________ 9.______________________________________________________________ 10.______________________________________________________________ Ex.4.AnswerthesequestionsinEnglish. 1.Howmanydaysarethereinaweek? 2.HowmanydayswilltherebeinFebruarynextyear? 3.Howmanystudentswerethereinyourclasslastyear? 4.Howmanycomputersarethereinyouroffice? 5.Howmanypeoplewerethereintheroomat8:30? 6.Willtherebeanothermeetingthisweek? 7.WastheremuchworktodointheofficelastMonday? 8.Arethereanyspellingmistakesintheletter? 9.Howmuchmoneyisthereinyourwallet? 10.Howmanyeggsarethereinadozen?
______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ No,__________________________________________ Yes,__________________________________________ No,__________________________________________ No,___________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________
Ex.5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish 1.Habráotrareunióngeneralelpróximoviernes. 2.Habíasolamentedoshotelesenesepueblo. 3.¿Hayunrestaurantcercadeaquí? 4.¿Cuántodinerohayenlabilletera? 5.Nohabíamuchagenteeneledificioaesahora. 6.Nohabráotroconciertohastalapróximasemana. 7.Nohaytiempoparaconversar. 8.Habíamuypocotiempolibredurantelamañana. 9.¿Cuántosautoshabíaenelestacionamientoesatarde? 10.Habíamuypocosniñosenlacalleesedía. 11.Nohabrámuchospartidosdefútbolestefindesemana. 12.Haymuchoruidoenestasalaahora..
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______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________
PARTII.NUMBERS Escuche,leayaprenda: 1one/uán/ 6six/siks/
2two/tu:/ 7seven/sévn/
3three/δri:/ 8eight/éit/
4four/fo:r/ 9nine/náin/
5five/fáiv/ 10ten/ten/
11eleven/ilévn/ 16sixteen/sikstín/
12twelve/tuélv/ 17seventeen/sevntín/
13thirteen/δertín/ 18eighteen/eitín/
14fourteen/fo:rtín/ 19nineteen/naintín/
15fifteen/fiftín/
20twenty/tuénti/ 70seventy/sévnti/
30thirty/δérti/ 80eighty/éiti/
40forty/fórti/ 90ninety/náinti/
50fifty/fífti/
60sixty/síksti/
100onehundred/uánhándred/ 1,000onethousand/uánθáuzand/ 200,000twohundredthousand/tú:hándredθáuzand/
200twohundred/túhándred/ 2,000twothousand/túθáuzand/ 2,000,000twomillion/túmílion/
5,362fivethousandthreehundredandsixty-two/faivθáuzandθri:hándredandsíkstitú:/ 45,971fortyfivethousandninehundredandseventy-one/fórtifáivθáuzandnainhándredandséventiuán/ Importante: 1. Laspalabrastwenty,thirty,forty,etcsiemprevanseguidasdeunguiónantesdelnúmerounitario.Ej,21.twenty-one,32thirty-two,45fortyfive,68sixty-eight,94ninety-four. 2. Laspalabrashundred,thousand,millionybillionnosepluralizaneninglés.Ej.400fourhundred;5,000fivethousand,3,000,000threemillion. 3. Lapalabrahundredsiemprevaseguidadeand;laspalabrasthousand,millionybillionnovanseguidasdeand. Ej.365threehundredandsixty-five;5,387fivethousand,threehundredandeighty-seven;463,265fourhundredandsixty-threethousand,two hundredandsixty-five. 4. Laspalabrashundred,thousandymillionsepluralizansolamenteenlassiguientesexpresiones,paraindicarlomismoque“lotsof...”Ej.There arehundredsof/lotsoftreesinthepark;Therewerethousandsof/lotsofpeopleinthestadium;Therearemillionsof/lotsofstarsinour galaxy 5. Alescribircifraseninglés,elpuntoescomaylacomaespunto.Ej.12.5%;70.45km;US$4,365.80
Ex.1Readandthenwritethesenumbers a)12 h)597
b)56 i)846
c)79 j)1,285
d)94 k)6,394
e)33 l)24,973
f)28 m)256,875
g)148 n)5,687,328
a) _____________________________________________ b)________________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________ d)________________________________________________ e) _____________________________________________ f) ________________________________________________ g) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ h) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ i) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ j) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ k) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ l) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ m)_________________________________________________________________________________________________ n) _________________________________________________________________________________________________
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BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords PEOPLE GENERAL person/pε:rsn/ people/pí:pl/ child/children/tcháild/tchildrn/ boy/boi/ girl/gε:rl/
persona gente,personas niño/s,pequeño/s niño niña
man/men/mæn/men/ woman/women/wuman/wímen/ gentleman/dlléntlman/ lady/léidi/ kids/kidz/
abuelos abuelo abuela nietos nieto nieta padres esposo,marido esposa,mujer padre madre hijos,niños hijo hija hermano hermana tío tía sobrino sobrina primo
dad,daddy/dæd,dædi/ mom,mommy/mam,mámi/ grandpa/grænpa:/ granny/græni/ father-in-law/fá:δerinló:/ mother-in-law/maδerinló:/ son-in-law/saninló:/ daughter-in-law/dó:terinló:/ brother-in-law/bráδerinló:/ sister-in-law/sísterinló:/ step-father/stepfá:δer/ step-mother/stepmáδer/ step-son/stepsan/ step-daughter/stepdó:ter/ step-brother/stepbráδer/ step-sister/stepsíster/ foster-father/fósterfá:δer/ foster-mother/fóstermáδer/ god-father/godfá:δer/ god-mother/godmáδer/
hombre/s mujer/es caballero dama chicos,niños
FAMILYANDRELATIVES grandparents/grandpéarents/ grandfather/grandfa:δer/ grandmother/grandmáδer/ grandchildren/grandtchildren/ grandson/grándsan/ granddaughter/granddó:ter/ parents/péarents/ husband/házband/ wife/waif/ father/fá:δer/ mother/máδer/ children/tchíldren/ son/sán/ daughter/dó:ter/ brother/bráδer/ sister/síster/ uncle/áηkl/ aunt/a:nt/ nephew/néfiu/ niece/ni:s/ cousin/kázin/
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papá,papi mamá,mami abuelito abuelita suegro suegra yerno nuera cuñado cuñada padrastro madrastra hijastro hijastra hermanastro hermanastra padreadoptivo madreadoptiva padrino madrina
KEYTOANSWERS
UNIT2 PartI A. Ex.1.1.Thereare2.Thereis3.Thereis4.Thereare5.Thereis6.Thereare7.Thereis8.Thereare9.Thereare 10.Thereare Ex.2.1.Thereisn´tmuch...2.Therearen´tmany...3.Thereisn´tanymore.../There´snomore...4.Therearen´tany extra.../Therearenoextra...5.Thereisn´ta...6.Therearen´tmany...7.Therearen´tanymore.../Therearenomore... 8.Therearen´t30...9.Thereisn´tanymore.../There´snomore...10.There´snocentral... Ex.3.1.Isthereahotel...?2.Arethereanystudents...?3.Istheremuchfree...?4.Isthereanymore...?5.Arethere morethan...?6.Aretheremore...?7.Isthereanother...?8.Arethereanymore...? 9.Arethere24...?10.Isthereatrain...? Ex.4.1.Howmuch...isthere?There´s...2.Howmany...arethere...?There´s...3.Howmuch...isthere...?There´s... 4.Howmany...arethere?Thereare...5.Howmuch...isthere...?There´s...6.Howmany...arethere...?Threare...7. Howmuch...isthere...?There´s...8.Howmany...arethere...?Thereare... 9.Howmany...arethere...?Thereare...10.Howmany...arethere...?Thereare... Ex.5.1.few2.little3.little4.alot5.alot6.few7.few8.alot9.alot10.little B. Ex.1.1.Therewas...2.Therewere...3.Howmuchmilkwasthere...?4.Thereweren´t...5.Wasthereenough...?6. Howmanypeoplewerethere...?7.Therewasn´t...8.Therewere...9.Werethere...?10.Therewas... Ex.2.1.Therewereabout20.2.No,thereweren´tmorethan303.Therewasverylittle,ofcourse.4.Yes,therewas morethanenough.5.Thereweren´tany6.Therewere29.Itwasaleapyear.7.Yes,therewerelotsofcars. C. Ex.1.1.Therewillbealot...2.Therewillbesome...3.Therewon´tbeany...4.Howmanypeoplewilltherebe...? 5.Howmuchmoneywilltherebe...?6.Willtherebeany...?7.Willtherebemorethan...? Ex.2.1.Werethere2.There´s3.Thereare4.Willtherebe5.There´s6.Thereare7.Therewas8.Thereare 9.werethere10.Thereisn´t Ex.3.1.¿Cuántasmujereshabíaenlafiestaelsábadopasado?2.Haybastanteruidoenestasalaahora.3.Hayvarios árbolesenelparqueahora4.¿Cuántotiempolibrehabrálapróximavez?5.Haymuypocacomidaenelrefrigerador ahora6.Nohaymásejerciciosenellibroahora7.Habíabastanteruidoenladiscotecaanoche8.Haymuypocas floresennuestrojardín9.¿Cuántosalumnoshabíaentucursoelañopasado?10.Nohaymuchalechesobrante. Sólounaodosbotellas. Ex.4.1.Therearesevendays.2.There´llbe28days.3.Therewere...students.4.There´sjustone/Thereare... computers.5.Therewere...people.6.No,therewon´tbeanothermeeting7.Yes,therewasalotofwork.8.No,there aren´tany./No,therearenospellingmistakes.9.Thereisn´tmuchmoneyinit.10.Therearetwelveeggs. Ex.5.1.TherewillbeanothergeneralmeetingnextFriday.2.Therewereonlytwohotelsinthattown.3.Istherea restaurantnearhere.4.Howmuchmoneyisthereinthewallet?5.Thereweren´tmanypeopleinthebuildingatthat time.6.Therewon´tbeanotherconcertuntilnextweek.7.Thereisnotimetotalk.8.Therewasverylittlefreetime duringthemorning.9.Howmanycarswerethereinthecarparkthatafternoon/evening?10.Therewereveryfew childreninthestreetthatday.11.Therewon´tbemanyfootballgames/matchesthisweekend.12.There´salotof noiseinthisroomnow. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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PartII. Ex.1.a)twelveb)fifty-sixc)seventy-nined)ninety-foure)thirty-threef)twenty-eightg)onehundredandforty-eight h)fivehundredandninety-seveni)eighthundredandforty-sixj)onethousand,twohundredandeighty-fivek)six thousand,threehundredandninety-fourl)twenty-fourthousand,ninehundredandseventy-threem)twohundredand fifty-sixthousand,eighthundredandseventy-fiven)fivemillion,sixhundredandeighty-seventhousand,threehundred andtwenty-eight.
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UNIT3 PARTI.HAVEGOT=TENER
Estaexpresiónverbalseusaespecialmenteeninglésbritánico(ysolamenteeneltiempopresente)paraindicarposesión opropiedad,esdecir,significaTENER.EnelPresenteAfirmativoseconjugadelasiguientemanera: Ihavegot/aihavgót/ Youhavegot/iú:havgót/ Hehasgot/hi:hazgót/ Shehasgot/shi:hazgót/ Ithasgot/ithazgót/ Wehavegot/wi:havgót/ Youhavegot/iú:havgót/ Theyhavegot/δéihavgót/
I´vegot/aivgót/ You´vegot/iu:vgot/ He´sgot/hi:zgót/ She´sgot/shi:zgót/ It´sgot/itsgót/ We´vegot/wi:vgót/ You´vegot/iú:vgót/ They´vegot/δéivgót/
(yotengo) (tútienes) (éltiene) (ellatiene) (él/ellatiene) (nos.tenemos) (uds.tienen) (ellostienen)
Escuche,leayaprenda: Ihavegotacar./aihavgóteká:r/
I´vegotacar/aivgóteká:r/
(Yotengounauto) Peterhasgotmanyfriends./pí:terhazgótménifréndz/ (Petertienemuchosamigos) Theyhavegotabighouse./δeihavgótebígháus/ (Ellostienenunacasagrande) Mydoghasgotlongears./maidóghazgótloδíarz/ (Miperrotieneorejaslargas) Theroomshavegotcentralheating./δerú:mzhavgótséntrlhí:tiδ/ (Lashabitacionestienencalefaccióncentral)
Peter´sgotmanyfriends./pí:terzgót.../ They´vegotabighouse./δeivgót.../ Mydog´sgotlongears./maidógzgót.../
EnlaformanegativaseusaHAVENOGOTyHASNOTGOT.NormalmenteseusanlascontraccionesHAVEN´T GOT/hδventgót/yHASN´TGOT/hδzentgt/ Escuche,leayaprenda: Ihavenotgotacar./aihavnotgót.../ Ihaven´tgotacar./aiháventgót...r/ Peterhasnotgotmanyfriends./pí:terhaznotgót.../ Peterhasn´tgotmanyfriends./pí:terházentgót.../ Theyhaven´tgotabighouse./δeiháventgot.../ Theyhavenotgotabighouse./δeihavnotgót.../ Mydoghasnotgotlongears./maidóghaznotgót.../ Mydoghasn´tgotlongears./maidógházentgót.../ Theroomshavenotgotcentralheating./δerú:mzhavnotgót.../Theroomshaven´tgotcentralheating./δerú:mzháventgót.../ LaformainterrogativasehaceporsimpleinversióndelsujetoyHAVEoHAS: Escuche,leayaprenda: Haveyougotacar?/haviúgót.../ HasPetergotmanyfriends?/hazpí:tergót.../ Havetheygotabighouse?/havδeigót.../ Hasthedoggotlongears?/hazδedóggót.../ HavetheroomsgotaTV?/havδeru:mzgot.../ Howmuchmoneyhaveyougot? HowmanybrothersandsistershasBobgot?
No,Ihaven´tgotone(one=acar) Yes,he´sgotalot.(offriends) No,theyhaven´t.They´vegotasmallone. Yes,ithas.It´sgotverylongones.(ones=ears) No,theyhaven´tgotone.Butthey´vegotaradio. I´vegotverylittle(money).I´veonlygot5dollars. He´sgotonesisterandtwobrothers.
EXERCISES: Ex.1CompletethefollowingsentencesusingHAVEGOTorHASGOT 1.John_____________________________ anewuniform. 2.Hans ____________________________ longblackhair. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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3.Thesoldiers ______________________ 4.We______________________________ 5.Thebook_________________________ 6.I ________________________________ 7.Mary_____________________________ 8.Myfriends________________________ 9.Myflat___________________________ 10.Thecar __________________________
averygoodinstructor. asmallhouseinthecountry. 200pages. threechildren,asonandtwodaughters. anewbluedress. alotofmoney. twobedrooms. fourwheels.
Ex.2Changeintothenegativeform 1.She´sgotblueeyesandblackhair. 2.They´vegotalotoffriendsthere. 3.Myfather´sgotamoderncar. 4.Bob´sgotabigfamily. 5.We´vegotasmallclassroom. 6.I´vegotsomecigarettes. 7.Nancy´sgotacomputer. 8.Thehousehasgotagarden. 9.Myfriendshavegotatelephone. 10.Thestudentshavegotsomeexperience.
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Ex.3Changeintotheinterrogativeform: 1.You´vegotmanythingstodotoday. 2.Bob´sgotsomemoney. 3.You´vegotalighter. 4.They´vegotourtelephonenumber. 5.Bob´sgotouraddress. 6.Bob´ssisterhasgotacar. 7.They´vegotabigfamily. 8.Theboyhasgotblackshoes. 9.You´vegotyourpassporthere. 10.Thestudentshavegotanewinstructor.
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Ex.4AskquestionswithHOWMUCH...?/HOWMANY...? 1.They´vegottwocars. 2.I´vegotthreechildren. 3.Acarhasgotfourwheels. 4.Bob´sgotfivedollars. 5.Theflathasgottwobathrooms. 6.We´vegot2bottlesofmilk. 7.They´vegotverylittlefreetime.
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Ex.5Answerthesequestions: 1.Howmuchmoneyhaveyougotinyourpockets? 2.Howmanychildrenhaveyougot? 3.Hasyourwife/husbandgotacar? 4.Hasyourparents´housegotagarden? 5.Haveyougotadogoracat? 6.HaveyougotanyfriendsinEurope? 7.Howmanyroomshasyourhousegot? 8.Haveyougotabiglibraryathome? 9.Haveyougotanybrothersorsisters? 10.Haveyougotacomputerathome?
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Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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PARTII. A. ADJECTIVES Eninglés,losadjetivossiempreprecedenalossustantivos: Tomisatallman.MaryisabeautifulwomanThisisaninterestingbookThatisabigcar Además,soninvariables,esdecirlamismapalabraseusaenelsingular,plural,masculinoofemenino.Porlotanto, eladjetivotall/to:l/sepodríatraducircomoalto,alta,altos,altas. Themanisverytall.Thewomanisverytall.Themenareverytall.Thewomenareverytall. Además,todoslossustantivosactúancomoadjetivoscuandoprecedenaotrosustantivo.Enestoscasosno debenpluralizarse(porquelosadjetivosnuncasepluralizan!!). Anapple Adollar Anexercise Ahotel
Anappletree Aone-dollarbill Oneexercisebook Ahotelmanager
Threeappletrees Afive-dollarbill Tenexercisebooks Twohotelmanagers
B. ARTICLES(I) 1. ELARTÍCULOINDEFINIDOA(un,una)seusaparareferirseaunartículocualquiera,noespecífico.Ej.Thisisa book./δisizabúk/(Esteesunlibro).That´sagirl./δætsagé:rl/(Esaesunaniña).There´sacarinthestreet./δéarzaká:rinδestrí:t/ (Hayunautoenlacalle). ElartículoAsetransformaenANantesdeunapalabrainiciadaconunsonidovocalounah“muda”.Ej.Thisis anapple./δisizanæ´pl/(Estaesunamanzana).That´sanorange./δætsanórindll/(Esaesunanaranja).Thisisanoldcar/δisizan óuldká:r/(Esteesunautoviejo).Heisanhonestman./hí:izanónestmæn/(Elesunhombrehonrado). Laletrauseconsideravocalenpalabrascomoumbrella /ambréla/,perotambiénsepronunciacomounasemiconsonanteenpalabrascomouniform /iúnifo:rm/.Porlotantosedeberdecir:Thisisanumbrella /δisizanambréla/ (Esteesunparaguas)yThisisauniform/δisizaiúnifo:rm/(Esteesununiforme).Haypalabrasquecomienzanconunaletrao pronunciadacomo/w/,encuyocasosetratacomosemi-consonante.Compare:Thisisanorange./δisizanórindll/ (Estaesunanaranja).Thisisaone-wayticket./δisizawánweitíkit/(Esteesunboletodeida). Elarticuloindefinidoa/annotieneplural.Ej.Thisisahouse/δisizaháus/(Estaesunacasa).Thesearehouses./δi:za:r háusiz/(Estassoncasas).Thatisatree/δætizatrí:/(Eseesunárbol).Thosearetrees/δóuza:rtrí:z/(Esossonárboles).That´s ananimal/δætsanæ´nimal/(Eseesunanimal).Thoseareanimals/δóuza:ræ´nimalz/(Esossonanimales). Debidoaquea/annotieneunaformaparaelplural,ensulugarseusannormalmentepalabrascomosome/sam/ (algunos/as),several/séveral/(varios/as)omany/méni/(muchos/as). Ejemplo.Thereisatreeinthegarden
Therearetreesinthegarden Therearesometreesinthegarden Thereareseveraltreesinthegarden Therearemanytreesinthegarden
2. ELARTÍCULODEFINIDOTHE(el,lalos,las)seusaparareferirseaobjetosespecíficos,determinados.Seusa tantoconsustantivossingularescomoconplurales. Ej.Thereisabookonthedesk.Thebookisold.Thereareseveralbooksonthedesk.Thebooksareold. Compare:
Showmeaphotograph(Muéstrameunafotografía)(cualquierafotografía) Showmethephotograph(Muéstramelafotografía)(unafotografíaespecífica) Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Exe.1.Usetheindefinitearticlesaoran 1.________pencil 2.________apple 3.________egg 4.________envelope 5.________umbrella 6.________hour 7.________honor 8.________house 9.________banana 10.________bigbanana 11.________exercise 12.________easyexercise 13.________difficultexercise 14.________university 15.________olduniversity 16.________newuniversity
17.________ car 18.________ usedcar 19.________ moderncar 20.________ youngwoman 21.________ oldwoman 22.________ one-dollarbill 23.________ five-dollarbill 24.________ hotel 25.________ instrument 26.________ musicalinstrument 27.________ answer 28.________ question 29.________ impertinentquestion 30.________ usualquestion 31.________ unusualquestion 32.________ hardlesson
Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintotheplural. 1.Thatisapicture 2.Thisisacar. 3.Isthisanenvelope? 4.Thatmanisn´tateacher. 5.I´vegotafriendinSanFrancisco. 6.They´vegotahorseonthefarm. 7.Peter´sgotanewpen. 8.Thisboyisn´tanewstudent. 9.Thisisaninterestingnovel. 10.Isthatwomananurse? 11.Isthatmananengineer? 12.There´sayellowflowerinthegarden. 13.Isthatanappletreeorapeartree? 14.Ihaven´tgotacigarette.
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Ex.3.Changethesesentencesintotheplural,usesome,manyorseveral 1.There´satreeinthegarden. 2.There´sawomanintheoffice. 3.TherewasacaraccidentlastSunday. 4.Thereisanewstudentinthisclass. 5.Therewillbeaninterestingprogramtonight 6.I´vegotaquestionforyou. 7.They´vegotaninterestingbookinthelibrary 8.Theboy´sgotabookinEnglish. 9.Thereisaletterforyou,Mr.Smith. 10.I´vegotacoininmypocket. 11.I´vegotamagazineonmydesk. 12.There´satextbookontheteacher´sdesk. 13.Thestudenthasgotanewnotebook. 14.Thereisastudentinthelaboratorynow. 15.Pleaseshowmeaphotograph.
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PARTIII.
TELLINGTHETIME(Diciendolahora)
Whattimeisit,please?/wóttáimizitplí:z/¿Quéhoraesporfavor? What´sthetime,please?/wótsδetáimplí:z/¿Cuáleslahoraporfavor? It´stentoeight/itsténtuéit/Sondiezparalasocho Lea,escucheyaprenda: o´clock/oklók/ quarterpast/kuórterpá:st/ 01:00 07:15 06:30 09:45
halfpast/ha:fpá:st/
It´soneo´clock It´squarterpastseven It´shalfpastsix It´squartertoten
past/pá:st/
05:00 10:15 12:30 03:45
It´sfiveo´clock It´squarterpastten It´shalfpasttwelve It´squartertofour
minutespast/mínitspá:st/
to/tu:/
quarterto/kuórtertú:/
minutesto/mínitstu:/
Nota:Lapalabra“minutes”generalmenteseomitedespuésde5omúltiposde5.
05:10 02:40
It´sten(minutes)pastfive It´stwenty(minutes)tothree
11:25 09:55
01:27 07:38
It´stwenty-sevenminutespastone It´stwenty-twominutestoeight.
It´stwenty-five(minutes)pasteleven It´sfive(minutes)toten
midday/míddei/mediodía noon/nu:n/mediodía midnight/mídnait/medianoche a.m./éiém/ p.m./pí:ém/ (enlamañana,hastalas12:00) inthemorning/inδemó:rniη/ intheafternoon/inδia:fternú:n/ (enlatarde,de13:00-17:00) intheevening/inδií:vniη/ (enlatarde/noche,de18:00-21:00) atnight/atnáit/ (enlanoche,despuésdelas21:00) 12:00 05:00a.m. 04:00p.m. 07:00p.m. 10:00p.m.
It´smidday/It´snoon It´sfiveo´clocka.m./ei.em/ It´sfouro´clockp.m./piiem/ It´sseveno´clockp.m./piiem/ It´steno´clockp.m./piiem/
24:00It´smidnight It´sfiveo´clockinthemorning It´sfouro´clockintheafternoon It´sseveno´clockintheevening It´steno´clockatnight
EXERCISES Ex.1.MatchthetimesinColumnAwiththesentencesisColumnB A. 12:20 B. 08:30 C. 09:45 D. 02:15 E. 07:05 F. 08:55 G. 03:10 H. 04:50 I. 04:00 J. 12:40 K. 06:25 L. 10:35 A
B
1.It´stwentytoone 2.It´saquarterpasttwo 3.It´stenpastthree 4.It´sfivetonine 5.It´stentofive 6.It´stwenty-fivetoeleven 7.It´sfivepastseven 8.It´shalfpasteight 9.It´stwentypasttwelve 10.It´saquartertoten 11.It´stwenty-fivepastsix 12.It´sfouro´clock C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
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Ex.2.Writedownthetimesandread:
Whattimeisit?What´sthetime? 1.09:00 2.08:50 3.03:30 4.11:45 5.01:15 6.09:05 7.10:14 8.24:00 9.02:57 10.08:00a.m. 11.04:00p.m. 12.11:00p.m. 13.03:25 14.12:00 15.03:20 16.10:05 17.01:45 18.11:30 19.05:25 20.08:15 21.04:35 22.01:38 23.10:18 24.09:00
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It´s ________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords ADJECTIVES ENGLISH angry/ægri/ bad/bæd/ big/big/ blunt/blant/ bright/bráit/ busy/bízi/ clear/klíar/ cold/kould/ comfortable/kámfortbl/ cool/ku:l/ curved/kεrvd/ cheap/tshi:p/ dark/da:rk/ dear/díar/ deep/di:p/ difficult/dífikalt/ dull/dal/ early/ε:rli/ easy/í:zi/ empty/émti/ even/í:vn/ expensive/ikspénsiv/ fast/fæst/ fat/fæt/ foolish/fúlish/ free/fri:/ full/ful/ good/gud/ happy/hæpi/ hard/ha:rd/ hard-working/há:rdwe:rkiη/ healthy/hélδi/ heavy/hévi/ high/hai/ hot/hot/ huge/hiudll/ hungry/háηgri/ ill,sick/il,sik/ interesting/íntrestiη/ large/la:dll/
SPANISH airado,enojado malo grande romo,sinpunta brillante ocupado claro frio,helado cómodo fresco curvo barato oscuro caro,apreciado profundo dificil opaco,fome temprano,precursor fácil vacío parejo,par(números) caro rápido,fijo, gordo tonto,leso libre,gratis lleno,completo bueno feliz duro,dificil esforzado saludable,sano pesado,intenso alto caliente enorme hambriento enfermo,indispuesto interesante grande
ENGLISH late/leit/ lazy/léizi/ light/lait/ long/loη/ narrow/nárrou/ new/niu:/ nice/náis/ odd/o:d/ old/ould/ pleased/pli:zd/ poor/púar/ pretty/príti/ rich/ritch/ right/rait/ rough/ra:f/ sad/sæd/ sharp/sha:rp/ short/sho:rt/ silly/síli/ sleepy/slí:pi/ slow/slou/ small/smo:l/ soft/soft/ straight/streit/ strange/streindll/ stupid/stiu:pid/ tall/to:l/ thick/δik/ thin/δin/ thirsty/δ:rsti/ tiny/táini/ tired/táiard/ ugly/ágli/ uneven/aní:vn/ warm/wo:rm/ wide/waid/ wise/waiz/ wonderful/wánderful/ wrong/roη/ young/jaη/
SPANISH tarde,atrasado flojo claro,liviano largo angosto,estrecho nuevo bonito,agradable raro,impar(números) viejo satisfecho,contento pobre,insatisfactorio bonito rico,adinerado correcto,derecho tosco,brusco,agitado triste agudo,puntiagudo corto;bajodeestatura tonto,leso,ingenuo soñoliento lento pequeño suave recto extraño estúpido alto grueso delgado sediento diminuto cansado feo disparejo,noplano temperado ancho,amplio sabio,sensato maravilloso equivocado,incorrecto joven
COLO(U)RS Whatcolouristhecar? WhatcoloursistheChileanflag? black/blæk/ white/wait/ green/gri:n/ blue/blu:/ red/red/ brown/bráun/ yellow/yélou/
negro blanco verde azul rojo café amarillo
It´swhite. It´sblue,whiteandred. orange/órindll/ gray,grey/grei/ purple/pε:rpl/ pink/piηk/ darkblue/dá.rkblú:/ lightblue/láitblú:/
anaranjado gris,plomo morado rosado azuloscuro azulclaro,celeste
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Bl44
KEYTOANSWERS
UNIT3 PartI. Ex.1.1.hasgot2.hasgot3.havegot4.havegot5.hasgot6.havegot7.hasgot8.havegot9.hasgot10.has got Ex.2.1.Shehasn´tgotblue...2.Theyhaven´tgotmanyfriends...3.Myfatherhasn´tgota...4.Bobhasn´tgota...5.We haven´tgota...6.Ihaven´tgotanycigarettes./I´vegotnocigarettes7.Nancyhasn´tgoa...8.Thehousehasn´tgot... 9.Myfriendshaven´tgot...10.Thestudentshaven´tgotanyexperience./Thestudentshavegotnoexperience. Ex.3.1.Haveyougotmany...?2.HasBobgotanymoney?3.Haveyougota...?4.Havetheygotour...?5.HasBob gotour...?6.HasBob´ssistergota...?7.Havetheygota...?8.Hastheboygotblack...?9.Haveyougotyour...?10. Havethestudentsgota...? Ex.4.1.Howmanycarshavetheygot?2.Howmanychildrenhaveyougot?3.Howmanywheelshasacargot? 4.HowmuchmoneyhasBobgot?5.Howmanybathroomshastheflatgot?6.Howmuchmilkhavewegot?/how manybottlesofmilkhavewegot?7.Howmuchfreetimehavetheygot? Ex.5.(openanswers)
PartII. B. Ex.1.1.a2.an3.an4.an5.an6.an7.an8.a9.a10.a11.an12.an13.a14.a15.an16.a17.a18.a19.a20. a21.an22.a23.a24.a25.an26.a27.an28.a29.an30.a31.an32.a Ex.2.1.Thosearepictures2.Thesearecars3.Aretheseenvelopes?4.Thosemenaren´tteachers5.I´vegotfriendsin S.F.6.They´vegothorses...7.Peter´sgotnewpens8.Theseboysaren´tnewstudents9.Theseareinterestingnovels 10.Arethosewomennurses?11.Arethosemenengineers?12.Thereareyellowflowers...13.Arethoseappletrees orpeartrees?14.Ihaven´tgotcigarettes Ex.3.1.Therearesometrees...2.Therearemanywomen...3.Therewereseveralcaraccidents...4.Therearesome newstudents...5.Therewillbemanynewstudents...6.I´vegotseveralquestions...7.They´vegotsomeinteresting books...8.Theboyhasgotsomebooks...9.Thereareseveralletters...10.I´vegotsomecoins...11.I´vegotseveral magazines...12.Therearemanytextbooks...13.Thestudenthasgotsomenewnotebooks14.Therearemany students...15.Please,showmesomephotographs.
PartIII. Ex.1.A-9B-8C-10D-2E-7F-4G-3H-5I-12J-1K-11L-6 Ex.2.1.It´snineo´clock2.It´stentonine3.It´shalfpastthree4.It´squartertotwelve5.It´squarterpastone6.It´s fivepastnine7.It´sforteenminutespastten8.It´stwelveo´clock/midnight9.It´sthreeminutestothree10.It´seight o´clockinthemorning11.It´sfouro´clockintheafternoon12.It´seleveno´clockatnight13.It´stwenty-fivepastthree 14.It´stwelveo´clock/noon15.It´stwentypastthree16.It´sfivepastten17.It´squartertotwo18.It´shalfpasteleven 19.It´stwenty-fivepastfive20.It´squarterpasteight21.It´stwenty-fivetofive22.It´stwenty-twominutestotwo23. It´seighteenminutespastten24.It´snineo´clock
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Bl46
UNIT4 PARTI.ELTIEMPOPRESENTECONTINUO(THEPRESENTCONTINUOUSTENSE) Introducción:LosTiemposContínuos SontiemposcontinuosoprogresivostodosaquellostiemposverbalesqueseexpresanconunaformadelverboTO BEyelGERUNDIODEUNVERBOPRINCIPAL.Estostiemposverbalesseusanparaespecificarquéestamos, estábamosoestaremoshaciendoenunmomentodeterminado. Esconvenienterecordaraquíqueelgerundiodeunverboprincipalseformaagregando-INGalinfinitivo.Estesufijo sepronuncia/iη/.Haytresgruposdeverbos,segúnlaortografíausadaenlaformacióndelgerundio: GrupoA: Verbosterminadosenconsonantequeagregan-ingalinfinitivo:
tospeak/spi:k/(hablar) toeat/i:t/(comer) towork/we:rk/(trabajar)
speaking/spi:kiη/(hablando) eating/í:tiη/(comiendo) working/wé:rkiη/(trabajando)
GrupoB: Sielinfinitivoterminaen-emuda,estaletraseomitealformarengerundio: living/líviη/(viviendo) writing/ráitiη/(escribiendo) Bl47 GrupoC:Sielinfinitivoestáformadoporconsonante+vocal+consonanteocons.+cons.+vocal+cons.,la últimaconsonantedebeserduplicada:
tolive/liv/(vivir) towrite/ráit/(escribir)
Tosit/sit/(sentarse) Tocut/kat/(cortar) Tostop/stop/(detener,parar) Toswim/suim/(nadar)
sitting/sítiη/(sentándose) cutting/kátiη/(cortando) stopping/stópiη/(deteniendo,parando) swimming/suímiη/(nadando)
ELTIEMPOPRESENTECONTINUOOPROGRESIVO. EltiempoPresenteContinuooProgresivoestáformadoporel PresentedelverboTOBE(AM/S/ARE)másun GERUNDIOdeunverboprincipalyseusaparaexpresaraccionesqueseestánrealizandoNOW /náu/(ahora)oAT THISTIME/atδistáim/(aestahora),ATTHEMOMENT/atδemóument/(enestemomento).ATPRESENT/atprézent/(en estosdías,actualmente),TEMPORARILY/temporárili/(temporalmente),FORTHETIMEBEING/forδetáimbí:iδ/(mientras tanto,transitoriamente). Escuche,leayaprenda: They´relivinginNewYorkatpresent./δéia:rliviηinniuiórkatprézent/(EllosestánviviendoenN.Y.enlaactualidad). Mary´sworkinginRoom10now./mérizwé:rkiηinrúmténnáu/(MaryestátrabajandoenlaOf.10ahora) Herbert´shavinglunchatthemoment./hé:rbertshæviνlántchatδemóument/(Herbertestáalmorzandoenestemomento) Forthetimebeing,I´mlivingwithmybrotherJohn./forδetáimbí:iηáimlívinwiδmaibráδerdllón/(Transitoriamente,estoy viviendoconmihermanoJohn) LaformanegativaseexpresausandoNOTdespuésdelverboTOBE.ElusodelascontraccionesISN´TyAREN´T esfrecuenteenlaconversacióndiaria. Escuche,leayaprenda: TheyarenotlivinginNewYorkatpresent. They´renotlivinginNewYorkatpresent. Theyaren´tlivinginNewYorkatpresent. MaryisnotworkinginRoom10now. Mary´snotworkinginRoom10now. Maryisn´tworkinginRoom10now. Forthetimebeing,IamnotlivingwithmybrotherJohn.I´mnotlivingwithmybrotherJohn
LaformainterrogativaseexpresamediantesimpleinversióndelverboTOBE(AM,IS,ARE)conelsujeto.Enlas preguntasnegativasseusanlascontraccionesISN´T/AREN´Tdelantedelsujeto. Escuche,leayaprenda: AretheylivinginNewYorkatpresent? IsMaryworkinginRoom10now? AreyoulivingwithyourbrotherJohn? AmIdoingtheexercisecorrectly?
Aren´ttheylivinginNewYorkatpresent? Isn´tMaryworkinginRoom10now? Aren´tyoulivingwithyourbrotherJohn? Aren´tIdoingtheexercisecorrectly?
CuandodeseamosformularpreguntasintroducidasporunapalabrainterrogativacomoWhat,Where,When,How, Howoften,etc.,debemosmantenerelmismoordendepalabrasusadoenlaspreguntassimples. Escuche,leayaprenda: JohnislivinginNewYorkatpresent. Thechildrenareplayingsoccer. Iamwearingasweaterbecauseit´scold.
WhereisJohnlivingatpresent? Whatarethechildrenplaying? Whyareyouwearingasweater?
Lapreguntamásfrecuenteenestetiempoverbales: WHATAREYOUDOING?/wótariúdu:iη/(¿quéestáshaciendo?) EXERCISES Ex.1.Escuche,leayaprendaestosverbos: INFINITIVE Toanswer/á:nser/ Toarrive/erráiv/ Toask/a:sk/ Toaskfor/a:skfo:r/ Tobuy/bái/ Toclose/klouz/ Tocome/kam/ Tocut/kat/ Todo/du:/ Todrink/driηk/ Todrive/dráiv/ Todry/drái/ Toeat/i:t/ Tofinish/fínish/ Tofix/fiks/ Togive/giv/ Togo/gou/ Tohelp/help/ Toinvite/inváit/ Tolearn/le:rn/ Toleave/li:v/ Tolistento/lísntu/ Tolive/liv/ Tolookat/lukat/ Tomake/meik/ Toopen/óupn/ Topay/pei/ Toplay/pléi/ Toput/put/ Toread/ri:d/ Toreceive/risí:v/ 48
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GERUND answering/á:nseriη/ arriving/erráiviη/ asking/á:skiη/ askingfor/á:skiηfo:r// buying/báiiη/ closing/klóuziη/ coming/kámiη/ cutting/kátiη/ doing/dú:iη/ drinking/dríηkiη/ driving/dráiviη/ drying/dráiiη/ eating/í:tiη/ finishing/fínishiη/ fixing/fíksiη/ giving/gíviη/ going/góuiη/ helping/hélpiη/ inviting/inváitiη/ learning/lé:rniη/ leaving/lí:viη/ listeningto/lísniηtu/ living/liviη/ lookingat/lúkiηat/ making/méikiη/ opening/óupniη/ paying/péiiη/ playing/pléiiη/ putting/pútiη/ reading/rí:diη/ receiving/risí:viη/
SPANISH responder/respondiendo llegar/llegando preguntar/preguntando; pedir/pidiendo,solicitar/solicitando comprar/comprando cerrar/cerrando venir/viniendo cortar/cortando hacer/haciendo(actividades) beber/bebiendo conducir/conduciendo secar/secando comer/comiendo terminar/terminando reparar/reparando;arreglar/arreglando/fijar/fijando dar/dando ir/yendo ayudar/ayudando invitar/invitando aprender/aprendiendo partir/partiendo;dejar/dejando escuchar/escuchando vivir,viviendo mirar/mirando hacer/haciendo abrir/abriendo pagar/pagando jugar/jugando;tocar/tocando(uninstr.) poner/poniendo leer/leyendo recibir/recibiendo
Torain/réin/ Torun/ran/ Tosay/séi/ Tosell/sel/ Tosend/send/ Tosing/siη/ Tosit/sit/ Tosleep/sli:p/ Tospeak/spi:k/ Tospend/spend/ Tostart/sta:rt/ Tostay/stéi/ Tostudy/stádi/ Totake/téik/ Totalk/to:k/ Totell/tel/ Tothink/θiηk/ Totravel/trævel/ Totryto/tráitu/ Towaitfor/weitfo:r/ Towalk/wo:k/ Towash/wosh/ Towatch/wotch/ Towear/wéar/ Towork/we:rk/ Towrite/ráit/
raining/réiniη/ running/rániη/ saying/séiiη/ selling/séliη/ sending/séndiη/ singing/síηiη/ sitting/sítiη/ sleeping/slí:piη/ speaking/spí:kiη/ spending/spéndiη/ starting/stá:rtiη/ staying/stéiiη/ studying/stádiiη/ taking/téikiη/ talking/tó:kiη/ telling/téliη/ thinking/θíηkiη/ travelling/træveliη/ tryingto/tráiiηtu/ waitingfor/wéitiηfo:r/ walking/wó:kiη/ washing/wóshiη/ watching/wótchiη/ wearing/wéariη/ working/wé:rkiη/ Writing/ráitiη/
llover/lloviendo correr/corriendo decir/diciendo vender/vendiendo enviar/enviando cantar/cantando sentarse/sentándose dormir/durmiendo hablar/hablando gastar/gastando;pasar/pasando(tiempo) empezar/empezando,comenzar/comenzando permanecer/permaneciendo(quedarse) estudiar/estudiando tomar/tomando;llevar/llevando conversar/conversando decir/diciendo;contar/contando(narrar) pensar/pensando;creer/creyendo viajar/viajando tratarde/tratandode;intentar/intentando esperar/esperando caminar/caminando lavar/lavando observar/observando usar/usando(ropas) trabajar/trabajando;funcionar/funcionando escribir/escribiendo
Ex.2.Escuche,leayaprendaestasactividadesfrecuentes: Gettingup/gétiηap/ Havingabath/ashower/hæviηeba:θ/esháuer/ Gettingdressed/gétiηdrést/ Havingbreakfast/lunch/dinner/hæviηbrékfast//lantch/díner/ Goinghome/towork/totheoffice/góuiηhóum/tuwe:rk/tuδiófis/ Drivinghome/towork/totheoffice/dráiviηhóum/tuwe:rk/tuδiófis/./ Readingletters/thenewspaper/rí:diηlétez/δeniuzpéiper/ Workingintheoffice/wé:rkiηinδiófis/ Talkingwithfriends/tó:kiηwiδfréndz/ Leavingtheoffice/lí:viηδiófis/ Doingtheshopping/dú:iηδeshópiη/ Buyingthepaper/cigarettes/báiiηδepéiper/sígaréts/ WatchingTV/wótchiηtí:ví:/ Listeningtothenews/totheradio/lísniηtuδeniú:z/réidiou/ Writingtoafriend/ráitiηtuefrénd/ Callingupafriend/kóliηápefrénd/ Playingcards/soccer/pléiiηkárdz/sóker Walkingtothepark/wó:kiηtuδepa:rk/ Runningacrossthepark/rániηakrósδepá:rk/ Doingexercise/dú:iηéksersaiz/Workingout/wérkiηáut/ Visitingamuseum/vízitiηamiu:zíam/ Studyingforatest/stádiiηforetést/ Washingthecar/wóshiηδeká:r/ Cleaningthehouse/klíiniηδeháus/ Makingthebed/méikiηδebéd/ Tidyinguptheroom/táidiiηápδerú:m/ Cookingameal/kúkiηami:l/ Preparingsomedrinks/pripéariηsamdríηks/ Goingtobed/góuiηtubéd/
levantándose tomandounbaño/unaducha vistiéndose desayunando/almorzando/cenando yendoacasa/altrabajo/alaoficina yendoenautoacasa/trabajo/of. leyendocartas/eldiario trabajandoenlaoficina conversandoconamigos saliendodelaoficina haciendolascompras comprandoeldiario/cigarrillos mirandoTV escuchandolasnoticias/laradio escribiendoaun/aamigo/a llamandoaun/aamigo/a(porfono) jugandocartas/football caminandoalparque corriendoatravésdelparque haciendoejercicio(gimnasia) visitandounmuseo estudiandoparaunaprueba lavandoelauto limpiandolacasa haciendolacama ordenandoelcuarto cocinandounacomida preparandoalgunostragos acostándose Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Ex.3.Completethefollowingsentences,usingthePresentContinuoustenseoftheverbprovided. 1.I______________________________ tothenewsatthemoment.(listen) 2.Thestudents_________________________ toschoolnow.(go) 3.Mr.Smith____________________________ forthebus.(wait) 4.Forthetimebeing,Mary__________________________ asasecretary.(work). 5.Ourfriends___________________________ DisneyWorldtoday.(visit) 6.Thetrain_____________________________ atthestationatthistime.(arrive) 7.You___________________________ theexerciseswellnow.(do) 8.They__________________________ theweekendinMiami.(spend) 9.Look!Thebus___________________________overthere!(come) 10.Listen!Thosechildren ____________________________ Spanish!(speak) 11.There´samaninthegarden.He__________________________ thegrass.(cut) 12.Thereareseveralstudentsinthegym.They___________________________ (workout) Ex.4.Changeintoa)negativeandb)interrogative 1. ThechildrenarewatchingTV 2. John´shavingbreakfastnow. 3. Bill´sansweringthephone. 4. I´mhelpingJohnwiththework 5. Thegirl´swashingthedishes. 6. Thecadet´ssleepinginclass. 7. It´srainingveryhardnow. 8. Thestudentsarewritingacomposition. 9. You´redoingtheexercisecorrectly. 10.Thedog´sdrinkingmilk. 11.Theboy´ssinginganEnglishsong. 12.We´remakingalotofprogress.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.5.AskquestionsusingquestionswordlikeWhat,Where,Why,etc. 1. Mary´seatinganapplenow. 2. JohnandhisfriendsarewatchingTV. 3. They´relivinginBristolatpresent. 4. I´mansweringaletter. 5. Thestudentsarereadingastory. 6. Georgeistravellingbyplane. 7. Heisn´tworkingbecauseit´sSunday. 8. Billy´swearingthenewsweater. 9. I´msingingbecauseI´mhappy. 10.Themenarerunningnow. 11.I´mtryingtoopenthewindow. 12.They´relookingatthehorses.
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___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.6.CompletethedialogsusingtheverbsprovidedinthePresentContinuoustense.Studythemandpractise themwithafriend: 1. Hans Bob Hans Bob
: Hello,Bob!Where______you____________?(go) : Tothepostoffice. : I___________(go)there,too.Why______n´tyou____________(drive)yourcar? : It´sinthegarage.They____________(fix)thebrakes.
2.Jane Peter Jane Peter Jane Peter
: Where´sBilly? : He´sinhisroom. : What______he___________?(do)Idon´tthinkhe____________(sleep). : No,heisn´t.He____________(study)foratest. : He______always____________!(study).That´swhyhe___________(do)sowellatschoolthisyear : Well,he____________(plan)tostudyengineering,youknow..
3.Robert:Wherearethechildren? Mary : Billy____________(watch)TVintheliving-room.AndBetty´sinthekitchen.Ithink she____________(cook)dinner.AndJim´sinhisroom.He____________(sleep),ofcourse! Robert: Well,let´sgoforawalk,then. Mary : Great!Let´sdothat.
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PARTII. A. TIMEANDDATES day/déi/díaweek/wí:k/semanamonth/manθ/mesyear/yíar/añoseason/sí:zn/estación Thereare365days/déiz/inayear.Thereare52weeks/wí:ks/inayear/jíar/ Therearetwelvemonths/mánθs/inayear.Themonthsoftheyearare: January/dlláñiuari/ Enero July/dllulái/ February/fébruari/ Febrero August/ó:gast/ March/má:rtch/ Marzo September/septémber/ April/éiprl/ Abril October/októuber/ May/méi/ Mayo November/nouvémber/ June/dllú:n/ Junio December/disémber/
Julio Agosto Septiembre Octubre Noviembre Diciembre
Therearefourseasons/sí:zonz/inayear:Winter/uínter/Invierno,Spring/spriη/Primavera,Summer/sámer/Verano,and Autumn/ó:tom/(orFall/fó:l/)Otoño Therearesevendaysinaweek.Thedaysoftheweekare: Monday/mándi/ Tuesday/tiú:zdi/ Wednesday/wénzdi/
Lunes Martes Miércoles
Thursday/δérzdi/ Jueves Friday/fráidi/ Viernes Saturday/sæ´terdi/ Sábado
Sunday/sándi/
Domingo
Mondayisthefirst (primer)dayoftheweek.Tuesdayisthesecond (segundo)day.Thethird (tercer)dayoftheweekis Wednesday,andThursdayisthefourth (cuarto)day.Fridayisthefifth (quinto)day,andthesixth (sexto)dayisSaturday. Theseventh(séptimo)andlast(último)dayoftheweekisSunday. OrdinalNumbers:Losnúmerosordinales,ademásdeusarseparaindicarordenolugardeprecedencia,seusanpara expresarfechas.Losnúmerosordinalesson: 1st. First/fé:rst/ 2nd Second/sékond/ 3rd Third/θé:rd/ 4th Fourth/fó:rθ/ 5th Fifth/fifθ/ 6th Sixth/sixθ/ 7th Seventh/sévenθ/ 8th Eighth/éitθ/ 9th Ninth/náinθ/ 10thTenth/ténθ/
11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
Eleventh/ilévenθ/ Twelfth/tuélfθ/ Thirteenth/θe:rtí:nθ/ Fourteenth/fortí:nθ/ Fifteenth/fiftí:nθ/ Sixteenth/sikstí:nθ/ Seventeenth/seventí:nθ/ Eighteenth/eití:nθ/ Nineteenth/naintí:nθ/ Twentieth/tuéntieθ/
21st Twenty-first/tuéntifé:rst/ 22ndTwenty-second/tuéntisékond/ 23rd Twenty-third/tuéntiθé:rd/ 24th Twenty-fourth/tuéntifó:rθ/ 25th Twenty-fifth/tuéntifífθ/ 26th Twenty-sixth/tuéntisíksθ/ 27th Twenty-seventh/tuéntisévenθ/ 28th Twenty-eighth/tuéntiéitθ/ 29th Twenty-ninth/tuéntináinθ/ 30th Thirtieth/θértieθ/ 31st Thirty-first/θé:rtifé:rst/
Escuche,leayaprenda ThedatetodayisWednesdaythefirstofMay,twothousandtwo/δedéittudéiizwénzdi δefé:rstovméitú. θáuzand tú:/otambién,Wednesday,Maythefirst,twothousandtwo/wénzdiméiδefé:rsttú.θáuzandtú:/(Lafechadehoyes MiércolesprimerodeMayode2002) IwasbornonthefifteenthofAugust,nineteenseventy-five/aiwozbó:rnon δefiftí:nθovó:gastnáintinséventifáiv/,o también,onAugustthefifteenth,nineteenseventy-five/onó:gastδefiftí:nθnáintinséventifáiv/(Yonacíel15deAgosto de1975). Jane´sbirthdayisonthetwenty-fifthofJune/dlléinzbé:rθeiisonδetuéntifífθovdllú:n/,otambién,onJunethetwentyfifth/ondllú:nδetuéntifífθ/(ElcumpleañosdeJaneesel25deJunio)
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EXERCISES Ex.1.Writethefollowingdates,asintheexamples: 1.12.09.1963 2.05.05.1938 3.02.11.1906 4.18.07.1900 5.10.08.2000 6.01.01.2001 7.18.09.1810 8.05.12.1978 9.12.03.1893 10.04.30.1999 11.08.27.1987 12.02.28.1956 13.10.12.1492 14.07.02.1956
ThetwelfthofSeptember,nineteensixty-three ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Aprilthethirtieth,nineteenninety-nine ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
Ex.2.Answerthefollowingquestions: 1.Whenisyourbirthday? 2.Whenwasyourfatherborn? 3.Whatdayistoday? 4.What´sthedatetoday? 5.Howmanydaysarethereinaweek? 6.Whataretheseasonsoftheyear? 7.What´syourfavo(u)riteseason? 8.Whatarethedaysoftheweek? 9.Whatarethemonthsoftheyear? 10.What´sthefirstmonthoftheyear? 11.What´sthethirddayoftheweek? 12.What´sthelastmonthoftheyear? 13.Howmanymonthsarethereinayear? 14.Howmanyhoursarethereinaday? 15.WhenisNewYear´sDay? 16.When´sourIndependenceDay?
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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B. QuestionWords(1)Describingpeopleandthings Escuche,leayaprenda ENGLISH
SPANISH
Howold?/háuóuld/ Howtall?/háuto:l/ Howfar?/háufa:r/ Howlong?/háulóη/ Howhigh?/háuhái/ Howfast?/háuf(st/ Howdeep?/háudi:p/ Howthick?/háu(ik/ Howwide?/háuwáid/ Howbig...?/háubig?/ Howwell...?/háuwel/ Howheavy...?/hauhévi/ Whatcolor?/hwotkólor/ Whatsize?/hwotsáiz/ Whatshape?/hwotshéip/ Whatis/are...like?*
¿Quéedad? ¿Quéestatura? ¿Quédistancia? ¿Quélongitud? ¿Quéaltura? ¿Quévelocidad? ¿Quéprofundidad? ¿Quéespesor/grosor? ¿Quéanchura/ancho? ¿Cuángrande? ¿Cuánbien? ¿Cuántopesa? ¿Quécolor? ¿Quétamaño/talla? ¿Quéforma? ¿Cómoes/son...?(Descripcióndecosas) (Descripción de personas en cuanto a su carácter)
/wot.Iz/a:r...láik/
EXAMPLE Howoldareyou?I´m21yearsold Howtallareyou?I´m1.70meterstall Howfaristheairpòrt?It´sabout20km.away Howlongistheriver?It´s85km.long. Howhighisthathill?It´sabout1,200mt.high Howfastisthetrainmoving?Atabout90k/h Howdeepisthelake?It´s120mt.deep Howthickisthatwall?It´sabout40cm.thick Howwideistheroad?About15mt.wide Howbigisthehouse?Ithasgotfiverooms Howwelldoyoudrive?Idriveverywell Howheavyisthebox?Itweighs5kilos Whatcoloristhecar?It´slightblue Whatsizeisthisshirt?It´sextralarge Whatshapeisafootball?It´sround Whatisthehouselike?It´sverycomfortable Whataretheroomslike?They´reverysmall What´sMarylike?She´sveryniceandfriendly.
Notaimportante: ComoUd.habráadvertido,eningléssedebeusarelverboBE(am/is/are/was/were,etc.)paradescribirobjetos.Encastellano normalmenteseusaelverbotener:Howoldareyou?Iam35=¡QueedadtieneUd?Yotengo35
Ex.1.Studythesewords: Nouns age/éidll/edad length/leθ/longitud width/wiθ/anchura thickness/θiknis/grosor distance/dístans/distancia speed/spí:d/velocidad depth/depθ/profundidad height/háit/estatura;altura size/saiz/tamaño,talla shape/shéip/forma weight/wéit/peso
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Adjectives old/ould/anciano,viejo;young/yaη/joven old/ould/viejo;new/niú:/nuevo long/loη/largo;short/sho:rt/corto wide/wáid/ancho;narrow/nærrou/angosto thick/θik/grueso;thin/θin/delgado distant/dístant/distante;nearby/níarbai/cercano fast/fa:st/veloz;slow/slóu/lento deep/dí:p/profundo;shallow/shálou/pocoprofundo tall/tó:l/alto;short/shó:rt/bajodeestatura high/hái/alto;low/lóu/bajo small/smó:l/pequeño;big/big/grande tiny/táini/diminuto;huge/hiu:dll/enorme round/ráund/redondo;square/skwear/cuadrado; rectangular/rektængiular/rectangular,triangular/traiængiular/triangular;oval/óuval/ovalado heavy/hévi/pesado;light/láit/liviano
BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords: NUMERALS CARDINALNUMBERS ORDINALNUMBERS 1one/wan/ uno 1stfirst/fε:rst/ primero 2two/tu:/ dos 2ndsecond/séknd/ segundo tres 3rdthird/θε:rd/ tercero 3three/θri:/ 4four/fo:r/ cuatro 4thfourth/fo:rθ/ cuarto 5five/faiv/ cinco 5thfifth/fifθ/ quinto sexto 6six/siks/ seis 6thsixth/siksθ/ 7seven/sévn/ siete 7thseventh/sévnθ/ séptimo octavo 8eight/eit/ ocho 8theighth/éitθ/ noveno 9nine/nain/ nueve 9thninth/náinθ/ 10ten/ten/ diez 10thtenth/ténθ/ décimo 11eleven/ilévn/ once 11theleventh/ilévnθ/ décimoprimero décimosegundo 12twelve/twélf/ doce 12thtwelfth/twelfθ/ 13thirteen/θε:rtí:n/ trece 13ththirteenth/θε:rtí:nθ/ décimotercero décimocuarto 14fourteen/fortí:in/ catorce 14thfourteenth/fo:rtí:nθ/ 15fifteen/fiftí:n/ quince 15thfifteenth/fiftí:nθ/ décimoquinto 16sixteen/sikstí:n/ dieciséis 16thsixteenth/sikstí:nθ/ décimosexto décimoséptimo 17seventeen/sevntí:n/ diecisiete 17thseventeenth/sevntí:nθ/ 18eighteen/eití:n/ dieciocho 18theighteenth/eití:nθ/ décimooctavo décimonoveno 19nineteen/naintí:n/ diecinueve 19thnineteenth/naintí:nθ/ 20twenty/twénti/ veinte 20thtwentieth/twéntieθ/ vigésimo vigésimoprimero 21twenty-one/twéntiwán/ veintiuno 21sttwenty-first/twéntifε´:rst/ 22twenty-two/twéntitú:/ veintidós 22ndtwenty-second/twéntiséknd/ vigésimosegundo 30thirty/θε´:rti/ treinta 30ththirtieth/θε´:rtieθ/ trigésimo 31thirty-one/θε´:rtiwán/ treintayuno 31stthirty-first/θε´:rtifε´:rst/ trigésimoprimero cuadragésimo 40forty/fó:rti/ cuarenta 40thfortieth/fó:rtieθ/ 50fifty/fífti/ cincuenta 50thfiftieth/fíftieθ/ quincuagésimo sexagésimo 60sixty/síksti/ sesenta 60thsixtieth/síkstieθ/ 70seventy/sévnti/ setenta 70thseventieth/sévntieθ/ septuagésimo 80eighty/éiti/ ochenta 80theightieth/éitieθ/ octogésimo nonagésimo 90ninety/náinti/ noventa 90thninetieth/naintieθ/ centésimo 100onehundred/wanhúndrid/ cien 100thonehundredth/wanhándreθ/ 1,000onethousand/wanθáuznd/ mil 1,000thonethousandth/wanθáuzndθ/ milésimo 1,000,000onemillion/wanmílion/ unmillón 1,000,000thonemillionth/wanmílionθ/ millonésimo TIMEANDDATES 1. Unitsoftime second/séknd/ minute/mínit/ hour/áuar/ day/dei/ week/wi:k/
segundo minuto hora día semana
month/mánθ/ season/sí:zon/ year/yíar/ century/séntchuri/
mes estación,temporada año siglo
Lunes Martes Miércoles Jueves Viernes
Saturday/sæ´tεrdi/ Sunday/sándi/
Sábado Domingo
2. Daysoftheweek Monday/mándi/ Tuesday/tíu:zdi/ Wednesday/wénzdi/ Thursday/θε´:rzdi/ Friday/fráidi/
Nota:EnInglés,losdíasdelasemanaylosmesesdelañosiempreseescribenconmayúsculas. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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3. Seasonsoftheyear summer/sámer/ verano autumn/fall/ó:tm//fó:l/ otoño
winter/wínter/ spring/spriη/
invierno primavera
4. Monthsoftheyear January/dllániuari/ February/fébruari/ March/ma:rtch/ April/éiprl/ May/mei/ June/dllu:n/
Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio
July/dllulái/ Julio August/ó:gast/ Agosto September/septémber/Septiembre October/októuber/ Octubre November/nouvémber/ Noviembre December/disémber/ Diciembre
5. Dates TodayisMonday,2ndMay,2001(thesecondofMay,twothousandone) HewasbornonJanuary26th,1957(Januarythetwenty-sixth,nineteenfifty-seven)
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KEYTOANSWERS
UNIT4 PartI Ex.3.1.amlistening2.aregoing3.iswaiting4.isworking5.arevisiting6.isarriving7.aredoing8.arespending9. iscoming10.arespeaking11.iscutting12.areworkingout Ex.4.1.Thechildrenaren´twatchingTV/ArethechildrenwatchingTV?2.Johnisn´thavingbreakfastnow/IsJohn havingbreakfastnow?3.Billisn´tansweringthephone/IsBillansweringthephone?4.I´mnothelpingJohn.../Am IhelpingJohn...?5.Thegirlisn´twashingthedishes/Isthegirlwashingthedishes?6.Thecadetisn´tsleeping.../Is thecadetsleeping...?7.Itisn´training.../Isitraining...?8.Thestudentsaren´twriting.../Arethestudentswriting...? 9.Youaren´tdoingtheexercises.../Areyoudoingtheexercises...?10.Thedogisn´tdrinkingmilk/Isthedogdrinking milk?11.Theboyisn´tsinging.../Istheboysinging...? Ex.5.1.What´sMaryeatingnow?2.WhatareJohnandhisfriendsdoing?3.Wherearetheylivingatpresent?4. Whatareyoudoing?5.Whatarethestudentsreading?6.How´sGeorgetravelling?7.Whyisn´theworking?8.Which sweaterisBillywearing?9.Whyareyousinging?10.Whatarethemendoingnow?11.Whatareyoutryingtodo? 12.Whataretheylookingat? Ex.6.1.Hans:are-goingHans:amgoing/are-drivingBob:arefising2..Jane:is-doing/issleepingPeter:is studyingJane:is-studyiung/isdoingPeter:isplanning.3.Mary:iswatching/iscooking/issleeping
PartII Ex.1.2.ThefifthofMay,nineteenthirty-eight3.ThesecondofNovember,nineteenohsix4.TheeighteenthofJuly, nineteenhundred5.ThetenthofAugust,twothousand6.ThefirstofJanuary,twothousandone7.Theeighteenthof September,eighteenten8.ThefifthofDecember,nineteenseventy-eight9.ThetwelfthofMarch,eighteenninety-three 11.Augustthetwenty-seventh,nineteeneighty-seven12.Februarythetwenty-eighth,nineteenfifty-six13.October thetwelfth,forteenninety-two14.Julythesecond,nineteenfifty-six Ex.2.1.It´son...2.Hewasbornon...3.Today´s...4.Thedatetodayis...5.Therearesevendays6.Theseasonsof theyearareWinter,SpringSummerandAutumn/Fall7....ismyfavorityseason.8.ThedaysoftheweekareMonday, Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,SaturdayandSunday.9.ThemonthsoftheyearareJanuary,February,March, April,May,June,July,August,September,October,NovemberandDecember10.ThefirstmonthoftheyearisJanuary 11.ThethirddayoftheweekisWednesday12.ThelastmonthoftheyearisDecember13.Therearetwelvemonths inayear14.Therearetwenty-fourhoursinaday15.NewYear´sdayisonthefirstofJanuary.16.OurIndependence DayisonSeptembertheeighteenth.
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UNIT5 PARTI.ELTIEMPOPRESENTESIMPLE(THESIMPLEPRESENTTENSE) Estetiemposeusaparaexpresaraccionesqueocurrenadiario,enformahabitual.Lasexpresionesdetiempoquemás seusanenestetiempoverbalsonaquellasquellevanlapalabraEVERY/évri/,comoeveryday/évridéi/(todoslosdías), everymorning/évrimó:niη/(todaslasmañanas),everyweekend/évriwikénd/(todoslosfinesdesemana).Tambiénseusan conestetiempolosADVERBIOSDEFRECUENCIA(quenoindicancuando,sinoqueconquéfrecuenciaocurrenlas accionesindicadasporelverbo).Sonadverbiosdefrecuencia:always/ó:lwiz/(siempre),generally/dllénerali/(generalmente), usually/íushuali/(usualmente),often/ófn/(amenudo),sometimes/sámtaimz/(aveces),rarely/réarli/(raravez),seldom /séldom/(raramente),hardlyever/há:rdliéver/(casinunca),never/néver/(nunca).Lasexpresionesquellevanlapalabraevery habitualmentevanubicadasalfinaldelaoración,mientrasquelosadverbiosdefrecuenciavanubicadossiempreantesdel verboprincipal.Tambiénsonfrecuentesenestetiempoverballosadverbiosdetiempoformadosporonce/wáns/(unavez), twice/twáis/(dosveces),threetimes/θri:táimz/(tresveces),severaltimes/sévraltáimz/(variasveces),manytimes/ménitáimz/ (muchasveces),etc,seguidasdelasfrasesaday/edéi/(aldía),aweek/ewi:k/(alasemana),amonth/emánθ/(almes),etc. Enlaformaafirmativa,elSUJETO(I,You,Thestudents,YouandI,etc.)vaseguidoporelINFINITIVOdeunverbo principal. EsimportantedestacaraquíqueenelPresenteSimpleafirmativonoseusaelverbomodalDO/DOES(estátácito). Cuandodecimos“IspeakSpanisheveryday”estamosdiciendo“IdospeakSpanisheveryday”.Cuandodecimos,“The secretaryanswersthetelephone”estamosdiciendo“Thesecretarydoesanswerthetelephone”.Estosecomprueba cuandoqueremosexpresaroracionesnegativasointerrogativas:IdonotspeakSpanisheveryday/DoIspeakSpanish everyday?;Thesecretarydoesnotanswerthetelephone/Doesthesecretaryanswerthetelephone? Escuche,leayaprenda: IspeakSpanisheveryday./aispí:kspánishévridéi/(Yohabloespañoltodoslosdías) Wegotothebeacheverysummer./wi:góutuδebí:tchévrisámer/(Nos.vamosalaplayatodoslosveranos) IoftenseeMaryattheclub./aiófnsí:mériatδekláb/(YoamenudoveoaMaryenelclub) TheyalwayscomehereonSaturday./δéiólwizkámhíaronsæ´terdi/(Ellossiemprevienenacálossábados) Thestudentsplaysocceronceaweek. /δestiúdentspléisókerwánsewi:k/(Losalumnosjueganfútbolunavezala semana)æ´ Cuandoelsujetoestercerapersonadelsingular(he,she,it,theboy,thetelephone,etc)sedebeagregaruna-so -esalverboprincipal. Escuche,leayaprenda: HespeaksSpanishandEnglishwell./hi:spí:ksspánishandínglishwel/(Elhablaespañoleinglésbién) Thesecretaryanswersthetelephone./δesékretriánserzδetélifoun/(Lasecretariacontestaelteléfono) Thebusstopshere./δebásstópshíar/(Elbusparaaquí) Bobwashesthecaronsaturday./bóbwóshizδeka:ronsæ´terdi/(Boblavaelautolossábados)* MywifewatchesTVintheevening./maiwáifwótchiztí:ví:inδií:vniη/(MimujermiraTVenlastardes)* JohnplaystenniseveryFridayafternoon./dllónpléizténizévrifráidia:fternú:n/(Johnjuegaténistodoslosviernesenlastardes)** JohnstudiesFrenchonFridaymorning./dllónstádizfréntchonfráidimó:niη/Johnestudiafrancéslosviernesenla mañana)** Thesunrisesintheeast./δesánráizizinδií:st/(Elsolapareceeneleste)*** Johnchangesthebatteriesonceamonth./dllóntchéidllizδebátrizwánsemánθ/(Johncambialasbateríasunavezalmes)*** Notas: Enla3ra.personadelsingular(he,she,it),sedebenconsiderarlassiguientesreglas: * Losverbosterminadosen-s,-sh,-ch-,-x,o-zdebenagregar-esalverbo.Estesufijopluralsepronuncia/iz/yesunasílabamás: washes/wóshiz/,watches/wótshiz/. ** Losverbosterminadosen-yprecedidadeconsonantetransformandichaletraen-ies:study-studies.Sila-yestáprecedida devocalseagrega-s:play/plei/,plays/pléiz/. *** Losverbosregularesterminadosen-se,-ce,-gesóloagregan-senlatercerapersonadelsingular,peroesesufijosepronuncia /iz/ypasaaserunasílabamás:rise/ráiz/-rises/ráiziz/,change/tchéindll/-changes/tchéindlliz/. Losverboshave,do,ygotienenlassiguientesformasenla3ra.Personadelsingular:has/hæz/,does/daz/,goes/góuz/. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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EnlaformanegativasedebeusarelverbomodalDO/du/seguidodelapalabraNOT(normalmenteformandolacontracción DON¨T/dóunt/)máselinfinitivodelverboprincipal.EnlatercerapersonaldelsingularsedebeusarDOES/dáz/seguido deNOT(normalmenteformandolacontracciónDOESN´T/dáznt/)máselInfinitivodelverboprincipal(sinagregar-s/-es) Escuche,leayaprenda: IspeakSpanisheveryday. Idonotspeak/du:nótspí:k/Spanisheveryday. Wegotothebeacheverysummer. Wedon´tgo/dóuntgóu/tothebeacheverysummer. Thestudentsplaysoccereveryday. Thestudentsdon´tplay/dóuntpléi/soccereveryday. HespeaksEnglishwell. Hedoesnotspeak/daznótspí:k/Englishwell Thebusstopshere. Thebusdoesn´tstop/dázntstóp/here. MywifewatchesTVinthemorning. Mywifedoesn´twatch/dázntwótch/TVinthemorning. Bobchangesthebatteriesonceamonth Bobdoesn´tchange/dáznttchéindll/thebatteriesonceamonth. Myfriendshaveanewcar. Myfriendsdon´thave/dóunthæv/anewcar. MaryhasmanyfriendsinCanada. Marydoesn´thave/dáznthæv/manyfriendsinCanada Wehavelunchatschooleveryday. Wedon´thavelunch/dóunthævlántch/atschooleveryday. ParaexpresarinterrogacionesdebemosanteponerlosverbosmodalesDO/DOESalsujeto.Enlaspreguntasnegativas sedebenanteponerlascontraccionesDON´T/DOESN¨T Escuche,leayaprenda: Doyouspeak/diuspí:k/Spanisheveryday?. Dowego/duwigóu/tothebeacheverysummer?. Dothestudentsplay/duδestiú:dentspléi/soccereveryday?. Doeshespeak/dázhi:spí:k/Englishwell? Doesthebusstop/dázδebásstóp/here?. Doesyourwifewatch/dáziorwáifwótch/TVinthemorning? DoesBobchange/dázbobtchéindll/thebatteriesonceamonth? Doyourfriendshave/duiorfréndzhæv/anewcar? DoesMaryhave/dázmérihæv/manyfriendsinCanada? Doyouhavelunch/diuhævlántch/atschooleveryday? Don´tyouspeak/dóuntiuspí:k/Spanishathome? Doesn´tMarywork/dázntmériwérk/onSaturday? Nota: Elverbotohave(tener)esunverboprincipal,porlotantonecesitaelverbomodaldo/doesenlasnegacioneseinterrogaciones.Recuerde queeninglésbritánicogenertalmenteseprefiereusarlaexpresiónhavegot/hasgot(VerUnit3).Cuandoseusaelverbotohavepara expresarlaideadeservirse,comer,beber,oexperimentar,comoentohavebreakfast(desayunar),otohaveagoodtime(pasarlo bien,divertirse),sedebeusardo/doesenlasnegacioneseinterrogaciones) Myfriendshaveanewcar Myfriendsdon´thaveanewcar MaryhasmanyfriendsinCanada Marydoesn´thavemanyfriendsinCanada
= = = =
Myfriendshavegotanewcar Myfriendshaven´tgotanewcar. MaryhasgotmanyfriendsinCanada. Maryhasn´tgotmanyfriendsinCanada
CuandodeseamosformularpreguntasintroducidasporpalabrasinterrogativascomoWHAT,WHERE,WHEN,HOW, HOWMUCH,etc.,debemosmantenerelmismoordenusadoenlasinterrogacionessimples. Escuche,leayaprenda: Whatlanguagedoyouspeakathome?/wótláηguidlldiúspí:kathóum/ Whendotheygotothebeach?/wénduδeigóutuδebí:tch/ Wheredoesthebusstop?/wéardazδebásstóp/ WhydoesJohnchangethebatterieseverymonth?/wáidazdllóntchéindllδebáterizévrimánθ/ Lapreguntamáshabitualenestetiempoverbales: WHATDOYOUDO?/wótdiudúu/(¿Quéhaceud.?) 60
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EXERCISES Ex.1.Studythefollowingexpressionsoftime: EveryMonday/évrimándi/ EveryTuesday/évritiú:zdi/ EveryWednesday/évriwénzdi/ EveryThursday/évriθérzdi/ EveryFridaymorning/évrifráidimó:niη/ EverySaturdayafternoon/évrisæ´terdiaftenún/ EverySundayevening/évrisándií:vniη/ Everymorning/évrimó:niη/ Everyafternoon/évriafternún/ Everyevening/évrií:vniη/ Everyday/évridéi/ Everynight/évrináit/ Everyweek/évriwi:k/ Everymonth/évrimánθ/ Everyyear/évriyiar/ Onceaday/wánsedéi/ Twiceaweek/twáisewiik/ Threetimesayear/θri:táimzeyíar/ Severaltimesamonth/sévrltáimzemánθ/ Always/ó:lweiz/ Frequently/fríkwentli/ Usually/iúshuali/ Generally/dllénerali/ Sometimes/sámtaimz/ Often/ófn/ Rarely/réarli/ Hardlyever/hárdliéver/ Seldom/séldom/ Never/néver/ Inthesummer/inδesámer/ Intheautumn/fall/inδió:tom/fo:l/ Inthewinter/inδewínter/ Inthespring/inδespriη/
Todosloslunes Todoslosmartes Todoslosmiércoles Todoslosjueves Todoslosviernesenlamañana Todoslossábadosenlatarde. Todoslosdomingosenlatarde Todaslasmañanas Todaslastardes(13:00-17:00) Todaslastardes(18:00-21:00) Todoslosdías Todaslasnoches Todaslassemanas Todoslosmeses Todoslosaños Unavezaldía Dosvecesalasemana Tresvecesalaño Variasvecesalmes Siempre Frecuentemente Usualmente Generalmente Aveces Amenudo Raramente Casinunca Raravez Nunca Enelverano Enelotoño Enelinvierno Enlaprimavera
Ex.2.Completetheconjugationofthefollowingverbs: Affiirmative a. Iworkhereeveryday You__________________________ Bill___________________________ Ann__________________________ We __________________________ They_________________________ b. IwatchTVafterdinner. You__________________________ Bill___________________________ Ann__________________________ We __________________________ They_________________________
Negative Idon´tworkhereeveryday You________________________ Bill_________________________ Ann________________________ We_________________________ They _______________________
Interrogative DoIworkhereeveryday? ______ you _______________ _______Bill _______________ ______Ann_______________ _______ we_______________ ______ they_______________
? ? ? ? ?
Idon´twatchTVafterdinner. ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
DoIwatchTVafterdinner? __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________
? ? ? ? ?
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c. Igotothemovieseverynight You__________________________ Bill___________________________ Ann__________________________ We __________________________ They_________________________
Idon´t______________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
DoI______________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________
? ? ? ? ? ?
d. IplaytennisonSaturday You__________________________ Bill___________________________ Ann__________________________ We __________________________ They_________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________
? ? ? ? ? ?
e. IstudyEnglisheveryday. You__________________________ Bill___________________________ Ann__________________________ We __________________________ They_________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________
? ? ? ? ? ?
f. Ihavedinneratwork. You__________________________ Bill___________________________ Ann __________________________ We __________________________ They_________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________
? ? ? ? ? ?
g. Idotheexerciseswell. You__________________________ Bill___________________________ Ann__________________________ We __________________________ They_________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________
? ? ? ? ? ?
Ex.3.CompletethefollowingsentencesusingtheSimplePresentTenseoftheverbsgiveninparentheses. ThentranslatethemintoSpanish 1.Thechildren ________________________atthistimeeverymorning.(getup) 2.Weseldom___________________________ totheNorthinthesummer.(go) 3.I ______________________________ breakfastat7:15everymorning.(have) 4.John_______________________ thenewspaperonthetraineveryday.(read) 5.Thestudentssometimes_________________________rugbyatschool.(play) 6.Peter ___________________ bridgewithhisfriendseveryFridaynight.(play) 7.Thetrain ______________________inLondonat7:50everymorning.(arrive) 8.Myriam__________________________ theflooronceortwiceaweek.(wash) 9.Inever____________________________________ Spanishatschool.(speak) 10.Themanagergenerally _________________ theofficeafter8:00p.m.(leave) 11.MywifeandIoften_____________________________ inthatrestaurant.(eat) 12.MrSmith________________________ TVafterdinnereveryevening.(watch) Ex.4.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negative,b)interrogative,andc)Wh-questions: 1.Marylikestodrinkcoffeewithmilk. 2.Theylivenearhere. 62
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_________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ? _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ?
3.PeterwatchesTVeverynight.
_________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ?
4.Thebusleavesat7:45 5.ThatmanspeaksGerman. 6.Theyworkouteverymorning. 7.Bobalwaysdrinksbeer. 8.Theyhavetwocars. 9.Peterdoeseverythingwell. 10.Theycomeheretwiceaweek.
_________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ? _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ? _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ? _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ? _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ? _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ? _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ?
Ex.5.Askquestionsusingwh-wordslikeWHAT,WHERE,WHEN,HOW,etc. 1.ShelivesnearWimbledon. 2.Theyplaygolftwiceaweek. 3.Theygetupat7:15everymorning. 4.Thestudentsneedmorepractice. 5.JohngoestoPucóninthesummer. 6.Marycomestoworkbybus. 7.WegototheclubonFriday. 8.TheygototheparkonSunday. 9.MarygoesshoppingonSaturday. 10.Theyneedtwentydollars. 11.Theyhavetwocarsnow. 12.Hewalkstoworkbecausehehasn´tgotacar. 13.Theydon´tlikethecarbecauseit´stoosmall. 14.Sheusuallysleepssixhourseverynight.
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Ex.6.AnswerthesequestionsinEnglish: 1.Howmanyweeksarethereinayear? _________________________________________________ 2.Bobisintheoffice.What´shedoing? _________________________________________________ 3.Howmanylegshasadoggot? _________________________________________________ 4.Arethereanytreesinyourgarden? _________________________________________________ 5.Thechildrenareinthepark.Whataretheydoing? _________________________________________________ 6.Whatdoyoudoafterdinnereveryevening? _________________________________________________ 7.Howmuchfreetimeisthereinanintensivecourse? _________________________________________________ 8.HowoftendoesyourEnglishteacherusetheVCRinc?_________________________________________________ 9.Wheredoyouusuallyspendyoursummervacatio _________________________________________________ 10.Whendoesapersongotoseeadoctor? _________________________________________________
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Ex.7.Completethesentencesusingoneofthefollowing: cause(s) open(s) close(s) speak(s) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
drink(s)
live(s)
take(s)place
Ann __________________________ Germanverywell. Inever___________________________ coffee. Theswimmingpool_________________________at9:00a.mand_____________________ at6:30p.m.everyday. Baddriving__________________________ manyaccidents. Mygrandparents________________________ inaverysmallapartment. TheOlympicGames ___________________________everyfouryears.
Ex.8.Puttheverbintothecorrectform. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Janet_______________________________ teaveryoften..(not/drink) Whattime_________________________________inBritain?(thebanks/close) A:’Where__________________________________from?’(Martin/come)B:‘He’sScottish’. A:‘What__________________________________?’(you/do)B:’I’manelectricalengineer’. It__________________________meanhourtogettowork.(take)Howlong__________________ you?(it/take) I___________________________thepiano(play)butI______________________itverywell(not/play). Idon’tunderstandthissentence.What_____________________________________(thisword/mean)?
Ex.9.Useoneofthefollowingverbstocompletethesesentences.Sometimesyouneedthenegative: believeeat go flow make rise grow tell translate 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Theearth_____________________________________roundthesun. Rice __________________________________ inBritain. Thesun _____________________________________intheeast. Bees__________________________________ honey. Vegetarians _______________________________________ meat. Anatheist____________________________________inGod. Aninterpreter______________________________________ fromonelanguageintoanother. Aliarissomeonewho ____________________________________ thetruth. TheRiverAmazon_____________________________intotheAtlanticOcean.
Ex.10.(Review)UsethePresentContinuousortheSimplePresent,oftheverbgiveninparentheses: 1.MybrotherJim__________________________ inBostonatpresent.(work) 2.Thesecretarygenerally_________________________theofficeat7:30everyevening.(leave) 3.Mr.Scott____________________________ thenewsonTVatthemoment.(watch) 4.Weseldom_______________________ tothecoastinthewinter.(go) 5.Look!John__________________________ overthere.(come) 6.Mary__________________________ tovisitusonceortwiceamonth.(come) 7.Forthetimebeing,Tom _____________________________ asamechanic.(work) 8.Where ________________ they _____________________atpresent?(live) 9.Where ________________ theyusually_________________ inthesummer?(go) 10.What _________________ theboy___________________atthemoment?(do) 11.Look!It __________________________ torain!Let´sgoinside.(begin) 12.Thebar_______________________ at6:45and_____________________at10:30everyday.(open/close) 13.We________not___________________ anythingspecialrightnow.We_______ just____________ TV.(do/watch) 14.Hello,Bob!What _____________you _______________ therenow?(do) 15.YoumustalwaysspeaktohiminEnglish.He ______________ not________________ Spanish.(understand) 16.Listen!Somebody_______________________ thepianoupstairs.Whocanitbe?(play) 17.What ___________ you______________________ doingwhenyouareathome?(like) 18.Why____________ you______________________ Englishnow?AreyouplanningtogototheUSA?(study) 19.Why____________ youalways ____________________ homesolateeverynight?(Get) 20.Lookatthatman.He___________________________ agreenuniform.Hemustbeapoliceofficer.(wear) 64
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Ex.11.(Review)CompletethesentencesbyusingtheSimplePresentorthePresentContinuousoftheverbs provided. 1.Shhh!!Thelittleboy(sleep)_____________________ .He(sleep)__________________ fortenhourseverynight. 2.RightnowI´minclassandI(sit)_______________________ atmydesk.Iusually(sit)_______________________at thesamedeskinclasseveryday. 3.MustafacomesfromSaudiArabia.He(speak) _________________________ Arabic.Arabicishisnativelanguage, butrightnowhe(speak)_____________________English. 4.Ourteacher(stand,not) _____________________uprightnow.He(sit)_______________onthecornerofhisdesk. 5.It´s7o´clocknow.Mrs.Black´sathome.She(eat)_________________________________ dinner.Shealways(eat) dinnerwithherfamilyaroundsixo´clock. 6.It(rain,not) __________________rightnow.Thesun(shine) ________________ andthesky(be)___________blue. 7.(Rain,it), _________________muchintheSouthinthewinter? 8.Lookoutofthewindow.(Rain,it)______________________ now?ShouldItakemyumbrella? 9.It´s7:30a.m.nowandtheWilsonsareintheirkitchen.Mrs.Wilson(sit)______________________atthebreakfast table.She(read) ________________________ themorningpaper.She(read)____________________________ the newspapereverymorning.MrWilson(pour)____________________________________ acupofcoffee.He(drink) _________________________twocupsofcoffeeeverymorningbeforehe(go) towork. There´sacartoononTVnow,butthechildren(watch,not)___________________________________ it.They(play) withtheirtoysinstead.Theyusually(watch) _____________________ cartoons inthemorning,butthismorningthey(pay,not) ____________________________ anyattentiontotheTV.Mrand MrsWilson(watch,not)__________________________ TVeither.They(like,not)__________________________ towatchcartoons. 10.Alice(take,not)____________________________thebustoworkeveryday.Sheusually(walk) _______________________________instead.(Take,you) _______________________thebustogettoworkevery day,or(walk,you)__________________________________ sometimes?
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PARTII. A. QUESTIONWORDS.(II)Studythefollowinglistofinterrogativewords ENGLISH What?/wot/ Who?/hu:/ Which?/witch/ When?/wen/ Why?/wai/ Where?/wéar/ How?/hau/ Whose?/hu:z/ Whom?/hu:m/ Howmuch?/háumátch/ Howmany?/háuméni/ Howoften?/háuófn/ Howlong?/háulong/ Whattime?/wottáim/ Whatkindof?/wotkáindov/ Whatsortof?/wotsortov/ Where...from?*/wéar..from/ Where...to?*/wéar..tu/ Who...with?*/hu:...wiϑ/ Who...about?*/hu:..abáut/ Who...for?*/hu:..for/ What...for?*/wot...for/ What...with?*/wot...wiϑ/ What...about?*/wot...abáut/ What...at?*/wot...at/ Whatdo/does...looklike? /wótdu/daz...lúkláik/
SPANISH
EXAMPLE
¿Qué? ¿Cuál/es? ¿Quién/es/? ¿Cuál/es? ¿Cuándo? ¿Porqué? ¿Dónde? ¿Cómo? ¿Dequién? ¿Aquién? ¿Cuánto/a? ¿Cuántos/as? ¿Conquéfrecuencia? ¿Cuántotiempo? ¿Quéhora? ¿Quéclase/tipode? ¿Quéclase/tipode? ¿Dedónde? ¿Haciadónde? ¿Conquién? ¿Acercadequién? ¿Paraquién? ¿Paraqué? ¿Conqué? ¿Acercadequé? ¿Haciaqué? ¿Cómoes/son...? (Descripcióndepersonas-físico)
Whatisthat?;Whatdoyouwanttoeat? What´syourname?;What´syouropinion? Whoisthatman?;Whowantstoplay? Whichbookismine?Whichcardoyoulikebest? Whenisyourbirthday?WhendoyouwatchTV? WhyisTomabsenttoday?Whyareyouleaving? WhereisMrSmith?Wheredoyoulive? Howareyoutoday?Howdoyoufeeltoday? Whoseisthatcar?Whoseaddressdoyouneed? Whomdidyousee?TowhomisBobspeaking? Howmuchmoneyisthereinthewallet? Howmanystudentsarethereinyourclass? Howoftendoyouplaytennis? Howlongdoestheprogramlast? Whattimeisit?Atwhattimedoyougetup? Whatkindofbooksdoyouliketoread? WhatsortofprogramsdoyouwatchonTV? Wherearetheyfrom? Whereareyougoingto? Whodoyoupracticegolfwith? Whoaretheytalkingabout? Whoisthisletterfor? Whatisthisfor?Whatdoyouuseaknifefor? Whatdoyoutakephotographswith? Whataretheytalkingabout? Whatareyoulookingat? WhatdoesBettylooklike?She´stallandthin.
Nota: Muyamenudo,laspreguntasquecomienzanconPreposición+Whom/What,/Where,normalmentetrasladanlapreposiciónalfinal. Ejemplos: Fromwhereisshe? =Whereisshefrom?; Aboutwhataretheytalking?=Whataretheytalkingabout?; Withwhomwillyougo? =Whowillyougowith?(Altrasladarlapreposición,whomvuelveaserwho)
Ex.1.Askthecorrespondingwh-questionforeachofthefollowinganswers 1.Susanisverythinandhasgotblueeyes. 2.Theyneedtwenty-fivedollars. 3.Annlikesapples,orangesandpears 4.WegototheSouthinthesummer. 5.MrJacksongetsupat6:45everymorning. 6.MyfriendscomefromSanDiego,California 7.Jackvisitshisparentstwiceamonth. 8.Theboysusuallytalkaboutfootball. 9.Theboysometimeswearshisfather´sshoes 10.Ittakesmeabout20minutestogetthere. 11.Igotherethreetimesaweek. 12.BobplaysgolfwithhisbossonSunday. 13.MrJenkinswritesabouthistripsroundtheworld. 14.Theylookatthestarswiththetelescope. 15.Wetakephotographswithacamera. 16.IlikeMarybecauseshe´sveryfriendly. 66
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_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
17.MrWilliamsonusuallytravelsbyplane. 18.Annwritesdetectivestories. 19.Thestudentsgotothegymafterlunch. 20.Bobgoestobedearlywhenhe´stired.
_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
? ? ? ?
B. ARTICLES(II) ElartículodefinidoTHEseusaparareferirseasustantivosdeterminadosoespecíficosyseusaconsustantivos singularesoplurales,esdecir,setraducecomoel,la,losylas.ElartículoindefinidoA/ANseusaconsustantivos singularesnodeterminadosniespecíficos. Ejemplos: Thesecretaryworksinthelaboratoryeveryday. Thesecretariesworkinthelaboratoryeveryday ThebookwhichIwantisonthetable. ThebookswhichIwantareonthetable. Leaycompare: Ineedadictionary.(Necesitoundiccionario)(general)Thatisacar.(Eseesunauto)(general) Ineedthedictionarywhichisontheshelf.(Necesitoeldiccionarioqueestásobrelarepisa)(específico) ThatisthecarwhichIlikebest.(Eseeselautoquemegustamás)(específico) Nosedebeusarningúnarticuloconlossutantivosincontables(water,milk,money,experience,happiness,etc)o sustantivosplurales(books,cats,students,people,men,etc.)cuandoestamosrefiriéndonosaellosenformageneral. Perosídebemosusarelarticulodefinidothecuandonosreferimosasustantivosenformaparticularoespecífica. Leaycompare: General Waterisgoodforthehealth. Goldisanimportantmetal. BooksareexpensiveinChile. Girlsworkharderthanboys.
Específico Thewaterinthisglassisnotclean. Thegoldinthisringisofgoodquality. Thebooksonthatshelfareveryexpensive Thegirlsinthisgroupworkveryhard.
Ex.1.Supplythedefinitearticle(the)wherenecessaryinthefollowing: Example:__________ freshairisgoodforthehealth.(Freshairisgoodforthehealth.) 1. ___________airinthisroomisnotgood. 2. ___________historyisaninterestingsubject. 3. Wearestudying______________historyofFrance. 4. Wehave______________ goodlightinourclassroom. 5. ___________lightinthisroomisnotgood. 6.Ialwaysdrink ________________waterwithmymeals. 7. ___________waterinthisglassisdirty. 8. ___________leatherintheseshoesisverygood. 9. Weget________________ leatherfromtheskinsofanimals. 10.Weallneed_______________freshair. 11.___________airinlargecitiesisnotveryfresh. 12.Welike_________ animals. 13.___________animalsinthatphotographarewildanimals. 14.Weeat _______________ meatalmosteveryday. 15.___________fishintherefrigeratorisfresh. 16.___________childrenliketowatchcartoons. 17.Doyousell ____________ stampshere? Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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18.Ilikecollecting _______________stampsand ______________ coins 19.___________stampsand ______________ coinsinthiscollectionareinteresting. 20.Mr.Joneshasgot_____________Englishbooksandmagazines. ____________ magazinesareveryeasytoread. C. PRONOMBRESRELATIVOSWHOYWHICH 1. Cuando queremos especificar acerca de qué persona, animal o cosa estamos hablando, debemos usar las pronombresrelativosWHOoWHICH.AmbaspalabrassetraducenenespañolconlapalabraQUE. Eninglés,elpronombrerelativoWHOseusaconlaspersonas,mientrasqueconlosanimalesylascosasdebemos usarWHICH.. Lealossiguientesejemplos: ThemanwhoistalkingwithJohnisanengineer. Thepeoplewhoarewaitingoutsidethetheaterwanttobuyticketsfortheconcert. Thisisthebookwhichweuseinclass. Thedogwhichisinthegardenisacockerspaniel. 2. Normalmenteelrelativowhichseomitecuandoprecedeaunnombreopronombre: Thisisthebookwhichweuseinclass. Thisisthebookweuseinclass. 3. Las frases who is/are y which is/are generalmente se omiten en oraciones como las que se expresan a continuación Thebookwhichisonthedeskisabilingualdictionary. ? Idon´tknowthemanwhoisinMr.Smith´soffice. ? Thewomanwhoiscrossingtheroadismywife. ? Theplanewhichisflyingoverthecityisaspyplane. ? Thewomenwhoarewearingawhiteuniformarenurses. ? ThecarswhichareimportedfromJapanarereallygood. ? Themenwhoaretrainedatourschoolaregoodpilots. ?
Thebookonthedeskisabilingualdictionary. Idon´tknowthemaninMr.Smith´soffice. Thewomancrossingtheroadismywife. Theplaneflyingoverthecityisaspyplane. Thewomenwearingawhiteuniformarenurses. ThecarsimportedfromJapanarereallygood. Thementrainedatourschoolaregoodpilots.
Ex.1FillintheblankswithWHOorWHICH: 1.Thegirl_____________________ iswithhimishissister. 2.Thebook___________________ Iwantisonthetable. 3.Theman ___________________ isdrivingthecarismyfather. 4.Isthisthecamera__________________ youareplanningtobuy? 5.Isthatthebus__________________ goestotheairport? 6.Thechairon ________________ Iamsittingisverycomfortable. 7.Johnisthestudent_________________ speaksEnglishwell. 8.Thebooks__________________ arelistedinthatcatalogueareinEnglish. 9.IsitMrWilliamson _________________ wantstoseethemanager? 10.Themagazine__________________ isonthesofaisasportsmagazine. 11.Themovie__________________ isonattheRextodayisverygood. 12.Isthisthenewspaper__________________ youreadeveryday? 13.Arethesetheenvelopes __________________youneed? 14.Thepeople ____________________ aredescribedinthestoryareveryinteresting. 15.Themen ___________________ areworkinginthatroomareengineers. 16.Arethesetheboys___________ studywithyou? 17.Theman ___________________ iswalkingdowntheroadisthepostman. 18.Isthisthecomputer__________ youuseeveryday? 19.Doyouknowthewoman _____ iscomingoverthere? 20.Thatisexactlythecar________ Iwouldliketohave.(Iwouldlike=megustaría)
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Ex.2.TranslatethesentencesinthepreviousexerciseintoSpanish. 1.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.______________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.3,RewritethesentencesinEx.1,omittingtherelativepronounWHICH,orthewordgroupsWHOIS/ARE oWHICHIS/AREwheneveritispossible,asintheexample: 1.Thegirlwithhimishissister 2.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.______________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.4.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.Underlinetheword(s)whichcanbeomittedineveryday conversation. 1. ElhombrequeestáconversandoconMaryeselDr.Smith. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Loslibrosqueestánsobreesasillasonmíos. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Ellibrosobreelqueellosestánconversandoesunbest-seller ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Laspersonasqueestántrabajandoenesaoficinasoningenieros. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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5.EllaeslasecretariaquetrabajaconelProfesorStephens ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Esteeselbusquenosllevaaltrabajotodaslasmañanas. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Estossonloslibrosquenosotrosusamosenlasclasesdeinglés. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. ¿Conocestúalhombrequeestátrabajandoenellaboratoriodeidiomas? ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Loszapatosquenosotrosfabricamossondemuybuenacalidad. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.¿Esesteelcomputadorqueustedquierecomprar? ______________________________________________________________________________________________
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BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords CLOTHES/klou(z/Vestuario suit/siu:t/ coat/kout/ jacket/dllákit/ trousers/tráuserz/ shirt/shé:rt/ T-shirt/ti:shé:rt/ tie/tái/ sweater/suéter/ hat/hæt/ socks/sóks/ shoes/shu:z/ boots/bu:ts/ gloves/glavz/ umbrella/ambréla/ scarf/ská:rf/ belt/belt/ glasses/glá:siz/ earring/íarriη/ sunglasses/sanglá.siz/ furcoat/fé:rkóut/ swimsuit/swimsiut/ trunks/tránks/
traje abrigo chaqueta pantalones camisa polera corbata suéter sombrero soquetes zapatos botas guantes paraguas bufanda cinturón lentes aro,arete lentesparasol abrigodepiel trajedebaño trajedebaño
dress/dres/ blouse/bláuz/ skirt/ské:rt/ raincoat/réinkout/ cardigan/ká:rdigan/ handkerchief/hændkertchi:f/ stockings/stókiηz/ briefs/bri:fs/ cap/kæp/ galoshes/gæloshiz/ sneakers/sní:kerz/ sandals/sændalz/ waistcoat/wéiskout/ slip/slip/ kerchief/ké:rtchi:f/ bracelet/bréislet/ wristwatch/rístwotch/ fingerring/fíηgerriη/ parka/pá:rka/,anorak/ánorak/ leatherjacket/léδerdllákit/ necklace/néklis/
vestido blusa falda impermeable chalecodelana pañuelo medias calzoncillo gorra galochas zapatillas sandalias chalecodeterno enagua pañuelo brazalete relojpulsera anillo parka chaquetadecuero collar
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KEYTOANSWERS
UNIT5 PartI Ex.2. Affirmative Youworkhereeveryday Billworkshereeveryday Annworkshereeveryday Weworkhereeveryday Theyworkhereeveryday
Negative Youdon´tworkhere... Billdoesn´tworkhere... Anndoesn´tworkhere... Wedon´tworkhere... Theydon´tworkhere...
Interrogative Doyouworkhere...? DoesBillworkhere...? DoesAnnworkhere...? Doweworkhere...? Dotheyworkhere...?
YouwatchTVafterdinner BillwatchesTVafterdinner AnnwatchesTVafterdinner WewatchTVafterdinner TheywatchTVafterdinner
Youdon´twatchTV... Billdoesn´twatchTV... Anndoesn´twatchTV... Wedon´twatchTV... Theydon´twatchTV...
DoyouwatchTV...? DoesBillwatchTV...? DoesAnnwatchTV...? DowewatchTV...? DotheywatchTV...?
Yougotothemoviesevery.. Billgoestothemovies... Anngoestothemovies... Wegotothemovies... Theygotothemovies...
Youdon´tgotothemovies... Billdoesn´tgotothemovies... Anndoesn´tgotothemovies... Wedon´tgotothemovies... Theydon´tgotothemovies...
Doyougotothemovies...? DoesBillgotothemovies...? DoesAnngotothemovies...? Dowegotothemovies...? Dotheygotothemovies...?
YouplaytennisonSaturday Billplaystennis... Annplaystennis... Weplaytennis... Theyplaytennis...
Youdon´tplaytennis... Billdoesn´tplaytennis... Anndoesn´tplaytennis... Wedon´tplaytennis... Theydon´tplaytennis...
Doyouplaytennis...? DoesBillplaytennis...? DoesAnnplaytennis...? Doweplaytennis...? Dotheyplaytennis...?
YoustudyEnglisheveryday BillstudiesEnglish... AnnstudiesEnglish... WestudyEnglish... TheystudyEnglish...
Youdon´tstudyEnglish... Billdoesn´tstudyEnglish... Anndoesn´tstudyEnglish... Wedon´tstudyEnglish... Theydon´tstudyEnglish...
DoyoustudyEnglish...? DoesBillstudyEnglish...? DoesAnnstudyEnglish...? DowestudyEnglish...? DotheystudyEnglish...?
Youhavedinneratwork... Billhasdinneratwork... Annhasdinneratwork... Wehavedinneratwork... Theyhavedinneratwork...
Youdon´thavedinner... Billdoesn´thavedinner... Anndoesn´thavedinner... Wedon´thavedinner... Theydon´thavedinner...
Doyouhavedinneratwork? DoesBillhavedinneratwork? DoesAnnhavedinneratwork? Dowehavedinneratwork? Dotheyhavedinneratwork?
Youdotheexerciseswell Billdoestheexerciseswell Anndoestheexerciseswell Wedotheexerciseswell Theydotheexerciseswell
Youdon´tdotheexercises... Billdoesn´tdotheexercises... Anndoesn´tdotheexercises... Wedon´tdotheexercises... Theydon´tdotheexercises...
Doyoudotheexerciseswell? DoesBilldotheexerciseswell? DoesAnndotheexerciseswell? Dowedotheexerciseswell? Dotheydotheexerciseswell?
Ex.3.1.getup2.go3.have4.reads5.play6.plays7.arrives8.washes9.speak10.leaves11.eat12.watches Ex.4.1.Marydoesn´tlike.../DoesMarylike.../WhatdoesMaryliketodrink?2.Theydon´tlive.../Dotheylive..?/ Wheredotheylive?3.Peterdoesn´twatch.../DoesPeterwatch...?/WhatdoesPeterdoeverynight?4.Thebus doesn´tleave.../Doesthebusleave...?/Whattimedoesthebusleave?5.Thatmandoesn´tspeak.../Doesthatman speak...?Whatlanguagedoesthatmanspeak?6.Theydon´tworkout.../Dotheyworkout...?/Whendotheywork out?7.Bobdoesn´talwaysdrink.../DoesBobalwaysdrink...?/WhatdoesBobalwaysdrink?8.Theydon´thave.../Do Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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theyhave...?/Howmanycarsdotheyhave?9.Peterdoesn´tdo.../DoesPeterdo...?/HowdoesPeterdoeverything? 10.Theydon´tcome.../Dotheycome...?/Howoftendotheycomehere? Ex.5.1.Wheredoesshelive?2.Howoftendotheyplaygolf3.Atwhattimedotheygetupeverymorning?4.What dothestudentsneed?5.WheredoesJohngointhesummer?6.HowdoesMarycometowork?7.Whendoyougo totheclub?8.WhatdotheydoonSunday?9.WhatdoesMarydoonSaturday?10.Howmuchmoneydotheyneed? 11.Howmanycarsdotheyhavenow?12.Whydoeshewalktowork?13Whydon´ttheylikethecar?14.Howmany hoursdoessheusuallysleepeverynight? Ex.6.1.Therearefifty-twoweeksinayear.2.He´sworking3.It´sgotfourlegs4.Yes,therearesometrees/No,there aren´tanytrees5.They´replaying/running/etc.6.IusuallywatchTV/readabook/etc.7.Thereisverylittlefreetime 8.Hehardlyever/neverusesit.9.Iusuallyspendmysummervacationin...10.He/shegoestoseeadoctorwhen he/sheissick Ex.7.1.speaks2.drink3.opens-closes4.causes5.live6.takeplace Ex.8.1.doesn´tdrink2.dothebanksclose3.doesMartincome4.doyoudo5.takes/doesittake6.play-don´t play7.doesthiswordmean? Ex.9.1.goes2.doesn´tgrow3.rises4.make5.don´teat6.doesn´tbelieve7.translates8.doesn´ttell9.flows Ex.10.1.isworking2.leaves3.iswatching4.go5.iscoming6.comes7.isworking8.are-living9.do-go10.isdoing11.isbeginning12.opens-closes13.are-doing/are-watching14.are-doing15.does-understand16.isplaying 17.do-like18.are-studying19.do-get20.iswearing Ex.11.1.issleeping/sleeps2.amsitting/sit3.speaks/isspeaking4.isnotstanding/issitting5.iseating/eats6.isnot raining/isshining/is7.Doesitrain8.Isitraining9.issitting/isreading/reads/ispouring/drinks/goes/are notwatching/areplaying/watch/arenotpaying/arenotwatching/don´tlike10.doesnottake/walks/Doyou take/doyouwalk
PartII. A. Ex.1.1.WhatdoesSusanlooklike?2.Howmuchmoneydotheyneed?3.WhatkindoffruitdoesAnnlike?4.Where doyougointhesummer?5.AtwhattimedoesMrJacksongetupeverymorning?6.Wheredoyourfriendscome from?7.HowoftendoesJackvisithisparents?8.Whatdotheboysusuallytalkabout?9.Whoseshoesdoestheboy sometimeswear?10.Howlongdoesittakeyoutogetthere?11.Howoftendoyougothere?12.WhodoesBobplay golfwithonSunday?13.WhatdoesMrJenkinswriteabout?14.Whatdotheylookatwiththetelescope?15.What doyoutakephotographswith?16.WhydoyoulikeMary?17.HowdoesMrWilliamsonusuallytravel?18.Whatkind ofstoriesdoesAnnwrite?19.Wheredothestudentsgoafterlunch?20.WhendoesBobgotobedearly? B. Ex.1.1.Theair2.History3.thehistory4.goodlight5.Thelight6.water7.Thewater8.Theleather9.leather10. freshair11.Theair12.animals13.Theanimals14.meat15.Thefish16.Children17.stamps18.stamps-coins19. Thestamps-thecoins20.Englishbooks/Themagazines C. Ex.1.1.Thegirlwhoiswithhimishissister2.ThebookwhichIwantisonthetable3.Themanwhoisdrivingthe carismyfather4.Isthisthecamerawhichyouareplanningtobuy?5.Isthatthebuswhichgoestotheairport? 6.ThechaironwhichIamsittingisverycomfortable7.JohnisthestudentwhospeaksEnglishwell.8.Thebooks which are listed in that catalogue are in English 9. Is it Mr Williamson who wants to see the manager? 10. The magazinewhichisonthesofaisasportsmagazine11.ThemoviewhichisonattheRextodayisverygood.12.Is thisthenewspaperwhichyoureadeveryday?13.Arethesetheenvelopeswhichyouneed?14.Thepeoplewho aredescribedinthestoryareveryinteresting.15.Themenwhoareworkinginthatroomareengineers.16.Arethese theboyswhostudywithyou?17.Themanwhoiswalkingdowntheroadisapostman18.Isthisthecomputer whichyouuseeveryday?19.Doyouknowthewomanwhoiscomingoverthere?20.Thatisexactlythecarwhich Iwouldliketohave. 74
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Ex.2.1.Laniñaqueestáconélessuhermana2.Ellibroquequieroestásobrelamesa3.Elhombrequeestá conduciendoelautoesmipadre4.¿Esestalacámaraqueestásplaneandocomprar?5.¿Eseseelbusquevaal aeropuerto?6.Lasillasobrelaqueestoysentadoesmuycomfortable7.Johneselalumnoquehablainglésbien. 8.Loslibrosqueestánincluidosenesecatálogoestáneninglés9.¿EselSr.Williamsonquienquiereveralgerente? 10.Larevistaqueestásobreelsofáesunarevistadeportiva11.LapelículaqueestáencartelerahoydíaenelRex esmuybuena.12.¿Esesteeldiarioqueud.leetodoslosdías?13.¿Sonestoslossobresqueud.necesita?14. Laspersonasqueestándescritasenelcuentosonmuyinteresantes.15.Loshombresqueestántrabajandoenesa salasoningenieros.16.¿Sonestoslosniñosqueestudiancontigo?17.Elhombrequeestábajandoelcaminoesel cartero.18.¿Esesteelcomputadorqueud.usatodoslosdías?19.¿Conocesalamujarquevieneallá?20.Esees exactamenteelautoquemegustaríatener Ex.3.1.Thegirlwithhimishissister2.ThebookIwantisonthetable3.Themandrivingthecarismyfather4.Is thisthecamerayouareplanningtobuy?5.Isthatthebuswhichgoestotheairport?6.ThechairIamsittingonisvery comfortable7.JohnisthestudentwhospeaksEnglishwell.8.ThebookslistedinthatcatalogueareinEnglish9.Isit MrWilliamsonwhowantstoseethemanager?10.Themagazineonthesofaisasportsmagazine11.Themovieonat theRextodayisverygood.12.Isthisthenewspaperyoureadeveryday?13.Arethesetheenvelopesyouneed?14. Thepeopledescribedinthestoryareveryinteresting.15.Themenworkinginthatroomareengineers.16.Arethese theboyswhostudywithyou?17.Themanwalkingdowntheroadisapostman18.Isthisthecomputeryouuseevery day?19.Doyouknowthewomancomingoverthere?20.ThatisexactlythecarIwouldliketohave. Ex.4.1.ThemanwhoistalkingwithMaryisDrSmith.2.Thebookswhichareonthatchairaremine.3.Thebook aboutwhichtheyaretalkingisabest-seller/Thebooktheyaretalkingaboutisabest-seller4.Thepeoplewhoare workinginthatofficeareengineers.5.SheisthesecretarywhoworkswithProfessorStephens6.Thisisthebus whichtakesustoworkeverymorning7.ThesearethebookswhichweuseintheEnglishlessons8.¿Doyouknow themanwhoisworkinginthelanguagelaboratory?9.Theshoeswhichwemakeareofverygoodquality.10.Isthis thecomputerwhichyouwanttobuy?
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UNIT6 PARTI.ELTIEMPOPASADOSIMPLE(TheSimplePastTense) Estetiemposeusaparaexpresarunaacciónqueserealizóoqueocurrióenelpasado.Lasexpresionesmásusadas enestetiempoverbalsonaquellasquellevanantepuestalapalabraLAST,comolastweek(lasemanapasada),last year(elañopasado),lastweekend(elfindesemanapasado,lastnight(anoche),lastMondaymorning(ellunes pasadoenlamañana),etc.TambiénseusanenestetiempoverballasexpresionesquellevanlapalabraAGO,comotwo daysago(hacedosdías),severalweeksago(hacevariassemanas),alongtimeago(hacemuchotiempo).Además estánlasexpresionesyesterday(ayer),thedaybeforeyesterday(anteayer),yesterdaymorning/afternoon/evening (ayerenlamañana/tarde/noche),thatday(esedía),ounahoraofechapasada,comoat10:15thismorning(alas 10:15deestamañana),onSeptember18th,1810(el18deSeptiembre,1810) Escuche,leayaprenda: (Yocompréelautoelañopasado) 1. Iboughtthecarlastyear/aibó:tδeká:rlá:stíar/ 2. Petercameherethreedaysago./pí:terkéimhíarθrí:déizagóu/ (Petervinoacáhacetresdías) 3. Theysawagoodfilmyesterday./δéisó:egudfílmiésterdi/ (Ellosvieronunabuenapelículaayer) 4. Marycleanedthehouseyesterdaymorning. /mériklí:ndδeháusiésterdimó:rniη/ (Marylimpiólacasaayerenlamañana. 5. Weworkedhardthatday./wí:wé:rkthá:rdδatdéi/ (Nosotrostrabajamosduroesedía) 6. Theystoppedtalkingwhentheteacherarrived /δeistópttó:kiηwenδetí:tcher rráivd/ (Ellosdejarondeconversarcuandoelprofesorllegó.) Comoud.pudoadvertiratravésdelosejemplosanteriores,elTiempoPasadoSimpleseexpresaconelSUJETO máselPASADOdeunverboprincipal.AligualqueeneltiempoPresenteSimple,aquíelpasadodelverbomodalDo (DID)noseusaenlaformaafirmativa(estátácito)Cuandodecimos“Iboughtthecarlastyear”estamosdiciendo“I didbuythecarlastyear”,comocomprobaremosalexpresarlasnegacioneseinterrogaciones:Ididnotbuythecar lastyear;DidIbuythecarlastyear? Importante:Esnecesarioaquíaprenderelpasado,tantodelosVerbosRegulares(aquellosqueagregan-ed/-dparaformarelPasadoyelPasado Participio)comodelosVerbosIrregulares(aquellosverbosquenosiguendicharegla).EnlosEjemplos1,2,3lostrespasadoscorrespondena VerbosIrrregulares,mientrasquelosdelosejemplos4,5y6sondeVerbosRegulares:1.Tobuy-bought-bought;2.Tocome-came-come;3. Tosee-saw-seen;4.Toclean-cleaned-cleaned;5.Towork-worked-worked6.tostop-stopped-stopped Lapronunciacióndelsufijo-d/-edes/d/o/t/(nunca/ed/!!).Losverbosterminadosen-t,-te,-d,-de,comotowant,tocomplete,toneed,todecide tambiénagregan-ed/-d,peroestesufijodebeserpronunciado /id/comoenwanted /wóntid/,completed /komplí:tid/,needed /ní:did/,decided /disáidid/. Losinfinitivosquetienencons+vocal+consocons+cons+voc+consdebenduplicarlaúltimaconsonante:tostop-stopped(verformaciónde gerundiosUNIT4).
LaformanegativaseexpresausandoDIDNOT/didnót/seguidodelINFINITIVO(NoelPasado)deunverboprincipal. Amenudo,enlaconversacióndiaria,seusalacontracciónDIDN´T/dídnt/. Escuche,leayaprenda: Ididn´tbuythecarlastyear./aidídntbái.../ Peterdidn´tcomeherethreedaysago./pí:terdidntkám.../ Theydidn´tseeagoodfilmyesterday./δéidídntsí:.../ Marydidn´tcleanthehouseyesterdaymorning./mérididntklí:n.../ Wedidn´tworkhardthatday./wí:dídntwé:rk.../ LaformainterrogativaseexpresaanteponiendoelverbomodalDIDoDIDN´Talsujetoyelverboprincipal,aligual queenlaformanegativa,vaenINFINITIVO. Escuche,leayaprenda: Didyoubuyyourcarlastyear?/dídiú:bái.../ DidPetercomeherethreedaysago?/dídpí:terkám.../ Didtheyseeagoodfilmyesterday?/dídδéisí:.../ DidMarycleanthehouseyesterdaymorning?/dídmériklí:n.../ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Didyouworkhardthatday?/dídiúwé:rk.../ Didn´tyoubuyyourcarlastyear?/dídntiúbái.../ Didn´tPetercomeherethreedaysago?/dídntpí:terkám.../ CuandoseformulaunapreguntaintroducidaporunapalabrainterrogativacomoWHAT,WHERE,WHEN,HOW,etc., sedebemantenerelmismoordendepalabrasdelasinterrogacionessimples: Escuche,leayaprenda: Whendidyoubuyyourcar?/wéndídiú:bái.../ WhydidPetercomehere3daysago?/wáidídpí:terkám.../ Wheredidtheyseeagoodfilmyesterday?/wéardídδéisí:.../ Whydidn´tMarycleanthehouseyesterdaymorning?/wáidídntmériklí:n.../ Whendidyouworkhard?/wéndídiúwé:rk.../ Lapreguntamáshabitualdeestetiempoverbales: WHATDIDYOUDO?/wótdidiúdúu/(¿Quéhizoud.?) EXERCISES: Ex.1.StudythePastTenseformofthefollowingregularverbswhicharemostfrequentlyused. INFINITIVE Toanswer/á:nser/ Toarrive/arráiv/ Toask/a:sk/ Tocarry/kærri/ Toclean/kli:n/ Toclose/klóuz/ Todry/drái/ Toenjoy/endllói/ Tofinish/fínish/ Tohate/heit/ Tohelp/hélp/ Tohope/hóup/ Toinvite/inváit/ Tolisten/lísn/ Tolocate/loukéit/ Tolook/luk/ Tolove/láv/ Toneed/ni:d/ Toprefer/priféar/ Torain/rein/ Toreceive/risí:v/ Toremember/rimémber/ Torepair/ripéar/ Torepeat/ripí:t/ Torequest/rikwést/ Tosmoke/smóuk/ Tostart/sta:rt/ Tostay/stéi/ Tostudy/stádi/ Tosuggest/sadllést/ Totalk/to:k/ Totry/trái/ Touse/iú:z/ Tovisit/vízit/ Towait/weit/ 78
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PASTTENSE answered/á:nserd/ arrived/arráivd/ asked/a:skt/ carried/kærrid/ cleaned/kli:nd/ closed/klóuzd/ dried/dráid/ enjoyed/endllóid/ finished/fínisht/ hated/héitid/ helped/helpt/ hoped/hóupt/ invited/inváitid/ listened/lísnd/ located/loukéitid/ looked/lukt/ loved/lávd/ needed/ní:did/ preferred/priféard/ rained/réind/ received/risí:vd/ remembered/rimémberd/ repaired/ripéard/ repeated/ripí:tid/ requested/rikwéstid/ smoked/smóukt/ started/stá:rtid/ stayed/stéid/ studied/stádid/ suggested/sadlléstid/ talked/tó:kt/ tried/tráid/ used/iú:zd/ visited/vízitid/ waited/wéitid/
SPANISH contestar,responder llega preguntar,pedir transportar,llevar limpiar cerrar secar disfrutar,gustar terminar odiar,nogustar ayudar esperar,desear invitar escuchar ubicar,localizar mirar amar,gustar necesitar preferir llover recibir recordar reparar,arreglar repetir solicitar,pedir fumar comenzar,partir quedarse,permanecer estudiar sugerir conversar tratar,esforzarse usar,utilizar visitar esperar,atender
Towalk/wo:k/ Towant/wont/ Towash/wosh/ Towatch/wotch/ Towish/wish/ Towork/we:rk/
walked/wó:kt/ wanted/wóntid/ washed/wósht/ watched/wótcht/ wished/wísht/ worked/wé:rkt/
caminar querer lavar observar,mirar desear trabajar,funcionar
Ex.2.StudythePastTenseformofthefollowingIrregularverbswhicharemostfrequentlyused: INFINITIVE Tobegin/bigín/ Tobring/briη/ Tobuild/bild/ Tobuy/bái/ Tocome/kam/ Tocut/kat/ Todo/du:/ Todrink/driηk/ Todrive/dráiv/ Toeat/i:t/ Tofall/fo:l/ Tofeel/fi:l/ Tofind/fáind/ Toforget/forgét/ Toget/get/ Togive/giv/ Togo/góu/ Tohave/hæv/ Tohear/híar/ Tokeep/ki:p/ Toknow/nóu/ Tolearn/le:rn/ Toleave/li:v/ Tolend/lend/ Tolose/lu:z/ Tomake/meik/ Tomeet/mi:t/ Topay/péi/ Toput/put/ Toread/ri:d/ Torun/ran/ Tosay/séi/ Tosee/si:/ Tosell/sel/ Tosend/send/ Toshut/shat/ Tosing/siη/ Tosit/sit/ Tosleep/sli:p/ Tospeak/spi:k/ Tospend/spénd/ Tostandup/stændáp/ Toswim/swim/ Totake/téik/ Toteach/ti:tch/ Totell/tel/ Tothink/θiηk/ Toshine/sháin/ Tounderstand/anderstænd/
PASTTENSE began/bigæn/ brought/bro:t/ built/bilt/ bought/bo:t/ came/kéim/ cut/kat/ did/did/ drank/dræηk/ drove/dróuv/ ate/eit/ fell/fel/ felt/felt/ found/fáund/ forgot/forgót/ got/got/ gave/géiv/ went/wént/ had/hæd/ heard/he:rd/ kept/kept/ knew/niú:/ learnt/le:rnt/learned/le:rnd/ left/léft/ lent/lent/ lost/lost/ made/méid/ met/met/ paid/péid/ put/put/ read/red/ ran/ræn/ said/sed/ saw/so:/ sold/sóuld/ sent/sént/ shut/shat/ sang/sæη/ sat/sæt/ slept/slépt/ spoke/spóuk/ spent/spént/ stoodup/stu:dáp/ swam/swæm/ took/tuk/ taught/to:t/ told/tóuld/ thought/θo:t/ shone/shon/ understood/anderstúd/
SPANISH empezar,comenzar traer construir comprar venir cortar hacer beber manejar,conducir comer caer sentir(se) hallar,encontrar olvidar conseguir,obtener,(getto=llegaraunlugar) dar ir tener,comer,servirse oir guardar,mantener saber,conocer aprender,saber,enterarse partir,salir,dejar prestar perder,extraviar hacer,fabricar reunirse,conocer pagar poner,colocar leer correr,administrar decir ver vender enviar cerrar cantar sentarse dormir hablar gastar,pasartiempo pararse nadar |tomar,llevar enseñar contar,narrar,decir pensar,creer brillar entender,comprender Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Towear/wéar/ Towrite/ráit/
wore/wo:r/ wrote/róut/
vestir,desgastar escribir
Ex.3.ChangethefollowingsentencesintotheSimplePastTense.Rememberthatyouhavetousetheword LASTinsteadofEVERYintheexpressionsoftime 1.Petercomeshereeveryweek. 2.IbuythenewspapereverySunday. 3.TheygotoEuropeeveryyear. 4.Maryvisitsherparentseverymonth. 5.IwritetoMaryeveryweek-end. 6.TheyeatfisheveryFriday. 7.BobwashesthecareverySaturday. 8.WewatchTVeverynight. 9.ThepostmanbringsalettereveryMonday. 10.Wehaveatesteveryweek. 11.Theboyreadsabookeverymonth. 12.Igivetheboyapresenteveryyear. 13.PeterdrivestoBaltimoreeverySunday. 14.Weenjoyourvacationeverysummer. 15.Itrainsalothereeverywinter. 16.Theyreceivealettereveryweek. 17.Isleepwelleverynight. 18.Fathertellstheboyastoryeverynight. 19.MothermakesanapplepieeverySaturday. 20.Theyselllotsofbookseveryyear.
__________________________________________ lastweek. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.4.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negative,b)interrogativeandc)Wh-questions: 1.Wewenttoworkbybus. 2.Petercamehereyesterday. 3.Iwantedtodrinktea. 4.Theysawthecaraccident. 5.Johnsoldhishousefor120,000dollars. 6.TheyboughtthecarinParis. 7.Theboydidtheexercisewell. 8.WehaddinnerattheClub. 9.WewrotetheletterinSpanish. 10.TheystudiedEnglishinLondon. 80
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__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________?
Ex.5.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhat,Where,When,How,Howoften,Howmuch,etc.Ineach case,theunderlinedpartmustbetheanswerofthequestionasked. 1.Hewenttothezooyesterday. 2.Thechildrengotupat6:30 3.Hewenttothedoctorbecausehewasill. 4.Petersawthefilmlastweek. 5.Theycameherebytaxi. 6.Theboywantedtoplay. 7.Hedidn´tgobecausehewastired. 8.TheystayedinVancouverforaweek. 9.Billspentonehundreddollars. 10.Bobdidthesameexercisethreetimes.
__________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________? __________________________________________________?
Ex.6.Answerthefollowingquestionswithcompletesentences: 1.WheredidyougolastSaturdayevening? ___________________________________________________ 2.WhendidyoubegintostudyEnglish? ___________________________________________________ 3.Howlongdidittakeyoutogetheretoday? ___________________________________________________ 4.Whatdidtheteachertellyoutodo? ___________________________________________________ 5.Whatdidyoueatfordinnerlastnight?. ___________________________________________________ 6 DidyouwatchTVlastnight?Ifso,Whatdidyouwatch?_________________________________________________ 7.Whattimedidyougetupthismorning? ___________________________________________________ Ex.7.Answerthesequestionsusingtheinformationgiveninparentheses,asintheexample:
Didyougobybus?(taxi)
1.DidtheywatchTVlastnight?(listentotheradio) 2.DidJohngooutlastnight?(stayathome) 3.Didyoueatfishforsupper?(chicken) 4.DidMarysendyouafax?(aletter) 5.Didtheywalktothepark?(takeabus) 6.DidPetersay“yes”(“No”) 7.DidyoureadthebookinEnglish?(French) 8.Didtheydrinkbeer?(wine) 9.DidJohnwriteapoem?(ashortstory) 10.Didthewomanbuyadress?(ajacket) 11.DidyouseeMarylastSunday?(yesterday) 12.DidJackhavelunchathome?(atwork) 13.Didtheoldmanfeelwell?(weakandtired) 14.DidthemanspeaktoyouinEnglish?(French) 15.DidMr.Smithcomeinthemorning?(atmidday)
No,Ididn´t(gobybus).Iwentbytaxi. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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16.DidyouflyAmericanAirlines?(UnitedAirlines) 17.Didyougivetheboyanapple?(somemoney) 18.Didthesecretaryleavetheofficeearly?(late) 19.DidJanewearashortskirt?(alongone) 20.Didhebreakhisarmintheaccident?(hisleg)
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___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
PARTII.“USEDTO+INFINITIVE” Estaexpresiónseusaparareferirseaactividadesqueantesserealizabanenformaregularyquesehandejadode hacer.Equivaleallaterminación-abao-íadelespañol.EnlasoracionesnegativasquesiguenaunaoraciónconUSED TOnormalmenteseusanlasexpresionesnot...anymore,not...anylongeronolonger(antesdelverboprincipal) Escuche,leayaprenda: Iusedtoplay/áiiu:sttuplei/footballwellwhenIwasyoung.Idon´tplaywellnow.(Yojugabafútbolbiencuandoera joven.Ahoranojuegobien) Theyusedtovisit/δeiiú:sttuvízit/useverysummer.Theydon´tvisitusinthesummeranymore/anylonger.(Ellosnos visitabantodoslosveranos.Ellosnonosvisitanmásenelverano. Bobusedtolove /iú:sttuláv/herverymuch.Henolongerloveshernow.Boblaamabamucho.Ahorayanola ama. Jimdidn´tusetowork/dídntiú:stuwé:rk/veryhardatschool,butheusedtoget/iú:sttugét/verygoodgradesanyway. Jimnoestudiabamuchoenelcolegio,perodetodosmodosobteníabuenasnotas. Wheredidyouusetospend/didiúiú:stuspénd/yoursummervacationwhenyouwereyoung?¿Dóndepasabastus vacionesdeveranocuandoerasjoven? EXERCISES Ex 1. Introduce USED TO by changing the italicized verbs. Explain the change in meaning, as in the examples Bobworkedinthecarfactory.
Bobusedtoworkinthecarfactory.(Hedoesn´tworkthere now) Mr.Scottsmokedcigars. Mr.Scottusedtosmokecigars.(Hedoesn´tsmokecigars anymore/Hedoesn´tsmokecigarsanylonger/Henolonger smokescigars) 1.UnclePaullivedinthathouse.(not...now) ___________________________________________________ 2.MaryspokeItalianathome.(not...anymore) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 3.Anncametoclassontimeeveryday.(not...now) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 4.Peterwasagoodstudent.(nolonger) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 5.Irodethesubwaytowork.(not...anylonger) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 6.BillbroughtherflowerseveryFriday.(not...anymore) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 7.Motherplayedthepianowell.(not...now) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 8.Billhelpedmewithmyhomework.(not...anylonger) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 9.JohnKerrywenttothatschool.(not...now) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 10.WeexportedshoestotheUSA.(nolonger) ___________________________________________________
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PARTIII. A.POSSESSIVEADJECTIVESANDPOSSESSIVEPRONOUNS Estudielasiguientetabla: SubjectPronouns I/ai/ You/iú:/ He/hi:/ She/shi:/ It/it/ We/wi:/ You/iú:/ They/δéi/
PossessiveAdjectives My/mái/=mi Your/ió:r/=su(deUd.) His/hiz/=su(deél) Her/hé:r/=su(deella) Its/its/=su(deunanim.ocosa) Our/áuar/=nuestro Your/ió:r/=vuestro Their/δéar/=su(deellos)
PossessivePronouns Mine/máin/=mío Yours/ió:rz/=suyo,deud. His/hiz/=suyo,deél Hers/hé:rz/=suyo,deella --------------------------
Ours/áuarz/=nuestro Yours/ió:rz/=vuestro Theirs/δéarz/=suyo(deellos)
Unpossessiveadjective(adjetivoposesivo)siempreacompañaaunsustantivoparaindicarposesión.Unpossessivepronoun (pronombreposesivo)reemplazaaunadjetivoposesivoyunsustantivoquehasidomencionadoconanterioridad. Escuche,leayaprenda: I´vegotabook.Thisismybook.(milibro)Thebookismine(mío) Maryboughtthiscarlastyear.Itishercar.(suauto).Thecarishers.(deella) They´vegotahouse.Thisistheirhouse(nuestracasa).Thehouseistheirs.(denosotros) LaposesióntambienseexpresausandoelSaxongenitive(genitivosajón),esdeciragregandounapóstrofe+S(´s) alosnombresosustantivosreferidosapersonas. Escuche,leayaprenda: ThisisthebookofJohn. ThehouseofMrSmithisverybig. Thatisthecarofmybrother.
ThisisJohn´sbook. Mr.Smith´shouseisverybig. That´smybrother´scar.
Con los sustantivos plurales solamente se debe agregar un apóstrofe, salvo que sean sustantivos plurales irregulares. Escuche,leayaprenda: Thebookofthestudentisnew. Thebooksofthestudentsarenew. Thisisthehouseofmyparents. ThenamesofthechildrenareBobandJoe.
Thestudent´sbookisnew. Thestudents´booksarenew. Thisismyparents´house. Thechildren´snamesareBobandJoe.
EXERCISES Ex.1.Fillintheblankswiththecorrectpossessiveadjective. 1.Iwalkto______chair 2.Johnwalksto______desk. 3.Youwalkto______schooleverymorning. 4.Mrs.Clarkgoesto______officeeveryday 5.Theywentbackto______seatsandbegantowrite. 6.Theteacherwriteswith______pen. 7.Wemovedto______newhouselastmonth.. 8.MrandMrs.Jonestake______childrentotheparkonSunday. 84
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9.Thedogwags______tail. 10.Mybrotherdrives______careveryday.. Ex.2.ChangethewordsinitalicstoPossessiveform: 1.ThisisthebookofJohn. 2.ThisisthepenofHelen. 3.Thedeskoftheteacherisnew. 4.That’sthehomeofmyteacher. 5.Thefriendofmysisterisverysick. 6.TheofficeofMr.Smithisverylarge. 7.ThisisthenotebookofWilliam. 8.He’stheteacherofHelen 9.He’salsotheteacherofmyfriend. 10.ThisisthewifeofMrSmith 11.Thehouseofmyfriendsisbeautiful 12.Thatistheroomoftheteachers. 13.What´sthenameofthatman? 14.Whatarethenamesofthosemen?
(ThisisJohn’sbook.) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.3.Substitutepossessivepronounsfortheitalicizedwords: 1.This(book)ismybook. 2.This(room)isherroom. 3.This(office)isJohn’soffice. 4.Hetookhisbookandleftmybook. 5.These(newspapers)aretheirnewspapers. 6.These(cigarettes)arePeter´scigarettes. 7.That(notebook)isHelen’snotebook. 8.This(notebook)ismynotebook. 9.Isthis(pencil)yourpencil? 10.Isthis(coat)yourcoatorhercoat? 11.These(seats)areourseats. 12.This(desk)istheteacher’sdesk.
(Thisbookismine.) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.4.Completethefollowingbyaddingthenecessarypossessivepronoun: 1.Ihaveadog;thedogismine. 2.Johnhasadog;thedogis_______________. 3.Helenhasacat;thecatis_______________. 4.Youhaveapen;thepenis_______________. 5.Mr.Joneshasanewcar;thecaris_______________. 6.Maryhasanewpen;thepenis_______________. 7.WehavetwoEnglishbooks;theEnglishbooksare_______________. 8.HelenandMaryhavetwoEnglishbooks;theEnglishbooksare_______________. 9.Ihaveadogandacat;thedogandthecatare_______________. 10.Youhaveadogandacat;thedogandthecatare_______________.
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B.SUBJECTPRONOUNSANDOBJECTPRONOUNS Estudielasiguientetabla. SubjectPronouns
ObjectPronouns
I/ai/
Me/mi:/
You/iú:/
You/iú:/
He/hi:/
Him/him/
She/shi:/
Her/he:r/
It/it/
It/it/
We/uí:/
Us/az/
You/iú:/
You/iú:/
They/δei/
Them/δem/
LosSUBJECTPRONOUNS(pronombresnominativos)reemplazanalsujetodeunaoración:LosOBJECTPRONOUNS (pronombrescomplementarios)reemplazanaundirectobject(complementodirecto)oaunindirectobject(complemento indirecto)y,porlotanto,siemprevanubicadosdespuésdeunverboprincipalodeunapreposición. EXERCISES Ex.1.Substitutethecorrectpronounfortheitalicizedwordorwords: 1.JohnlikesMary. 2.Williamstudiesthebook 3.ShespeakswithJohn. 4.Iunderstandtheteacherverywell. 5.TheteacherlikesMaryandWilliam. 6.Bobstudieshisbookeveryday. 7.JimgoeswithMaryandmetothelesson. 8.Ilikethissongverymuch. 9.JamesgoeswithJohnandAlicetotheclub. 10.PedrospeakswithHeleninEnglish. 11.IknowWilliamandhiswifeverywell. 12.JanetsenttheinvitationstoMaryandme. 13.Theyaretalkingabouttheaccident. 14.IsthisletterforMr.Jonesorforhiswife?
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2.Answerthesequestionsusingtheexpressionsoftimeprovidedinparentheses.Useobjectpronouns (me,you,him,her,it,us,them)insteadofnames 1.WhendidyouseePeter?(2daysago) 2.Whendidyoubuythecar?(5yearsago) 3.WhendidhevisitMary?(lastSundayafternoon) 4.Whendidshesendtheletters?(lastMonday) 5.Whendidtheywashthecar?(2weeksago) 6.Whendidyouvisityourparents?(lastweekend) 7.Whendidhegethisdiploma?(alongtimeago) 8.Whendidshespendthemoney.(lastsummer) 9.WhendidyouspeaktoTom?(yesterdaymorning) 10.Whendidheinviteyou?(lastmonth) 11.Whendidtheyeattheapples?(thismorning) 12.WhendidshemeetRobert?(lastFridaymorning)
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(Isawhim2daysago). ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords PROFESSIONSANDOCCUPATIONS actor/(ktor/ actor actress/(ktres/ actriz architect/á:rkitekt/ arquitecto artist/á:rtist/ artista baker/béiker/ panadero barber/bá:rber/ barbero,peluquero butcher/bútcher/ carnicero chemist/kémist/ farmacéutico,boticario clergyman/klε´:rdlliman/ clérigo,sacerdote vendedor clerk/klε´:rk/ cook/kuk/ cocinero conductor/kondáktor/ inspector(trenes) doctor/dóktor/ doctor dress-maker/drésméiker/modista driver/dráiver/ chofer,conductor electrician/elektríshn/ electricista engineer/endlliníar/ ingeniero farmer/fá:rmer/ granjero firefighter/fáiarfáiter/ bombero fireman/fáiarman/ bombero florist/flórist/ florista gardener/gá:rdner/ jardinero greengrocer/gri:ngróuser/verdulero grocer/gróuser/ almacenero hair-dresser/héardreser/ peinadora hostess/hóustes/ azafata janitor/dllánitor/ conserje jeweller/dllúeler/ joyero journalist/dllórnalist/ periodista judge/dlládll/ juez
lawyer/ló:yer/ abogado manager/mænidller/ gerente mechanic/mekænik/ mecánico newsagent/niuzéidllent/ agentedediarios newspaperboy/niu:zpéiperbói/suplementero painter/péinter/ pintor photographer/fotógrafer/ fotógrafo pilot/páilot/ piloto plumber/plámer/ plomero,gásfiter policeman/polísman/ policía postman/póustman/ cartero priest/pri:st/ sacerdote,cura receptionist/risépshonist/ recepcionista salesman/séilzman/ vendedor secretary/sékretri/ secretaria shoe-maker/shu:méiker/ zapatero singer/si(ger/ cantante steward/stiú:ard/ sobrecargo stewardess/stiú:ardes/ azafata student/stiúdent/ alumno tailor/téilor/ sastre technician/teknishan/ técnico teacher/ti:tcher/ profesor telephonist/télifonist/ telefonista touristguide/túristgáid/ guíaturístico vicar/víkar/ vicario,cura waiter/wéiter/ garzón waitress/wéitres/ garzona watch-maker/wotchméiker/ relojero writer/ráiter/ escritor
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KEYTOANSWERS
UNIT6 PartI Ex.1.&2.StudyListofRegularandIrrgularVerbs Ex.3.1.Petercamehere...2.Iboughtthe...3.Theywentto.4.Maryvisitedher...5.Iwroteto...6.Theyatefish...7. Bobwashedthe...8.WewatchedTV...9.Thepostmanbroughta...10.Wehada...11.Theboyread/red/a...12.. Igavethe...13.Peterdroveto...14.Weenjoyedour...15.Itrainedalot...16.Theyreceiveda...17.Isleptwell...18. Fathertoldthe...19.Mothermadean...20.Theysoldlotsof... Ex.4.(didn´t=didnot)1.Wedidn´tgoto.../Didwegoto...?/Howdidwegotowork?2.Peterdidn´tcome.../Did Petercome...?/WhendidPetercomehere?3.Ididn´twanttodrink.../DidIwanttodrink...?/WhatdidIwantto drink?4.Theydidn´tseethe.../Didtheyseethe...?/Whatdidtheysee?5.Johndidn´tsellhis.../DidJohnsellhis...? /HowmuchdidJohnsellhishousefor?6.Theydidn´tbuythe.../Didtheybuythe...?/Wheredidtheybuythecar?7. Theyboydidn´tdothe.../Didtheboydothe...?/Howdidtheboydotheexercise?8.Wedidn´thavedinner.../Did wehavedinner...?/Wheredidwehavedinner?9.Wedidn´twritethe.../Didwewritethe...?/Whatlanguagedidwe writetheletterin?10.Theydidn´tstudy.../Didtheystudy.../WheredidtheystudyEnglish? Ex.5.1.Wheredidhegoyesterday?2.Atwhattimedidthechildrengetup?3.Whydidhegotothedoctor?4.When didPeterseethefilm?5.Howdidtheycomehere?6.Whatdidtheboywanttodo?7.Whydidn´thego?8.Howlong didtheystayinVancouver?9.HowmuchmoneydidBillspend?10.HowmanytimesdidBilldothesameexercise? Ex.6.(openanswers)1.Iwentto...2.IbegantostudyEnglish(...ago/last.../in...)3.Ittookmeabout...4.He/she toldmeto...5.Iate...6.Yes,Idid.Iwatched.../No,Ididn´t.7.Igotupat... Ex.7.1.No,theydidn´t(watchTV).Theylistenedtotheradio.2.No,Hedidn´t(goout).Hestayedathome.3.No,I didn´t(eatfish).Iatechicken.4.Noshedidn´t(sendmeafax).Shesentmealetter.5.No,theydidn´t(walk)Theytook abus.6.No,hedidn´t(say“yes”).Hesaid“No”7.No,Ididn´t(readitinEnglish).IreaditinFrench.8.No,theydidn´t (drinkbeer).Theydrankwine.9.No,hedidn´t(writeapoem).Hewroteashortstory.10.No,shedidn´t(buyadress). Sheboughtajacket.11.No,Ididn´t(seeherlastweek).Isawheryesterday.12.No,hedidn´t(havelunchathome) Hehadlunchatwork.13.No,hedidn´t(feelweel).Hefeltweakandtired.14.No,hedidn´t(speaktomeinenglish). HespoketomeinFrench.15.No,hedidn´t(comeinthemorning).Hecameatmidday.16.No,Ididn´t(flyAmerican)I flewUnitedAirlines.17.No,Ididn´t(givehimanapple).Igavehimsomemoney.18.No,shedidn’t(leaveearly)Sheleft late.19.No,shedidn´t(wearashortskirt).Sheworealongone.20.No,hedidn´t(breakhisarm).Hebrokehisleg.
PartII Ex.1.1.UnclePaulusedtoliveinthathouse.Hedoesn´tlivetherenow2.MaryusedtospeakItalianathome.She doesn´tspeakitathomeanymore3.Annusedtocometoclassontimeeveryday.Shedoesn´tcometoclasson timeeverydaynow4.Peterusedtobeagoodstudent.Henolongerisagoodstudent5.Iusedtoridethesubway towork.Idon´trideittoworkanylonger6.BillusedtobringherflowerseveryFriday.Hedoesn´tbringherflowerson Fridayanymore7.Motherusedtoplaythepianowell.Shedoesn´tplayitwellnow8.Billusedtohelpmewithmy homework.Hedoesn´thelpmewithitanylonger9.JohnKerryusedtogotothatschool.Hedoesn´tgotothatschool now10.WeusedtoexportshoestotheUSA.WenolongerexportshoestotheUSA.
PartIII. A. Ex.1.1.my2..his3.your.4..her5.their.6.his/her.7.our.8.their.9.its10.his Ex.2.2.ThisisHelen´spen.3.Theteacher´sdeskisnew.4.That´smyteacher´shome5.Mysister´sfriendisverysick 6.MrSmith´sofficeisverylarge7.ThisisWilliam´snotebook8.He´sHelen´steacher9.He´salsomyfriend´steacher10. ThisisMrSmith´swife.11.Myfriends´houseisbeautiful12.That´stheteachers´room.13.What´sthatman´sname? 14.Whatarethosemen´snames? Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Ex.3.2.Thisroomishers.3.ThisofficeisJohn´s4.Hetookhisbookandleftmine.5.Thesenewspapersaretheirs. 6.ThesecigarettesarePeter´s.7.ThatnotebookisHelen´s.8.Thisnotebookismine.9.Isthispencilyours?10.Isthis coatyoursorhers?11.Theseseatsareours.12.Thisdeskistheteacher´s. Ex.4.1.mine2.his3.hers4.yours5.his6.hers7.ours8.theirs9.mine10.yours B. Ex.1.1.her2.it3.him4.him/her5.them6.it7.us8.it9.them10.her11.them12.us13.it14.himorher?. Ex.2.2.Iboughtit5yearsago.3.HevisitedherlastSundayafternoon.4.ShesentthemlastMonday5.Theywashed it2weeksago6.Ivisitedthemlastweekend.7.Hegotitalongtimeago.8.Shespentitlastsummer.9.Ispoketo himyesterdaymorning.10.Heinvitedmelastmonth.11.Theyatethemthismorning.12.ShemethimlastFriday morning.
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UNIT7 PART1.ELTIEMPOPASADOCONTINUOOPROGRESIVO(THEPASTCONTINUOUSTENSE) Estetiempoverbalseusaparaexpresarunaacciónqueseestabarealizandoenunmomentooenunafechadeterminada enelpasado.EnestetiempoverbalsedebeusarelpasadodelverboToBe(WAS /woz/,oWERE /we:r/)másel gerundiodeunverboprincipal.Lasexpresionesdetiempoquenormalmenteseusanconelpasadocontínuoson aquellasqueindicanunahoraexactaenelpasado,comoat10o´clockthismorning/atténoklókδismó:niη/,atmidday lastSunday/atmíddeilá:stsándi/,etc. TambiénsonimportanteslasexpresionescompuestasporWhen+SUBJECT+PastTensecomoWhenIgothome lastnight/wenaigothóumla:stnáit/. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Iwasdrivingtotheairportat10o´clockthismorning./aiwozdráiviηtuδiéarpo:rtattenoklókδismó:niη/ (Yoibaconduciendoalaeropuertoalas10deestamañana) TheywereplayingfootballatmiddaylastSunday./δéiwe:rpléiηfútbolatmíddeilá:stsándi/ (Ellosestabanjugandofútbolalmediodíaeldomingopasado) HewasvisitinghisparentsinDetroitonthe5thofJune./hí:wozvízitiηhizpéarentsinditróitonδefifθovdllú:n/ (ElestabavisitandoasuspadresenDetroitel5dejunio) Iwassleepingwhenthetelephoneranglastnight./áiwozslí:piηwendetélifounræηla:stnáit/ (Yoestabadurmiendocuandosonóelteléfonoanoche) WewerehavinglunchwhenourfriendJackarrivedlastSunday./wí:we:rhæviηlantchwenáuerfrénddllækarráivdlá:stsándi/ (NosotrosestábamosalmorzandocuandonuestroamigoJackllegóelDomingopasado)) LaformanegativaseexpresausandolapalabraNOTdespuésdewas/were.Normalmenteseusanlascontracciones WASN´T/wóznt/oWEREN´T/wé:rent/: Lea,escucheyaprenda: Iwasnotdrivingtotheairportat10o´clockthismorning./aiwózntdráiviη.../ TheywerenotplayingfootballatmiddaylastSunday./deiwé:rentpléiiη.../ Hewasn´tvisitinghisparentsinDetroitonthe5thofJune./hi:wózntvízitiη.../ Iwasn´tsleepingwhenthetelephoneranglastnight./aiwózntsli:piη.../ Weweren´thavinglunchwhenourfriendJackarrivedlastSunday./wi:wé:renthæviηlántch.../ La forma interrogativa se expresa mediante la inversión del orden del sujeto y los verbosWAS/WERE (o las contraccionesWASN´T/WEREN´T) Lea,escucheyaprenda: WasIdrivingtotheairportat10o´clockthismorning?/wozáidráiviη.../ WeretheyplayingfootballatmiddaylastSunday?/we:rδéipléiiη.../ Wasn´thevisitinghisparentsinDetroitonthe5thofJune?/wóznthi:vízitiη.../ Weren´tyousleepingwhenthetelephoneranglastnight?/wé:rentiúslí:piη.../ WerewehavinglunchwhenourfriendJackarrivedlastSunday?/we:rwí:hæviηlántch.../
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EnlaspreguntasintroducidasconpalabrasinterrogativascomoWhat,Where,Why,etc.sedebemantenerel mismoordendelasinterrogacionessimples: Lea,escucheyaprenda: Whatwereyoureadingwhentheteacherenteredtheroom?/wótwe:riúrí:diη.../ WhereweretheyplayingfootballatmiddaylastSunday?/wéarwe:rδeipléiiηfútbol.../ Whyweren´ttheyhavinglunchwhenJackarrived?/wáiwé:rntδeihæviηlántch.../ Whywasn´theworkingat9o´clockthismorning?/wáiwóznthí:wé:rkiη.../ Lapreguntamásfrecuenteenestetiempoverbales: Whatwereyoudoing...?/wótwe:riú:dúiη.../(¿Quéestabahaciendoud....?) EXERCISES Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences using the verbs given in parentheses in the Past Continuous Tense 1.Thesun _________________________ whenPetergotupthismorning.(shine) 2.Bill_________________________thereportwhenMr.Jenkinsenteredtheroom.(read) 3.Thestudents___________________________ rugbywhenitbegantorain.(play) 4.We ________________________theroadwhentheaccidenthappened.(cross) 5.Atthattime,everyone _________________________togotowork.(getready) 6.I________________________tothecoastwhenthecarbrokedown.(drive) 7.We ________________________neartheriverthatevening.(camp) 8.Ann________________________inGermanywhenthewarbrokeout.(live) 9.Whenwegottothestation,thetrain________________________ .(leave) 10.We ________________________whenthelightswentoutlastnight.(havedinner) 11.Mrs.Brown ____________________________ theshoppingwhenshehadtheaccident.(do) 12.MaryandJohn _______________________________ intheparkwhenwesawthemyesterday.(walk) Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negativeform,andb)interrogativeform: 1.Shewashavingabath. 2.Wewererunningdowntheroad. 3.Thesoldiersweredoingexercise 4.Alicewasmakingthebeds. 5.ThechildrenwerewatchingTV. 6.Themenweregoingtowork. 7.Theboyswerestudyingforatest.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWho,Where,What,How,etc.Ineachcase,theunderlined partmustbetheanswertoyourquestion. 1.Theywerewalkingintheparkatmidday. ___________________________________________________ 2.Marywaseatingasandwichinherroom. ___________________________________________________ 3.Peterwasn´tworkingbecausehewasonvacation. ___________________________________________________ 4.Thegeneralswereworkingintheconferenceroom. ___________________________________________________ 5.Iwasgettingdressedwhenyoucalledmeupthismorning.______________________________________________ 92
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6.Mrs.Whitewaslyingonthesofabecauseshewastired._________________________________________________ 7.Thesoldierswerejoggingwhenitbegantorain. ___________________________________________________ 8.Bobwastakingashowerwhenthefirestarted. ___________________________________________________ 9.Whenthewarbrokeout,theywerelivinginthenorthofFrance. __________________________________________ 10.Morethantenpeoplewerestandingoutsidethebuilding._______________________________________________ Ex.4.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Ellosestabanjugandobridgeaesahora. ___________________________________________________ Yonoestabadurmiendocuandoellosllegaron ___________________________________________________ JuanysusamigosestabanmirandoTVenesemomento._______________________________________________ Cuandollegué,todosestabanconversando ___________________________________________________ ¿Quéestabahaciendoud.aesahora? ___________________________________________________ ¿Porquénoestabanellostrabajandoesedía? ___________________________________________________ ¿Dóndeestabanviviendotuspadrescuandoseconocieron?____________________________________________ ¿Quéestabashaciendoaestahoraayer? ___________________________________________________ Yoestabaescuchandolasnoticiasenesemomento.___________________________________________________
Ex.5.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.Givecompleteanswers. 1.Whatwereyoudoingatthistimeyesterday? ___________________________________________________ 2.WherewereyouworkinginDecemberlastyear? ___________________________________________________ 3.Wherewereyourparentslivingwhentheygotmarried?__________________________________________________ 4.WhatwereyoudoingwhenJackphonedyoulastnight?_________________________________________________ Ex.6.(Review)Fillintheblankspacesusingtheverbsprovidedintheappropriateverbtense.Youmustuse eitherthePastSimpleorthePastContinuousTensesonly. 1.I___________________________ verywelllastnight.(sleep) 2.I___________________________ soundlywhenyou______________________________ lastnight.(sleep...arrive) 3.They_______________________ totheofficewhenI__________________________ themthismorning.(go..see) 4.Peter_______________________ hiswifeLyndawhenhe__________________________ inChicago(meet...live) 5.We ________________________ golfwhenit ______________________________ torainyesterday.(play...begin) 6.Bill________not_____________ intheofficewhentheboss____________________intotheroom.(work...walk) 7.WhenJohn ______________________ uslastnight,we____________________________ (callon...havedinner) 8.Peter_______________________ theaccidentwhilehe_______________________________ home.(have...drive) 9.What_______________________ you______________________________________ lastSaturdayafternoon?(do) 10.What_______________________ you________________________________________ atthistimeyesterday?(do) 11.Mr.Johnson______________________ inNewYorkwhenhe_____________________ chairmanofthecompany. (work...become) 12.He_________________________ thenewspaperwhilehe ______________________ thebustowork.(read...ride)
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PARTII. A. THEIMPERATIVEFORM(LAFORMAIMPERATIVA) Laformaimperativaseusaparadarórdenesoparasolicitarservicios.Lasórdenesosolicitudesseexpresanmedianteel usodelINFINITIVOsinsujeto(elpronombreyou,estaimplícitoenlaorden).NormalmenteseusalapalabraPLEASE, yaseaaliniciooalfinaldelaordenosolicitud. Escucheleayaprenda: (You)Comehere/kámhíar/ (You)Listentome/lísntumí:/ Please,(you)openthewindow./pli:zóupnδewíndou/ (you)Speakmoreslowly,please/spí:kmó:rslóuli/
Vengaparaacá Escúchame Porfavor,abralaventana Hablemáslento,porfavor
ParaexpresarunaordennegativasedebeusarlacontracciónDON´T/dóunt/antesdelinfinitivo Escucheleayaprenda: Don´tcomehere Don´tlistentome Please,don´topenthewindow. Don´tspeaksofast,please
Novengaparaacá Nomeescuche. Porfavor,noabralaventana Nohabletanrápido,porfavor.(so/sou/=tan)
EXERCISES Ex.1.Changethefollowingsentencesintotheimperativeform:AddthewordPLEASEattheendofyour sentence:
Youlookatthemap
1.Youdrinkmilkeverymorning. 2.Youspellyourfirstname. 3.Youcomeheretomorrowmorning. 4.Youcallmeupafter9o´clock. 5.Youhaveanothercupofcoffee. 6.Youeatmoreslowly. 7.Youfillupthetank. 8.Youstudyhardeveryday. 9.Youwriteyouransweronthewhiteboard. 10.Youlistentothestorycarefully.
Lookatthemap,please ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2.Changethefollowingimperativesentencesintothenegativeform:
Speakslowly,please.
1.Eatmybreadandbutter,please. 2.Workhard,please 3.Workslowlyplease. 4.Listentohimplease. 5.Comeagainthisafternoon,please 6.Drivefastplease. 7.Drinkblackcoffee. 8.Takeataxi. 9.Saythatagain,please. 10.GiveMarymynewaddress,please
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Don´tspeaksoslowlyplease.(so=tan) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
B. ARTICLES(III) Nosedebeusarningúnartículodelantedelosnombresdepersonas,ciudades,estados,países,continentes,montes, callescuandoestossonusadoscomonombrespropios.Tampocosedebeanteponerartículoalosnombresde personascuandoéstosvanprecedidosdetítulos(Mr.,Sir,,Lady,Mrs.,Ms.,Miss,Dr.,Prof.,President,Senatoretc.)o grados(Gen.,Cpt.Sgt.,etc.) Escucheleayaprenda WhendidtheygotoEurope? DidyouseeMarythismorning? TheylivedinNewYorkCityforseveralyears. HelivesonFifthAvenue. TheyarecomingbackfromChina.They´veclimbedMountEverest. LadyMacbethfaintedwhenshesawthebodyofherhusbandlyingonthefloor. MrDePontiinvitedDr.WhitetoafamousItalianrestaurantthatevening. PresidentBushandSenatorPaynewillmeetat10:15nextTuesday. Gen.JohnsonorderedSgt.Smithtosendthemessagerightaway. Sinembargosedebeusarelartículodefinidothedelantedelosnombresgeográficos(ríos,mares,cordilleras,volcanes, canales.etc.)ytambiéndelantedelosnombresdepaísescompuestosdeAdj.+Sust.(exceptocuandoeladjetivoes unpuntocardinal).Noseusathedelantedelosnombresdecontinentes. Escucheleayaprenda TheMississippiandtheMissouririversareinCentralUnitedStates. ThePacificOceanismuchlargerthantheAtlanticOcean. TheUnitedStatesandSouthKoreawillsignanewfreetradeagreement. TheyareplanningtospendaweekintheWestIndies. Cuandolosnombresdeciudadesopaísescumplenlafuncióndeadjetivosestosvanprecedidosdelartículodefinido the. Escuche,leaycompare: NewYorkisalargecity. TheNewYorkCitysubwaysgoveryfast. (adj.) SantiagoisthecapitalofChile. TheSantiagonewspapersarenotveryexpensive. (adj.) EXERCISES Ex.1.Supplythedefinitearticlethewherenecessary: 1.Weplantospendourvacationin__________Mexicoand__________NorthCarolina.(Weplantospendourvacation inMexicoandNorthCarolina.) 2.Laterwewanttovisit__________DominicanRepublic. 3.__________HudsonRiverlieswestof__________NewYorkCity. 4.__________UnitedStates,__________China,__________UnitedKingdomand__________SovietUnionwere permanentmembersoftheUNSecurityCommittee.. 5.Someshipscancross__________AtlanticOceanfrom__________Franceto__________UnitesStates. 6.Youshouldtakeatripsometimeto__________WestIndies. 7.__________PanamaCanaljoins__________Atlanticand__________PacificOceans. 8.Theprincipalcityof__________Germanyis__________Berlin. 9.Hespentseveralweeksin__________Italyandseveralweeksin__________Spain. 10.Weliveon__________MadisonAvenuenear__________CentralParkStation. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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11.Lotsofoiltankersgofrom_________PersianGulfto_________MediterraneanSeathrough_________SuezCanal. 12.Theyliveon__________ClarkStreetin__________SaltLakeCity,in__________Utah. Ex.2.Fillintheblankswiththecorrectarticleswhereneeded: 1.Helivesin__________Mexico.(HelivesinMexico.) 2.__________Mexicanclimateiswarm. 3.Wewalkedalong__________Broadway. 4.__________Broadwaybusesareslow. 5.__________NewYorkcitytrafficisveryslow. 6.__________.Londonand__________Yorkarebeautiful__________Englishcities. 7.__________Englandisasmallcountry. 8._________Englishlanguageiseasy. 9.__________Europeisalargecontinent. 10.Some__________Europeancitiesareveryinterestingtovisit. 11.__________LondonSchoolofEconomicsisveryfamous.
C.THEEXCLAMATORYFORM(LAFORMAEXCLAMATIVA) Lasexclamacioneseninglésseexpresandelasiguientemanera.Estudieelsiguientediagrama:
Structure What+a(n)+adj.+singularnoun(+S+V)! What+adj.+pluralnoun(+S+V)! What+adj.+uncountablenoun(+S+V)! How+adj./adv.(+S+V)!
Examples Whatabeautifulwoman(sheis)! Whataninterestingbook(youarereading)! Whatbeautifuleyes(youhave)! Whatnicepeople(wemetattheparty)! Whatnicemusic(thisis)! Whatgoodcoffee(theyserved)! Whatterribleweather(wearehaving)! Howsilly(Iwas)! Howfast(you´redrivingTom)! Howexpensive(thatbookis)!
EXERCISES Ex.1.SupplyWHATorWHATA(N)inthefollowingexclamatorysentences: 1.______________________ goodidea! 2.______________________ beautifulday! 3.______________________ prettyeyesshehas! 4.______________________ strangethingtosay! 5.______________________ easyexercise! 6.______________________ difficultlesson! 7.______________________ funnynametogiveadog! 8.______________________ goodwhisky! 9.______________________ happychild! 10.______________________ happychildren! 11.______________________ beautifulmusic! 12.______________________ largeroom! 13.______________________ foolishmistake! 14 ______________________ hotday! 15.______________________ beautifulweather!,
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Ex.2.MakeexclamationsusingWhata(n)...!;What...!,orHow...!,asintheexample
Peterisaverytallman
WhatatallmanPeteris! HowtallPeteris!
1.Johnisaveryintelligentperson. 2.Theyareverybeautifulwomen. 3.Thisisaveryincrediblestory. 4.Iwasaverystupidperson. 5.Thistripisveryinteresting. 6.MrJohnsonisaverypleasantman. 7.Thismusicisveryromantic. 8.Theseexercisesareverydifficult. 9.Thiswhiskyisverygood 10.Thesephotographsareverybeautiful 11,NewYorkisafascinatingcity. 12.Maryisaveryfriendlyperson 13.Theseshoesareveryexpensive. 14.Themoviewasveryexciting.
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Ex.3.SupplyHOW,WHAT,orWHATA(N)inthefollowingexclamatorysentences: 1.______________________ prettygirl! 2.______________________ prettysheis! 3.______________________ strangeremarktomake! 4.______________________ wellsheswims! 5.______________________ hotitistoday! 6.______________________ hardsentencestheseare! 7.______________________ beautifuleyesshehas! 8.______________________ beautifullyshesings! 9.______________________ foolishthingtosay! 10. _____________________ hotweatherwearehaving! 11. _____________________ hotdayitistoday! 12. _____________________ quicklythetimepasses! 13. _____________________ wellshespeaksEnglish! 14. _____________________ excellentstudentheis! Ex.4.ChangethesesentencestoexclamatoryformbyusingHOWorWHAT/WHATA(N),asindicated: 1.Sheplaysthepianowell. 2.Sheisanexcellentpianist. 3.Itisabeautifulday. 4.Herunsveryfast. 5.Sheplaystheviolinbeautifully.
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6.Itisverycoldtoday. 7.It´sacolddaytoday. 8.Heisaverytallman. 9.Itwasverycoldlastnight. 10.Sheisverypretty. 11.Heisahandsomefellow. 12.Sheiswearingabeautifuldress. 13.Youhaveabeautifulnewcar. 14.Grandfathertoldusasadstory. 15.Wewereverytiredafterthewalk. 16.Itwasaveryfasttrain. 17.Annwasagenerouswoman. 18.Bobactedveryfoolishly.
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BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords THEHOUSE a) Housing/háusiη/
Vivienda
apartment/apa:rment/ departamento(USA) apartmentbuilding/apa:rmetbíldiη/edificiodedptos.(USA) blockofflats/blokovflæts/ edificiodedptos.(BR) bungalow/báηgalou/ bungalow condominium/kondomínium/ condominio cottage/kótidll/ casadecampo,quinta detachedhouse/ditηtætchtháus/ casaaislada
farmhouse/fá.rmháus/ casadecampo flat/flæt/ departamento(BR) house/háus/ casa hut/hat/ choza,cabaña semi-detachedhouse/sémi.../ casapareada terracehouse/térisháus/ casaenfila villa/vila/ casadeveraneo
b) PartsoftheHouse/partsov(eháus/PartesdelaCasa ceiling/síliη/ door/do:r/ floor/flo:r/ frontdoor/frántdó:r/ landing/lændiη/
cieloraso puerta piso puertadecalle descanso(deescaleras)
roof/ruf/ staircase/stéarkéis/ wall/wo:l/ window/wíndou/
techo escaleras muralla ventana
laundryroom/ló:ndrirum/ library/láibreari/ lounge/láundll/ pantry/pæntri/ sittingroom/sítiηrum/ study/stádi/ toilet/tóilet/
lavandería biblioteca salon(Br) despensa living estudio baño,excusado.w.c.
porcelain/pó:rselein/ radioset/réidiouset/ rug/rag/ sofa/sóufa/ table/téibl/ telephone/télifoun/ televisionset/télivillnset/ VCR/vi:si:a:r/
porcelana radio alfombra(USA) sofá mesa teléfono televisor video-grabadora
pillowcase/píloukéiz/ pillow/pílou/ pyjama/pidllámaz/ sheets/shi:ts/ slippers/slíperz/ wardrobe/wó:dróub/
funda almohada pijamas sábanas zapatillas ropero
mixer/mikser/ napkin/nápkin/
máquinalicuadora servilleta
c) RoomsoftheHouse/ru:mzov(eháus/PiezasdelaCasa attic/ætik/ basement/béisment/ bathroom/bá:θrum/ bedroom/bédrum/ cellar/sélar/ dining-room/dáiniηrum/ kitchen/kítchin/
ático subterráneo saladebaño dormitorio bodega(vinos) comedor cocina
d)TheSitting-room/δesítiηrum/ElLiving arm-chair/á:rmtchéar/ carpet/ká:pit/ CDplayer/sí:dí:pléier/ chair/tchéar/ china/tcháina/ clock/klok/ curtains/kértenz/ fireplace/faiarpléis/ picture/píktcher/
sillón alfombra(BR) reproductordeCD silla lozafina, reloj cortinas chimenea cuadro
e) TheBedroom/δebédrum/ElDormitorio alarmclock/alá:rmklók/ relojdespertador bed/bédrum/ cama bedspread/bédspred/ cubrecamas frazada blanket/blæηkit/ chestofdrawers/tchéstovdró:erz/ cómoda,cajonera nightgown/náitgáoun/ batadenoche nighttable/náittéibl/ velador f) TheKitchen/δekítchin/LaCocina broom/brú:m/ canopener/kænóupner/
escoba abrelatas(USA)
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cooker/stove/range/kúker/stóuv/réindll/cocina(artefacto) cookerybook/kúkribuk/ libroderecetas corkscrew/korkskrú:/ sacacorchos crockery/krókeri/ lozacorriente cup/kap/ taza cupboard/kábord/ aparador cutlery/kátleri/ cuchillería dishwasher/dishwósher/ lavadoradevajilla drier/dráier/ secadora fork/fo:rk/ tenedor freezer/frí:zer/ congeladora fridge/frídll/ refrigerador fryingpan/fráiiηpæn/ sartén garbagecan/gá:rbidllkæn/ basurero(USA) glass/glá:s/ vaso glassware/glá:swear/ cristalería kettle/kétl/ tetera knife/knives/náif/náivz/ cuchillo/s microwaveoven/máikrouweivávn/ hornomicroondas g)TheBathroom/δebá:θrum/LaSaladeBaño bathtub/bá:θtab/ coldwatertap/kóuldwó:tertæp/ comb/kóum/ electricshaver/iléktrikshéiver/ faucet/fó:set/ hairbrush/héarbrash/ hairdryer/héardráier/ hotwatertap/hotwó:tertæp/ lotion/lóushn/ mirror/míror/ safetyrazor/séiftiréizor/
tinadebaño llavedeaguafria peineta afeitadora llavedelagua(USA) cepillodepelo secadordepelo llavedeaguacaliente loción espejo máquinadeafeitar
oven/ávn/ horno pan/pæn/ olla plate/pléit/ plato pot/pot/ cacerola refrigerator/refridlleréitor/ refrigerador rubbishbin/rábishbin/ basurero(BR) saucer/só:ser/ platillo silverware/sílverwéar/ platería sink/siηk/ lavaplatos spoon/spú:n/ cuchara teapot/tí:pot/ teteraparaelté teaspoon/tí:spun/ cucharadeté tinopener/tinóupener/ abrelatas(BR) toaster/tóuster/ tostadora trashcan/træshkæn/ basurero(USA) tray/trei/ bandeja vacuumcleaner/vækiumklí:ner/ aspiradora wallclock/wó:lklók/ relojdepared washingmachine/wóshiηmashí:n/lavadoraderopa
shavingbrush/shéiviηbrash/ shavingcream/shéiviηkrí:m/ shower/sháuer/ showercap/sháuerkæp/ soapdish/sóupdish/ tap/tæp/ toothbrush/túθbrash/ toothpaste/tú:θpéist/ towelrack/táuelræk/ towel/táuel/ washbasin/woshbéizin/
hisopo cremadeafeitar ducha gorradebaño jabonera llavedelagua(Br) cepillodedientes pastadental pañera toalla lavamanos
repisaparalibros librero silla computador escritorio lámparadeescritorio máquinafax archivador archivo
laptop/læptop/ notebook/nóutbuk/ note-pad/nóutpæd/ printer/prínter/ punch/pantch/ scanner/skæner/ stapler/stéipler/ telephone/télifoun/ typewriter/táipráiter/
PCportátil(US) PCportátil(Br.) blockdeborrador impresora perforadora escáner corchetera teléfono máquinadeescribir
reja garage jardín puerta(reja) césped
orchard/ó:rtcha:rd/ huerto sendero path/pa:θ/ swimmingpool/suimiηpú:l/ piscina vegetablegarden/védlletablgá:rdn/huerta
h) TheStudio/δestúdiou/LaSaladeEstudio bookshelf/bukshelf/ bookcase/bukkéis/ chair/tchear/ computer/kompiúter/ desk/desk/ desklamp/desklæmp/ faxmachine/fæksmashí:n/ file/fail/ filingcabinet/fáiliηkábinet/ j) Outdoors/áutdó:rz/Elexterior fence/fens/ garage/gará:dll/ garden/gá:rdn/ gate/geit/ lawn/ló:n/
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UNIT7 Keytoanswers PARTI Ex.1.1.wasshining2.wasreading3.wereplaying4.werecrossing5.wasgettingready6.wasdriving7.werecamping 8.wasliving9.wasleaving10.werehavingdinner11.wasdoing12.werewalking Ex.2.1.Shewasn´thaving.../Wasshehaving...?2.Weweren´trunning.../Werewerunning...?3.Thesoldiersweren´t doing.../Werethesoldiersdoing...?4.Alicewasn´tmaking.../WasAlicemaking...?5.Thechildrenweren´twatching... /Werethechildrenwatching...?6.Themenweren´tgoing.../werethemengoing...?7.Theboysweren´tstudying... /Weretheboysstudying...? Ex.3.1.Whatweretheydoingintheparkatmidday?2.WhatwasMaryeatinginherroom?3.Whywasn´tPeterworking? 4.Wherewerethegeneralsworking?5.WhatwereyoudoingwhenIcalledyouupthismorning?6.WhywasMrs. Whitelyingonthesofa?7.Whatwerethesoldiersdoingwhenitbegantorain?8.WhatwasBobdoingwhenthefire started?9.Whereweretheylivingwhenthewarbrokeout?10.Howmanypeoplewerestandingoutsidethebuilding? Ex.4.1.Theywereplayingbridgeatthattime.2.Iwasn´tsleepingwhentheyarrived.3.Johnandhisfriendswere watchingTVatthatmoment.4.WhenIarrived,everyonewastalking.5.Whatwereyoudoingatthattime?6.Why weren´ttheyworkingthatday?7.Wherewereyourparentslivingwhentheymet?8.Whatwereyoudoingatthistime yesterday?9.Iwaslisteningtothenewsatthatmoment. Ex.5.(Openanswers)1.Iwas...(atthistimeyesterday.)2.Iwasworking...(inDecemberlastyear).3.Theywereliving in...(whentheygotmarried/then).4.Iwas...(whenhephonedmelastnight) Ex.6.1.slept2.wassleeping/arrived.3.weregoing/saw4.met/wasliving5.wereplaying/began 6.was-working/walked7.calledon/werehavingdinner8.had/wasdriving9.did-do10.were-doing11.was working/became12.read/wasriding
PARTII A. Ex.1.1.Drinkmilkeverymorning,please2.Spellyourfirstnameplease.3.Comeheretomorrowmorningplease.4.Call meupafter9o´clockplease5.Haveanothercupofcoffeeplease.6.Eatmoreslowlyplease7.Fillupthetankplease. 8.Studyhardeverydayplease.9.Writeyouransweronthewhiteboardplease.10.Listentothestorycarefullyplease. Ex.2.1.Don´teatmybreadandbutterplease.2.Don´tworksohardplease.3.Don´tworksoslowlyplease.4.Don´t listentohimplease5.Don´tcomeagainthisafternoonplease.6.Don´tdrivesofastplease.7.Don´tdrinkblackcoffee please.8.Don´ttakeataxiplease.9.Don´tsaythatagainplease.10.Don´tgiveMarymynewaddressplease. B. Ex.1.2....theDominicanRepublic3.TheHudsonRiver/NewYorkCity4.TheUnitedStates,China,theUnitedKingdom andtheSovietUnion5.TheAtlanticOcean...France...theUnitedStates6.TheWestIndies7.ThePanamaCanal...the AtlanticandthePacificoceans8.Germany...Berlin9.Italy...Spain10.MadisonAvenue...CentralParkStation11.... thePersianGulf...theMediterraneanSea...theSuezCanal12....ClarkStreet...SaltLakeCity...Utah Ex.2.2.TheMexicanclimate...3....Broadway.4.TheBroadwaybuses...5.TheNewYorkCitytraffic...6.London... York...Englishcities7.England...8.TheEnglishlanguage...9.Europe...10.Europeancities...11.TheLondonSchool ofEconomics... C. Ex.1.1.Whata...2.Whata...3.What...4.Whata...5.Whatan...6.Whata...7.Whata...8.What...9.Whata...10. What...11.What...12.Whata...13.Whata...14.Whata...15.What... Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Ex.2.1.WhatanintelligentpersonJohnis!/HowintelligentJohnis!2.Whatbeautifulwomentheyare!/Howbeautiful theyare!/Howbeautifulthosewomenare!3.Whatanincrediblestorythisis!/Howincrediblethisstoryis!4.Whata stupidpersonIwas!/HowstupidIwas!5.Whataninterestingtripthisis!/Howinterestingthistripis!6.Whatapleasant manMr.Johnsonis!/HowpleasantMr.Johnsonis!.7.Whatromanticmusicthisis!/Howromanticthismusicis!8. Whatdifficultexercisestheseare!/Howdifficulttheseexercisesare!9.Whatgoodwhiskythisis!/Howgoodthiswhisky is!10.Whatbeautifulphotographstheseare!/Howbeautifulthesephotographsare!11.WhatafascinatingcityNew Yorkis!/HowfascinatingNewYorkis!12.WhatafriendlypersonMaryis!/HowfriendlyMaryis!13.Whatexpensive shoestheseare!/Howexpensivetheseshoesare!14.Whatanexcitingmovieitwas!/Howexcitingthemoviewas! Ex.3.1.Whata...2.How...3.Whata...4.How...5.How...6.What...7.What...8.How...9.Whata...10.What...11. Whata...12.How...13.How...14.Whatan... Ex.4.1.Howwellsheplaysthepiano!2.Whatanexcellentpianistsheis!3.Whatabeautifuldayitistoday!4.How fastsheruns!5.Howbeautifullysheplaystheviolin!6.Howcolditistoday!7.Whatacolddayitistoday!8.Whatatall manheis!9.Howcolditwaslastnight!10.Howprettysheis!11.Whatahandsomefellowheis!12.Whatabeautiful dresssheiswearing!13.Whatabeautifulnewcaryouhave!14.Whatasadstorygrandfathertoldus!15.Howtirewe wereafterthewalk!16.Whatafasttrainitwas!17.WhatagenerouswomanAnnwas!18.HowfoolishlyBobacted!
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UNIT8 PART1.ELTIEMPOFUTUROSIMPLETHESIMPLEFUTURETENSE Estetiempoverbalseusaparareferirseaaccionesqueocurriránenelfuturo.Lasexpresionesdetiempofrecuentesen estetiempoverbalsontomorrow/tumórou/mañana,thedayaftertomorrow/δedéiáftertumórou/pasadomañana,next week/nékstwí:k/lapróximasemana,nextmonth/nékstmanθ/elpróximomes,nextyear/nekstyíar/elpróximoaño,inthree months/inθrí:mánθs/dentrodetresmeses,bytheendofthisyear/baiδiéndovδisyíar/haciafinesdeesteaño,etc ElFuturoSimplesepuedeexpresardetresmaneras,segúnlaideaquesedeseetransmitir: 1. SUBJECT+WILL+INFINITIVEparareferirseadecisiones,promesasodeterminaciones. PeterwillcometoChilenextmonth./pí:terwilkámtutchilenekstmánδ/PetervendráaChileelpróximomes 2. SUBJECT+AM/IS/ARE+GOINGTO+INFINITIVEparareferirseaplanes,intenciones,osucesosque evidentementeomuyprobablementeocurrirán. PeterisgoingtocometoChilenextmonth./pí:terizgóuiδtukámtutchílenékstmanδ/PetervaaveniraChileelpróximo mes. 3. SUBJECT+AM/IS/ARE+ING(PresentContinuous)parareferirseaactividadesagendadas,acordadaso previstasconantelación. PeteriscomingtoChilenextmonth. /pí:terizkámiδtutchílenekstmánδ/Peterviene(tieneprevistovenir)aChileel próximomes ELFUTUROSIMPLECONWILL EstaconstruccióngeneralmenteseusaparaexpresarelFuturoSimple,ysugierelaideadedecisión,promesao determinación.EnlaconversacióndiariaWILLformalacontracción´LL. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Theywillvisitusnextweek-end./δéiwilvízitasnékstwí:kénd/Ellosnosvisitaránelproximofindesemana Mary´llcometoworktomorrow./mérilkámtuwé:rktumórou/Maryvendráatrabajarmañana I´llbeathomealldaynextSunday./áilbí:athóunó:ldeinekstsándi/Estaréencasatodoeldíaelpróx.Dgo. EnlaformanegativaseusalapalabraNOTentreelverbomodalWILLyelInfinitivo.Enlaconversacióndiariase prefiereusarlacontracciónWON´T/wóunt/ Lea,escucheyaprenda: Theywillnotvisitusnextweekend.Theywon´tvisitusnextweekend./δeiwóuntvízitasnékstwí:kénd/ Marywillnotcometoworktomorrow.Marywon´tcometoworktomorrow./mériwóuntkám.Tuwé:rktumórou/ IwillnotbeathomealldaynextSunday.Iwon´tbeathome.../aiwóuntbí:athóumó:ldeinékstsándi/. Enlainterrogación,sedebeanteponerelverbomodalWILL(olacontracciónWON¨T)alsujeto.Sisedeseaformular unapreguntaintroducidaporWhat,When,Where,etc.,sedebemantenerelmismoordendepalabrasusadoenlas preguntassimples: Lea,escucheyaprenda: Willtheyvisitusnextweek-end?/wilδeivízit.../Won´ttheyvisitusnextweek-end?/wóuntδeivízit.../ WillMarycometoworktomorrow?/wilmérikám.../Won´tMarycometowork?/wóuntmérikám.../ WillyoubeathomealldaynextSunday?/wiliu:bí:athóumo:ldéinekstsándi/ Whenwilltheyvisitus?/wénwilδeivízitás/ Whywon´tMarycometoworktomorrow?/wáiwóuntmérikámtuwé:rktumórou/ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Lapreguntahabitualconestaconstrucciónverbales: Whatwillyoudo?/wótwiliu:dú:/
¿Quéharáud.?
EXERCISES: Ex.1.Usetheverbsgiveninparenthesesinthefuturesimpletense,usingWILL 1.Thesoldiers________________________tothetopofthathilltomorrow.(march) 2.I________________________youapostcardfromWashingtonDC.(send) 3.Mylittlebrother________________________ahardtestnextMonday.(have) 4.MrJackson________________________hisoldcar.(sell) 5.Theinstructor________________________theoverheadprojector.(use) 6.Thegardener________________________adeepholeinthegroundtoplantthetree.(dig) 7.NASA________________________aspaceshiptoMarsnextweek.(launch) 8.ProfessorLee________________________aconferenceinParisnextmonth.(attend) 9.I________________________busyalldaytomorrow.(be) 10.We________________________anewhousesoon.(buy) 11.MrJackson________________________alimousinetotakehisgueststotheairport.(hire) 12.TheSmiths________________________toanewhouseintheSpring.(move) Ex.2Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negative,andb)interrogative. 1.Marywillgooutthisevening. 2.Youwillsendthemafax. 3.Thetrainwillarrivesoon. 4.Johnwillaccepttheoffer. 5.They´llgetmarriedinMay 6.MrSmithwillseeyoutomorrow.
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Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhen,Where,What,How,Howlong,etc.Ineachcase,the underlinedpartofthesentencemustbetheanswerforthequestionasked. 1.They´llgotothenorthinthesummer. ___________________________________________________ 2.Johnwillgivetheanswernextweek. ___________________________________________________ 3.Bobwillsellthecarbecauseit´sold. ___________________________________________________ 4.Thesoldierswillwaitthereuntildawn. ___________________________________________________ 5.MrSmithwillsendthemanothercatalog ___________________________________________________ 6.Suewillnotbuythedressbecauseit´stooexpensive.___________________________________________________ 7.They´llstayinTorontoforthreedays ___________________________________________________ 8.We´llwaitforyouinthecafeteria ___________________________________________________ 9.They´llneedfivevolunteers. ___________________________________________________ 10.They´lltalkaboutmanythingstomorrow ___________________________________________________
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PARTII. A. USEOFSAYANDTELL LosverbosSAYyTELLtienenelmismosignificado(DECIR),perodifierenencuantoasuuso. ElverboSAYseusaenlossiguientescasos: 1. Antesodespuésdeunacitatextual Johnsaid(toHelen),“Iloveyou,Helen” Marysaid,“Iamverytiredafterthelongwalk” Mr.Jacksonsaid(tohisstudents),“Pleasesitdownandlookatthemap” “Iloveyouverymuch”,hesaid. “Iamverytiredafterthelongwalk”,saidMary. 2. Antesdelaconjunciónthat JohnsaidthathelovedHelen Marysaidthatshewasverytiredafterthelongwalk. 3. Enposiciónfinal Ididn´tunderstandwhatshesaid. Sorry,whatdidyousay? Whatareyougoingtosay? ElverboTELLseusacuandosemencionaalinterlocutor,esdecir,lapersonaaquienselehabló. JohntoldHelenthathelovedher. Marytoldmethatshewasverytiredafterthelongwalk. Mr.Jacksontoldhisstudentstositdownandlookatthemap. (You)TellMarythatIwanttospeakwithher,please. EXERCISES Ex.1.FillintheblankswithSAYorTELL 1.John________________________thatheisverybusyatthemoment. 2.YesterdayI________________________myteacherthatIlikedmylessons. 3.John________________________yesterday,“I´mgoingtophoneyouassoonasIgethome” 4.Yesterday,MrJackson________________________usallabouthistriptoNepal. 5.Theboy________________________thathelikesgeographyverymuch. 6.Mary________________________herteacherthathermotherwassick. 7.MissBrown________________________thatshelovesspring. 8.“Iwillbebackatabout10:30”,________________________MrJonesbeforeleavingthehouse. 9.“Thisbookisveryinteresting“,she________________________ 10.Bob________________________thathedoesn´tlikehotweather. 11.Canyou________________________mewheretheofficeis,please? 12.Please________________________JohnthatI´llsendhimthemoneytomorrow. 13.YesterdayJohn________________________hisfriendsthathewasplanningtogetmarried. 14.Didyouhearwhatshe________________________? Ex.2ChangeSAYtoTELL.Thenmakewhateverotherchangesarenecessary. 1. 2. 3.
Shesaid(tome)thatshewassick. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ MrSmithsaid(toPeter)thathewastoobusytogowithus. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Johnsaid(tohisfriends)thathecouldnotgowiththemtothepark. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Annsaid(totheofficer)thatshedidnotspeakFrench. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Williamsaid(tothedoctor)thathehadaterribleheadache. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Helensaid(tothetravelagent)thatshewastravellingalone. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Theboysaid(tous)thathelikedtoswimintheriver. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Theteachersaid(toPaul´sparents)thatPaulwasagoodstudent. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Themansays(tome)thathewantstoseethemanagerimmediately. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ex.3.ChangeTELLtoSAY.Thenmakewhateverotherchangesarenecessary. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
BobtoldmethathecouldspeakFrenchwell. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ItoldmygirlfriendthatIwantedtogoforawalkinthepark. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ TheteachertoldJohnthatourcompositionswereverygood. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ MrSmithtoldhisfriendsthatheknewhowtoplaytennis. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ItoldMrSmiththatIknewhowtoplay,too. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Johntoldthepoliceofficerthathelivednearthechurch. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Theboytellsmethathewantstodrinksomewater. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Hetellsmethatshedoesn´twanttoparticipateinthegame. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
B. RELATIVEPRONOUNSWHO,WHOM,WHOSE HabíamosvistoquelapalabraWHO?significa¿quién?Yqueademásesunpronombrerelativoyquesedebetraducir conlapalabraQUEparaespecificaracercadequiénestamoshablando(Revisarelusodelospronombresrelativos whoywhich,enBEGS&VOCUnit5) Whoisthatman? Themanwhoisinthecarisapoliceman. Thecarwhichisoutsideisapolicecar. LapalabraWHOsetranformaenWHOM /hu:m/despuésdelaspreposicionesycuandoactúacomocomplemento directodeunverbo,yporlotantovaseguidodeunpronombreounnombre.. Withwhomwillyougototheparty?(Whowillyougotothepartywith?) Imetamaninthestreet.ThemanwhomImetwasJohn´sfather. Jimwastalkingaboutawoman.ThewomanaboutwhomJimwastalkingwashiswife. LapalabraWHOSE/hu:z/(posesivodewho)sepuedetraducircomo¿dequién?eninterrogaciones,perotambiénes elpronombrerelativocuyo(s)/cuya(s). a) Whose?=¿Dequién? Whoseisthishat?oWhosehatisthis?(elsustantivohatpuedeiralfinalojuntoawhose) Whosearethesecigarettes?/Whosecigarettesarethese?(elsustantivohatpuedeiralfinalojuntoawhose) Whoseisthatyellowsweater?(aquíelsustantivoestámodificadoporunadjetivo) 106
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Whoseisthatbookonthedesk?(aquíelsustantivovaseguidodeunafraseadjetiva) b) whose=cuyo(s)/cuya(s) Amanwantstoseeyou,MrClark.Hisdaughtercalledyouthismorning Themanwhosedaughtercalledyouthismorningwantstoseeyou,MrClark. Themanisadoctor.Hiscarisparkedoutsidethebuilding. Themanwhosecarisparkedoutsidethebuildingisadoctor. EXERCISES Ex.1.Choosethecorrectform. 1.To(who,whom)didyouwritealetterlastnight? 2.With(who,whom)doeshewanttospeak? 3.(Who,whom)isthebeststudentinyourclass? 4.(Who,whom)didyoumeetattheparty? 5.Theman(who,whom)telephonedyouismybrother. 6.Thewoman(who,whom)yousawismynewteacher. 7.About(who,whom)aretheytalking? 8.Thegirlwith(who,whom)Idancedwasverybeautiful. 9.From(who,whom)didyougetthemoney? 10.Theboy(who,whom)thepolicemenrescuedfromtheboatwasterrified. Ex.2.FillintheblankspaceswithWho,Which,Whom,Whose 1.__________________jacketdoyoulikebest,theblueoneorthebrownone? 2.__________________pen-knifeisthis?Ithinkit´sPeter´s,butI´mnotquitesure. 3.With__________________willyougotothetheatertomorrow? 4.Heistheman__________________daughterwillparticipateinthecompetition. 5.Thisisn´tthedictionary__________________wegenerallyuseinclass. 6.Themanabout__________________theyaretalkingisawell-knownfootballplayer 7.__________________willyouaskforhelp? 8.__________________arethosecigarettesonthesmalltable?Aretheyyours? 9.Themanwith__________________JohnisspeakingisanAustralianpilot. 10.Thewoman__________________wemetatthepartywasafriendofPeter´s. 11.Thetrain__________________leavesat10:25isanexpresstrain. 12.__________________aretheytalkingabout? 13.Theman__________________Prof.ClarkmentionedinhislectureisafamousAmericanwriter. 14.Theboy__________________fatherdiedintheaccidentisstillinhospital. 15.__________________arethosebrownshoes__________________areunderthechair? 16.__________________areyoutalkingto? 17.Thechildrenwith__________________mysonisplayingarenotChilean.TheyareAmerican. 18.__________________wasworkingintheofficeat9o´clockthismorning? 19.With__________________willyouworkonthethesis? 20.Idon´tknow__________________watchthisis.Isityours? 21.Thechildren__________________areinRoomBare2ndgradestudents. 22.Everyonelikedthepoem__________________Prof.Smithreadinclassyesterday.. 23.Isthatthebus__________________wemusttake? 24.Sheisthewoman__________________Ireallylove. Ex.3.Combinethetwosentencestomakeonesinglesentence,usingWHO,WHOMorWHOSE 1. Imetamanyesterday.Hewrotedetectivestories. Imetaman_______________________________________________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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2. Imetawomanyesterday.Herhusbanddiedinacaraccident. Imetawoman ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Petercametothepartywithayoungwoman.Thisistheyoungwoman. Thisistheyoung__________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Thepolicemeninterrogatedtheoldman.Hiscarwasparkedoutsidetheschool. Thepolicemeninterrogated_________________________________________________________________________ 5. There´samaninthelobby.Hewantstospeakwithyou. There´saman____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Theycontactedaman.Theyfoundhiswalletinthestreet. Theycontactedtheman ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. Youweretalkingtoamaninthelobby.Whereishe? Whereistheman________________________________________________________________________________ ?. Exercise4.Askquestionswithwhose,asintheexample. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Towhomdoesthispenbelong?(belong=pertenecer)Whosepenisthis?/Whoseisthispen? Towhomdoesthatoldbluejacketbelong?Whoseisthatoldbluejacket? Towhomdoesthiscarbelong? _________________________________________________ Towhomdothesebooksbelong? _________________________________________________ Towhomdoesthisbrandnewcarbelong? _________________________________________________ Towhomdoesthatcoatbelong’ _________________________________________________ Towhomdoesthisgoldringbelong? _________________________________________________ Towhomdothecigarettesonthattablebelong? _________________________________________________ Towhomdoesthiscamerabelong? _________________________________________________
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Ex.5.Makesynonymoussentencesusingtheverbbelonginsteadofthepossessives. 1.Thispenismine 2.Thathouseisours. 3.That´snotyourleatherjacket. 4.Thosekeysaremine. 5.Isthatcaryours? 6.ThatisnotJohn´sbicycle.. 7.Thesearen´tMary´sshoes. 8.Arethesecigarettesyours? 9.Whoseisthiswatch? 10.Whoseglassesarethese? 11.Ithinkthatthiswalletisyours. 12.I´msurethatthathouseisn´ttheirs. 13.Thishouseisours.Itisn´ttheirs. 14.Thatcarisn´this.It´shers. 15.Thissweaterisn´tmysister´s.It´smybrother´s
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Thispen_________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ? To ______________________________________________ ? _________________________________________________ ? To ______________________________________________ ? _________________________________________________ ? _________________________________________________ I´msure__________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
C. SOMEBODY,SOMETHING,SOMEWHEREANDDERIVEDWORDS Studythefollowingchart Afirmative Negative
Interrogative
Some
Somebody/someone
Something
Somewhere
Not...any
Not...Anybody Not...anyone
Not...anything
Not...anywhere
No
NobodyNoOne
Nothing
Nowhere
Any
Anybody/Anyone
Anything
Anywhere
EnlaBEGS&VOCUNIT2,habíamosaprendidoquelapalabraSOMEsolamenteseusabaenoracionesafirmativas, yqueenlasinterrogacionessedebíausarANY.Enlasoracionesnegativashabíadosalternativas:sepodíausar NOT...ANYoNO.Estamismareglasedebeseguiralusarlaspalabrasderivadas,esdecirconSomebody/Someone (alguien)Something(algo,algunacosa).Somewhere(algunlugar,algunaparte),etc. Estudielossiguientesejemplos: 1. I´vegotsomefriendsinAtlanta Ihaven´tgotanyfriendsinAtlanta/I´vegotnofriendsinAtlanta HaveyougotanyfriendsinAtlanta? 2.Isawsomebodyinthecar Ididn´tseeanybodyinthecar/Isawnobodyinthecar Didyouseeanybodyinthecar? 3.Theyneedsomethingnow. Theydon´tneedanythingnow./Theyneednothingnow Dotheyneedanythingnow? 4.Theywillgosomewhereafterthelesson Theywon´tgoanywhereafterthelesson/Theywillgonowhereafterthelesson Willtheygoanywhereafterthelesson? EXERCISES Ex.1.ChangetonegativeformUsea)NOT...ANYb)NO 1.Thereissomeoneintheroom ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 2.Isawsomebodyinthecorridor. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 3.Pleaseputitsomewhereinthisroom. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 4.Thereissomeoneatthedoor. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 5.HelivessomewhereinNewYork. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 6.Hetoldsomebodyaboutit. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 7.Hegavethebooktosomebody. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 8.Iputthemoneysomewhereinthisdraweryesterday.___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 9.TellsomebodyaboutPeter´sproblems. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 10.Hesaidsomethingtoher. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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11.Hehassomethingtodo. 12.He´sgoingtodosomethingnow. 13.Theyfoundthemoneysomewhere. 14.Theywillsendthegoodstosomeone.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2.Changetoquestionform 1.Isawsomebodyatthedesk. 2.Hewentsomewherelastnight. 3.Shehassomethingtodo. 4.Hetoldsomebodyaboutit. 5.Sheputitsomewhere. 6.Thereissomeoneinthenextroom. 7.Somebodywantstospeaktohim. 8.1sawsomebodyIknew. 9.Hebroughtsomethingwithhim. 10.Hegaveittosomeone. 11.HetookthemsomewhereonLongIsland. 12.Ilikedsomethingabouther.
_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
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Ex.3.Rewritethefollowing“NO”sentencesinthemorecommon“NOT...ANY”negativeform: 1.Theyfoundnobodyathome. 2.Thereisnomorecoffee. 3.Theywantnothingtodrink. 4.Thereisnowhereforhimtosit. 5.Shespoketonooneaboutit. 6.1wantnomore,thankyou. 7.Hecanseenothingwithouthisglasses. 8.Wesawnobodyatallinthepark. 9.Theygaveusnothingtoeat. 10.Wewentnowhereafterthedance.
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___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords THECITY airport/éarport/ aeropuerto all-you-can-eatrestaurant/ó:liukní:tréstrant/ restauranttenedorlibre artgallery/á:rtgæleri/ galeríadearte baker’s/béikerz/ panadería bookshop/bukshop/ librería policestation/polísstéishn/ cuarteldepolicia edificio building/bíldiη/ bus/bás/ bus busstop/basstop/ paraderodebuses busterminal/basté:rminl/ terminaldebuses butcher’s/bútcherz/ carnicería cab/kæb/ taxi(USA) café/kæfei/ café cafetería/kafitíria/ fuentedesoda,casino car/ka:r/ automóvil casino/kazínou/ casinodejuegos chemist’s/kémists/ farmacia church/tchértch/ iglesia cinema/sínema/ saladecine coach/kóutch/ businterurbano coffeeshop/kófishop/ cafetería college/kólidll/ escuela(univ.) corner/kó:rner/ esquina crossroads/krósroudz/ cruce departmentstore/dipá:rmentstóar/tiendadedepart. disco/dískou/ discoteca dry-cleaner’s/dráiklí:nerz/ lavaseco,tintorería estatecar/estéitká:r/ ranchera(BR) firebrigade/fáiarbrigéid/ cuarteldebomberos flowershop/fláuershop/ florería greengrocer’s/gri:ngróuserz/ verdulería grocer’s/gróuserz/ almacén(BR) grocerystore/gróuseristóar/ almacén(USA) hardwarestore/hárdwearstóar/ ferretería hospital/hóspitl/ hospital hostel/hóstel/ hostal hotel/houtél/ hotel jeweller´s/dllúelerz/ joyería cruceFFCC(BR) levelcrossing/lévelkrósiη/ lorry/lorri/ camión(BR) museum/miuzíam/ museo news-stand/niuzstænd/ puestodediarios night-club/náitklab/ boite
park/pa:rk/ parque pavement/péivment/ vereda(BR) pedestrian/pedéstrian/ peatón pickup/pikáp/ camioneta(USA) planetarium/planetærium/ planetario bridge/bridll/ puente postoffice/póustófis/ oficinadecorreos publiclibrary/páblikláibreari/ bibliotecapública railwaystation/réilweistéishn/ estacióndetrenes restaurant/réstorant/ restaurant road/róud/ camino,calzada roundabout/ráundabáut/ rotonda school/skú:l/ colegio,escuela shoeshop/shu:shop/ zapatería shop/shop/ tienda(BR) sidewalk/sáidwo:k/ vereda(USA) snackbar/snækbá:r/ fuentedesoda stationwagon/stéishnwágon/ ranchera(USA) stationer’s/stéishonerz/ librería(art.escrit.) store/stóar/ tienda(USA) street/stri:t/ calle street-car/strí:tká:r/ tranvía subway/sábwei/ pasobajonivel(BR) subway/sábwei/ trensubterráneo(USA) supermarket/supermá:rkit/ supermercado tailor’s/téilorz/ sastrería take-awayrestaurant/téikaweiréstrant/restaurantede platospreparadosparallevar taxi/tæksi/ taxi teashop/ti:shop/ salóndeté theatre/θíater/ teatro townhall/táunhó:l/ municipalidad trafficlights/træfiklaits/ semáforo trafficsign/træfiksáin/ señalización train/tréin/ tren travelagent´s/træveléidllents/ agenciadeviajes truck/trak/ camióm(USA) tunnel/tánel/ tunnel underground/andergráund/ trensubterráneo(BR) university/iunivérsiti/ universidad van/væn/ camioneta(BR) zebracrossing/zibrakrósiη/ crucedezebra zoo/zu:/ zoológico
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UNIT8 Keytoanswers PARTI A. Ex.1.1.willmarch2.willsend3.willhave4.willsell5.willuse6.willdig7.willlaunch8willattend9.willbe10.will buy11.willhire12.willmove Ex.2.1.Marywillnotgoout.../WillMarygoout...?2.Youwon`tsend.../Willyousend...?3.Thetrainwon´tarrive.../ Willthetrainarrive...?4.Johnwillnotaccept.../WillJohnaccept...?5.Theywon`tgetmarried.../Willtheygetmarried? 6.MrSmithwon`tsee.../WillMrSmithsee...? Ex.3.1.Wherewilltheygointhesummer?2.WhenwillJohngivetheanswer?3.WhywillBobsellthecar?4.How longwillthesoldierswaitthere?5.WhatwillMrSmithsendthem?6.Whywon`tSuebuythedress?7.Howlongwill theystayinToronto?8.Wherewillyouwaitforme/us?9.Howmanyvolunteerswilltheyneed?10.Whatwillthey talkabouttomorrow?
PARTII. A. Ex.1.1.says2.told3.said4.told5.says6.told7.says8.said9.said10.says11.tell12.tell 13.told14.said Ex.2.1.Shetoldmethat...2.MrSmithtoldPeterthat...3.Johntoldhisfriendsthat...4.Anntoldtheofficethat...5. Williamtoldthedoctorthat...6.Helentoldthetravelagentthat...7.theboytoldusthat...8.TheteachertoldPaul`s parentsthat...9.Themantellsmethat... Ex.3.1.Bobsaidthathe...2.Isaidthat...3.Theteachersaidthat...4.MrSmithsaidthat...5.Isaidthat...6.John saidthat...7.Theboysaysthat...8.Hesaysthatshe... B. Ex.1.1.whom2.whom3.Who4.Whom5.who6.whom7.whom8.whom9.whom10.whom Ex.2.1.Which2.Whose3.whom4.whose5.which6.whom7.Who(m)8.Whose9.whom10.whom11.which 12.Who13.whom14.whose15.Whose-which16.Who17.whom18.Who 19.whom20.whose21.who22.which23.which24.whom Ex.3.1....whowrotedetectivestories.2....whosehusbanddiedinacaraccident3....womanwithwhomPetercame totheparty.4...theoldmanwhosecarwasparkedoutsidetheschool.5...whowantstospeakwithyou.6.whose wallettheyfoundinthestreet.7....towhomyouweretalkinginthelobby? Ex.4.1.Whosecaristhis?Whoseisthiscar?2.Whosebooksarethese?Whosearethesebooks?3.Whoseisthis brandnewcar?4.Whosecoatisthat?Whoseisthatcoat?5.Whoseisthisgoldring?6.Whosearethecigaretteson thattable?7.Whosecameraisthis?Whoseisthiscamera Ex.5.1.belongstome2.Thathousebelongstous3.Thatleatherjacketdoesn`tbelongtoyou?4.Thosekeys belongtome5.Doesthatcarbelongtoyou?6.Thatbicycledoesn`tbelongtoJohn.7.Thoseshoesdon´tbelong toMary8.Dothesecigarettesbelongtoyou?9....whomdoesthiswatchbelong?/Whodoesthiswatchbelong to?10....whomdotheseglassesbelong?/Whodotheseglassesbelongto?11.Ithink(that)thiswalletbelongs toyou.12.I´msure(that)thathousedoesn´tbelongtothem.13.Thishousebelongstous.Itdoesn`tbelongto them.14.Thatcardoesn´tbelongtohim.Itbelongstoher.15.Thissweaterdoesn´tbelongtomysister.Itbelongs tomybrother.
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C. Ex.1.1.Thereisn`tanyonein.../There´snoonein...2.Ididn´tseeanybodyin.../Isawnobodyin...3.Please,don´t putitanywherein.../Please,putitnowherein...4.Thereisn`tanyoneat.../There`snooneat...5.Hedoesn´tlive anywherein.../Helivesnowherein...6.Hedidn´ttellanybody.../Hetoldnobody...7.Hedidn`tgivethebookto anybody/Hegavethebooktonobody8.Ididn`tputthemoneyanywhere.../Iputthemoneynowhere...9.Don`ttell anybodyabout.../Tellnobodyabout...10.Hedidn´tsayanything.../Hesaidnothing...11.Hedoesn`thaveanything todo/Hehasnothingtodo12.Heisn´tgoingtodoanythingnow/He`sgoingtodonothingnow13.Theydidn´tfind themoneyanywhere/Theyfoundthemoneynowhere14.Theywon´tsendthegoodstoanyone/They´llsendthe goodstonoone. Ex.2.1.DidIseeanybodyatthedesk.?2.Didhegoanywherelastnight?3.Doesshehaveanythingtodo?4.Did hetellanybodyaboutit?5.Didsheputitanywhere?6.Isthereanyoneinthenextroom?7.Doesanybodywantto speaktohim?8.DidIseeanybodyIknew?9.Didhebringanythingwithhim?10.Didhegiveittoanyone?11.Did hetakethemanywhereonLongIsland?14.DidIlikeanythingabouther? Ex.3.1.Theydidn´tfindanybodyathome2.Thereisn´tanymorecoffee.3.Theydon´twantanythingtodrink4.There isn´tanywhereforhimtosit5.Shedidn`´tspeaktoanyoneaboutit6.Idon´twantanymore,thankyou.7.Hecan´tsee anythingwithouthisglasses.8.Wedidn´tseeanybodyatallinthepark9.Theydidn´tgiveusanythingtoeat.10.We didn´tgoanywhereafterthedance
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UNIT9 PART1.ELFUTUROSIMPLEII(THESIMPLEFUTURETENSEII) ELFUTUROSIMPLECONAM/IS/ARE+GOINGTO Estaconstruccióngramaticalseusaparaexpresarintencionesoplanesqueprobablementesellevaranacaboenel futurocercano.Equivalealaexpresión“Yovoya...”,“Túvasa...”,“Élvaa...”,etc. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Theyaregoingtovisitusnextweek-end. /δéia:rgóuiηtuvízitasnékstwí:kénd/Ellosvanavisitarnoselpróximofinde semana. Maryisgoingtocometoworktomorrow/mérizgóuiηtukámtuwé:rktumórou/.Maryvaaveniratrabajarmañana EnlanegaciónyenlainterrogaciónseaplicanlasmismasreglasdadasenelPresenteContinuo. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Theyaren´tgoingtovisitusnextweek-end./δéiá:rentgóuiηtuvízitasnékstwí:kénd/ Maryisn´tgoingtocometoworktomorrow./mériízntgóuiηtukámtuwé:rktumórou/. Aretheygoingtovisitusnextweek-end?/á:rδéigóuiηtuvízitasnékstwí:kénd/ IsMarygoingtocometoworktomorrow?/izmérigóuiηtukámtuwé:rktumórou/. Whenaretheygoingtovisitus?/wéna:rδéigóuiηtuvízitas/. Whyisn´tMarygoingtocometoworktomorrow?/wáiizntmérigóuiηtukámtuwé:rktumórou/. Lapreguntahabitualenestetiempoverbales: Whatareyougoingtodo?/wóta:riúgóuiηtudú:/¿Quévahahacerud.? EXERCISES Ex.1.ChangethefollowingsentencesusingAM/IS/ARE+GOINGTOinsteadofWILL: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
TomwillcometoChilenextyear. ___________________________________________________ They´lltraveltoMexicoinMarch. ___________________________________________________ Mr.Jacksonwillplaytennistomorrow ___________________________________________________ Janewillbuyabilingualdictionary. ___________________________________________________ Theinstructorwilluseavideo. ___________________________________________________ PaulwillgotoGermanyandFrance. ___________________________________________________ TheJohnsonswillspendtheirvacationinAcapulco. ___________________________________________________ IwillsendMaryapost-cardfromL.A. ___________________________________________________
Ex.2.Changethesentencesyouwroteinthepreviousexerciseintoa)negativeandb)interrogative 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Tomisn´tgoingtocometoChilenextyear. _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
IsTomgoingtocometoChilenextyear? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
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Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhen,Where,Howlong,etc.Ineachcasetheunderlinedpart ofthesentencewillbetheanswertothequestionasked. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Billisgoingtotravelbyplane. BobandJimaregoingtoswim. We´regoingtobuyfruitanddrinks. I´mgoingtogetbackfromworkat6:30. They´regoingtofixtheengine. She´snotgoingtogobecauseshe´stired. Billisgoingtoanswerthequestion.
_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
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Ex.4.TranslatethefollowingsentncesintoEnglish 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Ellosnovanaveniralafiestaestanoche. Ellavaacomprarotropardezapatos. ¿Quévashahacermañanaenlamañana? ¿Vanaestaruds.encasaestatarde? YovoyavisitaraMaryestefindesemana. ¿Cuándovasavendertuauto?
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
PARTII. A. LAEXPRESIONIDIOMATICAITTAKES.../ITTOOK.../ITWILLTAKE... Estaexpresiónidiomáticaseusaparaexpresarlaideade“demorar”,“tomartiempo” Studythefollowingchart:
PRESENT Ittakes
PAST Ittook
FUTURE Itwilltake
Whom?
Howlong?
Todowhat?
MrClarkthestudents us________________
about20minutes about15minutes aboutonehour about2hours
todrivetohisoffice toruntothestadium towalkthatdistance todrivetoViñadelMar
thestudentsthemen me________________
about1hour sixmonths morethanayear alongtime
toanswerthequestions tobuildthebridge. tolearnEnglish tobuildthepyramids
youthemen ____________________
atleastanhour twoyears about10hours
totypethereport tobuildthenewhighway. toflyfromLondontoChicago
Escuche,leayaprenda: IttakesMrClarkabouttwentyminutestodrivetohisoffice/ittéiksmísterklá:rkabáuttwéntimínitstudráivtuhizófis/El Sr.Clarkdemoracercade20minutosenconducirasuoficina. Ittookthestudentsaboutanhourtoanswerthequestions. /ittuk δestiú:dentsabáutanáuartuá:nser δekwéstchonz/ Losalumnosdemoraronmásomenosunahoraencontestarlaspreguntas. Itwilltakeyouatleastanhourtotypethereport. /itwiltéikiú:atlí:stanáuartutáip δeripó:rt/Ud.demoraráporlo menosunahoraentipearelinforme Laformanegativaseexpresamedianteelusode“Itdoesn´ttake...”,“Itdidn´ttake...”,o“Itwon´ttake...”.La formainterrogativaseexpresacon“Doesittake...?”,“Didittake...?”,o“Willittake...?” 116
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Escuche,leayaprenda: Itdoesn´ttakeMrClarkmorethantwentyminutestodrivetohisoffice. DoesittakeMrClarkmorethantwentyminutestodrivetohisoffice? Itdidn´ttakethestudentsmuchtimetoanswerthequestions. Didittakethestudentsmuchtimetoanswerthequestions? Itwon´ttakeyoumorethananhourtotypethereport. Willittakeyoumorethananhourtotypethereport?. Lapreguntahabitualconestaexpresiónidiomáticaes: Howlongdoesittakeyouto...? Howlongdidittakeyouto...? Howlongwillittakeyouto...?
¿CuántotiemposedemoraUd.en...? ¿CuántotiemposedemoróUd.en...? ¿CuántotiemposedemoraráUd.en...?
Escuche,leayaprenda: HowlongdoesittakeMrClarktodrivetohisofficeeverymorning? Howlongdidittakethestudentstoanswerthequestions? Howlongwillittakeyoutotypethisreport? EXERCISES Ex.1.ChangethefollowingtointroduceITTAKES...,ITTOOK...orITWILTAKE...: 1.Icometoworkonthebusintenminutes.(Ittakesmetenminutestocometoworkonthebus.) 2.Ididmyexerciseinonehour. ___________________________________________________ 3.Iwalkedtothestationinfifteenminutes. ___________________________________________________ 4.WedrovetoPhiladelphiainonehour. ___________________________________________________ 5.Ifoundmymistakeinafewminutes. ___________________________________________________ 6.Idomyhomeworkeverynightinashorttime. ___________________________________________________ 7.Theywillbuildthebridgeintwoyears. ___________________________________________________ 8.ShelearnedtospeakEnglishinonlyoneyear. ___________________________________________________ 9.Ifinishedtheworkinanhour. ___________________________________________________ 10.Iwrotetheletterinafewminutes. ___________________________________________________ 11.Theywillcompletetheworkinsixyears. ___________________________________________________ 12.Hedoeshishomeworkeverydayinonehour. ___________________________________________________ Ex.2.Changetonegativeandtointerrogativeform.ThenaskaWh-questionwithHOWLONG? 1.IttookHerbertalongtimetowalkthere. 2.Ittakesmesevenminutestowalkthere. 3.Ittookthemmanyyearstobuildtheroad. 4.Ittakesmetenminutestogettherebysubway. 5.Ittookhimseveralhourstofinishit.
Itdidn’ttakeHerbertalongtimetowalkthere. DidittakeHerbertalongtimetowalkthere? HowlongdidittakeHerberttowalkthere? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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6.Ittookamonthtocompletethework. 7.Itwilltakealongtimetogetthere. 8.Itwilltakeyouaweektoreadthisbook. 9.Ittookthemtwodaystofindhim. 10.Ittakesanhourtodothisexercise. 11.IttakesmuchtimetolearnEnglish. 12.Ittookanhourtodiscoverthemistake.
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Ex.3.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
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Yogeneralmentedemorodiezminutosencaminaracasadesdelaoficina. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Losalumnosdemoraronmásdedoshorasencontestartodaslaspreguntas. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Uds.demoraránporlomenostresmesesenprepararelinforme. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ¿CuántotiempodemoróUd.enaprenderaconducirunauto? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ¿Cuántotiempodemoraremosnosotrosenaprenderahablaringlésbien? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ¿CuántotiempodemoraUd.usualmenteenducharsetodaslasmañanas? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ellanodemorómuchotiempoenaprenderausarelcomputador. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ UnonodemoramásdedoshorasenviajardeSantiagoaPuertoMonttenavión. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ud.nodemorarámuchotiempoenleereseartículo _________________________________________________________________________________________________
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B. GRADOSDECOMPARACIONDELOSADJETIVOS Cuandousamosunadjetivocalificativocomobeautiful,old,big,intelligentestamoshaciendocomparaciones.Cuando decimosque“Maryisabeautifulgirl”estamoscomparándolaconotrasniñasquehemosvistoanteriormente. Losadjetivostienencuatrogradosdecomparación:GradoPositivo,GradoComparativo,GradoSuperlativoy GradodeIgualdad. 1. EL GRADO POSITIVO es aquel que usamos cuando no especificamos con qué persona o cosa estamos comparando. Maryisabeautifulgirl.(Maryesunaniñahermosa) Bobisanintelligentperson.(Bobesunapersonainteligente) Ourhouseisverybig.(Nuestracasaesmuygrande) Thiscarisveryold.(Esteautoesmuyviejo) 2. NosotrosusamoselGRADOCOMPARATIVOcuandoespecificamosconquépersonaocosaestamoscomparando: MaryismorebeautifulthanhersisterAlice.(MaryesmáshermosaquesuhermanaAlaice) BobismoreintelligentthanGeorge.(BobesmásinteligentequeGeorge) Ourhouseisbiggerthanyourhouse.(Nuestracasaesmásgrandequevuestracasa) Thiscarisolderthanthatone.(Esteautoesmásviejoqueese) 3. CuandousamoselGRADOSUPERLATIVOestamoscomparandounapersonaocosacontodaslasdemásde suespecie. Maryisthemostbeautifulgirlinthegroup.(Maryeslaniñamáshermosaenelgrupo) BobisthemostintelligentpersonIknow.(Bobeslapersonamásinteligentequeconozco) Ourhouseisthebiggesthouseintheneighborhood.(Nuestracasaeslacasamásgrandeenelbarrio) Thisistheoldestcarinthistown(Esteeselautomásviejoenestepueblo) 4. CuandousamoselGRADODEIGUALDADestamosdiciendoquedospersonasocosastienenlamismacaracterística, esdecirsoniguales. MaryisasbeautifulashersisterAlice.(MaryestanhermosacomosuhermanaAlice) BobisasintelligentasGeorge.(BobestaninteligentecomoGeorge) Ourhouseisasbigasyourhouse.(Nuestracasaestangrandecomovuestracasa) Thiscarisasoldasthatone.(Esteautoestanviejocomoese). GRADOCOMPARATIVO AlusarelGradoComparativodebemosobservarlassiguientesreglas: a. Alosadjetivosdeunasílabadebemosagregarelsufijo-er: small-smaller;tall-taller;short-shorter b. Sieladjetivoestáformadoporcons.+vocal+consocons+cons+vocal+consdebemosduplicarlaúltimaconsonante: big-bigger;hot-hotter;thin-thinner c. Sieladjetivotienetresomássílabassedebeanteponerlapalabramore: intelligent-moreintelligentimportant-moreimportant Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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d. Alosadjetivosdedossílabasdeorigensajón(quenoseparecenalespañol)seleagregaelsufijo-er;siesde origenlatinoogriegoseleanteponelapalabramore. pretty - prettier common - morecommon
clever - cleverer modern - moremodern
e. Existenalgunosadjetiivosquetienenunaformaexcepcionalenelgradocomparativo: good bad far
- better - worse - farther
little many much
- less - more - more
GRADOSUPERLATIVO AlusarelGradoSuperlativodebemosobservarlassiguientesreglas: a. Alosadjetivosdeunasílabadebemosagregarelsufijo-est: small-smallest
tall-tallest;
short-shortest
b. Sieladjetivoestáformadoporcons.+vocal+consocons+cons+vocal+consdebemosduplicarlaúltimaconsonante big-biggest;
hot-hottest;
thin-thinnest
c. Sieladjetivotienetresomássílabassedebeanteponerlapalabramost: intelligent-most
intelligentimportant-mostimportant
d.Alosadjetivosdedossílabasdeorigensajón(quenoseparecenalespañol)seleagregaelsufijo-est;siesde origenlatinoogriegoseleanteponelapalabramost. pretty-prettiest common-mostcommon
clever-cleverest modern-mostmodern
e.Existenalgunosadjetivosquetienenunaformaexcepcionalenelgradocomparativo: good-best bad-worst far-farthest
little-least many-most much-most
GRADODEIGUALDAD Estasoracionesseexpresanusandoas+adj.+as.Enlasoracionesnegativaselgradodeigualdadpuedeser expresadoconnotas...asonotso...as,dependiendodelgradodediferenciaexistente Heisastallashisbrother. Heisnotastallashisbrother.(Elnoestanaltocomosuhermano)(suhermanoesligeramentemásalto) Heisnotsotallashisbrother.(ElnoesTANaltocomosuhermano)(suhermanoesmuchomásalto) EXERCISES Ex.1.Supplythecomparativeformoftheadjectivesinparentheses 1.Philadelphiais...(largerthan)...Washington(large) 2.Johnis____________________________William(short) 3.Henryis____________________________I(tall) 4.Thisbookis____________________________thatbook.(old) 5.Theweathertodayis____________________________yesterday(bad) 6.Thissummeris____________________________lastsummer(hot) 7.Thisarticleis____________________________thatone.(interesting) 120
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8.Isthisexercise____________________________thelastone?(difficult) 9.Theseapplesare____________________________those.(good) 10.Somepeopleare____________________________others.(healthy) 11.Thisroomis____________________________thatone.(light) 12.Isthisexercise____________________________thelastone?(important) Ex.2.Completethesesentencesbyusingtheadjectivewhichistheoppositeoftheoneinitalics: 1.HenryisnottallerthanI.Henryis____________________________________________________________________ 2.NewYorkisnotsmallerthanChicago.NewYorkis_____________________________________________________ 3.Helenisnotyoungerthanhersister.Helenis__________________________________________________________ 4.Thisstreetisnotwiderthanthatstreet.Thisstreetis ___________________________________________________ 5.Thisexerciseisnotmoredifficultthanthelastone.Thisexerciseis _______________________________________ 6.ThisbookisnotthickerthanmyFrenchbook.Thisbookis______________________________________________ 7.ThisbookwasnotmoreexpensivethanmyFrenchbook.Thisbookwas__________________________________ 8.Theweathertodayisnotbetterthanitwasyesterday.Theweathertodayis ________________________________ 9.Theweathertodayisnotcolderthanitwasyesterday,.Theweathertodayis________________________________ Ex.3.Inthefollowing,introducethesuperlativeformortheadjectiveinparentheses: 1.Johnis____________________________boyintheclass(tall). 2.Todayis____________________________dayoftheyear.(hot) 3.NewYorkis____________________________cityintheUnitedStates.(interesting) 4.NewYorkisalso____________________________cityintheUnitedStates.(large) 5.Thisis____________________________appleofall.(sweet) 6.Thisis____________________________parkinthecity.(beautiful) 7.Johnis____________________________boyintheclass.(intelligent) 8.Heisalso____________________________studentintheclass.(good) 9.Henryis____________________________dancerintheschool.(bad) 10.Whichis____________________________cityinthiscountry?(large) 11.Thisis____________________________roominthewholebuilding.(light) 12.Whichstudentinyourclassknows____________________________Englishwords?(many) 13.Whichmaninthegrouphas____________________________money?(much) 14.Thatcityhas____________________________parksintheregion.(few) 15.Johnhas____________________________experienceincomputersinthegroup.(little) Ex.4.Statetheadjectivesinparentheses,firstincomparativeform,andsecondinsuperlativeform.Usewords ofyourchoosingtocompleteeachsentence: 1.Henryis.........(tall) 2.Graceis.........(pretty) 3.Billis.........(intelligent) 4.Thisbookis.........(interesting) 5.Frankis.........(young) 6.TheEmpireStateBldg.is.........(tall) 7.TheMississippiRiveris.........(long) 8.Thisstreetis.........(wide) 9.Johnisa.........(good)student
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10.Thisexerciseis.........(easy)
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Ex.5.Rewriteeachsentencetoshowequalityofcomparison.Stateeachsentencefirstinpositiveformand theninnegativeform: 1. Johnistallerthanhisbrother. 2. Thisstreetiswiderthanthatone. 3. Thisexerciseislongerthanthelast. 4. HelenismorebeautifulthanMary. 5.NewYorkismoreimportantthanWashingtonD.C. 6. Ourapartmentislargerthanyours. 7. Thiscorridorislargerthantheroom. 8. Theskyisdarkerthanitwasyesterday. 9. Thisbookisbetterthantheother. 10.Theweathertodayisworsethanitwasyesterday. 11.JohnmakesmoremistakesthanHenry. 12.Therearemorepeopletodaythanyesterday 13.PeterhasmoremoneythanHenry 14.JohnhaslessexperienceincomputersthanI.
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Johnisastallashisbrother. Johnisn’tas/sotallashisbrother.) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords FOOD/fu:d/Losalimentos 1. Provisions/províllnz/Abarrotes bread/bred/ biscuit/biskit/ butter/báter/ cake/keik/ candies/kændiz/ coffee/kófi/ cookie/kúki/ cracker/kræker/ cream/kri:m/ cheese/tchi:z/ chips/tchips/ egg/eg/ frenchfries/frénchfráiz/ jam/dllæm/ lard/la:rd/ margarine/má:rdllari:n/ marmalade/má:rmeléid/
pan galleta(Br) mantequilla torta calugas café galleta(USA) galletadeagua crema queso papasfritas(Br) huevo papasfritas(USA) mermelada,dulce manteca margarina mermeladacítrica
mashedpotatoes/mæshtpotéitouz/purédepapas noodles/nú:dlz/ fideos oil/oil/ aceite pepper/péper/ pimienta rice/ráis/ arroz saladdressing/sæladdrésiη/ aliñoparaensaladas salt/sólt/ sal sauce/so:s/ salsa soup/su:p/ sopa Spaghetti/spagéti/ tallarines sugar/shúgar/ azúcar sweets/suits/ dulces,pastillas tea/ti:/ té toast/tóust/ tostada(s) vinegar/vínegar/ vinagre
desayuno desayuno-almuerzo almuerzo cena(informal) cena(formal) aperitivo
hors-dóeuvres/o:dévre/ starter/stá:rter/ firstcourse/fé:rstkó:rz/ maincourse/méinkó:rz/ dessert/dizé:rt/
entremeses entrada primerplato platodefondo postre
vacuno pechuga pollo chuleta pato filete corderolechón pata,pié cordero
pheasant/féznt/ pork/po:rk/ rib/rib/ sirloin/se:rloin/ T-bone/tí:bóun/ turkey/té:rki/ veal/vi:l/ venison/vénison/ wing/wiη/
faisán cerdo costilla lomo entrecot pavo ternera ciervo ala
mackerel/mækerel/ mussel/mázl/ oyster/óister/ prawns/pro:nz/ salmon/sá:mon/ scallop/skálop/ shellfish/shelfish/ shrimps/shrimps/ sole/soul/,plaice/pléis/ squid/skuid/ swordfish/sórdfish/
caballa cholga,mejillón ostra gamba,camarones salmón ostión mariscos langostinos lenguado calamar albacora/pezespada
2. Meals/mi:lz/Lascomidas breakfast/brékfast/ brunch/brantch/ lunch/lantch/ supper/sáper/ dinner/díner/ appetizer/apetáizer/ 3. Meats/mi:ts/Carnes beef/bi:f/ breast/brest/ chicken/tchikin/ chop/tchop/ duck/dak/ fillet/filét/ lamb/læm/ leg/leg/ mutton/mátn/
4. SeaFood/sí:fu:d/Pescadosymariscos abalone/abalouni/ clam/klæm/ cockle/kókl/ cod/kod/ congereel/kóngeri:l/ crab/kræb/ eel/í:l/ fish/fish/ haddock/hædok/ hake/heik/ herring/hérriη/
loco almeja caracol,berberecho bacalao congrio jaiva anguila pescado abadejo,merlango merluza arenque
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kingcrab/kiηkræb/ lobster/lóbster/
centolla langosta
trout/traut/ tunafish/tunafish/ urchin/é:rchin/
trucha atún erizo
manzana damasco plátano mora arándano cerezas coco arándanoagrio dátiles grosella pomelo uvas nueces
melon/mélon/ orange/órindll/ peach/pi:tch/ peanut/pí:nats/ pineapple/páinápl/ plum/plam/ prunes/prú:nz/ quince/kuins/ raisins/réizinz/ raspberry/ræzberi/ strawberry/stró:beri/ watermelon/wotermélon/
melón naranja durazno maní piña ciruela ciruelassecas membrillo pasas frambuesa frutilla sandía
garlic/gá:rlik/ lemon/lémon/ lettuce/létis/ onion/ánion/ pea(s)/pi:(z)/ potato(es)/potéitou(z)/ pumkin/pámkin/ raddish/rædish/ red/greenpepper/péper/ spinach/spínidll/ tomato(es)/toméitou(z)/
ajo limón lechuga cebolla arveja(s) papa(s) zapallo rábano pimentón/morrón espinaca tomate(s)
redwine/rédwáin/ sodawater/sóudawó:ter/ softdrink/sóftdriηk/ tea/ti:/ water/wó:ter/ whitewine/wáitwáin/ wine/wáin/
vinotinto aguadesoda refresco té agua vinoblanco vino
5. Fruits/fru:ts/Frutas apple/æpl/ apricot/éiprikot/ banana/banana/ blackberry/blækberi/ blueberry/blú:beri/ cherry/cherries/tchérriz/ coconut/kókounat/ cranberry/krænberi/ dates/déits/ gooseberry/gú:zberi/ grapefruit/gréifru:t/ grapes/greips/ hazelnuts/héizlnats/
6. Vegetables/védlletablz/Verduras celery/séleri/ artichoke/á:rtitchouk/ asparragus/aspáragaz/ bean(s)/bi:n(z) beetroot/bí:trut/ broadbean/broudbí:n/ cabbage/kæbidll/ carrot/károt/ chicory/tchíkori/ corn/kó:rn/ cucumber/kiukámber/
apio alcachofa espárrago poroto(s) betarraga haba repollo zanahoria chicoria maíz,choclo pepino
7. Beverages/bívridlliz/Bebestibles beer/bíar/ coffee/kófi:/ drink/driηk/ herbaltea/hérbaltí:/ juice/dllu:s/ lemonade/lémoneid/ milk/milk/
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cerveza café trago aguitadehierbas jugo limonada leche
UNIT9 Keytoanswers PARTI Ex.1.1.Tomisgoingtocometo...2.Theyaregoingtotravelto...3.MrJackson´sgoingtoplay...4.Jane´sgoingto buy...5.Theinstructor´sgoingtouse... 6.Paul`sgoingtogoto...7.TheJohnsonsaregoingtospend...8.I´mgoingtosendMary... Ex.2.1.Tomisn´tgoingtocometo.../IsTomgoingtocometo...?2.Theyaren´tgoingtotravelto.../Aretheygoing totravelto...?3.MrJacksonisn´tgoingtoplay.../IsMrJacksongoingtoplay...?4.Janeisn´tgoingtobuy.../IsJane goingtobuy...?5.Theinstructorisn´tgoingtouse.../Istheinstructorgoingtouse...? 6.Paulisn´tgoingtogoto.../IsPaulgoingtogoto...?7.TheJohnsonsaren´tgoingtospend.../AretheJohnsons goingtospend...?8.I´mnotgoingtosendMary.../AmIgoingtosendMary...? Ex.3.1HowisBillgoingtotravel?2.WhatareBobandJimgoingtodo?3.Whatareyou/wegoingtobuy?4.What time/Whenareyougoingtogetbackfromwork?5.Whataretheygoingtodo?6.Whyisn´tshegoingtogo?7.Who isgoingtoanswerthequestion? Ex.4.1.Theyaren´tgoingtocometothepartytonight.2.She´sgoingtobuyanotherpairofshoes.3.Whatareyou goingtodotomorrowmorning?4.Areyougoingtobeathomethisevening?5.I´mgoingtovisitMarythisweekend? 6.Whenareyougoingtosellyourcar?
PARTII A. Ex.1.2..Ittookmeanhourtodomyexercise3.Ittookmefifteenminutestowalktothestation.4.Ittookusonehour todrivetoPhiladelphia.5.Ittookmeafewminutestofindmymistake.6.Ittakesmeashorttimetodomyhomework everynight7.Itwilltakethemtwoyearstobuildthebridge.8.IttookheronlyoneyeartolearntospeakEnglish.9. Ittookmeanhourtofinishthework10.Ittookmeafewminutestowritetheletter.11.Itwilltakethemsixyearsto completethework.12.Ittakeshimonehourtodohishomeworkeveryday. Ex.2.2.Itdoesn´ttakemesevenminutesto.../Doesittakemesevenminutesto...?/Howlongdoesittakemeto...? 3.Itdidn´ttakethemmanyyearstobuild.../Didittakethemmanyyearstobuild...?/Howlongdidittakethemto build...?4.Itdoesn´ttakemetenminutestoget.../Doesittakemetenminutestoget...?/Howlongdoesittakeme toget...?5.Itdidn´ttakehimseveralhoursto.../Didittakehimseveralhoursto.../Howlongdidittakehimto...?6. Itdidn´ttakeamonthto.../Didittakeamonthto...?/Howlongdidittaketo...?7.Itwon´ttakealongtimeto.../Will ittakealongtimeto...?/Howlongwillittaketo...?8.Itwon´ttakeyouaweekto.../Willittakeyouaweekto...?/ Howlongwillittakeyouto...?9.Itdidn´ttakethemtwodaysto.../Didittakethemtwodaysto...?/Howlongdidit takethemto...?10.Itdoesn´ttakeanhourto.../Doesittakeanhourto...?/Howlongdoesittaketo...?11.Itdoesn`t takemuchtimeto.../Doesittakemuchtimeto...?/Howlongdoesittaketo...?12.Itdidn´ttakeanhourto.../Didit takeanhourto...?/Howlongdidittaketo...? Ex.3.1.Itgenerallytakesmetenminutestowalkhomefromtheoffice.2.Ittookthestudentsmorethantwohours toanswerallthequestions.3.Itwilltakeyouatleastthreemonthstopreparethereport.4.Howlongdidittakeyou tolearntodriveacar?5.HowlongwillittakeustolearntospeakEnglishwell?6.Howlongdoesitusuallytakeyou totakeashowereverymorning?7.Itdidn´ttakeherverylong/muchtimetolearnhowtousethecomputer.8.It doesn´ttakemorethantwohourstotravelfromSantiagotoPuertoMonttbyplane.9.Itwon´ttakeyouverylongto readthatarticle. B. Ex.1.2.shorterthan3.tallerthan4.olderthan5.worsethan6.hotterthan7.moreinterestingthan8.moredifficult than9.betterthan10.healthierthan11.lighterthan 12.moreimportantthan
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Ex.2.1.shorterthanI2.biggerthanChicago3.olderthanhersister.4.narrowerthan5.easierthan6.thinnerthan myFrenchbook7.cheaperthanmyFrenchbook8.worsethanitwasyesterday.9.warmer/hotterthanitwas yesterday. Ex.3.1.thetallest2.thehottest3.themostinteresting4.thelargest5.thesweetest 6.themostbeautiful7.themostintelligent8.thebest9.theworst10.thelargest11.thelightest12.themost13.the most14.thefewest15.theleast Ex.4.(Openanswers)1.HenryistallerthanBill/Henryisthetallestpersoninthegroup.2.Graceisprettierthanher sister./Graceistheprettiestgirl(whom)Iknow.3.BillismoreintelligentthanJames./Billisthemostintelligentperson inmyclass.4.Thisbookismoreinterestingthanthatone./Thisisthemostinterestingbook(that)Ihaveeverread5. Frankisyoungerthanhissister/Frankistheyoungestpersoninthe family6.TheEmpireStateBuildingistallerthantheRCABuilding./TheEmpireState(Building)isthetallestbuilding inNewYork.7.TheMississippiRiverislongerthantheColoradoRiver/TheMississippiRiveristhelongestriverinthe USA8.Thisstreetiswiderthanmystreet./Thisisthewideststreetinthistown.9.JohnisabetterstudentthanPeter /Johnisthebeststudentinmyclass.10.Thisexerciseiseasierthanthepreviousone./Thisistheeasiestexercise inthisunit. Ex.5.2.Thisstreetisaswideasthatone.Thisstreetisn´tas/sowideasthatone.3.Thisexerciseisaslongasthelast. Thisexerciseisn´tas/solongasthelast.4.HelenisasbeautifulasMary.Helenisn´tas/sobeautifulasMary.5.New YorkisasimportantasWashington./NewYorkisn´tas/soimportantasWashington.6.Ourapartmentisaslargeas yours.Ourapartmentisn´tas/solargeasyours.7.Thiscorridorisaslargeastheroom. Thiscorridorisn´tas/solarge astheroom.8.Theskyisasdarkasitwasyesterday.Theskyisn´tas/sodarkasitwasyesterday.9.Thisbookisas goodastheother.Thisbookisn´tas/sogoodastheother.10.Theweathertodayisasbadasitwasyesterday.The weathertodayisn´tas/sobadasitwasyesterday.11.JohnmakesasmanymistakesasHenry.Johndoesn´tmake as/somanymistakesasHenry.12.Thereareasmanypeopletodayasyesterday.Therearen´tas/somanypeople todayasyesterday.13.PeterhasasmuchmoneyasHenry.Peterdoesn´thaveas/somuchmoneyasHenry.14. JohnhasaslittleexperienceincomputersasI.Johndoesn´thaveas/solittleexperienceincomputersasI..
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UNIT10 PART1.ELFUTUROSIMPLEIII(THESIMPLEFUTURETENSEIII) ELFUTUROSIMPLECONAM/IS/ARE+GERUNDIO Comoprobablementeud.haadvertido,enestavarianteseusalamismaestructuradelPresenteContínuo(S+AM/IS/ ARE+ING/.Estaconstruccióngramaticalseusaparareferirseaactividadesquehansidoacordadas,agendadas, previstasofijadasconanticipaciónparaunafechapróxima. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Theyarevisitingusnextweek-end./δéia:rvízitiηasnékstwí:kénd/(Theyacceptedourinvitation) Mary´scomingtoworktomorrow./mérizkámiηtuwé:rktumórou/(Sheconfirmedthismorning) Losverbosmáscomúnmenteusadosenestavariantesonaquellosqueindicanmovimientoodesplazamientodeunoa otrolugar,porejemplo:togo,tocome,tovisit,totravel,tofly,todrive,toattend,tohavelunch/dinner,toleave, toarrive,tocomeback,tostay,etc. LasformanegativaeinterrogativaseexpresaenlamismaformaquesehizoconelPresenteContínuo Lea,escucheyaprenda:
Theyaren´tvisitingusnextweek-end./δéiá:rentvízitiηasnékstwí:kénd/ Maryisn´tcomingtoworktomorrow./mériízntkámiηtuwé:rktumórou/ Aretheyvisitingusnextweek-end?/á:rδéivízitiηasnékstwí:kénd/ IsMarycomingtoworktomorrow?/izmérikámiηtuwé:rktumórou/ Whenaretheyvisitingus?/wéna:rδéivízitiηás/ Whyisn´tMarycomingtoworktomorrow?/wáiízntmérikámiηtuwé:rktumórou/ Lapreguntamásfrecuenteenestetiempoes: Whatareyoudoingtomorrowmorning/onSunday/etc?/wótá:riudú:iηtumóroumó:rniη/onsándi/etc. (Quétienesprevisto/planificadohacermañanaenlamañana/eldomingo/etc.)
EXERCISES Ex.1Practicethesequestionsandanswerswithafriend: WhatareyoudoingonFridaynight? Whatareyoudoingnextweek-end? What´sthebossdoingthisafternoon?
I´mgoingtoadiscowithsomefriends. I´mvisitingmysisterinNewJersey. He´sattendingameeting.
Whatareyouandyourwifedoingnextsummer? Howareyougettingthere? Whenareyouleaving? Howlongareyoustayingtherethistime?
We´regoingtoCancunagain. We´reflying/We´regoingbyplane. We´releavingonJanuary21st. We´restayingtherefor10days.
Ex.2.MakesentencesusingthePresentContinuoustorefertofutureactivities,likeintheexample: TheJohnsonsinvitedmefordinnernextFridayevening.Iacceptedtheirinvitation.(havedinner) I´mhavingdinnerwiththeJohnsonsnextFridayevening. 1. 2.
MrMitchellwantstovisitSydneynextweek.Hewenttohistravelagentthismorningandboughtanairticket(fly). MrMitchell_____________________________________________________________________________________ Johnwroteinhisdiary:“Monday10:30ConferenceatYMCAAuditorium”(attend) John__________________________________________________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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3. 4. 5. 6.
Iwanttoplaytennistomorrow.IaskedBobifhewantedtoplaywithmeandhesaid,“Yes,ofcourse!”(play) I______________________________________________________________________________________________ Jim:“Whydon´twegotoadiscotonight,Mary?”.Mary:“Yes,let´sgo”!(go) JimandMary __________________________________________________________________________________ Wejustgotatelegramfromourdaughter.Itsays,“Arrivingon8:15trainSaturdaymorning”(arrive) Ourdaughter___________________________________________________________________________________ Mr.Brownsaidtous,“I´mafraid,Ican´tcometoyourweddingpartyonFriday.I´llbeawayonabusinesstrip”. (notattend) MrBrown______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. It´s8:15now.Thedepartureofourtrainisat8:25.Wemusthurryup.(leave) Ourtrain_____________________________________________________________ intenminutes.Let´shurryup. Ex.3.Dr.NovoaisgoingtotheUSAnextweek.FirstheisvisitingWashingtonDCandthenheisattendinga ConferenceinHouston,Texas.WritesentencesindicatingDr.Novoa´sactivitiesinWashingtonandin Houston.Usetheinformationgivenbelow: Dr.Novoa´sSchedule Mon. 10:30 MeetingattheUSMedicalAssn. 19:30 ReceptionattheWhiteHouse
Thurs. 07:40 FlytoHouston,Texas 14:00 ConferenceatHoustonMedicalCenter
Tues. 09:30 PlaytenniswithDr.Brown 11:30 CeremonyatLincolnMemorial 20:00 DinnerpartyatUS.SurgeonsClub
Fri.
08:00 Conference,NasaSpaceCenter 12:45 LunchwithfriendsatWaldorfHotel 16:00 FlybacktoWashington,DC
Wed. 10:00 VisitBethesdaMedicalCenter 19:45 Concert,atKennedyCenter
Sat.
10:15 FlybacktoChile.UnitedAirlinesFlight908 fromNationalAirport.
Nowcompletethesentencesusingtheinformationgiveninthechart.Asyoucansee,Dr.Novoawillhavea verybusyweeknextweek. 1.OnMondaymorning,he´sattendingameetingattheUSMedicalAssociation. 2.OnMondayevening,he´s________________________________________________________________________ 3.He´s_______________________________________________________________________ onTuesdaymorning. 4.Afterthat,he___________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Intheevening, _________________________________________________________________________________ 6.OnWednesdaymorning,_________________________________________________________________________ 7.Afterdinner,____________________________________________________________________________________ 8.At7:40AMonThursday,he______________________________________________________________________ 9.OnThursdayafternoon,he_______________________________________________________________________ 10.OnFridaymorning,he_______________________________________________________ atNasaSpaceCenter 11.Atmidday,he´s_______________________________________________________________ attheWaldorfHotel. 12.Rightafterlunch,at16:00,he ____________________________________________________________________ 13.HeisarrivinginWashingtonDC.,lateintheevening. 14.At10:15onSaturday,Dr.Novoa____________________________backtoChile.HeisarrivingatArturoMerino Airportatabout21:15. Ex.4.AnswerthesequestionsinEnglish.Makecompletesentences: 1.Whatareyoudoingthisevening? ___________________________________________________ 2.Whereareyougoingonvacationthisyear? ___________________________________________________ 3.WhatareyoudoingnextFridayevening? ___________________________________________________ 4.WhenareyourfriendsfromNewYorkcomingtovisityou?____________________________________________ 5.HowisMrJacksontravellingtoJapan,byboatorplane?_____________________________________________ 6.WhatareyoudoingonSaturday? ___________________________________________________ 7.Whattimeareyougettinghometonight? ___________________________________________________
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Ex.5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish 1.Maryvendráavernoslapróximasemana. ___________________________________________________ 2.Ellosvanaestarconnosotrosvariosdías. ___________________________________________________ 3.EstanochetenemosprevistocenarconMr.Jones___________________________________________________ 4.YonovoyasalirdeStgo.estefindesemana. ___________________________________________________ 5.Teprometoquenoharéesonuevamente. ___________________________________________________ 6.Creoqueellanovaaaceptarnuestrainvitación. ___________________________________________________ 7.¿Quéharánellosconeldineroquerecibieron? ___________________________________________________ 8.¿CuandotienenellosprevistoviajaralosEEUU? ___________________________________________________ 9.¿Aquehoravasallegardeltrabajoestatarde? ___________________________________________________ 10.Segúnelitinerario,¿aquehoravamosallegarallá?__________________________________________________
PARTII.MODALVERBS(I) A. CAN,MUST,MAY,SHOULD/OUGHTTO EstosVerbosModales(tambiénllamadosdefectivosoespeciales)tienenlossiguientessignificados: Spanish
Synonym
Example
CAN
1.PODER= sercapazde. 2.PODER= serposible 3.PODER= tenerpermisopara (Informal)
1.Beableto 2.Bepossibleto 3.Beallowedto
1. Bobcanswimwell. =Bobisabletoswimwell 2. Youcanseethelakefromhere. =It´spossible(foryou)tosee thelakefromhere 3. Youcanusemycomputer,Bob =Youareallowedtousemy computer
MUST
1.DEBER= tenerque(obligación/ necesidadad) 2.DEBER= tenerque(deducción/ conclusión)
1.haveto
1. Youmustobeyorders. =Youhavetoobeyorders. 2. Hemustbeover70yearsold. =Ithink/assumeheisover...
1.PODER= tenerpermiso(formal) 2.PODER= serposibleoprobable
1.beallowedto
MAY
2.Ithink.../Iassume...
2.belikelyto;probably
SHOULD OUGHTTO
1.DEBERÍA= consejo, recomendación
1.beadvisableto/ convenient/hadbetter
1. Youmayleavenow =Youareallowedtoleave now. 2. Itmayraintomorrow. =Itislikelytoraintomorrow. It´llprobablyraintomorrow. 1. Youshouldstudyeveryday./ Yououghttostudyeveryday =Itisconvenientforyouto studyeveryday. Youhadbetterstudyeveryday
Estosverbosmodalesoespecialesacompañanaunverboprincipalytienenlassiguientescaracterísticas: • • • • •
VanseguidosdeuninfinitivosinTO(excepto,OUGHTTO...) Ej.Hecanswimwell.(Nosedebedecir,“Hecantoswim”) Noagregan-senlatercerapersonasingulareneltiempopresente. Ej.Hecanswimwell.(Nosedebedecir,“Hecansswimwell”) NieganagregandolapalabraNOT(formandoenalgunoscasosunacontracción) Ej.Hecannot/can´tswimwell(cannoteselúnicocasoenqueelverbomodalynotvanunidos) Interroganmediantesimpleinversiónconelsujeto. Ej.Canheswimwell? RaravezseusaelverbomodalOUGHTTOenoracionesnegativasointerrogativas. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Estosverbostienenlossiguientessignificadosyusos: Can (Poder)
1. Para indicar capacidad, habilidad o Johncanswimverywell.(Johnpuedenadarbien) destreza. Marycan´tplaytheguitar.(Marynopuedetocarlaguitarra) CanyouspeakEnglish?(¿PuedeUd.hablarInglés?) 2. Para indicar que la posibilidad para Youcanseethelakefromthiswindow.(Ud.puedeverellagodesde haceralgo. estaventana) Wecan´tusetheelevatornow.It´soutoforder.(Nopodemosusar elascensorahora.Estádescompuesto) 3.(Informal)Paradaropedirpermisoo Youcanleavenow,Peter.(Puedesretirarteahora,Peter) autorización. CanIturnontheTV,dad?(¿Puedoencendereltelevisor,papá?) 4.(Negative).Paraindicarincredulidado Thatcan´tbetrue!(Esonopuedesercierto!) asombro. Ican´tbelievemyeyes!(Nopuedocreerloqueestoyviendo!)
Must (Deber)
1.Paraindicarobligación.
Youmustobeyalltrafficregulations.(Ud.debeobedecerlasleyes deltránsito) Studentsmustn´tsmokeinthelaboratory.(Losalumnosnodeben fumarenellaboratorio)
2. (Positive) Para indicar suposición o He´swearingagreenuniform.Hemustbeapoliceman. deducción. (Elestáusandoununiformeverde.Debeserunpolicía) Askthesecretary.ShemustknowwhereMrJacksonisnow.(Pregúntele alasecretaria.ElladebesaberdóndeestáelSrKacksonahora) 3.Paraexpresarincredulidadoasombro May (Poder)
Youmustbejoking!(Debesestarbromeando!) Itmustbeamistake!(Debeserunerror!)
1. (formal). Para pedir o dar permiso o Youmayleavenow,ifyouwish.(Ud.puederetirarse,silodesea) autorización. Youmaynotusethistelephoneatanytime.(Uds.Nopuedenusar esteteléfonoaningunahora) MayIsmokehere,Sir?(¿Puedofumaraquí,Sr.?) 2.Paraindicarposibilidadoprobabilidad
It´sgettingcloudy.Itmayraintomorrow.(Seestánublando.Puede quelluevamañana) Don´tgetonthatchair,Tommy.You mayfalldownandbreakan arm.(Notesubasaesasilla,Tommy.Tepuedescaeryquebrarun brazo) Cigarette smoking may cause cancer! (Fumar cigarrillos puede producircancer)
Should/ OughtTo (Debería)
1.Paradarconsejos,reprocharoindicar Youdon´tlookwell.Ithinkthatyoushouldseeadoctor/...youought toseeadoctor/iu:ó:ttusí:edóktor/(Notevesbien.Creoque undebermoral deberíasverunmédico) Youshouldnotsmokesomuch,Joe.It´snotgoodforyourhealth. (Nodeberíafumartanto.Noesbuenoparatusalud) YoushouldfeelproudofbeingaChilean.(Deberíassentirteorgulloso deserchileno)
EXERCISES Ex.1.CompletetheblankswithCAN,MUST,MAYoSHOULD,segúncorresponda. 1.Gentlemen,you____________askquestionsattheendofthepresentation,ifyoulike. 2.Heisaretiredcivilservant.He____________beover65yearsoldnow. 3.You____________studyharderifyouwanttogetbettergrades. 4.Ijustputonmyglasses.NowI____________readbetter. 5.You____________haveapassportandavisatoentertheUnitedStates. 6.You____________takeyourumbrellaincaseitrainsthisafternoon,John. 7.____________Iuseyourpenplease,Sir? 8.____________Ihaveanotherpieceofcake,mother? 9.You____________notdothatagain.It´sdangerous.You____________easilyfallandbreakyourleg. 130
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10.You____________bepunctualforthemeeting.Thebossgetsveryangrywhenpeoplearelate. 11.Themanisverystrong.He____________liftthatheavyboxeasily. 12.He____________n´tbeanengineer.Heisonly18yearsold! 13.MissClark____________typefastbutshe____________n´tuseacomputer. 14.Thelittlebird____________n´tflyyet.It´stooyoung. 15.You____________comeandvisitusanyday,John.You´llbewelcometoourhome. 16.Whydon´tyouphoneathishome.He____________bethere.Hesometimesgoeshomeforlunch. 17.Whydon´tyougivethemsomemoremoney?You____________bemoregenerous.They´reverypoor. 18.What____________Idoinordertoimprovemypronunciation,professor? 19.You____________paybycreditcardorbycheque.Wedon´tacceptcash. 20.Youaretoofat,Billy.Ithinkyou____________goonadiet. 21.It´salmostmidnightnow.They____________besleepingatthistime. 22.You____________inserttwocoinsintheslotifyouwanttousethetelephone. 23.Idon´tknowwhythey´retalking.They____________beworkinginstead. 24.He____________n´tbedrivingthecar!Hedoesn´tknowhowtostartacar. Ex.2Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negative,b)interrogativeandc)Wh-question: 1.Bobcanspeakthreelanguages. 2.Theyshouldtakeataxi. 3.Wemustgobecauseit´slate. 4.TheymayuseRoom203.
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
Ex.3.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish 1.Uds.puedenfumaraquí. ____________________________________________________________ 2.Elpuedecorrermuyrápido. ____________________________________________________________ 3.Ud.debevenirmañananuevamente. ____________________________________________________________ 4.Puedequeellosnosvisitenmañana. ____________________________________________________________ 5.Elnopuedehablarespañolbién. ____________________________________________________________ 6.¿Quédeberíahaceryoahora? ____________________________________________________________ 7.¿Puedestúayudarmeestatarde? ____________________________________________________________ 8.¿Puedosentarmeaquí,señor? ____________________________________________________________ 9.Esopuedesucedernuevamente. ____________________________________________________________ 10.Eltrabajómuyduro.Debeestarcansado.____________________________________________________________ B. HAVETO=TENERQUE ElverbomodalMUST(deber)tieneunsinónimo:laexpresiónidiomáticaHAVETO.Apesardesersinónimos,enel usodíarioHAVETOseutilizafrecuentementeparaexpresarideadenecesidad,mientrasqueMUSTenfatizamásla ideadeobligación. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Imustgotothehospitaltoseeafriend.(Yodeboiralhospitalaveraunamigo) Ihavetogotothehospitaltoseeafriend.(Yotengoqueiralhospitalaveraunamigo) Petermustworkuntillatethisevening.(Peterdebetrabajarhastatardeestanoche) Peterhastoworkuntillatethisevening.(Petertienequetrabajarhastatardeestanoche) Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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DebidoaqueelverbomodalMUSTnotieneunaformaparaexpresarelpasado,nitampocosepuedeusarenotros tiemposverbales,esnecesariorecurriralaformacorrespondientedeHAVETO. Lea,escucheyaprenda: (Present) Imustgotothehospitaltoseeafriend (Yodeboiralhospitalaveraunamigo) (Past) (Future)
=Ihavetogotothehospitaltoseeafriend (Yotengoqueiralhospitalaveraunamigo) =Ihadtogotothehospitaltoseeafriend. (Yotuvequeiralhospitalaveraunamigo) =Iwillhavetogotothehospitaltoseeafriend. (Yotendréqueiralhospitalaveraunamigo)
(Present) Petermustworkuntillatethisevening. =Peterhastoworkuntillateeveryevening. (Peterdebetrabajarhastatardeestanoche) (Petertienequetrabajarhastatardetodaslasnoches) (Past) =Peterhadtoworkuntillateyesterdayevening. (Petertuvoquetrabajarhastatardeayer) (Future) =Peterwillhavetoworkuntillatethisevening. Petertendráquetrabajarhastatardeestanoche) EnlaformanegativadeHAVETOsedebenusar,aligualqueconlosverbosprincipales,losverbosmodalesDO/ DOES,DID,WILL+NOTolascontraccionesDON´T/DOESN´T,DIDN´T,WON´T. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Peterdoesn´thavetoworkuntillateeveryevening Peterdidn´thavetoworkuntillateyesterdayevening Peterwon´thavetoworkuntillatethisevening Enlasinterrogacionesdebemosanteponerlosverbosmodalesdo/does/did/willalsujeto Lea,escucheyaprenda: DoesPeterhavetoworkuntillateeveryevening? DidPeterhavetoworkuntillateyesterdayevening? WillPeterhavetoworkuntillatethisevening? EXERCISES Ex.1.SubstitutethecorrectformofHAVEToforMUSTinthefollowing: 1.Imustworktonight. 2.Johnmustgooutoftownthisafternoon. 3.Youmustreadthisarticle. 4.MaryandJohnmustflytoParistoday. 5.Theymuststaythereatleastanhour. 6.Imustgetupearlyeveryday. 7.Wemustwriteacompositioneachnight. 8.1mustwritemanyletters. 9.Wemustprepareourlessonseverynight. 10.MarymuststudyFrenchnextyear. 11.Johnmustalsotakeanotherlanguage. 12.Wemustlearnmanynewwordseveryday.
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___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2.ReadthefollowingwithMUST.Then.changetopastandfuturetime: 1.1mustmustleaveatonce. 2.He __________ gotothehospitalrightaway. 3.We__________ makereservationsatonce. 4.He __________ learnallthenewwords. 5.We__________ hurryinordertogetthereearly. 6.He __________ spendmoretimeonhisEnglish. 7.She__________ attendclasseveryday. 8.I____________ answerthisletteratonce. 9.We__________ telephoneherrightaway. 10.He __________ stayathomeandrest.
I had to leave at once. (at once = right away= = immediately) Iwillhavetoleaveatonce. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.3.Changetopastandfuturetime: 1.Ihavetoworktoday. 2.Johnhastobehereattwoo’clock. 3.Maryhastocomewithhim. 4.Wehavetostudytonight. 5.Theyhavetowritemanyletters. 6.Youhavetowaitafewminutes. 7.Theyhavetocomebacklater. 8.Weallhavetowriteashortstory. 9.Wehavetogotothehospitalthisafternoon. 10.Hehastoseeadoctor. 11.JohnhastostophisEnglishlessons. 12.Ihavetogetupearly.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.4.Changetonegativeform: 1.Theyhavetostudyveryhard. 2.Hehadtobethereattwoo’clock. 3.Wehavetogetupearly. 4.Wehavetowriteacompositiontonight. 5.Wehadtomeethimatnoon. 6.Mr.Smithhastogooutoftown.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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7.Theyhadtoleaveearly. 8.Ihavetobuyanewpen. 9.WehavetoworkonSunday. 10.Johnhadtogotothehospital. 11.Wehavetoprepareourhomeworkeveryday. 12.Wewillhavetolearnmanynewwords.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.5.Changetointerrogativeform.Then,askquestionswithWHEN,WHERE,WHATTIME,WHY,etc. 1. Hehadtoleaveatnoon.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
2. Wehavetogetupat6.00everymorning. 3. Theyhavetostudyeveryday. 4. Theyhavetorentanapartmentsoon. 5. Hehadtobuyseveralnewbooks. 6. Hehadtoleaveatipforthewaiter. 7. Hehadtoreturnyesterday. 8. Hewillhavetowaitafewminutes. 9. Theywillhavetocomebacklater. 10.Hehastowearacoatbecauseit´scold.. 11.Shehastorestawhilebecauseshe´stired 12.Hehastotakemoreexercise.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
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BASICVOCABULARY:
PARTSOFTHEBODY/pá:rtsovδebódi/LasPartesdelCuerpo
1. TheHead/(ehed/Lacabeza beard/bíard/ brains/breinz/ cheek/tchi:k/ chin/tchin/ ear/iar/ eye/ai/ eyebrow/aibrau/ eyelash/áilæsh/ eyelid/áilid/ face/feis/ forehead/fo:red/ hair/héar/ Head/héd/ jaw/dllo:/ 2. TheTrunk/(etruηk/Eltronco back/bæk/ backbone/bækboun/ bladder/bláder/ bowels/báuelz/ breast/brest/ buttocks/bátoks/ chest/tchést/ gallbladder/golbláder/ heart/ha:rt/ hip/hip/
barba cerebro mejilla mentón oreja ojo ceja pestaña párpado cara frente cabello cabeza mandíbula
lip/lip/ moustache/mustá:sh/ mouth/mauθ/ neck/nek/ nose/nouz/ nostrils/nóstrilz/ pupil/piu:pl/ sideburns/sáidbernz/ skull/skal/ temple/témpl/ throat/θrout/ tongue/táη/ tooth/teeth/tu:θ,ti:θ/
labio bigote boca cuello nariz fosasnasales pupila patillas cráneo sien garganta lengua diente(s)
espalda espinadorsal vejiga vientre,entrañas pecho,mamas nalgas pecho,torax vesícula corazón cadera
intestines/intéstinz/ kidney/kídni/ liver/líver/ lung/laη/ navel/néivl/ ribs/ribz/ spleen/spli:n/ stomach/stómak/ waist/weist/
intestinos riñón hígado pulmón ombligo costillas bazo estómago cintura
3. TheLimbs/(elimz/Lasextremidades ankle/æηkl/ tobillo limbs/limz/ arm/a:rm/ brazo littlefinger/lítlfiηger/ armpit/á:rmpit/ axila middlefinger/mídlfiηger/ calf/ka:f/ pantorrilla nail/neil/ elbow/élbou/ codo palm/pa:m/ dedo(mano) ringfinger/riηfiηger/ finger/fíηger/ foot/feet/fu:t,fi:t/ pie/s shin/shin/ hand/hænd/ mano shoulder/shóulder/ heel/hi:l/ talón sole/soul/ indexfinger/índeksfiηger/ índice thigh/θai/ knee/ni:/ rodilla thumb/θam/ kneecap/ni:kap/ rótula toe/tou/ knuckle/nákl/ nudillo wrist/rist/ leg/leg/ pierna 4. RelatedWords/riléitidwe:rdz/Palabrasrelacionadas corn/ko:rn/ callo sigh/sai/ cough/kof/ tos sneeze/sni:z/ freckle/frékl/ peca wart/wo:rt/ hiccough/híkap/ hipo wrinkle/rínkl/ mole/moul/ lunar yawn/io:n/ Pinsandneedles/pinzanní:dlz/calambres
extremidades meñique cordial uña palma anular canilla hombro planta(delpie) muslo pulgar dedo(delpie) muñeca
suspiro estornudo verruga arruga bostezo
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TIMEEXPRESSIONS/táimiksprésh now/náu/ atthismoment/atδemóument/ atpresent/atprézent/ forthetimebeing/forδetáimbi:iη/ rightnow/raitnáu/ today/tudéi/ yesterday/yésterdi/ tomorrow/tumórou/ thismorning/δismó:rniη/ thisafternoon/δisa:fternú:n/ thisevening/δisí:vniη/ tonight/tunáit/ tomorrowmorning/tumóroumó:niη/ yesterdayafternoon/yésterdia:fternú:n/ lastnight/la:stnáit/ lastweek/la:stwí:k/ nextMonday/nekstmándi/ lastTuesdaymorning/la:sttíuzdimó:rniη/ nextSundayafternoon/nekstsándia:fternú:n/ thedayaftertomorrow/δedéia:ftertumórou/ thedaybeforeyesterday/δedéibifó:riésterdi/ inthemorning/inδemó:rniη/ intheafternoon/inδia:fternú:n/ intheevening/inδií:vniη/ atnight/atnáit/ aweeknextMonday/ewí:kneksmándi/ aweeklastSunday/ewí:kla:stsándi/ inDecemberlastyear/indisémberla:styíar/ inthesummerof1976/inδesámerovnáintinséventisíks/ everyday/évridéi/ everyweek/évriwí:k/ everymonth/évrimánθ/ everyyear/évriyíar/ everyMondaymorning/évrimándimó:niη/ everyotherday/évriáδerdéi/ everyotherthreedays/évriáδerθrí:déiz/ onceaday/wansedéi/ twiceaweek/twáisewí:k/ severaltimesamonth/sévraltáimzemánθ/ manytimesayear/ménitáimzeyíar/ alongtimeago/elóηtáimagóu/ manyyearsago/méniyíarzagóu/ tenminutesago/ténmínitsagóu/ notverylongago/nótvériloηagóu/ agesago/éidllizagóu/ ashortwhileago/eshortwáilagóu/ immediately/immídlliatli/ atonce/atwáns/ rightaway/ráitewéi/ assoonaspossible/assú:naspósibl/ always/ó:lweiz/ generally/dllénerali/ usually/iúshuali/ frequently/fríkwentli/ often/ó:fn/ occasionally/okéillonali/ 136
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nz/ExpresionesdeTiempo
ahora enestemomento enlaactualidad transitoriamente,porahora ahoramismo hoydía ayer mañana estamañana estatarde estatarde estanoche mañanaenlamañana ayerenlatarde anoche lasemanapasada elpróximolunes elmartespasadoenlamañana elpróximodomingoenlatarde pasadomañana anteayer enlamañana enlatarde enlatarde por/durantelanoche ellunessubsiguiente eldomingoantepasado endiciembredelañopasado enelveranode1976 todoslosdías todaslassemanas todoslosmeses todoslosaños todosloslunesenlamañana díapormedio cadatresdías unavezaldía dosvecesalasemana variasvecesalmes muchasvecesalaño hacemuchotiempo/muchotiempoatrás hacemuchosaños hacediezminutos nohacemuchotiempo hacemuchísimotiempo haceunrato,unratoatrás inmediatamente deinmediato alinstante,“altiro” loantesposible,lomásprontoposible siempre generalmente usualmente frecuentemente amenudo ocasionalmente
sometimes/sámtaimz/ rarely/réarli/ seldom/séldom/ hardlyever/ha:dliéver/ never/néver/ fromtimetotime/fromtáimtutáim/ onceinawhile/wánsinewáil/ nowandthen/náuanδén/
aveces raramente raravez casinunca nunca devezencuando devezencuando. devezencuando.
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Bl138
Keytoanswers
UNIT10 PARTI. Ex.2.1.MrMitchellisflyingtoSydneynextweek.2.JohnisattendingaconferenceatYMCAat10:30onMonday.3. I´mplayingtenniswithBobtomorrow.4.JimandMaryaregoingtoadiscotonight.5.Ourdaughterisarrivingonthe 8:15trainonSaturdaymorning.6.MrBrownisn´tattendingourweddingpartyonFriday. Ex.3.2.AttendingareceptionattheWhiteHouse3.PlayingtenniswithDrBrown4.IsattendingaceremonyatLincoln Memorial.5.He´sattendingadinnerpartyattheUSSurgeonsClub6.He´svisitingBethesdaMedicalCenter.7.He´s attenddingaconcertattheKennedyCenter.8.He´sflyingtoTexas.9.He´sattendingaconferenceathoustonMedical Center.10.He´sattendingaconferenceatNasaSpaceCenter.11.He´shavinglunchwithsomefriendsattheWaldorf Hotel.12.He´sflyingbacktoWashingtonDC.14.He´sflyingbacktoChilefromNationalAirport. Ex.4.Openanswers Ex.5.1.Marywillcometoseeusnextweek.2.They´regoingtostayseveraldayswithus.3.We´rehavingdinnerwith MrJonesthisevening.4.I´mnotgoingoutofSantiagothisweekend.5.IpromiseyouIwillneverdothatagain.6.I think/believeshe´snotgoingtoacceptourinvitation7.Whatwilltheydowiththemoneytheyreceived?8.Whenare theytravelingtotheUSA?9.Atwhattimeareyougoingtoarrive/getbackfromworkthisevening?10.Accordingto theschedule,atwhattimearewegettingthere?
PARTII. A. Ex.1.1.May2.Must3.Should/oughtto4.Can5.Must6.Should/oughtto7.May8.Can9.Must/should-can /may10.Must11.Can12.Can´t13.Can-can´t14.Can´t15.Can/must16.May17.Should/oughtto18.Should 19.Must20.Should/oughtto21.Must22.Must23.Should/oughtto24.Can´t Ex.2.1.Bobcan´tspeak.../CanBobspeak...?/HowmanylanguagescanBobspeak?2.Theyshouldn´ttake.../ Shouldtheytake...?/Whatshouldtheydo?3.Wemustnotgo.../Mustwego...?/Whymustwego?4.Theymay notuse.../Maytheyuse...?/Whichroommaytheyuse? Ex.3.1.Youcan/maysmokehere.2.Hecanrunveryfast.3.Youmustcomeagaintomorrow.4.Theymayvisitus tomorrow5.Hecan´tspeakSpanishwell.6.WhatshouldIdonow?7.Canyouhelpmethisafternoon?8.MayIsit here,Sir?9.Thatmay/canhappenagain.10.Heworkedveryhard.Hemustbetired. B. Ex.1.1.Ihavetowork..2.Johnhastogoout...3.Youhavetoread...4.MaryandJohnhavetofly...5.Theyhaveto stay...6.Ihavetogetup...7.Wehavetowrite...8.Ihavetowrite...9.Wehavetoprepare...10.Maryhastostudy... 11.Johnalsohastotake...12.Wehavetolearn Ex.2.2.Hehadtogo.../He´llhavetogo...3.Wehadtomake.../We´llhavetomake...4.Hehadtolearn.../He´ll havetolearn...5.Wehadtohurry.../We´llhavetohurry...6.Hehadtospend.../He´llhavetospend7.Shehadto attend.../She´llhavetoattend...8.Ihadtoanswer.../I´llhavetoanswer...9.Wehadtotelephone.../We´llhaveto telephone...10.Hehadtostay.../He´llhavetostay... Ex.3.1.Ihadtowork.../I´llhavetowork...2.Johnhadtobe.../Johnwillhavetobe...3.Maryhadtocome.../Mary willhavetocome...4.Wehadtostudy.../We´llhavetostudy...5.Theyhadtowrite.../They´llhavetowrite...6.You hadtowait.../You´llhavetowait...7.Theyhadtocomeback.../They´llhavetocomeback...8.Weallhadtowrite... /We´llhavetowrite...9.Wehadtogo.../We´llhavetogo...10.Hehadtosee.../He´llhavetosee...11.Johnhadto stop.../John´llhavetostop.12.-Ihadtogetup.../I´llhavetogetup... Ex.4.1.Theydon´thavetostudy...2.Hedidn´thavetobe...3.Wedon´thavetogetup...4.Wedon´thavetowrite... 5.Wedidn´thavetomeet...6.MrSmithdoesn´thavetogo...7.Theydidn´thavetoleave...8.Idon´thavetobuy...9. Wedon´thavetowork...10.Johndidn´thavetogo...11.Wedon´thavetoprepare...12.Wewon´thavetolearn... Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Ex.5.1.When/Whattimedidhehavetoleave?2.Whattimedowe/youhavetogetupeverymorning?3.What dotheyhavetodoeveryday?4.Whendotheyhavetorentanapartment?5.Whatdidhehavetobuy?6.Whatdid hehavetoleaveforthewaiter?7.Whendidhehavetoreturn?8.Howlongwillhehavetowait?9.Whenwillthey havetocomeback?10.Whydoeshehavetowearacoat?11.Whydoesshehavetorestawhile?12.Whatdoes shehavetodo?
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UNIT11 PARTI.ELTIEMPOFUTUROCONTINUO(THEFUTURECONTINUOUSTENSE) EstetiempoverbalseexpresaconelfuturodelverboBE(WILLBE)máselGERUNDIOdeunverboprincipalyseusa parareferirseaaccionesqueestaránrealizándoseaunahoraofechadeterminadaenelfuturo,cuandootraacción ocurra.PorlotantosonfrecuenteslasexpresionesdetiempocompuestasporWHEN+SUBJECT+PRESENT+ TOMORROW/NEXTMONDAY,etc,comowhenyoucomehomethisevening /weniú:kamhóum δisí:vniη/(cuando túvengasacasaestatarde),owhentheprogramstartstonight /wen δepróugramstá:rtstunáit/(cuandoelprograma comienceestanoche).Tambiénseusanexpresionesdetiempocomo,atteno´clocktomorrow /atténoklóktumórou/ (mañanaalas10:00),atmiddaynextSaturday /atmíddeinékstsæ´terdi/(almediodíaelpróximosábado),atthistime tomorrow/atδistáimtumórou/”(aestahoramañana). Escuche,leayaprenda: 1. Wewillbehavinglunchat1o´clocktomorrow./wi:wilbí:hæviη/lántchatwánoklóktumórou/Nosotrosestaremosalmorzando alaunamañana. 2. TheywillbeworkinginthelaboratoryatthistimenextMonday./δéiwilbí:wé:rkiηinδelabóratriatδistáimnékstmándi/Ellos estarántrabajandoenellaboratorioaestahoraelpróximolunes. 3. LyndawillbetravellinginEuropeatthistimenextmonth./líndawilbí:tráveliηiniúropatδistáimnékstmánθ/Lyndaestará viajandoenEuropaenestafechaelpróximomes. 4. Thechildrenwillbesleepingwhentheprogramstartstonight./δetchíldrenwilbí:slí:piηwenδepróugramstá:rtstunáit/Los niñosestarándurmiendocuandoelprogramacomienceestanoche 5. ThePresidentwillbeflyingtoTokyoatthistimeonTuesday/δeprézidentwilbí:fláiiηtutókiouatδistáimontiú:zdi/ElPresidente estarávolandohaciaTokioaestahoraelmartes Laformanegativaylaformainterrogativaseexpresacomoeneltiempofuturosimple,esdecir,conWILLNOT/ WON´TenlasnegacioneseinvirtiendoelordendelsujetoconelmodalWILLenlasinterrogaciones: Escuche,leayaprenda: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Theywon´tbeworkinginthelaboratoryatthistimenextMonday./δéiwóuntbí:wé:rkiηinδelabóratriatδistáimnékstmándi/ Thechildrenwillnotbesleepingwhentheprogramstartstonight./δetchíldrenwilnótbí:slí:piηwenδepróugramstá:rtstunáit/ WilltheybetravellinginEuropeatthistimenextmonth?/wílδéibí:tráveliηiniú:ropatδistáimnékstmánθ/ WhatwillthePresidentbedoingatthistimeonTuesday?/wótwilδeprézidentbí:dú:iηatδistáimontíu:zdi/
Lapreguntahabitualenestetiempoes: WHATWILLYOUBEDOING?/wótwiliú:bí:dú:iη/(¿Quéestaráhaciendoud.?) EXERCISES: Ex.1.Completethefollowingsentencesusingtheverbsgiveninparentheses,intheFutureContinuousTense: 1.At10o´clocktomorrowmorning,I________________________here.(work) 2.Atthistimenextmonth,we________________________intheUSA.(travel) 3.I________________________toworkatthistimetomorrowmorning.(drive) 4.TheBrowns________________________somefriendsat9thisevening(entertain) 5.MrScottandhisfriends________________________Torontonextweekend.(visit) 6.Jane________________________theshoppingatmiddaytoday.(do) 7.We________________________socceratthistimenextSaturday.(play) 8.Thestudents________________________inthegymafter7thisevening.(workout) 9.I________________________televisionwhenyoucomehometonight.(watch) 10.What_____________you________________________atthistimetomorrow?(do)
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Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negativeandb)interrogative: 1.They´llberunningupthehillatmidday. 2.Hanswillbeworkingallmorningtomorrow. 3.Thestudentswillbetakingatestat10. 4.Mikewillbewashinghiscarinthemorning.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhat,Where,Howlong,etc. 1.They´llbehavingdinnerat8thisevening. ___________________________________________________ 2.JanetwillbetravellinginAsiafor2weeks. ___________________________________________________ 3.I´llbeworkinginthelabtomorrowmorning. ___________________________________________________ 4.Jimwon´tbeworkingtomorrowbecauseit´saholiday.___________________________________________________ 5.I´llbestayingattheCarltonHotelinLondon. ___________________________________________________ 6.Thetrainwillbearrivingat12:30tomorrow. ___________________________________________________ 7.Mr.JacksonwillbeattendingameetingatthistimeonThursday.__________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 8.Myfriendswillbetakingtheirfinalexamsbythistimenextmonth. _________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Ex.4.UsetheverbsprovidedintheSimpleFutureortheFutureContínuousTense: 1.They________________________dinnerat8:45thisevening.(have) 2.They________________________Brazilnextmonth.(visit) 3.Atthistimetomorrow,we________________________,ofcourse.(work) 4.Mr.Smith________not__________________homefordinnertonight.(come) 5.They________________________inBostonatthistimenextyear.(live) 6.They________________________ataChineserestauranttonight.(havedinner) 7.Mary________________________dinnerwhenJohngetshometonight.(cook) 8.Where_________they________________________whentheyvisitParisinJune?(stay) 9.What_______________you________________________atmiddayonSunday?(do) 10.___________they________________________theirholidaysinChileagainnextyear?(spend) Ex.5.ReviewPractice.Usetheproperverbtenseoftheverbsprovided.UsethePresent,thePastortheFuture tenses,intheirSimpleorContínuousforms: 1.Listen!Mary______________________________thepianonow.(play) 2.We________________________ourvacationinMajorcanextyear.(spend) 3.At10:30lastnight,we______________________________television.(watch) 4.Johnusually______________________________hereonTuesday.(come) 5.Mr.Helms________________________averygoodmovielastnight.(see) 6.They_________not________________________Englishveryoften.(practise) 7.What___________you________________________atthistimeyesterday?(do) 8.They____________not________________________thestoryatthemoment.(read) 9.What_____________theJohnsons________________________lastSaturday?(do) 10.W___________Mary________________________atthistimetomorrow?(do 11.____________n´tyou________________________thenewspaperthismorning?(buy) 12.Jane__________n´t__________________________toseemeeveryday.(come) 13.____________youalways________________________homeatmidday?(phone) 14._________yourfriends__________________youwhenyouarrivedattheirhomeyesterday?(expect) 15.Where_______________they__________________whenWorldWarIIstarted?(live) 16.Howoften________yourfriend________________________toyou?(write) 17.Whattime__________________you__________________thismorning?(getup) 18.Whattime__________________you__________________heretomorrow?(be) 142
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19.They______________n´t________________________outtonightbecauseit´stoocold.(go) 20.When_____________theJohnsons________________________,todayortomorrow?(arrive) 21.Howlong__________you________________________atthehotelthistime,twoorthreenights?(stay) 22.Walternever______________________________inbed,asarule.(smoke) 23.A:Why________you________________________yoursweateryesterday?(puton) B:Becauseitwastoocold. 24.A:Why________n´tHelen_____________________abroadonhervacationlastsummer?(travel) B:Becauseshehatesflying.
PARTII A. MAKINGREQUESTS-(SOLICITANDOSERVICIOSOFAVORES) Parasolicitarqueunapersonahagaalgúnservicioofavor,generalmenteseusanlassiguientesfórmulas: • • • • • •
Canyou.+infinitive...please?(Informal) Willyou+infinitive...,please?(Informal) Imperative,please+willyou?(Informal) Couldyou+infinitive...,please?(Formal) Wouldyou+infinitive...,please?(Formal) Wouldyoumind+...ing...please?(Muyformal)
Canyouopenthedoorplease? Willyouhelpmeplease? Listentomeplease,willyou? Couldyouspeakmoreslowly,please? Wouldyousignyournamehere,please? Wouldyoumindwaitingoutside,please?
Normalmenteestassolicitudesserespondenconexpresionescomolassiguientes: • Withpleasure/wiδpléllar/Conmuchogusto • Sure/shúar/seguro • Certainly/sé:rtenli/Porcierto • Ofcourse/ovkó:rz/Porsupuesto Escuche,leayaprenda: 1. A:Couldyouhelpme,please? B:Withpleasure
2.A:Willyoulendmeyourpen,please? B:Sure
EXERCISES Ex.1.Asksomebodytodothefollowingthings,usingCanyou...,please?,orWillyou...please?,insteadof thesimpleimperativeform.(insteadof=envezde) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Speakmoreslowly. Helpmeopenthesuitcase. Openthewindow. Comebackthisafternoon.. Payattention,.. Bequiet.. Sitonthischair.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2.Asksomebodytodothefollowingthings,usingCouldyou...please?orWouldyou...please? 1.Speakmoreslowly. 2.Waitformeinthelobby. 3.Repeatyourquestion. 4.Signyournamehere. 5.Turntheradiodown.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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6.Takeoffyourhat. 7.Usetheotherelevator.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.3.RepeatthepreviousexerciseusingthepoliteformWouldyoumind...ing,please? 1Speakmoreslowly. 2.Waitformeinthelobby. 3.Repeatyourquestion. 4.Signyournamehere. 5.Turntheradiodown. 6.Takeoffyourhat. 7.Usetheotherelevator.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.4.Makerequests.Followtheinstructionscarefully. 1. YouwantSr.PereztohelpyoutranslatethisletterintoSpanish.Askhim. You:_________________________________________________________________ ? Peter:WithPleasure 2. Youwantafriendtogiveyouahand(=helpyou).Askhim. You:__________________________________________________________ ,John? John:Certainly. 3. Youwantsomebodytospellhis/hersurnameforyou.Askhim/herpolitely. You:_________________________________________________________________ ? He/She:Yes,ofcourse.S-M-I-T-H,Smith 4. YouwantMaríatocallyouuptomorrowmorning.Askhertodothatinformally. You:María,__________________________________________________________ ? María:Yes,certainly.Atwhattimedoyouwantmetocallyouup? 5. YouwantyourbrotherTomtoturndowntheradio.Askhim. You:____________________________________________________________ ,Tom? Tom::Ofcourse.Ididn´tknowyouwerestudying. 6. Youwantastrangertoshowyouthewaytotherailwaystation.Askhim. You:_________________________________________________________ ,please? Stranger:Sure,Walkalongthisstreetasfarasthetrafficlightsandthenturnleft. B. ASKINGFORPERMISSION(SOLICITANDOPERMISO) Parasolicitarpermisoparahaceralgodebemosusarlassiguientesfórmulas: • • • •
CanI+Infinitive?(Informal) MayI+Infinitive?(Formal) DoyoumindifI+Infinitive?(Formal) Wouldyouallowmeto+Infinitive?(Formal)
CanIopenthedoor? MayIaskaquestion? DoyoumindifIsmoke? Wouldyouallowmetousethephone?
Normalmenteestassolicitudesserespondenconexpresionescomo: • Sure,goahead. • Pleasedo. • Pleasedon´t. Escuche,leayaprenda: A:CanIuseyourcomputer,John? B:Sure,goahead.
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A:DoyoumindifIopenthewindow? B:Pleasedon´t.It´stoocold.
EXERCISES Ex.1.Askpermissiontodothings.Followtheinstructionscarefully. 1. YouwanttoturnontheTV.Askyourmother´spermission. You: _____________________________________________________________________________________ ,mum? Yourmother:Yes,butkeepthevolumedown,please.I´mworking. 2. Youareavisitorandyouwanttousethetelephone.Askyourhost´spermission. You:____________________________________________________________________________________________ Host:Sure,goahead. 3. You´reataconference.Youwanttoaskaquestion.Askthespeaker´spermission. You: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Speaker:Certainly.Pleaseusethemicrophonesoeveryonecanhearyourquestion,please. 4. Youwanttouseyourfriend´slighter.Askhispermission. You:______________________________________________________________________________________ ,Bob? Bob:Sure,hereyouare. 5. You´resittingnexttoanoldmanonthebus.Youwanttoopenthewindow.Askhispermission. You: ________________________________________________________________________________________,Sir? Oldman:Pleasedon´topenit.I´vegotabadcold. 6. Youareatafriend´shouse.Youwanttotakealookathisnewspaper.Askhispermission. You: _____________________________________________________________________________________ ,Jack? Jack.It´sallyours.Idon´tneeditnow.Ireaditthismorning. 7. MrJacksonisworkinginhisoffice.Youwanttogoin.Askhispermission. You: ________________________________________________________________________________ ,MrJackson. Mr.Jackson:Sure,comeinplease. C. OFFERINGTODOSOMETHING.(OFRECIENDOSEAHACERALGO) Cuandonosofrecemosahaceralgoporalguienpodemosusarlassiguientesestructuras: • ShallI+Infinitive? • Doyouwantmeto+Infinitive? • Wouldyoulikemeto+Infinitive?
ShallIhelpyou? Doyouwantmetogetyouataxi? Wouldyoulikemetocarryyourbagstotheroom,Sir?
Normalmenteestosofrecimientosserespondenconexpresionescomo: • Yes,please • No,thankyou.Icandoitmyself/Icanmanageitmyself EXERCISES Ex.1.Offeryourselftodothesethings: 1. toturnthelighton.
ShallI____________________________________________ ? Yes,please.It´sgettingdark
2. tospellyourlastname.
Doyouwantmeto_________________________________ ? Yes,pleasedo.MySpanishisnotverygood
3. toshutthewindow.
ShallI____________________________________________ ? Yes,please.It´stoocoldoutside. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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4. togetmesomecoffeeandasandwich.
Wouldyoulikemeto_______________________________ ? Yes,please.I´malittlehungry.
5. torepeatyourquestion.
Doyouwantmeto_________________________________ ? No,thanks.It´snotnecessary
6. tospeakmoreslowly.
Wouldyoulikemeto_______________________________ ? Yes,please.Idon´tunderstandEnglishverywellyet.
7. tocallbacklatertoday.
ShallI____________________________________________ ? Pleasedo.I´mabitbusyrightnow.
8. tohelpmecompletetheapplicationform.
Doyouwantmeto_________________________________ ? No,thanks.Icanmanagemyself.
9.totellMarythatIwanttoseeher.
ShallI____________________________________________ ? Yes,please.Ineedtotellhersomething
10.totranslatethisletterintoEnglish
Wouldyoulikemeto_______________________________ ? Yes,please.Idon´tunderstandFrench.
D. INVITINGORSUGGESTINGTODOSOMETHINGTOGETHER.(INVITANDOOSUGIRIENDOHACERALGOEN CONJUNTO) Parainvitarosugerirunaacciónconjuntanormalmenteseusanexpresionescomoestas: • • • • • •
Shallwe+infinitive? Doyouwantto+Infinitive Wouldyouliketo+infinitive? Whydon´twe+Infinitive? Howabout+...ing? Let´s+infinitive
Shallwegotoadiscothisevening? Doyouwanttoplaycardsnow? Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithustonight? Whydon´twesitdownandtalkforawhile? Howaboutgoingoutforawalk? Let´stakeawalkafterdinner.
Lasinvitacionesosugerenciasdeestetiposerespondenconexpresionescomolassiguientes: • • • •
Goodidea!Let´sdothat. Sure,Whynot? Yes,certainly/Yes,ofcourse. SorryIcan´t.I´mtoobusy/It´stoolate/Ihavetostudyforatest,etc.
EXERCISES Ex.1.Inviteorsuggestyourfriendstodothefollowingactivitiestogether: 1.Togotothemoviesafterdinnertonight.
Why_____________________________________________ ? Goodidea.Let´sdothat.
2.Togototheseasidenextweekend.
Let´s_______________________________________________ Yes,that´sagoodidea.
3.Tositonthegrassandrestforawhile.
Howabout _______________________________________ ? Idon´tthinkweshould.It´sgettinglate.
4.Tospendthesummerholidayswithus.
Wouldyou________________________________________ ? Ofcourse!We´dloveto.
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5.ToinvitetheSmithstodinneroneevening.
Why_____________________________________________ ? Sure.Whynot.They´reverynicepeople.
6.Toplaytennistomorrowmorning.
Let´s_______________________________________________ Yes,let´sdothat.I´llbefreeallmorningtomorrow.
7.Totravelbyboatinsteadofbyplane
_________________________________________________ ? Ithinkweshouldtravelbyplane.It´smuchcheaper.
8.TostayathomeandwatchTV.
Howabout _______________________________________ ? I´drather(preferiría)gooutforawalk.It´sapleasantevening.
9.Togototheartsexhibition.
Wouldyou________________________________________ ? Yes,I´dloveto.It´saveryinterestingexhibition.
10.Totakeataxitotheairport
Why_____________________________________________ ? Yes,let´sdothat,orelsewe´llmissourplane
PARTIII. A. ALSO,TOO,ASWELLANDSO(TAMBIÉN);NOT...EITHERANDNEITHER/NOR(TAMPOCO);BUT(PERO) Studythefollowingchart
+
+
-
-
+
-
-
+
Also Too Aswell
Johnwenttotheparty.Peteralsowenttotheparty. Johnwenttotheparty.Peterwenttotheparty,too. Johnwenttotheparty.Peterwenttothepartyaswell.
SO+MV+S
JohnwenttothepartyandsodidPeter.
Not...either
Johndidn´tgototheparty.Peterdidn´tgotothepartyeither.
NEITHER+MV+S/NOR+MV+S
Johndidn´tgotothepartyandneitherdidPeter Or Johndidn´tgotothepartyandnordidPeter.
But
Johnwenttotheparty,butpeterdidn´tgototheparty. Johndidn´tliketheparty,butpeterlikedtheparty.
BUT+S+Contr./ BUT+S+MV
Johnwenttotheparty,butpeterdidn´t. Johndidn´tliketheparty,butpeterdid.
1. LaspalabrasALSO,TOOyASWELLsignificanTAMBIEN.Alsoseusaantesdeunverboprincipal,mientrasque laspalabrastooyaswellseusanalfinaldelasoraciones. Escuche,leayaprenda. 1) 3)
Mary: Ireallylikethatdress. Jane:Ialsolikeitverymuch. Mike: Johnwassleepingatthetime. Tom: Andhisbrotherwassleepingaswell.
2) John: Marywillcometothepartytonight. Peter:AndJanetwillcometoo!
2. LapalabraSOesunsinónimodeALSO,TOOyASWELLyseusaparaabreviaryhacermásfluídalaconversación. SOvaseguidadeunVerboModal+Sujeto 1) Mary:Ireallylikethatdress. Jane:SodoI.
2) John.Marywillcometothepartytonight. Peter:AndsowillJanet! Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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3) Mike: Johnwassleepingatthetime. Tom: Andsowashisbrother. 3. LaspalabrasNOT...EITHER(tampoco)puedenserreemplazadasporNEITHER(oNOR)paraabreviaryhacermás fluidalaconversación. Escuche,leayaprenda. 1a)Peter:Idon´tlikeclassicalmusic. Mary: Idon´tlikeiteither.
2a)John: Ididn´tseeyouatthemeetingyesterday. Ann: Ididn´tseeyoueither.
1b)Peter:Idon´tlikeclassicalmusic. Mary: NeitherdoI.
2b)John: Ididn´tseeyouatthemeetingyesterday. Ann: NordidI!
4. LapalabraBUTseusatantoenlaformacompletacomoenlaformaabreviada. Escuche,leayaprenda. 1a)Ruthdidn´tseetheaccidentBUTJanesawit. 2a)JohnwillgotothemeetingBUTMarywon´tgo. 2b)Ruthdidn´tseetheaccidentBUTJanedid. 2b)JohnwillgotothemeetingBUTMarywon´t. EXERCISES Ex.1.UseALSO/TOO/ASWELL,EITHER,orBUT 1.Peterlikesdogsverymuchandhissisterlikesthemverymuch___________________ 2.MrJohnsonisn´tgoingtoattendthemeeting,___________________MrClarkis(goingtoattendthemeeting). 3.Theboysdidn´tgotothelabandthegirlsdidn´tgo___________________ 4.We´vegotabighouse.They´ve___________________gotabigone. 5.Peterdoesn´tunderstandItalian.Idon´tunderstandit___________________ 6.Ican´tdriveacar,___________________myhusbandcan. 7.JohnisgoingtotraveltoEuropeandwe´regoingtotravelthere___________________ 8.MaryisgoingtogotoSpain,___________________Johnisnotgoingtogothere.He´sgoingtogotoFrance. 9.Doyou___________________speakSpanish,ordoyouspeakanotherlanguage? 10.Soyoudon´tspeakSpanishandyoudon´tspeakItalian________________.Whatlanguagedoyouspeak,then? Ex.2a.FirstuseALSO/TOO/ASWELLandthenuseSO,asintheexamples:
Boblikescoffee.(Jane) 1.MarycanspeakItalianwell.(Carmen) 2.1eatlunchinthecafeteria.(thesecretary) 3.Johnwalkstoschool.(I) 4.Shecomeshereeveryday.(he) 5.Johnwenttothemovieswithus(Peter) 6.Helikedthepicture.(We) 7.1watchTVafterdinner.(mywife) 8.Marylikespiefordessert.(thechildren)
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BoblikescoffeeandJanealsolikescoffee. BoblikescoffeeandSOdoesJANE. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
9.1atethereyesterday(myfriends) 10.Wewillgobytrain.(they) 11.Mycarisveryold.(mywife’scar) 12.Theywereverybusy.(I) 13.Maryshouldworkharder.(you) 14.Theymustpaymore.(we)
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2b.Now,firstuseNOT...EITHER.ThenuseNEITHER(orNOR),asintheexample
Bobdoesn’tlikecoffeeandJanedoesn’tlikecoffeeeither. Bobdoesn´tlikecoffeeandNEITHERDOESJANE.
1.Marycan´tspeakItalianwell.(Carmen) 2.Idon´teatlunchinthecafeteria.(thesecretary) 3.Johndoesn´tgotoschool.(I) 4.Shedoesn´tcomehereeveryday.(he) 5.Johndidn´tgotothemovies.(Peter) 6.Hedidn´tlikethepicture(We) 7.Idon´twatchTVafterdinner(Mywife) 8.Marydoesn´tlikepiefordessert.(Thechildren) 9.Ididn´teatthereyesterday.(Myfriends) 10.Wewon´tgobytrain.(They) 11.Mycarisn´tveryold.(Mywife´scar) 12.Theyweren´tverybusy.(I) 13.Maryshouldn´tworkharder.(you) 14.Theymustn´tpaymore.(we)
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Ex.3.CompletethesesentenceswithBUT,asintheexamples Boblikescoffee.(Jane) Boblikescoffee,butJanedoesn´t. Bobdoesn´tlikecoffee,butJanedoes. 1.MarycanspeakItalianwell.(Carmen) 2.1eatlunchinthecafeteria.(thesecretary) 3.Johnwalkstoschool.(I)
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4.Shecomeshereeveryday.(he) 5.Johnwenttothemovieswithus.(Peter) 6.Helikedthepicture.(We) 7.1watchTVafterdinner.(mywife) 8.Marylikespiefordessert.(thechildren) 9.1atethereyesterday.(myfriends) 10.Wewillgobytrain.(they) 11.Mycarisveryold.(mywife’scar) 12.Theywereverybusy.(I) 13.Maryshouldn´tworkharder.(you) 14.Theymustpaymore.(we)
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B. POSITIONOFINDIRECTOBJECT(posicióndelcomplementoindirecto) SonVerbosTransitivosaquellosquevanseguidosdeunComplementoDirecto(DirectObject).LosverbosTosend yTobuysonverbostransitivosporquevanseguidosdeuncomplementodirecto.Elcomplementodirectoresponde alapreguntaWhat?Enlaoración,”Petersentaletteryesterday”elcomplementodirectoeslafrase“aletter”porque respondealapregunta,“WhatdidPetersendyesterday”.Delmismomodo,enlaoración“Maryboughtapairofshoes”, lafrase“apairofshoes”eselcomplementodirectoporquerespondealapregunta,“WhatdidMarybuy?. Asuvez,elcomplementodirectopuedeirseguidoporunComplementoIndirecto(IndirectObject).Enlaoración “PetersentalettertoMrSmithyesterday”elcomplementoindirectoes“MrSmith”yenlaoración“Maryboughtapair ofshoesforherson”,elcomplementoindirectoes“herson”.Comoud.habráadvertidoloscomplementosdirectos eindirectosvanunidosporlaspreposicionestooforElcomplementoindirectosereconoceporquerespondealas preguntastowhom?(¿aquién?)oforwhom?(¿Paraquién?):“TowhomdidPetersendaletteryesterday”?“For whomdidMarybuyapairofshoes”? Elordendeloscomplementosdirectoeindirectopuedeserinvertido,peroenesecasosedebenomitirlaspreposiciones toofor.Lainversióndelordendeloscomplementosdirectoeindirectoesmuycomúncuandoelcomplementoindirecto esunpronombrecomplementario(objectpronoun) Escuche,leayaprenda. PetersentalettertoMrSmithyesterday PetersentMrSmithaletteryesterday=
Petersenthimaletteryesterday.
Maryboughtapairofshoesforherson. Maryboughthersonapairofshoes=
Maryboughthimapairofshoes.
Ex.1.Placetheindirectobjectbeforethedirectobject: 1.Hegavethemoneytome. 2.Shebroughtthebooktome. 3.Hesentalettertome. 4.Hetoldthestorytous. 5.Theteachergavesomedictationtous. 6.Hesentsomecandytohissister. 150
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7.Heboughtsomeflowersforhiswife 8.Hegavearingto(=phoned)hisfriend. 9.Theysentaninvitationtous. 10.Johnlentsomemoneytohisfriends. 11.Willyoulendyourpentome? 12.Hegavesomeexcellentadvicetoallofus.
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Ex.2,Placetheindirectobjectafterthedirectobject: 1.Hegavemesomebooks. 2.Theygaveussomemagazines. 3.Hesenthismotherseveralletters. 4.Theybroughtusmanypresentsfromabroad. 5.1gavehimthenotewhichyousent. 6.Pleasegiveussomedictationtoday. 7.Theysentusaninvitationtotheparty. 8.Henrytoldusthestoryofhistrip. 9.Johngladlylentmethemoney. 10.Pleaselendmeyourpencilforafewminutes. 11.Theysentusthematerialrightaway. 12.Pleasehandmethatbook.
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BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords OURHEALTH/áuarhél(/Lasalud arthritis/a:rθráitis/ blister/blíster/ chicken-pox/tchíkinpoks/ chilblain/tchilblein/ chills/tchilz/ cold/kóuld/ colic/kólik/ constipation/konstipéishn/ diarrhea/daiaría/ disease/disí:z/ earache/iareik/ fever/fí:ver/ flu/flu:/ hayfever/héifí:ver/ headache/hédeik/ health/hélθ/ heartattack/ha:rætatæ´k/
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artritis ampolla alfombrilla sabañón escalofríos resfrío cólico estitiquez colitis enfermedad dolordeoídos fiebre gripe fiebredelheno dolordecabeza salud parocardiaco
illness/ílnis/ enfermedad insomnia/insómnia/ insomnio mumps/mamps/ parotiditis nervousbreakdown/né:rvasbréikdaun/depresión pain/pein/ dolor rheumatism/rúmatizm/ reumatismo runnynose/ráninouz/ romadizo sickness/síknis/ mareo smallpox/smolpoks/ viruela faringitis sorethroat/só:rθróut/ stomach-ache/stómakeik/ dolordeestómago stroke/stróuk/ trombosis tonsilítis/tonsiláitis/ amigdalitis toothache/tuθeik/ dolordemuelas typhus/táifus/ tifus whoopingcough/hú:piηkof/ tosconvulsiva.
KEYTOANSWERS
UNIT11 PARTI Ex.1.1.willbeworking2.willbetravelling3.willbedriving4.willbeentertaining5.willbevisiting.6.willbedoing7. willbeplaying8.willbeworkingout9.willbewatching10.will-bedoing Ex.2.1Theywon´tberunning.../Willtheyberunning...?2.Hanswon´tbeworking.../WillHansbeworking...? 3. The students won´t be taking... / Will the students be taking...? 4. Mike won´t be washing... / Will Mike be washing...? Ex.3.1Whatwilltheybedoingat8thisevening?2.HowlongwillJanetbetravellinginAsia?3.Wherewillyoube workingtomorrowmorning?4.Whywon´tJimbeworkingtomorrow?5.Where/Inwhichhotelwillyoubestayingin London?6.Atwhattimewillthetrainbearrivingtomorrow?7.WhatwillMrJacksonbedoingatthistimeonThursday? 8.Whatwillyourfriendsbedoingbythistimenextmonth? Ex.4.1.willbehaving2.willvisit3.willbeworking4.will-come5.willbeliving6.willhavedinner7.willbecooking 8.will-stay9.Will-bedoing10.Will-spend. Ex.5.1.isplaying2.willspend/aregoingtospend/arespending3.werewatching4.comes5.saw6.do-practice 7.were-doing8.are-reading9.did-do10.will-bedoing11.Did-buy12.does-come13.Do-phone14.Were -expecting15.were-living16.does-write17.did-getup18.will-be/are-goingtobe19.will-go/are-going togo/are-going20.will-arrive/are-goingtoarrive/are-arriving21.will-stay/are-goingtostay/are-staying 22.smokes23.did-puton24.did-travel
PARTII A. Ex.1.1.Canyou/Willyouspeak...please?2.Canyou/Willyouhelp...please?3Canyou/Willyouopen..please? 4.Canyou/Willyoucome...please?5.Canyou/Willyoupay...please?6.Canyou/Willyoube...please?7.Canyou /Willyousit...please? Ex.2.1.Couldyou/Wouldyouspeak...,please?2Couldyou/Wouldyouwait...,please?3.Couldyou/Wouldyou repeat...,please?4.Couldyou/Wouldyousign...,please?5.Couldyou/Wouldyouturn...,please?6.Couldyou/ Wouldyoutake...,please?7.Couldyou/Wouldyouuse...,please? Ex.3.1.Wouldyoumindspeaking...,please?2.Wouldyoumindwaiting...,please?3.Wouldyoumindrepeating..., please?4.Wouldyoumindsigning...,please?5.Wouldyoumindturning...,please?6.Wouldyoumindtaking..., please?7.Wouldyoumindusing...,please? Ex.4.1.Couldyou/Wouldyouhelpme...,MrPerez?Wouldyoumindhelpingme...MrPerez?2.Canyou/Willyou giveme...?3.Couldyou/Wouldyouspell...please?/Wouldyoumindspelling...,please?4.Canyou/Willyoucall meup...?5.Canyou/Willyouturndown...?6.Couldyou/Wouldyoushowme...,please?/Wouldyoumindshowing me...,please? B. Ex.1.1.CanIturn...?2.MayI/DoyoumindifIuse...?3.MayI/DoyoumindifIask...?4.CanIuseyour...?5.May I/DoyoumindifIopen...?6.CanItake...?7.MayI/DoyoumindifIgoin...? C. Ex.1.1.turn...2.tospellmy...3.shut...4.metogetyou...5.metorepeatmy...6.metospeak...7.callback...8.me tohelpyou...9.tellMarythatyou...10.metotranslate... D. Ex.1.1.don´twego...?2.go...3.sitting...andresting...4.liketospend...5.don´tweinvite... 6.play...7.don´twetravel...8.staying...andwatching...9.liketogo...10.don´twetake... Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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PARTIII A. Ex.1.1.too/aswell2.but3.either4.also5.either6.but7.too/aswell8.but9.also10.either Ex.2a.1.Marycan...andCarmencan...,too/Marycan...andsocanCarmen2.Ieat...andthesecreatryalsoeats... /Ieat...andsodoesthesecretary.3.Johnwalks...andIwalk...aswell/Johnwalks...andsodoI4.Shecomes...and hecomes...too/Shecomes...andsodoeshe5.Johnwent...andPeteralsowent.../Johnwent...andsodidPeter.6. Heliked...andweliked...aswell/Heliked...andsodidwe7.Iwatch...andmywifealsowatches.../Iwatch...andso doesmywife8.Marylikes...andthechildrenalsolike.../Marylikes...andsodothechildren9.Iate...andmyfriends alsoate.../Iate...andsodidmyfriends.10.Wewillgo...andtheywillalsogo.../We´llgo...andsowillthey.11.My caris...andmywife´scaris...,too./Mycar´sveryoldandsoismywife´s(car)12.Theywere...andIwas...aswell/ Theywere...andsowasI13.Maryshouldwork...andyoushouldwork...too/Maryshouldwork...andsoshouldyou. 14.Theymustpayandwemustpay...aswell./Theymustpay...andsomustwe Ex.2b.1.Marycan´t...andCarmencan´t...either/Marycan´t...andneither/norcanCarmen2.Idon´teat...andthe secretarydoesn´teat...either/Idon´teat...andneither/nordoesthesecretary.3.Johndoesn´twalk...andIdon´t walk...either/Johndoesn´twalk...andneither/nordoI4.Shedoesn´tcome...andhedoesn´tcome...either/She doesn´tcome...andneither/nordoeshe5.Johndidn´tgo...andPeterdidin´tgo.../Johndidn´tgo...andneither/nor didPeter.6.Hedidn´tlike...andwedidn´tlike...either/Hedidn´tlike...andneither/nordidwe7.Idon´twatch...and mywifedoesn´twatch...either./Idon´twatch...andneither/nordoesmywife8.Marydoesn´tlike...andthechildren don´tlike...either/Marydoesn´tlike...andneither/nordothechildren9.Idiidn´teat...andmyfriendsdidn´teat...either /Ididn´teat...andneither/nordidmyfriends.10.Wewon´tgo...andtheywon´tgo...either/Wewon´tgo...andneither /norwillthey.11.Mycarisn´t...andmywife´scarisn´t...either/Mycarisn´tveryoldandneither/norismywife´s(car) 12.Theyweren´t...andIwasn´t...either/Theyweren´t...andneither/norwasI.13.Maryshouldn´twork...andyou shouldn´twork...either/Maryshouldwork...andneither/norshouldyou.14.Theymustn´tpay...andwemustn´tpay... either/Theymustpay...andneither/normustwe Ex.3.1.Marycanspeak...butCarmencan´t/Marycan´tspeak...butCarmencan2.Ieat...butthesecretarydoesn´t /Idon´teat...butthesecretarydoes3.Johnwalks...butIdon´t./Johndoesn´twalk...butIdo.4.Shecomes...but hedoesn´t/Shedoesn´tcome...buthedoes.5.Johnwent...butPeterdidn´t/Johndidn´tgo...butPeterdid.6.He liked...butwedidn´t/Hedidn´tlike...butwedid.7.Iwatch...butmywifedoesn´t./Idon´twatch...butmywifedoes. 8.Marylikes...butthechildrendon´t./Marydoesn´tlike...butthechildrendo.9.Iate...butmyfriendsdidn´t/Ididn´t eat...butmyfriendsdid.10.We´llgo...buttheywon´t./Wewon´tgo...buttheywill.11.Mywife´scaris...butmywife´s carisn´t/Mycarisn´t...butmywife´scaris.12.Theywere...butIwasn´t./Theyweren´t...butIwas.13.Maryshould work...butyoushouldn´t/Maryshouldn´twork...butyoushould.14.Theymustpay...butwemustn´t/Theymustn´t pay...butwemust B. Ex.1.1.Hegavemethemoney2.Shebroughtmethebook.3Hesentmealetter4.Hetoldusthestory5.The teachergaveussomedictation6.Hesenthissistersomecandy.7.Heboughthiswifesomeflowers.8.Hegavehis friendaring.9.Theysentusaninvitation.10.Johnlenthisfriendssomemoney11.Willyoulendmeyourpen?12. Hegaveallofussomeexcellentadvice Ex.2.1.Hegavesomebookstome.2.Theygavesomemagazinestous.3.Hesentseveralletterstohismother. 4.Theybroughtmanypresentstousfromabroad.5.1gavethenotewhichyousenttohim.6.Pleasegivesome dictationtoustoday.7.Theysentaninvitationtothepartytous.8.Henrytoldthestoryofhistriptous.9.Johngladly lentthemoneytome.10.Pleaselendyourpenciltomeforafewminutes.11.Theysentthematerialtousrightaway.12. Pleasehandthatbookto
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UNIT12 PARTIELTIEMPOPRESENTEPERFECTO(THEPRESENTPERFECTTENSE) INTRODUCCIÓN SonTIEMPOSPERFECTOStodoslostiemposverbalescompuestosporunaformadelverbomodaloauxiliarHAVE (haber)másunPARTICIPIOPASADO(3ra.forma)deunverboprincipal.ComoUd.puedever,ahoradeberáaprenderla 3ra.formaoParticipioPasadodelosverbosregulareseirregularesdeusomásfrecuente.RecuerdequesonVERBOS REGULAREStodosaquellosverbosqueformanelPasadoyelPasadoParticipioagregandoelsufijo-do-edal infinitivodelverbo.Ej.Towork-worked-worked;Todecide-decided-decided;Tostudy-studied-studied.Son VERBOSIRREGULAREStodosaquellosverbosqueformanelPasadoyelPasadoParticipioenformadiferente, yporlotantoUd.debeaprenderlosymemorizarlos.Curiosamente,lamayoríadenuestrasaccionesoactividades cotidianasseexpresanconverbosirregulares. TambiénesimportanterecordaraquíqueelverboHAVEeninglésyHABERenespañoltienenlassiguientesformas enlostiempospresente,pasadoyfuturo: Presente
Pasado
Futuro
Inglés
Español
Inglés
Español
Inglés
Español
Ihave Youhave Hehas Shehas Ithas Wehave Youhave Theyhave
Yohe Túhas Elha Ellaha El/Ellaha Nos.hemos Uds.han Elloshan
Ihad Youhad Hehad Shehad Ithad Wehad Youhad Theyhad
Yohabía Túhabías Elhabía Ellahabía El/Ellahabía Nos.Habíamos Uds.habían Elloshabían
Iwillhave Youwillhave Hewillhave Shewillhave Itwillhave Wewillhave Youwillhave Theywillhave
Yohabré Túhabrás Elhabrá Ellahabrá El/Ellahabrá Nos.habremos Uds.habrán Elloshabrán
Ejemplos: Ihaveseen = Yohevisto Ihadseen = Yohabíavisto Iwillhaveseen = Yohabrévisto
Maryhasbeen = Maryhaestado Maryhadbeen = Maryhabíaestado Marywillhavebeen = Maryhabráestado
Theyhaveworked = Elloshantrabajado Theyhadworked = Elloshabíantrabajado Theywillhaveworked = Elloshabrántrabajado ELTIEMPOPRESENTEPERFECTO(THEPRESENTPERFECTTENSE) ElPresentePerfectoseformaconelpresentedelverbomodalHAVE(have /hæv/oHAS /h_z/)máselPASADO PARTICIPIOdeunverboprincipal.Recuerdequesepuedenformarcontracciones,comoporejemplo:I´ve... /aiv/, You´ve.../iu:v/,He´s.../hí:z/,She´s/shí:z,etc. Escuche,leayaprenda: Ihaveseenthatmovietwice./áihavsí:nδætmúvitwáis/ I´vebeentherebefore./áivbí:nδéarbifó:r/ Maryhaswrittenanothernovel./mérihazrítenanáδernóvel/ Peter´sboughtanewcar./pí:tezbó:taniú:ká:r/ Wehavefinishedourjob./wí:havfínishtáuardllób/ They´veansweredtheletter./δéivá:nserdδeléter/
Yohevistoesapelículadosveces Yoheestadoallíantes. Maríahaescritootranovela Peterhacompradounautonuevo Nosotroshemosterminadonuestrotrabajo. Elloshancontestadolacarta. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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ElPresentePerfectoseusaenlossiguientescasos: • Paradescribirunaacciónqueacabadesuceder.EsfrecuenteaquíelusodelapalabraJUST /dllást/antesdel pasadoparticipio. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Thetrainhasjustarrived./δetréinhazdllástarráivd/Eltrenacabadellegar They´vejustleft./δéivdllástléft/Ellosacabanderetirarse/irse • Parareferirseaunaacciónquehaocurridoantes(BEFORE/bifó:r/)oúltimamente(LATELY/léitli/),sinespecificar cuándoexactamenteellaocurrió. Lea,escucheyaprenda: IamsurethatI´veseenthatfilmbefore. /áimshó:r δatáivsí:n δtfílmbifó:r/Estoysegurodequehevistoesapelícula antes She´sbeenherelately./shizbí:nhíarléitli/Ellahaestadoaquíúltimamente • Paraindicarquelaacciónexpresadaporelverbohasidorealizadavariasvecesalafechadehoy.Lasexpresiones detiempomásusadasenestecasoson:once/wáns/,twice /twáis/,severaltimes /sévraltámiz/,manytimes /méni támiz/,threeorfourtimes/θrí:orfó:rtámiz/,etc. Lea,escucheyaprenda: I´veseenthatdocumentarytwice./áivsí:nδatdokiuméntritwáis/Yohevistoesedocumentaldosveces We´vebeeninNewYorkseveraltimes./wí:vbí:ninniú:ió:rksévraltamiz/NosotroshemosestadoenNuevaYorkvarias veces • Parareferirseaunaacciónquecomenzóenelpasadoyhacontinuadohastaeldíadehoy,hastaeste momento.LasexpresionesdetiempomásusadasenestecasosonSINCE/síns/(desde)yFOR/for/(por,durante). Mientrassincevaseguidodeunafechauhora,lapalabraforvaseguidadeunperíodo:sincelastMonday/sinslá: stmándi/;since1978/insnáintinséventiéit/,since10:30/sinsténθé:rti/;for2weeks/fortú:wí:ks/;fortenyears/fortényíarz/. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Tomhasworkedheresince1992./tómhazwé:rkthíarsinsnáintinnáintitú:/Tomhatrabajadoaquídesde1992 Wehavelivedhereforseveralyears./wí:havlívdhíarforsévralyíarz/Hemosvividoaquiporvariosaños •Sonfrecuentes,tambien,laspreguntasquecomienzanconHAVEYOUEVER...? /haviúéver.../ HaUd...alguna vez...? Lea,escucheyaprenda: A: Haveyoueverdrunktequila?/haviú:éverdræηktekíla/¿Hastomadotequilaalgunavez? B: No,never/nóu/néver/No,nunca A: Havetheyevervisitedyouinthewinter? /háv δéiévervízitidiú:in δewínter/¿Tehanvisitadoellosalgunavezenel invierno? B. Yes,once.Theyvisitedmeinthewinterof1995./yéswánsδéivízitidmiinδewínter vnáintinnáitifáiv/Sí,unavez.Ellos mevisitaronenelinviernode1995 • TambiénsedebeusarelPresentePerfectoconlasexpresionesALREADY/olrédi/(ya)yYET/yét/(aún).Already siempreseusaenoracionesafirmativas;enlasnegacionesdedebeusaryet.Enlasinterrogacionessepuedeusar indistintamentealreadyoyet.
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Lea,escucheyaprenda: I´vealreadyseenthatmovie./áivolrédisí:nθætmú:vi/Yoyahevistoesapelícula. Wehaven´thadbreakfastyet./wí:hæventhædbrékfastyet/Nohemostomadodesayunoaún. Hasthetrainarrivedalready/yet?/hazδetréinarráivdolrédi/yet/¿Hallegadoyaeltren? EnlaformanegativaseusalapalabraNOTentreHAVE/HASyelpasadoparticipiodelverboprincipal.Generalmente seprefiereusarlascontraccionesHAVEN´T /hævnt/HASN´T /hæznt/).Enlasinterrogacionessedebeinvertirelorden dehave/hasconelsujeto: Lea,escucheyaprenda: Theyhaveseenthatdocumentary./δéihavsí:nθtdokiuméntri/Elloshanvistoesedocumental Theyhaven´tseenthatdocumentary./δéihæventsí:nθætdokiuméntri/ Havetheyseenthatdocumentary?/havδéisí:nθtdokiuméntri/ Howmanytimeshavetheyseenthatdocumentary?/háuménitáimzhavδéisí:nθætdokiuméntri/ Maryhassoldhercar./mérihazsóuldhe:rká:r/Maryhavendidosuauto. Maryhasn´tsoldhercar./mérihæzntsóuldhe:rká:r/ HasMarysoldhercar?/hazmérisóuldhe:rká:r/ WhyhasMarysoldhercar?/wáihazmérisóuldhe:rká:r/ Lapreguntahabitualenestetiempoverbales: Whathaveyoudone?/wóthaviú:dán/¿QuéhahechoUd.? EXERCISES Ex.1.EstudieelPasadoParticipiodelossiguientesverbosirregulares: Infinitive
PastTense
PastParticiple
Spanish
Tobegin/bigín/ Tobring/briη/ Tobuild/bild/ Tobuy/bái/ Tocome/kam/ Tocut/kat/ Todo/du:/ Todrink/driηk/ Todrive/dráiv/ Toeat/i:t/ Tofall/fo:l/ Tofeel/fi:l/ Tofind/fáind/ Toforget/forgét/ Toget/get/ Togive/giv/ Togo/góu/ Tohave/hæv/ Tohear/híar/ Tokeep/ki:p/ Toknow/nóu/ Tolearn/le:rn/ Toleave/li:v/ Tolend/lend/ Tolose/lú:z/
began/bigán/ begun/bigán/ brought/bro:t/ brought/bro:t/ built/bilt/ built/bilt/ bought/bo:t/ bought/bo:t/ came/kéim/ come/kam/ cut/kat/ cut/kat/ did/did/ done/dan/ drank/dræηk/ drunk/draηk/ drove/dróuv/ driven/drívn/ ate/eit/ eaten/í:tn/ fell/fel/ fallen/fó:len/ felt/felt/ felt/felt/ found/fáund/ found/fáund/ forgot/forgót/ forgotten/forgótn/ got/got/ got/gotten/got/gótn/ gave/géiv/ given/gívn/ went/went/ gone/gon/ beento/bi:ntu/ had/hæd/ had/hæd/ heard/hé:rd/ heard/hé:rd/ kept/kept/ kept/kept/ knew/niú:/ known/nóun/ learnt/le:rnt/,learned/lé:rnd/learnt/le:rnt/learned/lé:rnd/ left/léft/ left/left/ lent/lent/ lent/lent/ lost/lost/ lost/lost/
empezar,comenzar traer construir comprar venir cortar hacer beber manejar,conducir comer caer sentir(se) hallar,encontrar olvidar conseguir,obtener dar ir ir(yvolver) tener,servirse,haber oir guardar,mantener saber,conocer aprender,enterarse partir,salir,dejar prestar perder,extraviar
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Tomake/meik/ Tomeet/mi:t/ Topay/péi/ Toput/put/ Toread/ri:d/ Torun/ran/ Tosay/séi/ Tosee/si:/ Tosell/sel/ Tosend/send/ Toshut/shat/ Tosing/siη/ Tosit/sit/ Tosleep/sli:p/ Tospeak/spi:k/ Tospend/spénd/ Tostandup/stæ´ndap/ Toswim/swim/ Totake/téik/ Toteach/ti:tch/ Totell/tel/ Tothink/θiηk/ Tounderstand/anderstæ´nd/ Towear/wéar/ Towrite/ráit/
made/méid/ met/met/ paid/péid/ put/put/ read/red/ ran/ræn/ said/sed/ saw/so:/ sold/sóuld/ sent/sént/ shut/shat/ sang/sæη/ sat/sæt/ slept/slept/ spoke/spóuk/ spent/spént/ stoodup/stu:dap/ swam/swæm/ took/tuk/ taught/to:t/ told/tóuld/ thought/θo:t/ understood/anderstú:d/ wore/wo:r/ wrote/rout/
made/méid/ met/met/ paid/péid/ put/put/ read/red/ run/ran/ said/sed/ seen/si:n/ sold/sóuld/ sent/sént/ shut/shat/ sung/saη/ sat/sæt/ slept/slept/ spoken/spóukn/ spent/spént/ stoodup/stu:dap/ swum/swam/ taken/téikn/ taught/to:t/ told/tóuld/ thought/θo:t/ understood/anderstú:d/ worn/wo:rn/ written/rítn/
hacer,fabricar, confeccionar reunirse,conocer pagar poner,colocar leer correr,administrar decir ver vender enviar cerrar cantar sentarse dormir hablar gastar,pasartiempo pararse nadar tomar,llevar enseñar decir pensar,creer entender,comprender usar(ropa),vestir escribir
Ex.2.CompletelassiguientesoracionesusandoelverbodadoeneltiempoPresentePerfecto: 1.Thetennisgame________________just________________.Hurryup!(start) 2.Bill________________inTokyoseveraltimes.Heknowsitwell.(be) 3.Yourtrain________________already________________,Sir.You´llhavetotakethe8:15trainwhichleavesfrom VictoriaStation.(leave) 4.I´mquitesurethatI________________thatwomanbefore.(see) 5.Myfriends________________inthishouseforover10years.(live) 6.Peter________________just________________aletter.He´sreadingitnow.(receive) 7.Heisn´tinChile.He________________toAmerica.(go) 8.John________________forthatcompanysince1987.(work) 9.Bob________________toSanFranciscoseveraltimes.Hecantellyouwheretogoandwhattodothere.(go) 10.Thestudents________________already________________thatbook(read) 11.Mary________________tohimaboutittwicealready.(speak) 12.I________________thatmanbefore.Idon´trememberwhen,butI´msureIknowhim.(meet) Ex.3.Cambielassiguientesoracionesa)alnegativoyb)alinterrogativo. 1.Thesoccergamehasalreadyfinished. 2.Peterhashaddinneralready. 3.Theyhavestudiedthereport. 4.Theplanehasalreadyleft. 5.Johnhassentthemafax. 6.They´vegivenherTom´snewaddress.
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___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.4.FormulepreguntasusandopalabrasinterrogativascomoWhat,Where,When,How,Howlong,etc. 1. Tom´sseenthatsamemoviethreetimes. ___________________________________________________ 2. They´veboughtanewhouse. ___________________________________________________ 3. He´sgonetobedbecausehe´sill. ___________________________________________________ 4. Tom´slivedinPakistanforoverayear. ___________________________________________________ 5. They´vesoldtenbookstoday. ___________________________________________________ 6. Paul´sworkedforourcompanysince1989. ___________________________________________________ 7. I´veeatenahamsandwich. ___________________________________________________ 8. JohnhasbeeninChicagoandBoston. ___________________________________________________ 9. Annhasn´tansweredthelettersbecauseshe´sbeentoobusy. ___________________________________________ 10.Theboyshavedonenothingtoday. ___________________________________________________ 11.We´vewaitedforthemformorethantwohours. ___________________________________________________ 12.Thestudentshavedonethesameexercisethreetimes. _________________________________________________ Ex.5.Contestelassiguientespreguntasusandolasexpresionesdadasdespuésdecadapregunta: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
HaveyoueverbeentoJapan?(never). HasMariaevervisitedtheUSA?(twice) HavetheyeverseenaUFO?(Never) HaveyoueverdrivenaMercedes?(Onceortwice) Hasyourfathereverlivedabroad?(severaltimes) HaveyouseenthePresidentinperson?(never) HasSusanevercometoChile?(acoupleoftimes)
___________________________________________________ Yes,She __________________________________________ In1991andin1997 ___________________________________________________ Yes,_______________________________________________ Yes,______________________________________________ No, _______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.6.Traduzcalassiguientesoracionesalinglés. 1.Yonoheleídoeselibrotodavía. ___________________________________________________ 2.ElGeneralyasehaidoalareunión. ___________________________________________________ 3.Elloshanestadoaquívariasvecesantes. ___________________________________________________ 4.¿Hasmiradotelevisiónestatarde,John? ___________________________________________________ 5.Misuegrohavividoenestaciudadtodasuvida. ___________________________________________________ 6.¿QuétehacontadoMaryacercadeello? ___________________________________________________ 7.ElloshanestudiadoIngléspormásdedosaños. ___________________________________________________ 8.¿PorquénohanvisitadoCaliforniaUds.todavía? ___________________________________________________ 9.¿CuántotiempohatrabajadoUd.enelEjército? ___________________________________________________ 10.¿Dóndehanestadoellosdesdelasochodeestamañana?______________________________________________
PARTII A. PLURALIZATIONOFNOUNS(LAPLURALIZACIÓNDELOSSUSTANTIVOS) 1. EnIngléslossustantivosnormalmentesepluralizanagregandouna-salsingular.Estesufijosepronuncia/s/cuando seagregaalossustantivossingularesqueterminanenunaconsonantesorda,esdecirsinvibracióndelascuerdas vocales,como/k/,/p/,/t/,etc.;perosedebepronunciar/z/cuandoseagregaalossustantivossingularesque terminanenunaconsonantesonora,esdecirconvibracióndelascuerdasvocales,como/m/,/b/,/d/,/g/,/l/,etc. Estareglatambiénseaplicaalossustantivosterminadosen-e“muda” Ejemplos: onebook/buk/ onehat/hæt/
twobooks/buks/ sixhats/hæts/
onetop/top/
threetops/tops/
onedam/dæm/ onepad/pæd/
twodams/dæmz/ tenpads/pædz/
onebag/bæg/ oneclub/klab/
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onegate/géit/ onenote/nóut/
twogates/geits/ tennotes/nóuts/
onelake/léik/
severallakes/léiks/
onename/néim/ onetone/tóun/
twonames/néimz/ twotones/tóunz/
onecave/kéiv/
twocaves/kéivz/
2. Lossustantivosqueterminanen-s,-sh,-ch,-x,o-zformanelpluralagregando-es/iz/;tambiénseincluyenaquí lossustantivosterminadosen-se,-ce,-ge,losquesolamenteagregan-speroenestecasolapronunciación tambienes/iz/ Ejemplos: Onebus/bás/ Onewatch/wótch/ Onecase/keis/ Onepage/péidll/
twobuses/básiz/ threewatches/wótchiz/ twocases/kéisiz/ tenpages/péidlliz/
onebrush/brash/ onebox/boks/ oneface/féis/
fourbrushes/bráshiz/ tenboxes/bóksiz/ threefaces/féisiz/
3. Lossustantivosterminadosen-yprecedidaporunavocalagregan-sparaformarsuplural,peroaquellasque terminanen-yprecedidaporunaconsonantecambianla-ypor-iyenseguidaagregan-es Ejemplos: oneday/dei/ onekey/ki:/ oneboy/boi/
twodays/deiz/ fivekeys/ki:z/ threeboys/boiz/
onelily/líli/ onebaby/béibi/ onefly/flái/
threelilies/líliz/ twobabies/béibiz/ severalflies/fláiz/
4. Lossustantivosterminadosen-fo-fe,formansupluralcambiandola-fo-feen-ves. Ejemplos: oneleaf/li:f/ onewolf/wulf/ onewife/waif/
twoleaves/li:vz/ fivewolves/wulvz/ threewives/wáivz/
oneloaf/lóuf/ oneknife/naïf/
threeloaves/lóuvz/ tenknives/náivz/
Algunossustantivosterminadosen-ief,-ff,-oof,nosiguenlareglaanterior,sinoquesimplementeagregan-spara formarelplural. Ejemplos: onehandkerchief/hænke:rtchi:f/,twohandkerchiefs/hænke:rtchi:fs/ abelief/bilí:f/,severalbeliefs/bilí:fs/
onecliff/klif/,somecliffs/klifs/ aroof/ru:f/,tworoofs/ru:fs/
5. Lossustantivosterminadosen-oprecedidaporunaconsonantenormalmenteagregan-esparaformarel plural(exceptolaspalabrasrelacionadasconmúsica(generalmentedeorigenitaliano)como,solo,piano, soprano,banjo,etc).Lossustantivosterminadasen-oprecedidaporunavocalnormalmenteagreganuna -s Ejemplos:
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onetomato/toméitou/ onehero/híarou/
twotomatoes/toméitouz/ onepotato/potéitou/ twoheroes/híarouz/
twopotatoes/potéitouz/
oneradio/réidiou/ onevideo/vídiou/ onestudio/stúdiou/
tworadios/réidiouz/ threevideos/vídiouz/ twostudios/stúdiouz/
twofolios/fóuliouz/ severalzoos/zu:z/
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onefolio/fóuliou/ onezoo/zu:/
Excepciones onepiano/pianou/ onekilo/kílou/ onephoto/fóutou/
twopianos/pianouz/ twokilos/kílouz/ severalphotos/fóutouz/
onebanjo/bæ´ndllou/ onememo/mémou/
twobanjos/bæ´ndllouz/ threememos/mémouz/
Lossustantivosmosquito/moskitou/,tornado/to:rnéidou/,volcano/volkéinou/yzero/zíarou/formanelpluralagregando indistintamente-so-es,:mosquitos/mosquitoes/moskitouz/;tornados/tornadoes/to:rnéidouz/;volcanos/volcanoes /volkéinouz/;zeros/zeroes/zíarouz/ 6. Existen algunos plurales irregulares que no siguen ninguna de las reglas anteriores y que debemos memorizar: Ejemplos: oneman/mæn/ onewoman/wúman/ onechild/tcháild/ onetooth/tu:θ/ onefoot/fu:t/ onegoose/gu:z/ onelouse/láus/ onemouse/máus/ oneox/oks/
twomen/men/ threewomen/wímin/ fiveseveralchildren/tchíldren/ twoteeth/tí:θ/ twofeet/fi:t/ tengeese/gí:z/ severallice/láis/ threemice/máis/ fouroxen/óksen/
7. Existenalgunossustantivosquemantienenlamismaformaenelplural: Ejemplos: one/severalfish/fish/ one/tendeer/díar/ one/twoseries/siariz/ one/tensheep/shi:p/ one/severalaircraft/éarkrá:ft/
one/severalmeans/mí:nz/ one/twospecies/spíshiz/
8. Existenalgunossustantivosdeorigenlatínogriegoquetienenpluralesespecialesoirregulares: Ejemplos: criterion/kraitérion/ analysis/anæ´lisis/ crisis/kráisis/ oasis/ouéisis/ thesis/θí:sis/ curriculum/karíkiulam/ medium/mí:diam/ stimulus/stímiulas/ cactus/kæ´ktas/ syllabus/sílabas/ formula/fó:rmiula/ vertebra/vértibra/ appendix/apéndiks/ index/índeks/
criteria/kraitíaria/ analyses/anæ´lisi:z/ crises/kráisi:z/ oases/ouéisiz/ theses/δí:siz/ curricula/karíkiula/ media/mí:dia/ stimuli/stímiulai/ cacti/kæ´ktai/ syllabi/sílabai/ formulae/fó:rmiuli:/ vertebrae/vértibri:/ appendices/apéndisi:z/ indices/indisi:z/
phenomenon/fenómenon/ basis/béisis/ hypothesis/haipóθesis/ parenthesis/parénθesis/ bacterium/bæktí:ariam/ datum/déitam/ memorandum/memoræ´dam/
phenomena/fenómena/ bases/béisi:z/ hypotheses/haipóθesi:z/ parentheses/parénθesi:z/ bacteria/bæktía:ria/ data/déita/ memoranda/memorδda/
cactuses/kæ´ktasi:z/ syllabuses/sílabasiz/ formulas/fó:rmiulaz/ appendixes/apéndiksi:z/ indexes/índeksiz/
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B. USEOFINFINITIVESANDGERUNDS.(Usodelosinfinitivosylosgerundios) SedenominaInfinitivoalapalabraTo+laformasimpledeunverboprincipal:togo,tospeak,towrite,etc.Elgerundio eslaformasimpledeunverboprincipal+elsufijo-ING:going,speaking,writing.(verreglasdadasenlaUnit4) Ungerundiopuedeactuarcomo: a) b) c) d)
Sujetodeunaoración: Complementodirectodeunverbo: Complementodeunapreposición: Adjetivo:
Playingtennisisfun. Ienjoyplayingtennis. Afterplayingtennis,theywenttothelibrary. Iheardsomesurprisingnews.
Además,comoud.seguramenterecordará,elgerundio(enestecasoelpresenteparticipio)seusaconelverboTO BEparaexpresarlostiemposcontinuosoprogresivos:Iamplayingtennisnow,Iwasplayingtennisatthistime yesterday,etc. ExistenalgunosverbosquevanseguidosnormalmenteporunGERUNDIO,comoToenjoy(Ienjoyreading)yotrosverbos quenormalmentevanseguidosdeTO+INFINITIVO,comoTowant(Iwanttoreadthenewspaper),odeunBARE INFINITIVE(infinitivosinTo),comoTomake(Hemadeusdotheexerciseagain).Tambiénexisteungrupodeverbosque puedenirseguidosindistinatamentedeTO+INFINITIVOodeunGERUNDIO(Iliketoswim/Ilikeswimming). 1. VERB+GERUND Lossiguientesverbosvannormalmenteseguidosdeungerundio: Toadmit/admit/admitir,aceptarcomocierto Toavoid/avóid/evitar Toconsider/konsíder/considerar,pensaren Todelay/diléi/retrasar Todeny/dinái/negar,noaceptarcomocierto Toenjoy/endllói/disfrutar,gustar Tofancy/f(nsi/agradar,gustar Tofinish/fínish/terminar Toimagine/imádllin/imaginar(se) Toinvolve/invóulv/involucrar,comprender
Tokeep/kí:p/mantener(se),continuar,seguir Tomind/máind/importar,molestar Tomiss/mis/echardemenos,recordarconnostalgia Topostpone/pospóun/postergar Toappreciate/áprishieit/agradecer Torisk/risk/arriesgar,correrelriesgode Toquit/kuit/dejar,salir,abandonar Tosuggest/sadllést/sugerir Topractise/práktis/practicar
Ejemplos:Wouldyoumindclosingthedoor? Ienjoywalkingintheparkinthemorning. Annwillsoonfinishtypingtheletter. ElverboTOGOvaseguidodeungerundioenexpresionesqueserefierenaactividadesdeportivascomolas siguientes: Togoboating/góubóutiη/iraandarenbote Togobowling/góubóuliη/irajugaralosbolos Togocamping/góukæmpiη/iraacampar Togodancing/góudænsiη/irabailar Togofishing/góufíshiη/irapescar Togohanggliding/góuhændgláidiη/iraplanear(delta) Togohiking/góuháikiη/iraexcursionar Togojogging/góudllógiη/iratrotar Togorunning/góurániη/iracorrer Togosailing/góuséiliη/iraandarenyate
Togoshopping/góushópiη/irdecompras Togosightseeing/góusáitsí:iη/irenuntour Togoskating/góuskéitiη/irapatinar Togoskiing/góuskí:iη/iraesquiar Togoskydiving/góuskáidáiviη/irahacersaltolibre Togoswimming/góuswímiη/iranadar Togotrekking/góutrékiη/irdeexcursión Togowater-skiing/góuwó:terskí:iη/iraesquiar(acuat.) Togowindow-shopping/góuwíndowshópiη/iravitrinear
Ejemplos: Iusuallygojoggingintheevening. MrsBrowngoesshoppingeverySaturdaymorning. Theywentsightseeinginthemorning. 164
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Todaslaspreposiciones(exceptolapreposiciónto)vanseguidasdeungerundio.Porlotanto,lassiguientes expresiones van seguidas de un gerundio: Hay algunas expresiones idiomáticas que a pesar de contener la preposicióntovanseguidasdeungerundio Toaccusesomeoneof/akiú:zsámwane v/ Toapologizefor/apólodlláizfor/ Tobeaccustomedto/bí:akástomdtu/ Tobeafraidof/bí:afréid v/ Tobecapableof/bí:kéipabl v/ Tobefondof/bí:fond v/ Tobetiredof/bí:táiard v/ Tobeusedto/bí:iu:sttu/ Tocarryon/kæ´rion/ Todreamof/about/drí:m v,abáut/ Tofeellike/fí:lláik/ Toforgivesomebodyfor/forgívsámbodifor/ Togetthrough/getθru:/ Togetusedto/getiu:sttu/ Togiveup/giváp/ Togoon/gouón/ Toinsiston/insístón/ Tokeepon/kí:pón/ Tolookforwardto/lukfórwardtu/ Topreventsomebodyfrom/privéntsámbodifrom/ Toputoff/putóf/ Tosucceedin/saksí:din/ Totalkabout/to:kabáut/
acusaraalguiende disculparsepor estaracostumbradoa tenermiedoa sercapazde seraficionadoa estarcansadode estaracostumbradoa continuar,seguir,mantenerse soñarcon,soñarque sentirotenerganasde perdonaraalguienpor terminar acostumbrarsea dejarde,rendirse continuar,seguir insistiren continuar,seguir,mantenerse esperarconansia,desear evitaroimpedirquealguien postergar,dejarparamástardeodespués lograrexitosamente conversar,discutir
Ejemplos: John´sgivenupsmokingatlast. Theykeptontalkingforhours. Annisfondofgardening. Ilookforwardtoseeingyousoon. Bobwillsoongetusedtolivinginthiscountry. Lassiguientesexpresionesidiomáticastambiénvanseguidasdeungerundio: There´snouse/δeaznóuiu:s/Novalelapena. It´snouse/itsnóuiu:s/ There´snotmuchpointin/δeaznótmatchpóintin/Nosirvedemucho Isthis...worth/izδis...we:rθ/¿Valelapena...esta/e...? Isitworthwhile/izitwe:rθwail/¿Valelapena...?)
There´snousewaitinganylonger. EsinutilIt´snouseinsisting There´snotmuchpointindoingthat. Isthisbookworthreading? Isitworthwhilegoingtherenow?
EXERCISES Ex.1.Usethecorrectprepositionintheblankspaceandthegerundoftheverbsinparentheses. 1.Heleftthehouse______________________________goodbye.(say) 2.Thegirlwashedtheapple______________________________it.(eat) 3.Boblefttherestaurant______________________________thecheck.(pay) 4.1canincreasemysalary______________________________overtime.(work) 5.We’rethinking______________________________atriptoEurope.(take) 6.Heputonhiscoat______________________________thehouse.(leave) 7.______________________________tobed,theoldwomanlockedallthedoors.(go) Ex.2.Supplythegerundformoftheverbinparentheses 1.Wouldyoumind______________________________(wait)afewminutes? 2.They´vestopped______________________________(speak)toeachother. 3.Haveyoufínished______________________________(read)thebookyet? 4.We’reconsidering______________________________(take)anewcourse. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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5.Theboy’sfinished______________________________(eat)hissupper. 6.1dislike______________________________(ride)onthesubway. 7.Theycan’trisk______________________________(be)seen. 8.Thedrivercouldn’tavoid______________________________(hit)thepedestrian. 9.1don’tmind______________________________(have)toworktilllateonFridays. 10.1aIwaysenjoy______________________________(visit)newplaces. Ex.3.Completeeachsentencewithoneoftheseverbs: answerapplybebelistenmakeseetryusewashworkwrite 1.Hetriedtoavoidansweringmyquestion. 2.Couldyoupleasestop_______________________somuchnoise? 3.Ienjoy_______________________tomusic. 4.Iconsidered_______________________forthejobbutintheendIdecidedagainstit. 5.Haveyoufinished_______________________yourhairyet? 6.Ifyouwalkíntotheroadwithoutlooking,yourisk_______________________knockeddownbyapassingcar. 7.Jimis65butheisn’tgoingtoretireyet.Hewantstocarryon_______________________. 8.Idon’tmindyou_______________________thephoneaslongasyoupayforallyourcalls. 9.Hello!Fancy_______________________youhere!Whatasurprise! 10.I’veputoff_______________________thelettersomanytimes.Ireallymustdoittoday. 11.Whatastupidthingtodo!Canyouimagineanybody_______________________sostupid? 12.Sarahgaveup_______________________tofindajobinthiscountryanddecidedtogoabroad. Ex.4.Completethesentencesforeachsituationusing-ing. 1. Ann:Whatshallwedo? Bobsuggestedgoingtothecinema.
Bob:Wecouldgothecinema.
2. Ann:Doyouwanttoplaytennis Bob:No,notreally. Bobdidn’tfancy _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Ann:Youweredrivingsofast! Bob:Yes,it’strue.Sorry! Bobadmitted._________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Ann:Whydon’twegoforaswim? Bob:Goodidea! Annsuggested ________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Ann:Youbrokeintotheshop. Bob:No,1didn’t! Bobdenied ___________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Ann:Canyouwaitafewminutes? Bob:Sure,noproblem. Bobdidn’tmind________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.5.Completethesentencessothattheymeanthesameasthefirstsentence.Use-ING. 1. IcandowhatIwantandyoucan´tstopme. Youcan´tstopmedoingwhatIwant. 2. It´snotagood.ideatotravelduringtherushhour. It´sbettertoavoid______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Shallwegoawaytomorrowinsteadoftoday? Shallwepostpone________________________________ until._______________________________________? 4. Thedriverofthecarsaiditwastruethathedidn´thavealicence. Thedriverofthecaradmitted____________________________________________________________________
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5. Couldyouturntheradiodown,please? Wouldyoumind ______________________________________________________________________________? 6. Pleasedon´tinterruptmeallthetime. Wouldyoumind ______________________________________________________________________________? Ex.6.Useyourownideastocompletethesesentences.Usegerunds. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
She’saveryinterestingperson.IaIwaysenjoytalkingtoher. l’mnotfeelingverywell.Idon’tfancy______________________________________________________________ l’mafraidtherearen’tanymorechairs.Ihopeyoudon`tmind_________________________________________ Itwasalovelyday,soIsuggested________________________________________________________________ Itwasveryfunny.Icouldn´tstop__________________________________________________________________ Mycarisn´tveryreliable.Itkeeps_________________________________________________________________
Ex.7.Supplythecorrectprepositionandthegerundformoftheverbinparentheses: 1.Maryisveryfond_______________________intheriver(swim) 2.Johninsisted_______________________tothestadiumwithus.(go) 3.Henryneedsmuchmorepractice_______________________(speak) 4.Welookforward_______________________yousoon.(see) 5.Theseatbeltpreventedme_______________________myheadagainstthewindshield.(hit) 6.Thereislittlechance_______________________heragain.(see) 7.lt’saquestion_______________________itatonce.(do) 8.Wearethinking_______________________French.(study) 9.Bobhasverylittleexperience_______________________trucks.(drive) 10.Johngottired_______________________forus.(wait) 11.Billhasnointention_______________________partinthegame.(take) 12.There´snopossibility_______________________theworktoday.(finish) Ex.8.JointhefollowingpairsofsentencesbyusingINSTEADOF/instédov/(envezde) 1.Iwillplaytennis.Iwon’tworkinthegardentoday Iwillplaytennisinsteadofworkinginthegardentoday.
2.Shewillstudymusic.Shewon’tgototheuniversity. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
3.Theywillstayhomethissummer.Theywon’tgoabroad. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4.We’regoingtothemovietonight.WewillnotvisittheSmiths. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
5.Johnwillstudytobeanengineer.Hewillnotworkinhisfather’sstore. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
6.Hewillliveinadormitory.Hewillnotstayatthehomeofhiscousin. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.HewillmarryHelen.Hewillnotremainabachelor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
8.TheywillflytoMexico.Theywillnotdriveintheirnewcar. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Ex.9.CompletethesentencesbyusingGERUNDS.Addaprepositionafterthegerund,ifnecessary. 1.Itwascoldandrainyyesterday,sowepostponedgoingto/visitingthebotanicalgardens. 2.ThePorters´houseistoosmall.They’reconsidering_______________________ 3.Wediscussed_______________________Coloradoforourvacation. 4.WhenMarthafinished_______________________thefloor,shedustedthefurniture. 5.Sometimesstudentsputoff._______________________theirhomework. 6.Wehadablizzard,yesterday,butitfinallystopped_______________________around10p.m. 7.Iquit_______________________comicbookswhenIwastwelveyearsold. 8.I’mthinkingabout_______________________abiologycoursenextsemester. 9.Bethdoesn’tlikeherjob.She’stalkingabout_______________________adifferentjob. 10.Ienjoy_______________________sports. 11.I´mconsidering_______________________NewYorkCity. 12.A:Areyoulisteningtome? B:Yes.Keep_______________________.I’mlisteningtoyou. 13.A:Doyouwanttotakeabreak? B:No.I´mnottiredyet.Let’skeepon_______________________foranother hourorso. 14.A:Wouldyoumind_______________________thewindow? B:Notatall.I´dbegladto. Ex.10.Completethesentencesinthedialogues.Usetheexpressionsinthelistoryourownwords.Besure touseagerundineachsentence. buyanewcar dothings gotothezooonSaturday
rain repeatthat helphim
domyhomework getaToyota try
readagoodbook smoke tapyourfingernailsonthetable
1.A:Wouldyouliketogoforawalk? B:Hasitstoppedraining? A:Yes,ithas. B:Let´sgo,then. 2.A:I´vebeenhavingalotoftroublewithmyoldHondathelastcoupleofmonths.lt’sslowlyfallingapart.I´m thinkingabout___________________________________ B:Doyouthinkyou´llgetanotherHonda? A:No.I´mconsidering___________________________________ 3.A:Whatdoyouusuallydoinyourfreetimeintheevening? B:Ienjoy___________________________________ 4.A:Good,news!Ifeelgreat.Idon’tcoughanymore,andIdon’trunoutofbreathwhenIwalkupahill.B:Oh? A:Iquit___________________________________ B:That´swonderful! 5.A:I’vebeenworkingonthismathproblemforthelasthalfhour,and1stilldon’tunderstandit. B:Well,.don’tgiveup.Keep__________________________________lfatfirstyoudon`tsucceed,try,tryagain. 6.A:Areyouaprocrastinator? B:Awhat? A:Aprocrastinator.That’ssomeonewhoalwayspostpones___________________________________. B:Oh.Well,sometimesIputoff___________________________________ 7.A:Whatareyoudoing? B:I´mhelpingTeddywithhishomework. A:Whenyoufinísh___________________________________couldyouhe1pmeinthekitchen? B:Sure. 8.A:Couldyoupleasestopdoingthat? B:Doingwhat? A:Stop___________________________________It´sdrivingmecrazy. 168
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9.A:Doyouhaveanyplansforthisweekend? B:HenryandItalkedabout___________________________________ 10.A:Ididn’tunderstandwhatyousaid.Wouldyoumind___________________________________? B:Ofcoursenot.Isaid,“Threefreetrees.“ Ex.11.Answerthequestions.UsetheexpressionsGO+...ING 1.Mysistergoestothebeachalmosteveryday.Shespendshoursinthewater.Whatdoessheliketodo? Shelikestogoswimming 2.Frankandhisgirlfriendliketospendthewholedayonalakewithpolesintheirhands.Whatdotheyliketodo? heylike_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3.LastsummerJohnwenttoPaineNationalPark.Hesleptinatentandcookedhisfoodoverafire.Whatdidhe dolastsummer? He___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Mr.JohnsonlikestogototheShoppingMallandbuythings.Whatdoesheliketodo? Helikes_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Mr.Smith´swifetakesgoodcareofherhealth.Sherunsacoupleofmileseveryday.Whatdoesshedoeveryday? She__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Onweekendsinthewinter,theSmithssometimesgotoamountainresort.Theyliketoracedownthesideofa mountaininthesnow.Whatdotheyliketodo? They _________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.JimClarkisanaturelover.Heusuallytakeslongwalksinthewoods.WhatdoesJoeliketodo? He___________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Barbartaprefersindoorsports.Shegoestoaplacewheresherollsathirteen-poundballatsomewooden pins.WhatdoesSaraoftendo? She__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.GeorgeandJaneknowallthelatestdances.Whatdotheyprobablydoalot? They _________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.TheTaylorsaregoingtogotoalittlelakeneartheirhousetomorrow.It´swinternow,sothelakeiscompletely frozen.Theiceissmooth.WhataretheTaylorsgoingtodotomorrow? They _________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.Jimandhiswifelivenearthesea.Whenthere’sastrongwind,theyliketospendthedayíntheiryatch.Whatdo theyliketodo? They _________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.Touristsoftengetonbusesthattakethemtoseeinterestingplacesinanarea.Whatdotheydoonbuses? They _________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.ColetteandBenliketojumpoutofairplanes.Theydon’topentheirparachutesuntilthelastminute.Whatdo theyliketodo? They ________________________________________________________________________________________ . 14.Whatdoyouliketodoforexerciseandfun? I_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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BASICVOCABULARY: A.PREPOSITIONSANDPREPOSITIONALPHRASES English about/ báut/ above/ báv/ across/ krós/ after/á:fter/ against/egéinst/ along/ lóη/ among/ máη/ around/ ráund/ at/ t/ atthebackof/ tδ bæk v/ atthebottomof/ tδ bótom v/ atthetopof/ tδ topηv/ before/bifó.r/ behind/biháind/ below/bilóu/ beneath/biní:θ/ beside/bisáid/ besides/bisáidz/ between/bituí:n/ beyond/biyónd/ by/bai/ despite/dispáit/ down/dáun/ during/diúriη/ farfrom/fá:rfrom/ for/fo:r/ from/from/ in/in/ infrontof/infránt v/ inthecornerof/inδ kórner v/ inside/insáid/ into/íntu/ near/niar/ nextto/néksttu/ of/ v/ off/of/ on/on/ onto/óntu/ opposite/óposit/ out/áut/ outof/áut v/ outside/autsáid/ over/óuver/ since/sins/ through/θru:/ till/til/ to/tu/ towards/tuwó:rdz/ under/ánder/ until/antíl/ up/ap/ with/wiδ/ within/wiδin/ without/wiδáut/ 170
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Spanish acercade másarribade atravésde(deunladoalotro) despuésde encontrade alolargode entre(varios) alrededorde en,a enlaparteposteriorde enlaparteinferiorde enlapartesuperiorde antesde detrásde másabajode másabajode alladode ademásde entre(dos) másalláde por,cercade apesarde haciaabajo durante lejosde para desde,de en alfrentede enlaesquinade dentrode haciaadentro cercade próximoa de lejosde encimade(sobre) haciaencimade frentea afuera haciaafuera fuerade sobre desde atravésde hasta a,hacia hacia,endireccióna debajode hasta haciaarribade con dentrode sin
Example aboutthehistoryoftheUSA abovetheclouds acrossthestreet afterthelesson againsttheenemy alongthecoast amongallthegirls aroundthehouse athome,at4.15 atthebackoftheroom atthebottomofthemap atthetopoftheshelf beforethelesson behindthedoor belowthecarpet beneaththeground besidethetable besidesJohnClark betweenyouandme beyondthehill bytheriver despitethenoise downthecoast duringtheday farfromLondon forthestudents fromtheUSA inthegarden infrontoftheschool inthecorneroftheroom insidetheclassroom intotheroom nearthehospital nexttothesupermarket oftheweek offthecoast onthedesk ontothetable oppositethebank outinthestreet outoftheroom outsidetheoffice overtheroof sincethatday throughthetunnel tilltomorrow totheoffice towardstheeast underthetable untilnextSunday uptheroad withmyfriends withinaweek withoutmoney
B.Connectors Coordinatingconjunctions: and/ánd/ or/o:r/ so/sou/ for/fó:r/ not/not/
y o porlotanto porque,debidoaque no
both...and.../bóuθ...and/ either...or/í:δer...o:r/ neither...nor/ní:δer...no:r/ notonly...butalso/nótóunli...butólsou/ yet/iét/
tanto...como... yasea...o... ni...ni... nosólo...sinoquetambién... sinembargo,noobstante
Adverbialconnectives: accordingly/akó:rdiηli/ actually/æ´ktchuali/ although/ólδou/ anyway/éniwei/ besides/bisáidz/ consequently/kónsekwentli/ despite/dispáit/ equally/íkwali/ finally/fáinali/ first/fé:rst/ furthermore/férδermó:r/ hence/héns/ however/hauéver/ indeed/indí:d/ initially/iníshiali/
enconformidad last(ly)/lá:stli/ enrealidad likewise/láikwaiz/ aúncuando,aunque,apesardemeanwhile/mí:nwail/ detodosmodos moreover/mó:rouver/ además nevertheless/néverδelés/ enconsecuencia, next/nékst/ apesarde,noobstante nonetheless/nanδeles/ igualmente otherwise/áδerwaiz/ finalmente,porfin similarly/símilarli/ enprimerlugar,primeramente so/sóu/ además subsequently/sábsikwentli/ deaquíque,porlotanto then/δen/ sinembargo,noobstante therefore/δéarfo:r/ enefecto,porcierto thus/δas/ inicialmente,alcomienzo instead/instéd/
enúltimotérmino delmismomodo,asímismo mientrastanto además,porotraparte sinembargo,noobstante después,enseguida,actoseguido sinembargo,noobstanteello deotromodo,delocontrario similarmente,delmismomodo porlotanto,enconsecuencia posteriormente,conposterioridad porlotanto,entonces,pues porlotanto,porconsiguiente así,deestemodo encambio,enlugardeeso
Phrasaladverbialconnectives afterall/á:fteró:l/ despuésdetodo asaconsequence/az kónsikwens/ comoresultadodeello asamatteroffact/az máterovfæ´kt/ enrealidad, asaresult/az rizált/ comoresultadodeello evenso/í:vnsóu/ aúnasí enprimertérmino firstofall/fé:rst vó:l/ forexample/forigzámpl/ porejemplo forinstance/forínstans/ porejemplo foronething/forwanθiη/ enprimerlugar forthatreason/forδæ´trí:zn/ poresemotivo
infact/infækt/ dehecho,enrealidad inaddition/inadíshon/ además inspiteofthat/inspáit vδæt/apesardeello inthefirstplace/inδ fé:rstpléis/enprimerlugar inthemeantime/inδ mí:ntaim/ mientrastanto inthesameway/inδ seimwéi/ delmismomodo ononehand/ nwanhæ´nd/ porunlado ontheotherhand/ nδiáδ rhæ´nd/ porotrolado tobeginwith/tubigínwiδ/ paracomenzar tostartwith/tustá:rtwiδ/ paracomenzar
Examples: 1.PeterandTomwenttovisitHansinhospital. 2.BothPeterandTomwenttoseeHansinhospital. 3.Hestudiedhardaswell,buthedidn´tdowellinthetest. 4.Hedidn´tstudyhardenough,sohefailedtheexam. 5.Alicestudiedveryhard,yetshedidn´tpassherexam. 6.He´smybestfriend;besides,we´veknowneachotherallourlives. 7.Hegaveherabeautifuldiamond;moreover,hetookhertoEurope. 8.Theyardistoobig;furthermore,wecan´taffordthehouse. 9.ThestudentspeaksEnglishwell;inaddition,heseemstoknowalotaboutourcustoms. 10.I´mgettingalongquitewell;however,myroommateisnotdoingsowell. 11.Marywassick;nevertheless,shecametoclass. 12.It´scoldoutside;nonetheless,wehavetowashthecar. 13.Ononehand,thehouseisnotverycomfortable;ontheotherhand,ithasanexcellentlocation 14.First,hewenttothepostoffice;then,hewenttothebank.
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UNIT12 A. Ex.2.1.has-started2.hasbeen3.has-left4.haveseen5.havelived6.has-received7.hasgone8.hasworked 9.has-been10.have-read11.hasspoken12.havemet Ex.3.1.Thesoccergamehasn´tfinishedyet/Hasthesoccergamefinishedalready/yet?2.Peterhasn´thaddinner yet/HasPeterhaddinneralready/yet?3.Theyhaven´tstudiedthereport/Havetheystudiedthereport?4.Theplane hasn´tleftyet/Hastheplaneleftalready/yet?5.Johnhasn´tsentthemafax/HasJohnsentthemafax?6.They haven´tgivenher.../Havetheygivenher...? Ex.4.1.HowmanytimeshasTomseenthatsamemovie?2.Whathavetheybought?3.Whyhashegonetobed? 4.HowlonghasTomlivedinPakistán?5.Howmanybookshavetheysoldtoday?6.HowlonghasPaulworkedfor ourcompany?7.Whathaveyoueaten?8.WherehasJohnbeen?9.Whyhasn´tAnnansweredtheletters?10.What havetheboysdonetoday?11.Howlonghavewe/youwaitedforthem?12.Howmanytimeshavethestudents donethesameexercise? Ex.5.1.No,I´veneverbeenthere2.Yes,she´sbeentheretwice.3.No,they´veneverseenone4.Yes,I´vedrivenone onceortwice.5.Yes,he´slivedabroadseveraltimes6.No,I´veneverseenhiminperson.7.Yes,she´scomeherea coupleoftimes. Ex.6.1.Ihaven´treadthatbookyet.2.Thegeneralhasalreadygonetothemeeting.3.They´vebeenhereseveral timesbefore.4.HaveyouwatchedTVthisafternoon/evening,John?5.Myfather-in-lawhaslivedinthiscityallhis life.6.WhathasMarytoldyouaboutthat?7.They´vestudiedEnglishformorethantwoyears.8.Whyhaven´tyou visitedCaliforniayet?9.Howlonghaveyouworkedinthearmy?10.Wherehavetheybeensinceeighto´clockthis morning? B. Ex.11.without/aftersaying2.beforeeating3.without/afterpaying4.byworking5.abouttaking6.beforeleaving 7.beforegoing Ex.2.1.waiting2.speaking3.reading4.taking5.eating6.riding7.being8.hitting9.having10.visiting Ex.3.2.making3.listening4.applying5.washing6.being7.working8.using9.seeing10.answering 11.being12.trying Ex.4.2.playingtennis3.Driving/havingbeendrivingtoofast4.goingforaswim5.Breaking/havingbroken 6.waitingafewminutes. Ex.5.travellingduringtherushhour3.goingaway...tomorrow4.nothavingalicense5.turningtheradiodown,please? 6.notinterruptingmeallthetime? Ex.6.(Possibleanswers)2.goingoutthisevening3.standingup4.goingoutforawalk5.laughing6.breaking down Ex.7.1.ofswimming2.ongoing3.inspeaking4.toseeing5.fromhitting6.ofseeing7.ofdoing8.aboutstudying 9.ofdriving10.ofwaiting11.oftaking12.offinishing Ex.8.2....insteadofgoingtotheuniversity3....insteadofgoingabroad4...insteadofvisitingtheSmiths 5....insteadofworkinginhisfather´sstore6....insteadofstayingatthehomeofhiscousin7....insteadofremaininga bachelor8....insteadofdrivingintheirnewcar Ex.9.(Possibleanswers)2.movingintoalargerhouse3.goingto4.vacuuming5.doing6.snowing7.buying8.taking 9.lookingfor10.practising11.visiting12.speaking13.working14.closing Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Ex.10.2.buyinganewcar/gettingaToyota3.readingagoodbook4.smoking5.trying6.doingthings/doinghis homework7.helpinghim8.tappingyourfingernailsonthetable9.goingtothezooonSaturday10.repeatingthat Ex.11.2.togowater-skiing3.wentcamping4.togoshopping5.goesjogging6.liketogoskiing7.likestrekking 8.goesbowling9.godancing10.aregoingtogoice-skating11.liketogosailing12.gosight-seeing13.liketogo sky-diving14.liketogo(fishing/window-shopping/swimming,etc.
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UNIT13 PART1.ELTIEMPOPRESENTEPERFECTOCONTINUO(THEPRESENTPERFECCTCONTINUOUS) EstetiempoverbalestáformadoporelpresenteperfectodeToBe(HAVEBEEN/havbí:n/HASBEEN/hazbí:n/)másun GERUNDIOdeunverboprincipal. Estetiempoverbaldescribeunaacciónquecomenzóenelpasadoyhacontinuadorealizándoseenformaininterrumpida hastaestemomento,hastaestafecha.Normalmenteestetiempodescribeaccionesqueseempezaronarealizarhace pocotiempo. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Tomhasbeenworkingtheresince8:30 /tómhazbí:nwé:rkiηδéarsinséitθé:rti/.Tomhaestadotrabajandoahídesde las8.30. TheyhavebeenlivinginMiamisince1985. /δéihavbí:nlíviηinmaiámisinsnáintinéitifáiv/Elloshanestadoviviendoen Miamidesde1985. We´vebeenstudyingEnglishforovertwomonths. /wí:vbí:nstádiiηiηglishforóuvertú:mánθs/Nosotroshemosestado estudiandoingléspormásdedosmeses. It´sbeenrainingforaboutanhour./itsbí:nráiniηforabáutanáuar/.Haestadolloviendocercadeunahora Compare: He´sworkedthereformanyyears./hi:zwé:rktδéarforméniyíarz/Elhatrabajadoallípormuchosaños He´sbeenworkingthereforabout2hours./hi:zbí:nwérkiηδéarforabáuttú:áuarz/.Elhaestadotrabajandoallíaprox. 2horas They´velivedintheSoutheversincetheygotmarried./δéivlívdinδesáuθéversinsδéigótmærid/Elloshanvividoenel surdesdequesecasaron They´vebeenlivinginthathouseforatleasttwomonths. /δéivbi:nlíviηinδesáuθforatlí:sttúmánθs/Elloshanestado viviendoenesacasaporlomenos2meses. LaformanegativaseexpresausandoHAVEN´TBEEN/hævntbí:n/HASN´TBEEN/hæzntbí:n/máselGERUNDIOy enlaformainterrogativadedebeusarHAVE/HASdelantedelsujetodelaoración. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Tomhasn´tbeenworkingthereformorethan2hours./tóm/hæzntbí:nwé:rkiη δéarformó:arδantú:áuarz/ Tomnohaestadotrabajandoallípormásdedoshoras Havetheybeenlivingthereverylong?/havδeibí:nlíviηδéarvérilóη/¿Hanestadoellosviviendoallímuchotiempo? HowlonghaveyoubeenpractisingEnglishtoday?/háuloηhaviú:bi:npræktisiηíηglishtudéi/¿Cuántotiempohasestado practicandoingléshoydía? Lapreguntamáshabitualenestetiempoes: WHATHAVEYOUBEENDOING?/wótaviu:bi:ndú:iη/¿QuéhaestadohaciendoUd.? EXERCISES Ex.1.CompletethefollowingsentencesusingtheverbprovidedinthePresentPerfectContinuousTense. 1.Tom_______________________________hereforseveralmonths(live). 2.They_______________________________intheofficeforseveralhours.(work) 3.Thatman_______________________________thereforabout2hours.(sit) 4.Thecadets_______________________________atattentionforabout15minutes.(stand) Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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5.I_______________________________forthebusformorethan10minutes(wait) 6.JackandMary_______________________________intheparkfornearlyanhour.(run) 7.Thecommander_______________________________thereportallevening.(read) 8.MissBlack_______________________________hernewnovelsinceApril.(write) 9.Theofficers_______________________________inthegymforabout45minutes.(workout) 10.Thegenerals_______________________________thesituationallmorning.(discuss) Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negative,andb)interrogative. 1. He´sbeenlivinginCaracassince1995. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. They´vebeenplayingtennissincemidday. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Jane´sbeenfeelingwellsinceMarch. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.They´vebeendiscussingthenewprojecttoolong. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Bob´sbeenswimmingallmorning. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhat,Where,When,Howlong,etc. 1. Henry´sbeenreadingthenewspaperallmorning. ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 2. Bill´sbeensleepingallmorning. ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 3. They´vebeenstayingattheRexHotel. ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 4.They´vebeensavingmoneybecausethey´replanningtobuyahouse. ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 5.MyfriendshavebeenlivinginMadridsinceDecember2002 ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 6.Theboy´sbeenlisteningtotheradiosince7o´clock. ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 7.They´vebeenwaitingforataxiforabout15minutes. ________________________________________________________________________________________________?
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PARTII.USEOFINFINITIVESANDGERUNDS.(II) A. VERB+TO-INFINITIVE CiertosverboscomoTOWANT /wont/querer,TODECIDE /disáid/decidir,TOWISH /wish/desear,TOPLAN /plæn/ planear,pensar,etc.vanseguidosporto+Infinitive Lossiguientesverbosvanseguidosdeto+infinitive: Toagree/agrí:/ Toafford/afó:rd/ Toaim/éim/ Toarrange/arréindll/ Toask/a:sk/ Toattempt/atémpt/ Toclaim/kléim/ Todecide/disáid/ Todeserve/disε´:rv/ Tofail/féil/ Toforget/forgét/
Acordar Disponer(dinerootiempo) Aspirar Convenir Solicitar Intentar Reclamar,afirmarautoría Decidir Merecer Noconseguir,nolograr Olvidar
Tohope/houp/ Tolearn/lε:rn/ Tomanage/mæ´nidll/ Tomean/mi:n/ Tooffer/ófer/ Toplan/plæn/ Topretend/priténd/ Topromise/prómis/ Torefuse/refiú:z/ Tothreaten/θréten/ Towant/wont/
Esperar(desear) Aprender Conseguir(lograr) Tenerintenciónde,quererdecir Ofrecer(se) Planificar Fingir,simular Prometer Rehusar,negarsea Amenazar. Querer(necesitar)
Ejemplos: Samwasinadifficultsituation,soIagreedtolendhimsomemoney. Ican´taffordtobuyaHondacar. WeaimtoincreaseourexportstoEurope. Themanattemptedtoescapefromtheprisontwice. Peterwantstostudyengeneering.Theboydoesn´twanttodohishomeworknow. Ipromisetohelpyou.Shepromisednottobelate. Thewomanpretendstoknoweverything. Existenalgunasvariantesdelaestructurapresentadaanteriormente,quesonlassiguientes: 1. Verb+tobe+adjective Estaestructuraesmuycomúnconlossiguientesverbos:TOAPPEAR/apíar/aparecer,verse,TOPRETEND/priténd/ fingir,simular,TOSEEM/si:m/parecer,TOTEND/tend/tendera Theyseemtobeveryannoyed. Thestudentstendtobenegligent. 2. Verb+tobe+Gerund(ContinuousInfinitive) LosverbosTOAPPEAR/apíar/aparecer,verse,TOPRETEND/priténd/fingir,simular,TOSEEM/si:m/parecer,TO TEND/tend/tendera,tambienpuedenirseguidosdeTOBE+Gerund: Maryappearedtobesufferingtoomuch. Theyseemtobedoingwellnow. Hepretendedtobereadingthepaper.
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3. Verb+tohave+PastParticiplePerfectInfinitive) HayalgunosverbosquepuedenirseguidosdeTOHAVE+unPasadoParticipio: Theyseemtohavebeendoingwellsofar.(sofar=hastaahora) Bobseemstohavelostweight. ´ TheIRAclaimedtohaveplantedthebombinthecar. 4. Verb+Wh...+to-Infinitive Después de los verbosTO ASK /a:sk/ solicitar, pedir,TO DECIDE /disáid/ decidir,TO KNOW /nóu/, saber, TO UNDERSTAND/anderstænd/entender,sepuedeusarunapalabrainterrogativaseguidadeto+infinitivo Weaskedhowtogettothestation Haveyoudecidedwheretogoforyourholidays? Idon´tknowwhethertoapplyforthejobornot. Doyouunderstandwhattodo? 5.Verb+Somebody+wh+to-infinitive LosverbosTOSHOW/shóu/,mostrar,TOTELL/tel/decir,TOASK/a:sk/pedir,solicitar,TOADVISE/adváiz/aconsejar yTOTEACH/ti:tch/enseñar,puedenirseguidosporuncomplementoindirecto(Peter,Mary,thestudent,me,him, them,etc)+unapalabrainterrogativa(what,where,when,etc.)+unto-infinitive Cansomeoneshowmehowtochangethefilminthiscamera? ItoldthemwhattodoandwheretogoinLondon. Bobtaughtushowtousethecomputer. 6. Verb+(somebody)+to-infinitive Lossiguientesverbospuedenirseguidospora)unto-Infinitiveoporb)unComplementoIndirecto+to-Inifinitive.
A
B
Towant/wont/querer Toask/a:sk/pedir Toexpect/ikspékt/esperar Tobeg/beg/rogar Tomean/mi:n/tenerlaintenciónde Iwouldlike/wudlaik/megustaría. Iwouldprefer/wudprifε´:r/preferiría Iwouldlove/wudlav/meencantaría Iwouldhate/wudhéit/medesagradaría.
Iwanttogothere. Heaskedtotakepart. Weexpecttobetheresoon. Ibeggedtoseethephotos. Theydon´tmeantodoitnow. Iwouldliketogo. I´dprefertodoitnow. I´dlovetogototheclub. I´dhatetodothathere.
Iwantyoutogothere Heaskedustotakepart. Weexpectyoutobetheresoon. Ibeggedthemtoseethephotos. Idon´tmeanyoutodoitnow. I´dlikeyoutogo I´dpreferthemtodoitnow I´dloveyoutogototheclub. I´dhatetheboystodoithere.
B. VERB+BAREINFINITIVE LosverbosTOMAKE/meik/hacer,obligaryTOLET/let/permitir,dejarvanseguidosdeunBAREINFINITIVO(Infinitive sinTO)enlasiguienteestructura: TOMAKE/TOLET+Somebody+bareinfinitive Youmakemefeelhappy.(Nosedebedecir,“YoumakemeTOfeelhappy”)Túmehacessentirfeliz ThecustomsofficermadeSallyopenhersuitcase.EloficialdeaduanahizoaAliceabrirsumaleta. Hotweathermakesmefeeltired.Eltiempocalurosomehacesentircansado. Herparentswouldn´tlethergooutalone.Suspadresnolepermitiríanaellasalirsola. Letmecarryyourbagforyou,madam.Permítamellevarlesubolso,señora Pleaseletmegoout.Porfavor,déjemesalir
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C. VERBO+GERUNDoBAREINFINITIVE LosverbosdepercepciónTOSEE/sí:/ver,TOHEAR/híar/oir,TOWATCH/wótch/observar,vanseguidosdeungerund cuandonosreferimosaunaacciónparcialodeunbareinfinitivecuandonosreferimosalaaccióncompleta Ejemplos: Isawhercrossingtheroad.(partedelaacción) Isawhercrosstheroad.(accióncompleta)
Lavícruzandolacalle Lavicruzarlacalle
Weheardthemsingingasong.(partedelaacción) Losoícantandounacanción Weheardthemsingtensongs.(accióncompleta) Losoícantar10canciones. D. VERB+SOMEBODY+TO-INFINITIVE/BAREINFINITIVE ElverboTOHELP/hélp/ayudarpuedeirseguidoindistintamentedeunto-InfinitiveounbareInfinitive Ejemplo: Canyouhelpmetolift/liftthisbox,please? EXERCISES Ex.1.Completethesentencesforeachsituation. 1. Tom:Shallwegetmarried? Betty:Yes,let´s Theydecided__________________________________________________ 2. Jack:Pleasehelpme. Mary:OK. Maryagreed___________________________________________________ 3. Bob:CanIcarryyourbagforyou? Woman:No,thanks.Icanmanage. Boboffered____________________________________________________ 4. Bob:Let´smeetat8o´clock. Hans:OK,fine. Theyarranged_________________________________________________ 5. Man:What´syourname? Woman:I´mnotgoingtotellyou. Thewomanrefused_____________________________________________ Ex.2.Completeeachsentencewithasuitableverb. 1.Don’tforget_____________________________theletterIgaveyou. 2.Therewasalotoftrafficbutwemanaged_____________________________totheairportintime. 3.Jillhasdecidednot_____________________________acar. 4.We’vegotanewcomputerinouroffice.Ihaven’tlearnthow_____________________________ityet. 5.IwonderwhereSueis.Shepromisednot_____________________________late. 6.Wewerealltooafraidtospeak.Nobodydared_____________________________anything. Ex.3.Puttheverbintothecorrectformto-Infinitiveor-ing 1.WhenI’mtired,Ienjoy_____________________________television.It’srelaxing.(watch) 2.Itwasaniceday,sowedecided_____________________________forawalk.(go) 3.It’saniceday.Doesanyonefancy_____________________________forawalk?(go) 4.I’mnotinahurry.Idon’tmind_____________________________(wait) 5.Theydon’thavemuchmoney.Theycan’tafford_____________________________outveryoften.(go) 6.Iwishthatdogwouldstop_____________________________.It’sdrivingmemad.(bark) 7.Ourneighbourthreatened_____________________________thepoliceifwedidn’tstopthenoise.(call) Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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8.Wewerehungry,soIsuggested_____________________________dinnerearly.(have) 9.Hurryup!Idon’twanttorisk_____________________________thetrain.(miss) 10.I’mstilllookingforajobbutIhope_____________________________somethingsoon.(find) Ex.4.Makeanewsentenceusingtheverbinbrackets. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Hehaslostweight.(seem) Tomisworriedaboutsomething.(appear) Youknowalotofpeople.(seem) MyEnglishisgettingbetter.(seem) Thatcarhasbrokendown.(appear) Davidforgetsthings.(tend) Theyhavesolvedtheproblem.(claim)
He________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ You_______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.5.Completeeachsentenceusingwhat/how/whether+oneoftheseverbs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
dogetgoridesayuse Doyouknow_____________________________toJohn’shouse? Canyoushowme_____________________________thiswashingmachine? Wouldyouknow_____________________________iftherewasafireinthebuilding? You´llneverforget_____________________________abicycleonceyouhavelearned. Iwasreallyastonished.Ididn’tknow_____________________________. I’vebeeninvitedtothepartybutIdon’tknow_____________________________ornot.
Ex.6.Completethequestions.UseDOYOUWANTMETO...?orWOULDYOULIKEMETO...?withoneofthese verbs(+anyothernecessarywords):TOCOME,TOLEND,TOREPEAT,TOSHOW,TOSHUT,TOWAIT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Doyouwanttogoaloneordoyouwantmeto_______________________________________________________? Haveyougotenoughmoneyordoyouwantmeto ___________________________________________________? ShallIleavethewindowopenorwouldyoulikemeto_________________________________________________? Doyouknowhowtousethemachineorwould_______________________________________________________? DidyouhearwhatIsaidordo _____________________________________________________________________? Can1gonowordo______________________________________________________________________________?
Ex.7.CompIetethesentencesforeachsituation. 1. Sue:Lockthedoor. Hans:OK. SuetoldHanstolockthedoor. 2. Tom&Betty: John:Yes,I´dloveto TomandBettyinvitedJohn
Whydon´tyoucomeandstaywithusforafewdays?
3. Bob:CanIuseyourphone? Marywouldn´tlet
Mary:No ____________________________________________________________________
4. Sylvia:Becareful. Sylviawarned
Hans:Don´tworry.Iwill. ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5. Tom:Canyougivemeahand? Jane.Yes,ofcourse. Tomasked ____________________________________________________________________ Ex.8.Completethesesentencessothatthemeaningissimilartothefirstsentence. 1.MyfathersaidIcouldusehiscar. Myfatherallowed_________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Iwassurprisedthatitrained. Ididn’texpect____________________________________________________________________________________ 180
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3.Don´tstophimdoingwhathewants. Let______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Helooksolderwhenhewearsglasses. Glassesmake____________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Ithinkyoushouldknowthetruth. Iwant___________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Don’tletmeforgettophonemysister. Remind__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.AtfirstIdidn’twanttoapplyforthejobbutSarahpersuadedme. Sarahpersuaded _________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Mylawyersaid1shouldn’tsayanythingtothepolice. Mylawyeradvised. ________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Iwastoldthat1shouldn’tbelieveeverythinghesays. Iwaswarnednot _________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Ifyou’vegotacar,youareabletotravelroundmoreeasily. Havingacarenables ______________________________________________________________________________ Ex.9.Puttheverbintherightform:-ingorinfinitive(withorwithoutto). 1.Shedoesn’tallowus_____________________________inthehouse.(smoke) 2.I’veneverbeentoIcelandbutI’dlike_____________________________there.(go) 3.I’minadifficultposition.Whatdoyouadviseme_____________________________?(do) 4.Shesaidtheletterwaspersonalandwouldn´tletme_____________________________it.(read) 5.Hewaskeptatthepolicestationfortwohoursandthenhewasallowed_____________________________(go) 6.Wherewouldyourecommendme_____________________________formyholidays?(go) 7.Iwouldn’trecommendyou_____________________________inthatrestaurant.Thefoodisawful(eat) 8.Thefilmwasverysad.Itmademe_____________________________(cry) 9.Carol’sparentsalwaysencouragedher_____________________________hardatschool.(study) E. VERBS+...ING/TO-INFINITIVE Algunosverbospuedenirseguidosindistintamentedeungerundioodeunto-infinitive,sincambiardesignificado. Losverbosmáscomunesdeestetiposon:TOPREFER/prifè:r/preferir,TOBEGIN/bigín/empezar,TOSTART/stá:rt/ comenzar,TOCONTINUE/kontíniu/seguir,continuar,TOLIKE/láik/gustarleauno,TOLOVE/lav/encanterleauno,TO HATE/heit/desagradar,TOINTEND/inténd/tenerlaintenciónde,CAN´TSTAND/ká:ntstænd/nosoportar. LosverbosTOREMEMBER/rimémber/recordar,recordarse,TOREGRET/rigrét/lamentar,arrepentirse,TOSTOP/stop/ parar,parar,detenerse,TOGOON/gouon/continuartambiénpuedenirseguidosdeungerundioounto-infinitivepero, adiferenciadelosanteriores,estoscambiandesignificadodelaoración. Itstartedsnowingaroundmidnight Wecontinuedworkinguntil10:30 IlikelisteningtomusicwhileI´mstudying Ilovegoingtobaseballgames Ican´tstandwaitinginlinestoolong
= = = = =
Itstartedtosnowaroundmidnight. Wecontinuedtoworkuntil10:30. IliketolistentomusicwhileI´mstudying. Ilovetogotobaseballgames. Ican´tstandtowaitinlinestoolong.
Irememberdoingthat.(IdiditandnowIrememberit)Recuerdohaberhechoeso. Irememberedtodothat.(IrememberedIhadtodothat,soIdidthat)Meacordédehacereso. IregretsayingwhatIsaid.(Isaidthat,andnowIamsorryaboutit)Lamentohaberdicholoquedije. Iregrettosaythatwecan´tsendthepricelistsyet.(I´msorrythatIhavetosaythat)Lamentodecirqueaúnno podemosenviarlelalistadeprecios. Theystoppedworkinginthefieldswhenitstartedtorain/raining. Theyhavebeenworkingallmorningandfeelverytired.Theywillstop(inorder)torestforawhile. Theministerwentontalkingfortwohours.(Hetalkedaboutthesamething)Elministrosiguióhablandopordoshoras. Afterdiscussingtheeconomy,theministerthenwentontotalkaboutforeignpolicy.Despuésdehablaracercade laeconomía,elministropasóahablaracercadelapolíticaexterior. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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EXERCISES Ex.1.CompletethesentenceswiththeTO-INFINITIVEortheGERUNDformofthewordsinparentheses. 1.Ineedtostudytonight(study) 2.Ienjoycookinggourmetmeals(cook) 3.Helenstartedtalking/totalkaboutherproblem.(talk) 4.BudandSallyhavedecided_____________________________married.(get) 5.Wefinished_____________________________aroundseven.(eat) 6.Areyouplanning_____________________________avacationthisyear?(take) 7.Ilike_____________________________newpeople.(meet) 8.TheWilsonswent_____________________________inYellowstoneNationalParklastsummer.(camp) 9.Myroommateoffered_____________________________mewithmyEnglish.(help) 10.I’vejustbegun_____________________________amovieonTV.(watch) 11.Pleasestop_____________________________yourknuckles!(crack) 12.Didyouremember_____________________________thecatthismorning?(feed) 13.1won’tbelate.1promise_____________________________ontime.(be) 14.I’mconsidering_____________________________toanewapartment.(move) 15.Whattimedoyouexpect_____________________________inDenver?(arrive) 16.Somechildrenhate_____________________________ toschool.(go) 17.Iforgot_____________________________thedoorwhenIleftmyapartmentthismorning.(lock) 18.Idon’tmind_____________________________withfourroommates.(live) 19.Don’tputoff_____________________________yourcompositionuntilthelastminute.(write) 20.Kenhadtoquit_____________________________becausehehurthisknee.(jog) 21.Thecompanywillcontinue_____________________________newemployeesaslongasnewproductionorders keep_____________________________in.(hire)(come) 22.That’snotwhatImeant!1meant_____________________________justtheopposite.(say) 23.Iwant_____________________________thisafternoon.(go)(shop) 24.Alexseems_____________________________thisweekend.(want)(go)(sail) Ex. 2. Use the verb provided in the correct form: TO-INFINITIVE or GERUND. Sometimes either form is possible. 1.Theydenied_____________________________themoney.(steal) 2.Idon’tenjoy_____________________________verymuch.(drive) 3.Idon’twant_____________________________outtonight.I’mtootired.(go) 4.Ican’tafford_____________________________outtonight.1haven’tgotenoughmoney.(go) 5.Hasitstopped_____________________________yet?(rain) 6.Canyouremindme_____________________________somecoffeewhenwegoout?(buy) 7.Whydoyoukeep_____________________________mequestions?Can’tyouleavemealone?(ask) 8.Pleasestop_____________________________mequestions!(ask) 9.Irefuse_____________________________anymorequestions.(answer) 10.Oneoftheboysadmitted_____________________________thewindow.(break) 11.Theboy’sfatherpromised_____________________________forthewindowtoberepaired.(pay) 12.Annwashavingdinnerwhenthephonerang.Shedidn’tanswerthephone;shejustcarriedon _____________________________(eat) 13.“Howdidthethiefgetintothehouse?”“Iforgot_____________________________thewindow.’(shut) 14.I’veenjoyed__________________________you.(meet)1hope_________________________youagainsoon.(see) 15.Thebabybegan_____________________________inthemiddleofthenight.(cry) 16.Juliahasbeenillbutnowshe’sbeginning_____________________________better.(get). Ex.3.Completethesesentenceswithasuitableverbinthecorrectform:TO-INFINITIVEorGERUND. 1.Pleaseremembertolockthedoorwhenyougoout. 2.A:Youlentmesomemoneyafewmonthsago. B:Didl?Areyousure?1don’tremember._____________________________youanymoney. 3.A:Didyouremember_____________________________yoursister? B:No,Iclean(=completely)forgot.I’llphonehertomorrow. 182
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4.WhenyouseeMandytomorrow,remember_____________________________hermyregards,won’tyou? 5.Someonemusthavetakenmybag.Iclearlyremember_____________________________itbythewindowandnow ithasgone. 6.1believethatwhat1saidwasfair.1don’tregret_____________________________it. 7.(afteradrivingtest)Iregret_____________________________thatyouhavefailedthetest. 8.Keithjoinedthecompany15yearsago.Hewasquicklypromotedandbecameassistantmanageraftertwoyears. Afewyearslaterhewenton_____________________________managerofthecompany. 9.Ican’tgoon_____________________________hereanymore.Iwantadifferentjob. 10.When1cameintotheroomLizwasreadinganewspaper.Shelookedupandsaidhellotome,andthenwenton _____________________________hernewspaper. 11.Thisjacketisdirty.Itneeds_____________________________. 12.Thisisveryurgent.Ineed_____________________________withthemanagerimmediately. Ex.4.(Review)Usetheverbsgiveninthecorrectform,GERUND,TO-INFINITIVE,BAREINFINITIVE.Remember thatinsomecasesyouhavetwoalternativesandthatsometimesthereisachangeinthemeaning. 1.IsawBob_____________________________thecaryesterday.Ittookhimmorethan20minutestodoit.(wash) 2.IdrovepastPeter´shouseyesterday.Isawhim_____________________________hiscar.(wash). 3.Didyouremember_____________________________Marylastnight,ordidyouforget?(phone) 4.Ihaven´tphonedheratherhomelately.InfactIdon´tremember___________________herforalongtime(phone) 5.Ilookforward_____________________________tothatweddingpartyonFriday.(go) 6.Weused_____________________________onholidayeverysummerwhenIwasachild.(go) 7.Itstarted_____________________________atabout7:30thismorning.(rain) 8.Bobnevergotused_____________________________inthatpartofthecountry.(live) 9.Idon´tmind_____________________________thewashingup.AsamatteroffactIdoiteveryday.(do) 10.CouldyouhelpjJimmy_____________________________thatmathexercise,George?(do) 11.Pleaseletme_____________________________cartoons,mum.I´vealreadydonemyhomework.(watch) 12.Wheredidtheyagree_____________________________,inLaPazorinSucre?(meet) 13.Themenhavebeenwalkingupthehillforaboutanhour,sothey´llstop________________________(rest)awhile. 14.Thechildrenstopped_____________________________whentheteacherenteredtheroom.(talk) 15.Ican´tafford_____________________________thathouse.Itistooexpensive.(buy) 16.Theywanted_____________________________thesoccergameonTV.(watch) 17.Iamconsidering_____________________________toasmallerapartmentsoon.(move) 18.Iamplanning_____________________________toasmallerapartmentsoon.(move) 19.Heleftthehousewithout_____________________________thefrontdoor.(lock) 20.IthinkJaneisquiteused_____________________________withDr.Smith.(work)
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PARTIII TAGENDINGS. LosTagEndingsseusanalfinaldeunaaseveraciónconelfindebuscarunaconfirmaciónoparaindicarqueloquese afirmaestácorrecto.Equivalealapregunta¿Verdad?¿Noescierto?.Salvoqueestemosbuscandounaconfirmación, normalmenteseusaunaentonacióndescendente. Maryisathomenow,isn´tshe? Youknowhimwell,don´tyou? BobleftonWednesday,didn´the? TheboyscanspeakFrench,can´tthey? Thomashasbeenherebefore,hasn´the?
Maryisn´tathomenow,isshe? Youdon´tknowhimwell,doyou? Bobdidn´tleaveonWednesday,didhe? Theboyscan´tspeakFrench,canthey? Thomashasn´tbeenherebefore,hashe?
ComoUd.haadvertido,lostagendingssiempreseexpresandelasiguientemanera: Sujeto+aseveraciónafirmativa Maryisathomenow, Youknowhimwell, TheboycanspeakFrench, Sujeto+aseveraciónnegativa Maryisn´tathomenow, Youdon´tknowhimwell, Theboycan´tspeakFrench,
Contracción+Pronombre(Nuncaunnombre) isn´tshe? don´tyou? can´the? VerboModal+Pronombre(Nuncaunnombre) isshe? doyou? canhe?
EXERCISES Ex.1.Addthepropertagending: 1.Hecomeshereeveryday.____________________________________ ?(Hecomeshereeveryday,doesn’the?) 2.ShecanspeakFrenchwell,______________________________________________________? 3.Theywillbehereearly,___________________________________________________________? 4.Heleftattwoo’clock, __________________________________________________________? 5.Hehastoworktomorrow,_______________________________________________________? 6.Hehasmanyfriendshere,_______________________________________________________? 7.Youliveuptown,_______________________________________________________________? 8.Shestudieswithyou, ___________________________________________________________? 9.Hewillbebacklater,____________________________________________________________? 10.Henryleftattwoo’clock, ________________________________________________________? 11.There´ssomemoremilkinthefridge,______________________________________________? 12.Bothmenlookverymuchalike,___________________________________________________? 13.I´myourbestfriend, ____________________________________________________________? 14.Mr.Smithhasseenthatmovie, ___________________________________________________? Ex.2.Addthepropertagending.NotethatallthesesentencesareformedwiththeverbToBE,usedeitheras themainverborastheauxiliaryverb: 1.Johnisagoodstudent. ______________________________________ ?(Johnisagoodstudent,isn’the?) 2.Theywerebothabsentfromthelesson,____________________________________________? 3.Thewindisblowingveryhard,____________________________________________________? 4.HelenandhersisterarebothstudyingEnglish, _____________________________________? 5.Youarebusytoday, ____________________________________________________________? 6.I´mdoingtheexercisewell,______________________________________________________? 7.Georgeisaverytallboy, ________________________________________________________? 8.Youwereabsentfromclassyesterday, ____________________________________________? 9.Itisbeginningtorain,___________________________________________________________? 184
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10.Mr.Smithisoutoftown, ________________________________________________________? 11.Theyareleavingearlyinthemorning, _____________________________________________? 12.Therearemanystudentsabsenttoday,____________________________________________? Ex.3.Addthepropertagending: 1.Marygoesshoppingeveryday._____________________________?(Marygoesshoppingeveryday,doesn’tshe?) 2.Suewasathomewhenyoucalledlastnight,_______________________________________ ? 3.Joséusedtoworkinthisoffice,__________________________________________________ ? 4.Williamhasbeenworkingveryhardtoday,_________________________________________ ? 5.WilliamwasborninCardiff,______________________________________________________ ? 6.Williamwillbeheresoon,________________________________________________________ ? 7.Thetrafficonthisstreetwasveryheavythatevening,________________________________ ? 8.Thesunsetsataboutsixo’clock, ________________________________________________ ? 9.Thesunissettingnow,__________________________________________________________ ? 10.Bob´sgoingtobuyanewcarthisyear,____________________________________________ ? 11.Theywentintothechurch, ______________________________________________________ ? 12.Theshoppingdistrictextendsformanyblocks,_____________________________________ ? Ex.4.Addthepropertagending: 1.Hedoesn’tcomehereeveryday.__________________________ ?(Hedoesn’tcomehereeveryday,doeshe?) 2.Sheisn’tbusynow, ____________________________________________________________ ? 3.Theydidn’tcomewithher,_______________________________________________________ ? 4.Shecan’tspeakFrench, ________________________________________________________ ? 5.Theydon’tliveuptown, _________________________________________________________ ? 6.Hedidn’tvisituslastnight,______________________________________________________ ? 7.Shewon’tbeatthelessontomorrow,_____________________________________________ ? 8.Theydon’tknoweachother,_____________________________________________________ ? 9.Wedon’thavetocometoschooltomorrow, _______________________________________? 10.Theydidn’thavetoworkyesterday,_______________________________________________? 11.Hehasn’tgotanymoney, _______________________________________________________? 12.Theydidn’tarriveontime,_______________________________________________________ ? Ex.5.Addthepropertagending: 1.Johnoftenwalkstothepostoffice._________________________ ? (Johnoftenwalkstothepostoffice,doesn’t he?) 2.Henevergoesthereinthemorning.,______________________________________________? 3.Hefirstgoestothewindowmarked“Stamps.”, _____________________________________? 4.Hedoesn’talwaysbuystamps., __________________________________________________? 5.Therearemanypeopleaheadofhim,_____________________________________________? 6.Thereareonlyafewpeopleaheadofhim,_________________________________________? 7.Hedoesn’talwayshavetowaitinline,_____________________________________________? 8.Hedidn’thavetowaitinlineyesterday,____________________________________________? 9.Hewon’thavetowaitinlinetomorrow,____________________________________________? 10.Hegavehimthestamps,________________________________________________________? 11.Johndidn’treceiveanychange,__________________________________________________? 12.Heputastampontheenvelope,_________________________________________________? 13.Hedidn’tmailanypackages, ____________________________________________________? 14.Buthedroppedtheletterintothebox, ____________________________________________?
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Ex.6.Youthink,butyouarenotsure.Askquestions,usingtagendings.Readtheseexamples: YouthinkMaryspeaksSpanish,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:MaryspeaksSpanish,doesn`tshe? Youthinkthechildrencan`tswimwell.Yousay:Thechildrencan`tswimwell,canthey? 1. YouthinkJohn`sbeentoEnglandtwice,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 2.YouthinkmyfriendscomefromWisconsin,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 3.YouthinkBobdidn`tattendthemeetinglastMonday,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 4.Youthinkthereisn`tanymorewhiskyinthebottle,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 5.Youthinktheyhavetoworkalittlefaster,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 6.YouthinkJaneshouldn`tdothatagain,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 7.Youthinktheboyhashaddinneralready,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 8.Youthinktherewastoomuchnoiseintheroom,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 9.Youthinkyou´reagoodstudent,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 10.Youthinktheboysworkedharderthanthegirls,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 11.YouthinkIwouldn`tliketogothereagain,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 12.YouthinkJohnputonhisnewsweater,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 13.YouthinkIwasatthemeetingtoo,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________? 14.Youthinkthetrainhadn`tleftyetwhenIgottothestation,butyou`renotsure.Yousay: ________________________________________________________________________________________________?
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BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords SPORTSANDRECREATIONDeportesyRecreación amusementpark/amiuzmentpá:rk/parquedediversiones. angling/ægli pescaderío ´ η / atletismo athletics/aθlétiks/ baños,termas baths/ba:θs/ beach/bi:tch/ playa bowling/bóuliη/ bocha boxeo boxing/bóksiη/ car-racing/ka:rréisiη/ carreradeautos casino/kazí:nou/ casinodejuegos cinema/sínema/ cine circus/sé:rkas/ circo climbing/kláimiη/ andinismo competition/kompetíshn/ competición court/kó:rt/ cancha(tenis) ciclismo cycling/sáikliη/ championship/tchámpionship/campeonato disco/dískou/ discoteca buceo diving/dáiviη/ drive/dráiv/ paseoenauto excursion/ekskérshion/ excursión exhibition/eksibíshion/ exposición expedition/ekspedíshion/ expedición fair/féar/ feria fencing/fénsiη/ esgrima field/fí:ld/ cancha(fútbol) pesca fishing/físhiη/ game/géim/ juego,partido gliding/gláidiη/ planeo green/grí:n/ cancha(golf) horseriding/ho:rsráidiη/ equitación carrerashípica horse-racing/hó:rsréisiη/ hunting/hántiη/ caza saltodevallas hurdling/hé:rdliη/ ice-skating/áisskéitiη/ patinajeenhielo javelin/dllævelin/ javalina ´ trote jogging/dllógiη/ journey/dllé:rni/ Viaje jumping/dllámpiη/ Salto
lawn/ló:n/ césped match/mæ´tch/ partido(fútbol,box) movietheater/múviθíater/ saladecine museum/miuzíam/ museo nightclub/náitklab/ clubnocturno oar/óar/ remo obstacle/óbstakl/hurdle/hé:dl/obstáculo,valla paddling/pæ´liη/ remodepaleta park/pá:rk/ parque pentatlón pentathlon/péntaθlon/ picnic/píknik/ picnic ride/ráid/ paseoacaballo,etc canchadepatines rink/riηk/ rowing/róuiη/ remo running/rániη/ carrera seasideresort/sí:saidrisó:rt/ balneario sightseeingtour/sáitsi:iηtúar/ paseoturístico skating/skéitiη/ patinaje skiing/skí:iη/ esquí centrodeesquí skiingresort/skí:iηrizó:rt/ sneakers/sní:kerz/ zapatillas surfing surfing/sé:rfiη/ sweat-shirt/suétshé:rt/ polerón swimming/suímiη/ natación sword/só:rd/ espada theater/δíater/ teatro tour/túar/ viaje,excursión tournament/tó:rnament/ torneo track/træk/ pistadecarrera trekking/trékiη/ excursiónenmontaña trip/trip/ viaje trunks/tráηks/ pantalonesdeatlet. T-shirt/ti:shé:rt/ polera voyage/vóiidll/ viaje walk/wó:k/ caminata water-skiing/wó:terskíiη/ esquíacuático pesas weight-lifting/wéitlíftiη/
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UNIT13 PARTI. Ex.1.1hasbeenliving2.havebeenworking3.hasbeensitting4.havebeenstanding5.havebeenwaiting6.have beenrunning7.hasbeenreading8.hasbeenwriting9.havebeenworkingout10.havebeendiscussing Ex.2.1.Hehasn`tbeenliving.../Hashebeenliving...?2.Theyhaven`tbeenplaying.../Havetheybeenplaying...? 3.Janehasn`tbeenfeeling.../HasJanebeenfeeling...?4.Theyhaven`tbeendiscussing.../Havetheybeendiscussing...? 5.Bobhasn`tbeenswimming.../HasBobbeenswimming...?`t Ex.3.1.WhathasHenrybeenreadingallmorning?2.WhathasBillbeendoingallmorning?3.Wherehavetheybeen staying?4.Whyhavetheybeensavingmoney?5.HowlonghaveyourfriendsbeenlivinginMadrid?6.Whathasthe boybeendoingsince7o`clock?7.Howlonghavetheybeenwaitingforataxi?
PARTII. A. Ex.1.1.togetmarried2.tohelpJack3.tocarrythewoman`sbag4.tomeetat8o`clock5.totellthemanher name Ex.2.(Possibleanswers)1.topost.2.toget3.tobuy4.(how)touse5.tobe6.tosay Ex.3.1.watching2.togo3.going4.waiting5.togo6.barking7.tocall8.having9.missing 10.tofind Ex.4.1.Heseemstohavelostweight2.Tomappearstobeworriedaboutsomething.3.Youseemtoknowalotof people.4.MyEnglishseemstobegettingbetter.5.Thatcarappearstohavebrokendown6.Davidtendstoforget things.7.Theyclaimtohavesolvedtheproblem. Ex.5.1.howtoget2.howtouse3.whattodo4.howtoride5.whattosay6.whethertogo Ex.6.1.gowithyou?2.lendyousome3.shutit4.youliketoshowyouhowtouseit5.youwantmetorepeatwhat Isaid6.youwantmetowait Ex.7.2.tocomeandstaywiththemforafewdays3.Bobuseherphone4.Hanstobecareful5.Janetogivehim ahand. Ex.8.1.metousehiscar.2.ittorain/itwouldrain.3.himdowhathewants.4.himlookolder. 5.youtoknowthetruth.6.metophonemysister.7.metoapplyforthejob.8.nottosayanythingtothepolice.9. tobelieveeverythinghesays.10.youtotravelroundmoreeasily. Ex.9.1.tosmoke2.togo3.todo4.read5.togo6.togo7.toeat8.cry9.tostudy. B. Ex.1.4.toget5.eating6.totake7.meeting/tomeet8.camping9.tohelp10.watching/towatch 11.cracking12.tofeed13.tobe14..moving15.toarrive16.going/togo17.tolock18.living19.writing20.jogging 21.tohire/hiring-coming22..tosay23.togoshopping24.towanttogosailing Ex.2.1.stealing/havingstolen2.driving3.togo4.togo5.raining6.tobuy7.asking8.asking9.toanswer10. breaking/havingbroken11.topay12.eating13.toshut14.meeting...tosee15.tocry/crying16.toget Ex.3.2.lending/havinglentyou3.tophone.4.togive5.havingleft/leaving6.saying/havingsaid7.totell8.to become9.working10.reading11.cleaning12.totalk/tomeet Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Ex.4.1.wash2.washing3.tophone4.phoning5.togoing6.togo7.torain/raining8.toliving9.doing10.do/to do11.watch12.tomeet13.(inorder)torest14.talking15.tobuy16.towatch17.moving18.tomove19.locking 20.toworking C. Ex.1.2.Shecanspeak...,can`tshe?3.They`llbe...,won`tthey?4.Heleft...,didn`the?5.Hehastowork...,doesn`t he?6.Hehasmany...,doesn`the?7.Youlive...,don`tyou?8.Shestudies...,doesn`tshe?9.He`llbeback...,won`t he?10.Henryleft...,didn`the?11.There`ssome...,isn´tthere?12.Bothmenlook...,don`tthey?13.I`myour...,aren`t I?14.MrSmith``sseen...,hasn`the? Ex.2.2.Theywerebothabsent...,weren`tthey?3.Thewind`sblowing...,isn`tit?4.Helenandhersisterareboth..., aren`tthey?5.You`rebusy...,aren`tyou?6.I`mdoing...,aren`tI?7.George`savery...,isn`the?8.Youwereabsent..., weren`tyou?9.It`sbeginning...,isn`tit?10.MrSmith`soutof...,isn`the?11.They`releaving...,aren`tthey?12.There aremany...,aren`tthere? Ex.3.2.Suewasathome...,wasn`tshe?3.Joséusedtowork...,didn´the?4.William`sbeenworking...,hasn`the? 5.Williamwasbornin...,wasn`the?6.Williamwillbe...,won`the?7.Thetrafficonthisstreetwasvery...,wasn`tit? 8.Thesunsets...,doesn`tit?9.Thesun`ssetting...,isn`tit?10.Bob`sgoingtobuy...,isn`the?11.Theywent...,didn`t they?12.Theshoppingdistrictextends...,doesn`tit. Ex.4.2.Sheisn`tbusy...,isshe?3.Theydidn`tcome...,didthey?4.Shecan`tspeak...,canshe? 5.Theydon`tlive...,dothey?6.Hedidn`tvisit...,didhe?7.Shewon`tbe...,willshe?8.Theydon`tknow...,dothey? 9.Wedon`thavetocome...,dowe?10.Theydidn`thavetowork...,didthey?11.Hehasn`tgot...,hashe?12.They didn`tarrive...,didthey? Ex.5.2.Henevergoes...,doeshe?3.Hefirstgoesto...,doesn`the?4.Hedoesn`talwaysbuy...,doeshe?5.There aremanypeople...,aren`tthere?6.Thereareonlyafew...,aren`tthere? 7.Hedoesn`talwayshavetowait...,doeshe?8.Hedidn`thavetowait...,didhe?9.Hewon`thavetowait...,will he?10.Hegave...,didn`the?11.Johndidn`treceive...,didhe?12.Heput...,didn`the?13.Hedidn`tmail...,didhe? 14.Buthedropped...,didn`the? Ex.6.1.John`sbeentoEnglandtwice,hasn`the?2.YourfriendscomefromWisconsin,don´tthey?3.Bobdidn´t attendthemeetinglastMonday,didhe?4.Thereisn`tanymorewhiskyinthebottle,isthere?5.Theyhavetoworka littlefaster,don`tthey?6.Janeshouldn`tdothatagain,shouldshe?7.Theboyhashaddinneralready,hasn`the?8. Therewastoomuchnoiseintheroom,wasn`tthere?9.I´magoodstudent,aren´tI?10.Theboysworkedharderthan thegirls,didn`tthey?11.Youwouldn´tliketogothereagain,wouldyou?12.Johnputonhisnewsweater,didn`the? 13.Youwereatthemeetingtoo,weren`tyou?14.Thetrainhadn`tyetleftwhenyougottothestation,hadit?
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UNIT14 PART1.ELTIEMPOPASADOPERFECTO(THEPASTPERFECTTENSE) EstetiempoverbalseformaconelpasadodelverbomodalHave(HAD/hæd/)máselParticipioPasado(3ra.forma) deunverboprincipalyseusaparadescribirunaacciónqueocurrióantesqueotraacciónsucediera.Porlotanto estetiemponoseusaenformaindependiente,puessiemprevajuntoaunaoraciónexpresadaenpasadosimple.De dosaccionespasadas,laquecronológicamenteocurrióprimerodebeirenelPasadoPerfecto. Escuche,leayaprenda Hansleftat8:15.Youphonedat8:25. Hanshadalreadyleftwhenyouphonedthismorning./hánshadoñrédiléftweniú:fóundδismó:rniη/ Hansyahabíapartidocuandotúllamasteporteléfonoestamañana Theshowstartedat10:30.Paularrivedatthetheaterat10:40. TheshowhadalreadystartedwhenPaularrivedatthetheater./δeshóuhadolrédistá:rtidwenpó:larráivdatδeθíater/ ElespectáculoyahabíacomenzadocuandoPaulllegóalteatro. Theoldmandiedat11:25.Theambulancearrivedafewminuteslater. Bythetimetheambulancearrived,theoldmanhadalreadydied./baiδetáimδeæmbiulánsarráivdδeóuldmænhadolrédidáid/ Cuandolaambulanciallegó,elviejoyahabíafallecido. AligualqueenelPasadoContínuo,lasexpresionesdetiempoqueacompañanalPasadoPerfecto,sonaquellas cláusulascompuestasporWHEN+S+PASADOSIMPLE:Whenyouphonedthismorning;WhenPaularrivedat thetheatre;Bythetimetheambulancearrived. Compare: Theywerehavinglunchwhenyoucalled./δéiwe:rhæviηlántchweniú:kó.ld/ Ellosestabanalmorzandocuandotúllamaste. (Laacciónnohabíaconcluido) Theyhadalreadyhadlunchwhenyoucalled./δéihadolrédihædlántchweniú:kó.ld/ Ellosyahabíanalmorzadocuandotúllamaste. (Laacciónyahabíaconcluido) Enlaprimeraoración,laacciónexpresadaporelPasadoContínuotodavíaseestabarealizando(Theywerehavinglunch) cuandolasegundaacciónocurrió(whenyoucalled),mientrasqueenlasegundaoraciónlaacciónexpresadaporel PasadoPerfectoyahabíaconcluído(Theyhadalreadyhadlunch)cuandolasegundaacciónocurrió(whenyoucalled). LaformanegativaseexpresaconHADNOT(oHADN´T/hædnt/)másunParticipioPasadoylaformainterrogativase expresainvirtiendoelordendeHADconelsujeto.(Recuerdequeenlasoracionesnegativasdebeusaryetenvezde already).Enlaspreguntasintroducidasconunapalabrainterrogativacomowhat,where,how,etc.,sedebeseguir elmismoordendepalabrasusadoenlaspreguntassimples. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Hanshadnotleftyetwhenyouphonedthismorning./hánshadnótléftyétweniú:fóundδismó:rniη/ Theshowhadn´tstartedyetwhenPaularrivedatthetheater./δeshóuhædntstá:rtidyétwenpó:larráivdatδeθíater/ Theoldmanhadn´tdiedyetbythetimetheambulancearrived. /δióuldmænhædntdáidyétbai δetáim δeæmbiuláns arráivd/ HadHansleftalreadywhenyouphonedthismorning?/hadhánsléftolrédiweniú:fóundδismó:rniη/ HadtheshowstartedyetwhenPaularrivedatthetheatre?/hadδeshóustá:rtidyétwenpó:larráivdatδeθíater/ WherehadtheylivedbeforetheymovedtoSantiago?/wéarhadδéilívdbifó:rδéimú:vdtusantiágou/ Lapreguntahabitualenestetiempoverbales: WHATHADYOUDONE?/wóthadiú:dán/(¿Quéhabíahechoud.?)
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EXERCISES Ex.1.CompletethefollowingsentencesusingtheappropriateverbsinthePastPerfecttense. 1.Mary______________________already______________________tothecinemawhenIarrived.(go) 2.They_____________________already_____________________thediscussionwhenweenteredtheroom.(start) 3.Bob________________just_________________typingthereportwhenthegeneralcalledhimtohisoffice.(finish) 4.Whenthepolicearrived,thethief______________________already______________________.(disappear) 5.Shesaidshe______________________thereseveraltimesbefore.(be) 6.Assoonasheopenedthedoor,henoticedthatsomeone______________________hisTVset.(steal) 7.Thepolicemantoldusthatwe______________________thewrongroad.(take) 8.TheyarrivedonlytenminutesafterJohn______________________.(leave) 9.Bythetimethefiremenarrived,theneighbours_________________already_________________thefire.(putout 10.Mary_____________________already_____________________tobedwhenwearrivedhomelastnight.(go) Ex.2.CompletethefollowingsentencesusingtheverbsprovidedeitherintheSimplePastorinthePast PerfectTenses. 1.Robert(be)______________________ataxidriverbeforehe(become)______________________ abusinessman. 2.MrSmith(feel)______________________alittlebetterafterhe(take)______________________themedicine. 3.Theteacher(give,already)______________________thetestresultswhenI(get)____________________toclass. 4.Thedetectives(leave)______________________theplaceafterthey(collect)______________________enough evidence 5.Itwasraininghard,butbythetimethemeeting(be)______________________over,therain(stop)_____________ _________ 6.Theshow(begin,already)______________________bythetimewe(get)______________________tothetheater, sowequietly(take)______________________aseatintheback. 7.Millionsofyearsago,dinosaurs(roam)______________________theearth,butthey(become,already)__________ ____________extinctbythetimemanfirst(appear)______________________ 8.Thestudents(see,never) ______________________anyofRenoir´spaintingsbeforethey(visit)________________ ______theartgallery. 9.Gloriaalmostmissedherplane.Alloftheotherpassengers(board,already)______________________bythetime she(get)______________________totheboardinggate. 10.Yesterdayatarestaurant,I(see)_______________________________JohnPalmer,anoldfriendofmine.I(see, not)_______________________________himinyears.Atfirst,I(recognize,not)_____________________________ _______________himbecausehe(lose)____________________________atleastfifteenkilos. Ex.3.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)thenegative,andb)theinterrogative.Rememberinthenegative youmustuseYETinsteadofALREADY. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Tomhadalreadylefttheoffice. They´dalreadyspentallthemoney. Paulhadalreadysentherafax. Janehadseenthatmovietwice. Thechildrenhadalreadyhadsupper. MrsBentleyhadgonetobedalready.
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___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.4.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhat,Where,When,How,Howlong,etc. 1.Johnhadeatenthreesandwichesthatevening. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Dr.BlackhadstudiedatHarvardUniversity.___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.TheengineerhadgraduatedfromUCLAin1945. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Paulhadsoldhishousethepreviousyear. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.TheplanehadtakenofffromJFKAirportat23:25 ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.He´dworkedintheArmyfor29yearswhenhebecameageneral. 7.They´dspentoverUS$3.000beforetheyarrivedinTokyo. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Billhadmadethesamemistakethreetimes. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Johnhadvisitedthemthatevening. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.ThegirlhadstudiedFrenchatschool. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish 1.Ellosnohabíanestudiadoallípormuchotiempo. _________________________________________________ 2.Yonohabíavistounpartidodecrícketantes. _________________________________________________ 3.¿Habíascomidoestoanteriormente? _________________________________________________ 4.¿Porquénohabíasescritoanosotrosantes? _________________________________________________ 5.Ellanohabíaleídoeselibroaún. _________________________________________________ 6.ElloshabíanvisitadootrospaísesantesdeveniraUSA._________________________________________________ 7.¿Dóndehabíanestadoellosesamañana? _________________________________________________ 8.Ellahabíatrabajadoduropormuchotiempo. _________________________________________________ 9.Ellanuncahabíaestadoenelextranjeroantes. _________________________________________________ 10.Eldijoquehabíaestadomuyocupadoesedía. _________________________________________________
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PARTII. A. FORMATIONOFADVERBS;COMPARISONOFADVERBS 1. Formationofadverbs Muchosadverbioseninglésseformanagregandoelsufijo-lyalosadjetivoscorrespondientes. Thistrainisveryslow.(adjetivo)Itmovesveryslowly(adverbio) Johnisacareful(adjetivo)driver.Hedrivescarefully(adverbio). slow/slóu/lento quick/kuik/rápido careful/kéarful/cuidadoso happy/hæ´pi/feliz certain/sε´ :rten/cierto safe/séif/seguro
slowly/slóuli/lentamente quickly/kuíkli/rápidamente carefully/kéarfuli/cuidadosamente happily/hæ´pili/felizmente certainly/sε´ :rtenli/ciertamente safely/séifli/conseguridad
Existenalgunaspalabrasquepuedenactuarindistintamentecomoadjetivooadverbio,esdecir,noesnecesario agregarelsufijo-lyaladjetivoparaformareladverbio. Estossonlosprincipalesadjetivos/adverbios: fast/fæ´st/ rápido/rápidamente; hard/ha:rd/ duro,difícil,intenso/intensamente, late/leit/ tarde/atrasado; temprano,tempranamente,adelantado early/ε´ :rli/ Examples: Thisisahard(adj.)lesson.Ihavetostudyhard(adv.). Theytooktheearly(adj.)train.Wearrivedthereearly(adv.). EsimportantenotarqueexistenlaspalabrasHARDLYyLATELYquetienenunsignificadoespecial Compare: Bobworksveryhard.(arduamente) Theyarrivedlate(tarde,atrasados)
PeterhardlyworksonSaturday.(casino,apenas) Ihaven´tseenJohnlately.(últimamente)
2. Comparisonofadverbs CuandoestudiamoslaComparacióndelosAdjetivos(Unit9),vimosque,dependiendodelnúmerodesílabas deladjetivos,seagregabaelsufijo-ERoseanteponíaeladverbioMOREaladjetivoNormalmenteelGRADO COMPARATIVODELOSADVERBIOSseexpresamedianteelusodeMORE+ADVERB+THAN: JohndrivesmorecarefullythanBob. Mikecamemorequicklythantheotherboys. Abusrunsmoreslowlythanatrain. ConlosadverbiosSOON,FAST,EARLY,LATEyHARD,elgradodecomparaciónseexpresamedianteelusodel sufijo-ER.+THAN: Wegottheresoonerthanweexpected. Adogrunsfasterthanahorse. MrBlakewillcalllatertonight. Bobworksharderthananyoftheotherstudents. Igotupalittleearlierthanusualtoday.
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Hayalgunosadverbiosqueusanunaformadiferenteenelgradocomparativo. well(bien) badly(mal) far(lejos)
better(mejor) worse(peor) farther(máslejos)
Johnworkswell.JohnworksbetterthanWilliam. Billbehavesbadlyinclass,butJackbehavesworseasarule. Theywentveryfar.Wewentfarther. LacomparacióndeigualdadseexpresaconAS+ADVERB.+AS BobspeaksEnglishaswellasHelendoes. HegetsupasearlyasIdo. EXERCISES Ex.1Supplytheadverbformoftheadjectiveinparentheses: 1.Johnlefttheofficequicklythatafternoon.(quick). 2.ShespeaksEnglish____________________________(beautiful). 3.Healwaysdrives____________________________(careful). 4.Sheworksvery____________________________everyday.(hard). 5.Wearrivedhome____________________________thatevening (early). 6.Hedidthework____________________________,asusual.(easy). 7.Wewalkedvery____________________________(quick). 8.1feelvery____________________________today.(good). 9.Healwaysdoeshiswork____________________________(good) 10.Hespeaksvery____________________________(fast). 11.Shepreparesherlessons____________________________(careless). 12.Theyacted____________________________inthatmatter.(bad) Ex.2.Supplytheproperform:adjectiveoradverb: 1.Heisaverycarefulstudent. 2.Healwaysdoeshiswork____________________________(careful). 3.Helearnshislesson____________________________(quick). 4.Thisisan____________________________exercise.(easy) 5.1candothisexercise____________________________(easy). 6.Maryisa____________________________girl.(beautiful) 7.Shealsosingsandplaystheguitar____________________________(beautiful). 8.Johnwasvery____________________________(foolish). 9.Hecertainlyacted____________________________(foolish). 10.Itisalways____________________________toprepareforthefuture.(wise) 11.Theyacted____________________________indoing.that.(wise) 12.Wedrovetothehospitalvery____________________________(fast) Ex.3.Expressthewordsinparenthesesincomparativeform: 1.JohnworksmorecarefullythanI.(careful) 2.Hecomeshere____________________________she.(often) 3.Igothere____________________________hedoes.(regular) 4.Theygetupeverymorning____________________________we.(early) 5.Hecomeshere____________________________hedidbefore.(frequent) 6.Sheplaystheguitar____________________________anyoneelse.(good) 7.Hecanrunmuch____________________________I.(fast). 8.Johnworks____________________________I(hard) 9.Hestudies____________________________Mary.(serious) Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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10.Igotobed____________________________you.(late) 11.Hewillarrive____________________________they.(soon) 12.Theycametowork____________________________usual..(early) Ex.4.Expressinfullform,usingequalityofcomparison: 1.Hegoestobed____________________________I(late) 2.Hecanrun____________________________hisbrother.(fast) 3.JohnspeaksEnglish____________________________I.(good) 4.Hegetsup____________________________hissister.(early) 5.Shesings____________________________sheplays.(beautiful) 6.Heworks____________________________hecan.(hard) 7.Hecame____________________________hecould.(quick) 8.Thesunisshining____________________________itwasyesterday.(bright) 9.Speak________________________________________________________possible.(soft) 10.Hecamehere____________________________hecould.(early) 11.Wedrovetothehospital____________________________wecould.(fast) 12.Youcandoit____________________________I.(easy) 5.Expressinfullform,usingequalityofcomparison: 1.Hedoesn’twalkas/sofastasIdo.(fast) 2.Hecan’tcome____________________________we.(early) 3.Shecan’tplay____________________________shecansing.(good) 4.Ican’tdoit____________________________Ididitbefore.(easy) 5.Hedidn’tarrive____________________________weexpectedhim.(early) 6.Hedoesn’twork____________________________she.(careful) 7.Shedoesn’tspeak____________________________hersister.(good) 8.Hedoesn’tplaytennis____________________________heplaysbaseball.(bad) 9.Helendoesn´tattendclass____________________________Mary.(regular) 10.Bobdoesn´twork____________________________youdo.(hard) B. REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS Lospronombresreflexivossonlossiguientes: Singular
Plural
myself/maisélf/
ourselves/auersélvz/
yourself/io:rsélf/
yourselves/io:rsélvz/
himself/himsélf/ herself/he:rsélf/ itself/itsélf/
themselves/δemsélvz/
Lospronombresreflexivostienentresusosfrecuentes: 1. Seusanparaexpresaraccionesreflejas. Bobcuthimselfwiththeknife.(Bobsecortóconelcuchillo) Themenkilledthemselves.(Loshombressesuicidaron) 2. Seusanparaexpresarénfasis.(enestecasosetraducenconlaspalabras“mismo”,“personalmente” TheKinghimselfwillvisitthedevastatedareas.(ElReyvisitarápersonalmentelazonadesvastada) Imyselfwilldoit.(Yomismoloharé)
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3. Se usan (con la preposición by) para indicar la idea de “alone” (= solo, sin la ayuda o la compañía de otra persona). Thepoormanlivesbyhimselfinanoldhouse.(Elpobrehombrevivesoloenunacasavieja) HansstudiesinagroupbutIstudybymyself.(Hansestudiaenungrupo,peroyoestudiosolo) Thegirlsolvedtheproblembyherself.(Laniñaresolvióelproblemasola) EXERCISES Ex.1Supplythecorrectreflexivepronoun: 1.Johnhurt______________________________whenhefell. 2.Thebabycannotdress______________________________. 3.Helenburnt______________________________withthematch. 4.Williamshaves______________________________everyday. 5.Weenjoyed______________________________attheconcert. 6.Shelookedat______________________________inthemirror. 7.Somepeopleliketotalkabout______________________________ 8.Doyouliketotalkabout______________________________? 9.Thelittlegirlcut______________________________withapen-knife 10.Ishave______________________________everymorning. 11.Thepoormankilled______________________________. 12.Hefellandhurt______________________________ontheice. Ex.2.Supplythecorrectreflexivepronoun(emphaticuse): 1.Imyselfwilldoit. 2.Helen______________________________willdeliverthespeech. 3.Hesaidthathe______________________________couldmeetusattheairport. 4.They______________________________willdeliverthemerchandise. 5.We______________________________willwaitforyou. 6.ThePresident______________________________attendedtothemeeting. 7.MissSmith______________________________willspeaktous. 8.Theambassador______________________________willsigntheagreement. 9.John______________________________wrotetome. 10.Mary______________________________willattendthemeeting. 11.You______________________________mustspeaktohim,Peter. 12.You______________________________havetodoit,boys. Ex.3.ForthewordALONEsubstitutetheprepositionBYwiththecorrectreflexivepronoun: 1.Johnlivesaloneinanapartment 2.Shelikestostudyalone. 3.Iwenttothemoviealone. 4.Doyouliketogotothemoviealone? 5.Helikestowalkaloneinthepark. 6.Myauntlivesaloneinthecottage. 7.Heworksaloneinasmalloffice. 8.Hepreferstoworkalone. 9.Idonotliketoeatalone. 10.Idonotthinkhecandoitalone. 11.Boththeboysandthegirlsstudyalone. 12.Hewrotetheentirebookalone.
(Johnlivesbyhimselfinanapartment) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
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C. ELPASADODE“GOINGTO”(subject+was/weregoingto+infinitive) Estaestructuraseusaparareferirseaaccionesque,habiendosidoplaneadasoplanificadasconanterioridad,nose llevaronacaboporalgunarazón. Compare: Wearegoingtoplayfootballatmiddaytoday.(Nosotrosvamosajugarfútbolhoyalmediodía) Weweregoingtoplayfootballatmiddayyesterdaybutitrained.(Nosotrosíbamosajugarfútbolayeralmediodía perollovió) EXERCISES Ex.1.SubstitutethepastformofGOINGTofortheitalicized,verbs: 1.IintendedtocallyouyesterdaybutIforgot IwasgoingtocallyouyesterdaybutIforgot. 2.Iplannedtogotothebeachbutitrained. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Weplannedtotelephoneyoubutwecouldn’tfindyournumber. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Weintendedtowaitbutwehadtoleave. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.IplannedtocomebackearlierbutIhadtoworkuntillate. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Iintendedtogohomeearlybutthemanageraskedmetohelphim. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Weintendedtowalkintheparkbutitwastoocold. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.IintendedtowriteyoualetterlastweekbutIcouldn´tfindyouraddress. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Weplannedtoeatearlybutourguestsarrivedlate. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Weintendedtogotoamoviefirstbutwehadtowaitforourfriendstoarrive. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.Weplannedtostudyforourexaminationbutsomefriendscalledonus(=visitedus). _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.TheyintendedtoleaveNewYorkyesterdaybuttheymissedtheirflight. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.2.Answerthequestionsasintheexample 1. Ann: DidyoutelephonePeterlastnight? You: No,Ididn´t.IwasgoingtotelephonehimbutIforgot. 2. Ann: Didyoubuythecar? You: No,Ididn´t.I ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Ann: DidyouvisityourfriendslastSaturday? You: No,Ididn´t. _________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Ann: Didyougooutafterdinnerlastnight? You: No,Ididn´t._________________________________________________________________________________
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BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords NATURE/néitchar/LaNaturaleza a) Geography/dlliógrafi/geografía air/éar/ archipelago/a:rkipélagou/ bay/béi/ beach/bí:tch/ canal/kanæ´l/ canyon/kæ´nion/ countryside/kántrisaid/ city/síti/ cliff/klif/ coastline/kóuslain/ comet/kómet/ continent/kóntinent/ country/kántri/ creek/krí:k/ channel/tchæ´nel/ desert/dézert/ earth/é:rθ/ forest/fórest/ galaxy/gæ´laksi/ ground/gráund/ harbour/há:rbor/ hill/hil/ island/áiland/ ithmus/íθmas/ jungle/dllángl/ lake/léik/ land/lænd/ landmark/lændma:rk/ ´
aire archipiélago bahía playa canal(artificial) cañón campiña ciudad acantilado costa cometa continente país riachuelo canal(natural) desierto tierra(planeta) bosque,foresta galaxia suelo,tierra rada,bahía cerro,colina isla istmo selva lago tierra hito
landscape/lændskeip/ ´ moon/mu:n/ mountainrange/máuntinréingll/ ocean/óushn/ peak/pi:k/,summit/sámit/ peninsula/penínsiula/ planet/plæ´net/ pond/pond/ prairy/préari/ rainforest/réinfórest/ river/ríver/ satellite/sæ´telait/ sea/si:/ shore/shóar/ slopes/slóups/ solarsystem/sóularsístem/ space/spéis/ spring/spriη/ star/stá:r/ strait(s)/stréit(s)/ stream/strí:m/ town/táun/ valley/væ´li/ village/vílidll/ volcano/volkéinou/ water/wó:ter/ waterfalls/wóterfo:lz/
paisaje luna,satélitenat. cordillera océano cumbre península planeta laguna pradera selvatropical río satélite mar playa lomas sistemasolar espacio vertiente estrella estrecho arroyo pueblo valle pueblito,villa volcán agua cataratas
rama arbusto flor fruto pasto hoja/s
plant/pla:nt/ roots/ru:ts/ seed/si:d/ shrub/shrab/ tree/tri:/ trunk/traηk/
planta raíces semilla arbusto,mata árbol tronco
caimán hormiga oso abeja ave,pájaro avederapiña búfalo moscardón mariposa gato gallo
flea/fli:/ fly/flai/ goose/gu:z/geese/gi:z/ hare/héar/ hen/hen/ horse/ho:rs/ horsefly/ho:rsflai/ insect/ínsekt/ lion/láion/ louse/láus/lice/lais/ monkey/máηki/
pulga mosca ganso/s liebre gallina caballo tábano insecto león piojo/s mono
b) Vegetation/vedlletéishn/vegetacióin branch/bræ´ntch/ bush/bush/ flower/flaúer/ fruit/fru:t/ grass/gra:s/ leaf/li:f/leaves/li:vz/ c) Animals/æ´nimalz/Animales alligator/æ´ligéitor/ ant/æ´nt/ bear/béar/ bee/bi:/ bird/bé:rd/ birdofprey/bé:rdovpréi/ búfalo/báfalou/ bumblebee/bámblbí:/ butterfly/báterflai/ cat/kæ´t/ cock/kok/,cockerel/kókerel/
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cow/káu/ crocodile/krókoudáil/ chicken/tchikin/ deer/dí:ar/ dog/dog/ dolphin/dólfin/ donkey/dóηki/ dragonfly/dræ´gonflai/ duck/dak/ eagle/í:gl/ elephant/élifant/ fish/fish/ flamingo/flæmíηgou/
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vaca cocodrilo pollo ciervo perro delfin burro libélula pato águila elefante pez flamenco
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mouse/máus/mice/mais/ ostrich/óstritch/ rabbit/ræ´bit/ rat/ræt/ rhinoceros/rainoseros/ seagull/sí:gal/ seal/si:l/ shellfish/shélfish/ snake/snéik/ squirrel/skuírel/ tiger/táiger/ turkey/té:rki/ whale/wéil/
ratón/es avestruz conejo rata rinoceronte gaviota foca marisco culebra ardilla tigre pavo ballena
Keytoanswers
UNIT14 PARTI Ex.1.1.had-gone2.had-started3.had-finished4.had-disappeared5.hadbeen6.hadstolen7.hadtaken 8.hadleft9.had-putout10.had-gone Ex.21.hadbeen-became2.felt-hadtaken3.hadalreadygiven-got4.left-hadcollected5.was-hadstopped 6.hadalreadybegun-got-took7.roamed-hadalreadybecome-appeared8.hadneverseen-visited9.hadalready boarded-got10.saw-hadnotseen-didn`trecognize-hadlost Ex.31.Tomhadn`tleft...yet/HadTomleft...yet/already?2.Theyhadn`tspentall...yet./Hadtheyspentall...already/ yet?.3.Paulhadn`tsent...yet/HadPaulsent...already/yet?4.Janehadn`tseen.../HadJaneseen...?5.Thechildren hadn`thad...yet./Hadthechildrenhad...already/yet?6.Mrs.Bentleyhadn´tgone...yet/HadMrs.Bentleygone... already/yet? Ex.41.HowmanysandwicheshadJohneatenthatevening?2.WherehadDr.Blackstudied?3.Whenhadthe engineergraduatedfromUCLA?4.WhathadPauldonethepreviousyear?5.Atwhattime/Whenhadtheplanetaken offfromJFKAirport?6.HowlonghadheworkedintheArmywhenhebecameageneral?7.Howmuchmoneyhad theyspentbeforetheyarrivedinTokyo?8.HowmanytimeshadBillmadethesamemistake?9.Whohadvisitedthem thatevening?10.Whatlanguagehadthegirlstudiedatschool? Ex.5.1.Theyhadnotstudiedthereverylong.2.Ihadn`tseenacricketgamebefore.3.Hadyoueaten/hadthis before?4.Whyhadn`tyouwrittentousbefore?5.Shehadn`treadthatbookbefore.6Theyhadvisitedothercountries beforetheycame/beforecomingtotheUSA.7.Wherehadtheybeenthatmorning?8.She´dworkedhardverylong. 9.She`dneverbeenabroadbefore.10.Hesaid(that)he`dbeenverybusythatday.
PARTII. A. Ex.12.beautifully3.carefully4.hard5.early6.easily7.quickly8.well9.well10.fast 11.carelessly12.badly Ex.2.2carefully3.quickly4.easy5.easily6.beautiful7.beautifully8.foolish9.foolishly 10.wise11.wisely12.fast Ex.3.2.moreoftenthan3.moreregularlythan4.earlierthan5.morefrequentlythan6.betterthan7.fasterthan8. harderthan9.moreseriouslythan10.laterthan11.soonerthan12.earlierthan Ex.4.1.aslateas2.asfastas3.aswellas4.asearlyas5.asbeautifullyas6.ashardas7.asquicklyas8.asbrightly as9.assoftlyas10.asearlyas11.asfastas12.aseasilyas Ex.5.2.as/soearlyas3.as/sowellas4.as/soeasilyas5.as/soearlyas6.as/socarefullyas 7.as/sowellas8.as/sobadlyas9.as/soregularlyas10.as/sohardas. B. Ex11.himself2.itself/himself/herself3.herself4.himself5.ourselves6.herself7.themselves8.yourself/yourselves 9.herself10.myself11.himself12.himself Ex.2.2.herself3.himself4.themselves5.ourselves6.himself7.herself8.himself9.himself10.herself11.yourself 12.yourselves
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Ex.3.2.Shelikestostudybyherself3.Iwenttothemoviebymyself4.Doyouliketogotothemoviebyyourself? 5.Helikestowalkbyhimselfinthepark6.Myauntlivesbyherselfinthecottage.7.Heworksbyhimselfinasmall office8.Hepreferstoworkbyhimself.9Idonotliketoeatbymyself10.Idonotthinkhecandoitbyhimself.11. Boththeboysandthegirlsstudybythemselves12.Hewrotetheentirebookbyhimself. C. Ex.1.2.Iwasgoingtogotothebeachbut...3.Weweregoingtotelephoneyoubut...4.Weweregoingtowaitbut... 5.Iwasgoingtocomebackearlierbut...6.Iwasgoingtogohomeearly,but...7.Weweregoingtowalkinthepark but...8.Iwasgoingtowriteyoualetterlastweekbut...9.Weweregoingtoeatearlybut...10.Weweregoingtogo toamoviefirstbut...11.Weweregoingtostudyforourexaminationbut...12.TheyweregoingtoleaveNewYork yesterdaybut... Ex.2.(Possibleanswers)2.IwasgoingtobuyitbutIdecidedtosavemoremoneytobuyanewermodel.3.Iwas goingtovisitthembutIcouldnotgooutoftownbecauseofthesnowstorm.4.Iwasgoingtogooutbutthendecided tostayinandwatchthebaseballgameonTVinstead.
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UNIT15 PART1.ELTIEMPOPASADOPERFECTOCONTINUO(THEPASTPERFECTCONTINUOUSTENSE) EstetiemposeformausandoelPasadoPerfectodelverbomodalBE(HADBEEN/hadbi:n/)másunGERUNDIOdel unverboprincipal.NormalmenteseusaenvezdelPasadoPerfectoconelfindeenfatizarlaideadecontinuidadde laacción. Lea,escucheyaprenda: Themanhadworkedallday/δ mænhadwé:rkto:ldéi/ Elhombrehabíatrabajadotodoeldía. Themanhadbeenworkingallday./δ mænhadbinwé:rkiηo:ldéi/ Elhombrehabíaestadotrabajandotodoeldía. They´dplayedsoccerforabouttwohours./δéidpléidsókerforabáuttú:áuarz/ Elloshabíanjugadofútbolcercade2horas. They´dbeenplayingsoccerforabouttwohours./δéidbi:npléiiηsókerfor Elloshabíanestadojugandofútbolcercadedoshoras.
báuttú:áuarz/
LasformanegativaseexpresausandoHADNOToHADN´T/hædnt/.EnlaformainterrogativasedebeanteponerHAD alsujeto: Lea,escucheyaprenda: Theyhadnotbeenworkingallday./δéihadnótbi:nwé:rkiηo:ldéi/ Ellosnohabíanestadotrabajandotodoeldía. Hadtheybeenplayingsoccerallday?/hadδéibi:npléiηsókero:ldéi/ ¿Habíanestadoellosjugandofútboltodoeldía? Howlonghadtheybeenplayingsoccer?/háulóηhadδeibi:npléiηsóker/ ¿Cuántotiempohabíanestadoellosjugandofútbol? Lapreguntamásfrecuenteenestetiempoverbales: WHATHADYOUBEENDOING?/wóthadiú:bí:ndú:iη/(¿Quéhabíaestadohaciendoud.?)
EXERCISES Ex.1.CompletethefollowingsentencesusingtheappropriateverbinthePastPerfectContinuoustense 1.Tom________________________TVsince8:45thatevening.(watch) 2.Themen________________________for6hourswhentheygottothevillage.(walk) 3.Jack________________________Germanfor2yearsbeforetheysenthimtoGermany.(study) 4.Thegroundwasverywetthatmorningbecauseit________________________allnight.(rain) 5.What________________________they________________________beforewearrived?(do) 6.They________________________not________________________toomuchbeforethebarclosed.(drink) 7.We________________________forover12hourswhentheplanelandedinNewYork.(fly)
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Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentenceintoa)thenegative,andb)theinterrogative 1.She´dbeenreadingamagazine. 2.It´dbeenraininghardthatafternoon. 3.Bobhadbeensleepingsince8.30. 4.I´dbeenworkingoutfor20minutes. 5.ThestudentshadbeenpractisingSpanish. 6.Thepatienthadbeenfeelingbetter.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhat,Where,Howlong,etc. 1.They´dbeenstudyingthereportthatevening. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Theboyhadbeenwatchingthestarsbeforehewenttobedthatnight. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Mr.SmithhadbeensavingmoneybecausehewasplanningtotakeatriptoAfrica. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.TheJohnsonshadbeenlivinginthesamehouseforabout20years. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.HehadbeenteachingPhysicsfor2decadesinthatschoolbeforeheretired. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.4.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish: 1.¿QuéhabíaestadohaciendoUd.esamañana? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.LaSra.Brownhabíaestadotrabajandoarduamenteesedíaysesentíacansada. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.¿Cuántotiempohabíasestadoviviendoenesedepartamentoantesdecomprarestacasa? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Elloshabíanestadoconversandoaproximadamenteunahoraantesqueyollegara. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Habíaestadolloviendotodalamañana.Elcieloestabadespejadoyelsolestababrillando. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Ellahabíaestadotrabajandoeneseinformedesdelasemanaanterior. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Eljoveningenierohabíaestadohaciendotrabajodeinvestigacióndurantemuchotiempo. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
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PARTII. A. PASTTENSEOFSHOULD-OUGHTTO LosverbosmodalesSHOULDyOUGHTTO(deberíaodebiera)tienenunaformadeexpresarelpasado.Enestecaso estosverbosvanseguidosdeHAVE+UNPASTPARTICIPLE.Esimportantedestacarqueestaestructuraconllevauna ideanegativa,expresaunreprocheocrítica.RaravezseusaOUGHTTOenoracionesnegativasointerrogativas. Compare: IshouldstarttostudyFrenchnow.(YodeberíacomenzaraestudiarFrancésahora) ISHOULDHAVESTARTEDtostudyFrenchalongtimeago,butIdidnot.(Yodeberíahabercomenzadoaestudiar Francéshacemuchotiempo,peronolohice) Yououghttocomeearlier.(Deberíasvenirmástemprano) YouOUGHTTOHAVECOMEearlier,butyoucamelate,asusual.(Deberíashaberllegadomástemprano,pero llegasteatrasadocomodecostumbre) EXERCISES Ex.1.SupplytheproperpasttenseformofSHOULDorOUGHTTO(Alternateshouldandoughtto) 1.Heshouldhavestudied(study)beforehetookhisexaminations(buthedidn´t.) 2.Yououghttohavetelephoned(telephone)meyesterday(butyoudidn´t) 3.You________________________(go)totheoperawithuslastnight.Itwasexcellent. 4.He________________________(come)atteno’clocklastnightinsteadoftwelve. 5.You________________________(tell)methatyouwerenotabletocome. 6.HestartedtostudyEnglishlastmonth.He________________________(start)alongtimeago. 7.You________________________(nottell)heranythingabouttheaccident.. 8.You________________________(telephone)tothepoliceassoonasyoureachedhome. 9.You________________________(attend)thelecturelastnight.Itwasveryinteresting. 10.You________________________(give)thatmoneytoMr.Smithyesterday 11.You________________________(notgive)ouraddresstoJohn. 12.I________________________(notgo)tobedsolatelastnight. Ex.2.Completethefollowinginyourownwords,usingconstructionswithSHOULDHAVEorOUGHTTOHAVE: 1.Hewaitedformeonthecornerof42ndStreet,butheshould____________________________________________ (Hewaitedformeonthecornerof42ndStreet,butheshouldhavewaitedformeonthecornerof57thStreet.) 2.Hesentthepackagebyregularmail,butheshould_____________________________________________________ 3.ShegavethemoneytoJohn,butsheshould__________________________________________________________ 4.HeleftthebooksinRoom10,butheshould___________________________________________________________ 5.Youtelephonedhimathisoffice,butyouought ________________________________________________________ 6.Wesentherafax,butweshould_____________________________________________________________________ 7.Heinvestedhismoneyinrealestate,buthe___________________________________________________________ 8.Hestudiedengineeringincollege,butheshould _______________________________________________________ 9.WewenttoMexicoonourvacation,butweshould_____________________________________________________ 10.Theysentusthemerchandisebyparcelpost,buttheyshould____________________________________________ B. IDIOMATICVERBPHRASES:“WOULDRATHER”AND“HADBETTER” Estasfrasesidiomáticasseusancomosifueranverbosmodalesyvanseguidasdeunbareinfinitive(Infinitivosin “to”).Ambasserefierenasituacionespresentesofuturas. Laoración“IWOULDRATHERWATCHTV”(PreferiríamirarTV)essinónimode“IprefertowatchTV”,mientrasque laoración“YouHADBETTERSEEadoctorrightaway”(Seríamejorquevierasunmédicodeinmediato)essinónimo de“Youshouldseeadoctorrightaway”o“Itisadvisablethatyouseeadoctorrightaway”
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EnlasconversacióndiariatantoWOULDRATHERcomoHADBETTERseusanencontracción,comolosejemplos siguientes: I´dratherseeamoviethangototheopera. He´dbetterseeadoctorimmediately EnlaformanegativasedebeusarNOTdespuésdeWOULDRATHERoHADBETTER.Alformularinterrogaciones sedebeanteponerWOULDoHADalsujeto,comoenestosejemplos: I´drathernotgoatallthangowiththem. You´dbetternotmentionittoanyone. Whatwouldyouratherdrink,teaorcoffee? WhathadIbetterdo,stayinbedalldayorseeadoctor? AdemásdeWOULDRATHER,podemosindicaroexpresarpreferenciamedianteelusodePREFER......TOo LIKE.....BETTERTHAN Ipreferapplestooranges IpreferwatchingTVtostudyingmath. I´dratherhaveanapplethananorange.
Ilikeapplesbetterthanoranges IlikewatchingTVbetterthanstudyingmath.
EXERCISES Ex.1.ChangethesesentencestointroduceWOULDRATHER: 1.Iprefertowaithere. 2.Shepreferstocomebacklater. 3.Iprefertodrinkteawithmymeals. 4.Theyprefernottowaitoutside. 5.IPrefertostayathomeandwatchtelevision. 6.Weprefernottosayanythingtohimaboutit. 7.IprefertogotoSouthAmericaonmyvacation. 8.JohnpreferstogotothepartywithHelen. 9.Iprefernottogotothepartyalone. 10.Theyprefertospeaktohimathishome.
(I’dratherwaithere.) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2.ChangethesesentencestointroduceHADBETTER 1.Itwillbebetterifyoucomebacklater. (You’dbettercomebacklater.) 2.Itwillbebetterifhegoestoadoctoratonce. ___________________________________________________ 3.Itwillbebetterifyourestawhile. ___________________________________________________ 4.Itwillbebetterifhetakesprivatelessons. ___________________________________________________ 5.Itwillbebetterifshespendsmoretimeonherhomework._______________________________________________ 6.Itwillbebetterifwesendhimane-mailrightaway. ___________________________________________________ 7.Itwillbebetterifwedon’tmentionittohim. ___________________________________________________ 8.Itwillbebetterifyoudon’tworksohardafteryourillness. _______________________________________________ 9.Itwillbebetterifwedon’tstandsoclosetothecurb.___________________________________________________ 10.ItwillbebetterifHelenbeginstospendmoretimeonherEnglish. ________________________________________ Ex.3CompletethesentenceswithTHAN,BETTERTHANorTO. 1.WhenI’mhotandthirsty,Iprefercolddrinkstohotdrinks. 2.WhenI’mhotandthirsty,Ilikecolddrinksbetterthanhotdrinks. 3.WhenI’mhotandthirsty,I’dratherhaveacolddrinkthanahotdrink. 4.Ipreferchicken______________________________beef. 5.Ilikechicken______________________________beef. 6.I’drathereatchicken______________________________beef. 7.WhenIchooseabook,Iprefernonfiction______________________________fiction. 8.Ilikerock‘nroll______________________________classicalmusic. 9.Tinawouldratherlieonthebeach______________________________goswimming. 206
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10.Tinalikeslyingonthebeach______________________________goingswimming. 11.Tinapreferslyingonthebeach______________________________goingswimming. 12.Myparentswouldratherwork______________________________retire.Theyenjoytheirjobs. 13.Doyoulikefreshvegetables______________________________frozenorcannedvegetables? 14.Iwouldrathertakeapictureofawildanimal______________________________killitwithagun. 15.Mr.Kimpreferstea______________________________coffeewithhiseveningmeal. 16.Iprefervisitingmyfriendsintheevening______________________________watchingTVbymyself. 17.Mybrotherwouldratherreadabookintheevening______________________________visitwithfriends. 18.Mysisterlikeshermathclass______________________________herbiologyclass.
C. MODALVERBS(II) 1. COULD(DOSOMETHING)ANDCOULDHAVE(DONESOMETHING) Comosabemos,COULDeselpasadoCAN(poder,sercapazde) • Listen.Icanhearsomething.(Puedooiralgo)(Present). • Ilistened.Icouldhearsomething(Podíaoiralgo)(Past) PeroCOULDtambiénsepuedeusarcuandoqueremosreferirnosaaccionesposiblesderealizarahoraoenel futuro,especialmentecuandodeseamoshacerunasugerencia.EnestecasoCOULDsignificapodría,podrías, podríamos,etc. • John:Whatshallwedothisevening? Mary:Wecouldgo(podríamosir)tothecinema.There´saverygoodfilmonattheRex. • It´saniceday.Wecouldgoforawalk(podríamossaliracaminar)inthepark. • WhenyougotoNewYorknextmonth,youcouldstay(podríasquedarte)withBarbara. • Jim:Ifyouneedmoney,whydon´tyouaskKaren? Tom:Yes,IsupposeIcoulddothat(podríahacereso). TambiénCOULDseusaparareferirseaalgoqueesposibleahoraoenelfuturo.EnestecasoCOULDessinónimo deMIGHT. • Thephone´sringing.ItcouldbeTim.(podríaserTim) • Idon´tknowwhenthey´llbehere.Theycouldarrive(podríanllegar)atanytime. Comparelassiguientesoraciones: • IamsotirednowthatIcouldsleepforaweek.(Present)(Estoytancansadoahoraquepodríadormirdurante unasemana. • IwassotiredthatdaythatIcouldhavesleptforaweek.(Estabatancansadoesedíaquepodríahaberdormido unasemana)(Past) COULDHAVE+PASTPARTICIPLEseusaparareferirseaaccionesquepudiendohaberserealizadoosucedido, noserealizarononosucedieron. • WhydidyoustayatahotelwhenyoucametoSantiago.Youcouldhavestayedwithus.(Pudríashaberte quedadoconnosotros) • Johnfelloffaladderyesterdaybuthe´sallright.Hecouldhavehurthimselfbadly.(Podríahaberselastimado seriamente)
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Avecesestaestructurapuedeusarseparaexpresarlaideade“WOULDHAVEBEENABLETO”(habríapodido) • Whydidn´tLizapplyforthejob?Shecouldhavegotit.(Podríahaberloconseguido) • Wecouldhavegoneaway(podríamoshabersalido)ifwe´dhadenoughmoney. • Thetripwascancelledlastweek.Paulcouldn´thavegone(nohabríapodidosalir)anywaybecausehewasill. EXERCISES Ex.1.Answerthequestionswithasuggestion.UseCOULD. 1.Whereshallwegoforourholidays?(toScotland). WecouldgotoScotland. 2.Whatshallwehavefordinnertonight?(fish) We_______________________________________________ 3.WhatshallIgiveAnnforherbirthday?(abook) You_______________________________________________ 4.WhenshallIphoneAngela?(rightnow) __________________________________________________ 5.WhenshallwegoandseeTom?(onFriday) __________________________________________________ 6.Whereshallwehangthispicture?(inthekitchen) __________________________________________________ Ex.2PutinCANorCOULD.Sometimeseitherwordispossible. 1.A:Thephoneisringing.Whodoyouthinkitis?’ B:It______________________________beTim. 2.I’mreallyhungry.I______________________________eatahorse! 3.Ifyou’reveryhungry,we______________________________havedinnernow. 4.It’ssonicehere.I______________________________stayherealldaybutunfortunatelyIhavetogo. 5.‘Ican’tfindmybag.Haveyouseenit?’‘No,butit______________________________beinthecar.’ 6.Peterisakeenmusician.Heplaysthefluteandhe______________________________alsoplaythepiano. 7.‘Whatshallwedo?’‘There’safilmontelevision.We______________________________watchthat’. 8.Theweatherisnicenowbutit______________________________changelater. Ex.3.Completethesentences.UseCOULDorCOULDHAVE+asuitableverb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A:Whatshallwedothisevening?B:Idon’tmind.Wecouldgotothecinema. A:Ihadaveryboringeveningathomeyesterday.‘ B:Whydidyoustayathome?You______________________________tothecinema. A:There’saninterestingjobadvertisedinthepaper.You______________________________forit. B:Whatsortofjobisit?Showmetheadvertisement. A:Didyougototheconcertlastnight? B:No.We______________________________butwedecidednotto. A:Whereshallwemeettomorrow? B:Well,I______________________________toyourhouseifyoulike.
Ex.4.ReadthisinformationaboutKen: Kendidn’tdoanythingonSaturdayevening. Kendoesn’tknowanythingaboutmachines. KenwasfreeonMondayafternoon.
Kenwasshortofmoneylastweek. Ken´scarwasstolenonMonday. KenhadtoworkonFridayevening.
SomepeoplewantedKentododifferentthingslastweekbuttheycouldn’tcontacthim.Sohedidn’tdoanyof thesethings.Youhavetosaywhetherhecouldhavedoneorcouldn’thavedonethem. 1. 2. 3. 4.
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Ken’sauntwantedhimtodrivehertotheairportonTuesday. Hecouldn´thavedrivenhertotheairport(becausehiscarhadbeenstolen) AfriendofhiswantedhimtogooutforamealonFridayevening. Ken___________________________________________________________________________________________ AnotherfriendwantedhimtoplaytennisonMondayafternoon. Ken___________________________________________________________________________________________ JackwantedKentolendhim£50lastweek. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
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JanewantedKentocometoherpartyonSaturdayevening. He____________________________________________________________________________________________ Ken’smotherwantedhimtorepairherwashingmachine. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. MUST,CAN´T,MUSTHAVE,ANDCAN´THAVE SabemosqueunodelosusosdeMUSTeseldeexpresarunasuposición,oconclusión;esdecir,cuandoestamos segurosquealgoesasí,comoenlossiguientesejemplos: • • •
Youhavebeenworkingallday.Youmustbeverytired.(Debesestarmuycansado) A:“Jimisahardworker” B:Jim?Ahardworker?Youmustbejoking(Debesestarbromeando)He´sverylazy” Carolmustgetverybored(debeaburrirsemucho)inherjob.Shedoesthesamethingeveryday.
Cuandoestamossegurosdequealgonoesposible,quenopuedesercierto,debemosusarCAN´T,comoenlos siguientesejemplos: • You´vejusthadlunch.Youcan´tbehungryalready.(Nopuedesestarconhambreya) • Theyhaven´tlivedhereverylong.Theycan´tknowmanypeople.(Nopuedenconocermuchagente) EnsituacionespasadassedebeusarMUSTHAVE+PASTPARTICIPLEoCAN´THAVE+PASTPARTICIPLE. Estudielossiguientesejemplos: • Georgeisoutsidehisfriends´house.He´srungthedoorbellthreetimesbutnobodyhasansweredTheymust havegoneout.(Debenhabersalido) • ThephonerangbutIdidn´thearit.Imusthavebeenasleep.(Debohaberestadodormido) • Janewalkedpastmewithoutspeaking.Shecan´thaveseenme.(Nodebehabermevisto) • Itwasabout9:15intheevening.Tomwasinhisbedroom.HemusthavebeenwatchingthenewsonTV.He can´thavebeensleeping(DeberhaberestadoviendolasnoticasenTV.Nopuedehaberestadodurmiendo) Notelapronunciacióndelassiguientesoraciones: Youmustbeverytired./iú:másbi:vérytáiard/ Theymusthavegoneout./δeimástavgónáut/ Shecan´thaveseenme./sh:ká:ntavsí:nmi:/ HemusthavebeenwatchingTV../hi:mástavbi:nwótchiδηtí:ví:/ Hecan´thavebeensleeping/hi:ká:ntavbi:nslí:piδη/ EXERCISES Ex.1.PutinMUSTorCAN’T. 1.You’vebeentravellingallday.You___________________beverytired. 2.Thatrestaurant___________________beverygood.It’salwaysfullofpeople. 3.Thatrestaurant___________________beverygood.It’salwaysempty. 4.You’regoingonholidaynextweek.You___________________belookingforwardtoit. 5.Itrainedeverydayduringtheirholiday,sothey___________________havehadaverynicetime. 6.Congratulationsonpassingyourexam.You___________________beverypleased. 7.Yougothereveryquickly.You.___________________havewalkedveryfast. 8.BillandSuegoawayonholidayveryoften,sothey___________________beshortofmoney. Ex.2Completethesentenceswithaverbinthecorrectform. 1.I’velostoneofmygloves.Imust_____________________________itsomewhere. 2.Theyhaven’tlivedhereverylong.Theycan’t_____________________________manypeople. 3.Tedisn’tatworktoday.Hemust_____________________________ill. 4.Tedwasn’tatworklastweek.Hemust___________________________ill. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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5.(Thedoorbellrings)Iwonderwhothatis.Itcan’t____________________Mary.She’sstillatworkatthistime. 6.Carolknowsalotaboutfilms,Shemust_____________________tothecinemaalot. 7.Look.Jackisputtingonhishatandcoat.Hemust_____________________________out. 8.Ileftmybikeoutsidethehouselastnightandthismorningitwasn’tthereanymore.Somebodymust _____________________________it. 9.Annwasinaverydifficultsituation.Itcan’t_____________________________easyforher. 10.Thereisamanwalkingbehindus.Hehasbeenwalkingbehindusforthelast20minutes.Hemust _____________________________us. Ex.3.ReadthesituationsandusethewordsinbracketstowritesentenceswithMUSTHAVEandCAN’THAVE. 1.ThephonerangbutIdidn’thearit.(I/asleep) 1musthavebeenasleep. 2.Janewalkedpastmewithoutspeaking.(she/see/me) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Thejacketyouboughtisverygoodquality.(it/veryexpensive) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Ihaven’tseenthepeoplenextdoorforages.(they/goaway) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Ican’tfindmyumbrella.(I/leaveitintherestaurantlastnight) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Donpassedtheexamwithoutstudyingforit.(theexam/verydifficult) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Shekneweverythingaboutourplans.(she/listen/toourconversation) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.FionadidtheoppositeofwhatIaskedhertodo.(she/understand/whatIsaid) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.WhenIwokeupthismorning,thelightwason.(I/forget/toturnitoff) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Thelightswereredbutthecardidn’tstop.(thedriver/see/theredlight) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.Iwaswokenupinthemiddleofthenightbythenoisenextdoor.(theneighbours/have/aparty) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. MAY/MIGHTANDMAYHAVE/MIGHTHAVE+PASTPARTICIPLE LosverbosmodalesMAY/MIGHTseusanfrecuentementeparaindicarunaposibilidad: *Itmaybetrue(Puedequeseacierto)Itmightbetrue(Podríasercierto).(=perhapsitistrue) *Shemayknowwhathappened(Puedequeellasepa...)Shemightknow(Ellapodríatalvezsaber...)whathappened.. (=perhapssheknowswhathappened) LaformanegativaseexpresausandoMAYNOToMIGHTNOT *Itmightnotbetrue.(Podríanosercierto)(=perhapsitisn’ttrue) *I’mnotsurewhetherIcanlendyousomemoney.Imaynothaveenough.(Puedequenotengasuficiente)(=perhaps Idon’thaveenough) EnelpasadopodemosusarMAYHAVE+pastparticipleoMIGHTHAVE+pastparticiple. • • • •
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A:IwonderwhyKaydidn’tanswerthephone. B:Shemayhavebeenasleep.(Puedequehayaestadodurmiendo)(=perhapsshewasasleep) A:Ican’tfindmybaganywhere. B:Youmighthaveleftitintheshop(Podríashaberladejado...)(=perhapsyouleftitintheshop) A:IwassurprisedthatSarahwasn’tatthemeeting. B:Shemightnothaveknownaboutit.(Puedequenohayasabido)(=perhapsshedidn’tknow) A:IwonderwhyColinwasinsuchabadmoodyesterday. B:Hemaynothavebeenfeelingwell.(Puedequenohayaestadosintiéndosebien)(=perhapshewasn’t feelingwell)
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EXERCISES Ex.1.WritethesesentencesinadifferentwayusingMAY(orMIGHT)),MAYHAVE(orMIGHTHAVE). 1.PerhapsMargaretisinheroffice. 2.PerhapsMargaretisbusy. 3.Perhapssheisworking. 4.Perhapsshewantstobealone. 5.Perhapsshewasillyesterday. 6.Perhapsshewenthomeearly. 7.Perhapsshehadtogohomeearly. 8.Perhapsshewasworkingyesterday.
Shemightbeinheroffice. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Insentences9-11useMAYNOTorMIGHTNOT. 9.Perhapsshedoesn’twanttoseeme. 10.Perhapssheisn’tworkingtoday. 11.Perhapsshewasn’tfeelingwellyesterday.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2Completethesentenceswithaverbinthecorrectform. 1.‘Where’sBob?’‘I’mnotsure.Hemight...behavinglunch.’ 2.‘WhoisthatmanwithAnn?’‘I’mnotsure.Itmight________________________________________ herbrother.’ 3.‘WhowasthemanwesawwithAnnyesterday?’‘I’mnotsure.Itmight ______________________ herbrother.’ 4.‘Whyarethosepeoplewaitinginthestreet?’‘Idon’tknow.Theymight ________________________ forabus.’ 5.‘ShallIbuythisbookforTim?’‘You’dbetternot.Hemight___________________________________ italready.’ Ex.3Readthesituationsandmakesentencesfromthewordsinbrackets.UseMAYorMIGHT. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Ican’tfindGeorgeanywhere.Iwonderwhereheis. a(he/go/shopping) Hemayhavegoneshopping. b(he/play/tennis) Hemightbeplayingtennis I’mlookingforHelen.Doyouknowwheresheis? a(she/watch/TV/inherroom) ___________________________________________________ b(she/go/out) ___________________________________________________ Ican’tfindmyumbrella.Haveyouseenit? a(it/be/inthecar) ___________________________________________________ b(you/leave/intherestaurantlastnight) ___________________________________________________ Whydidn’tTomanswerthedoorbell?I’msurehewasinthehouseatthetime. a(he/be/inthebathroom) ___________________________________________________ b(he/not/hear/thebell) ___________________________________________________
Ex.4.CompletethesentencesusingMIGHT,MIGHTNOTorCOULD,COULDN’T. 1.A:Doyouthinkshesawyou? B:No,shewastoofaraway.Shecouldn´thaveseenme 2.A:Iwonderwhyshedidn´tsayhello.Perhapsshedidn´tseeme. B:That´spossible.Shemightnothaveseenyou. 3.A:IwonderwhyAnndidn´tcometotheparty.Perhapsshewasn´tinvited. B:Yes,it´spossible.She ________________________________________________________________________ 4.A:Tomlovesparties.I´msurehewouldhavecometothepartyifhe´dbeeninvited. B:Iagree.He__________________________________________________________________________________ 5.A:Iwonderhowthefirestarted.Doyouthinkitwasanaccident? B.Thepolicesayit_____________________________________________________________________________ 6.A:Howdidthefirestart?Isupposeitwasanaccident. B:Well,thepolicearen´tsure.Theysayit__________________________________________________________
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VOCABULARY:Studythesewords THEWEATHER/(ewé(er/EltiempoAtmosférico blizzard/blízard/ breeze/brí:z/ cloud/kláud/ cloudy/kláudi/ coldwave/kóuldwéiv/ cyclone/sáikloun/ dew/diu:/ downpour/dáunpoar/ drizzle/drízl/ drought/dráut/ flood/flad/ flashflood/flæshflad/ ´ fog/fog/ foggy/fógi/ frost/frost/ gale/géil/ hail/heil/ heatwave/hi:twéiv/ hurricane/hárikein/ ice/áis/ landslide/læ´ndslaid/ lightningflash/láitniηflæsh/ mist/mist/ misty/místi/
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ventisca brisa nube nublado ondadefrío ciclón rocío aguacero llovizna sequía inundación torrente,aluvióndeagua neblina,bruma brumoso escarcha ventarrón granizo ondadecalor huracán hielo aluvióndebarro relámpago brumamatinal brumoso
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rainfall/réinfo:l/ scatteredshower/skæterdsháuer/ ´ shower/sháuer/ sleet/slí:t/ snowfall/snóufo:l/ snowflake/snóufleik/ sunny/sáni/ sunnyintervals/sániíntervolz/ sunnypatches/sánipæ´tchiz/ sunnyspells/sánispelz/ thunder/θánder/ thunderbolt/θánderboult/ thunderstorm/θándersto:rm/ thundery/θánderi/ tornado/tornéidou/ twister/tuíster/ typhoon/taifú:n/ whirlwind/wé:rlwind/ wind/wind/ windy/wíndi/
lluviacaída chubascoocasional chubasco aguanieve nevazón copodenieve soleado intervalosdesol clarosdesol ratosdesol trueno rayo tormentaeléctrica tormentoso(torm.eléctica) tornado tromba,remolino tifón remolino viento conviento
Keytoanswers
UNIT15 PARTI Ex.1.1.hadbeenwatching2.hadbeenwalking3.hadbeenstudying4.hadbeenraining5.had-beendoing6.had -beendrinking7.hadbeenflying Ex.2.1.Shehadn`tbeenreading.../Hadshebeenreading...?2.Ithadn`tbeenraing.../Haditbeenraining...? 3.Bobhadn´tbeensleeping.../HadBobbeensleeping...?4.Ihadn´tbeenworking.../HadIbeenworking...?5.The studentshadnotbeenpracticing.../Hadthestudentsbeenpracticing...?6.Thepatienthadn´tbeenfeeling.../Had thepatientbeenfeeling...? Ex.3.1.whathadtheybeendoingthatevening?2.Whathadtheboybeenwatching?3.WhyhadMr.Smithbeen savingmoney?4.HowlonghadtheJohnsonsbeenlivinginthesamehouse?5.Howlonghadhebeenteaching Physicsinthatschoolwhenheretired? Ex.4.1.Whathadyoubeendoingthatmorning?2.Mrs.Brownhadbeenworkinghardthatdayandfeltverytired. 3.Howlonghadyoubeenlivinginthatapartmentbeforebuyingthishouse?4.They´dbeentalkingforaboutanhour beforeIarrived..5.It´dbeenrainingallmorning.Theskywasclearandthesunwasshining.6.She´dbeenworkingon thatreportsincelastweek/thepreviousweek.7.Theyoungengineerhadbeendoingresearchworkforalongtime.
PARTII A. Ex.1.3.Youshouldhavegone...4.Heoughttohavecome...5.Youshouldhavetold...6.Heoughttohavestarted... 7.Youshouldnothavetoldlher...8.Yououghttohavetelephoned...9.Youshouldhaveattended...10.Yououghtto havegiven....11.Youshouldnothavegiven...12.Ioughtnottohavegone... Ex.2.(Possibleanswers)2.havesentitbyairmail3.havegivenittoJane4.havelefttheminRoom11.5.tohave telephonedhimathishome6.havesentherane-mail.7.tohaveinvesteditinstocks/shares.8.havestudiedmedicine. 9.havegonetoTahiti10.havesentitbyUPS/FedEx B. Ex.1.2.She´drathercomebacklater.3.I´dratherdrinkteawithmymeals.4.They´drathernotwaitoutside5,I´d ratherstayathomeandwatchTV.6.We´drathernotsayanythingtohimaboutit.7.I´drathergotoSouthAmericaon myvacation.8.JohnwouldrathergotothepartywithHelen.9.I´drathernotgotothepartyalone.10.They´drather speaktohimathishome. Ex.2.2.He´dbettergotoadoctoratonce.3.You´dbetterrestawhile4.He´dbettertakeprivatelessons.5.She´d betterspendmoretimeonherhomework.6.We´dbettersendhimane-mailrightaway.7.We´dbetternotmentionit tohim.8.You´dbetternotworksohardafteryourillness.9.We´dbetternotstandsoclosetothecurb.10.Helenhad betterbeginmoretimeonherEnglish. Ex.3.4.to5.betterthan6.than7.to8.betterthan9.than10.betterthan11.to12.than13.betterthan14.than 15.to16.to17.than18.betterthan C.1. Ex.1.2.Wecouldhavefish3.Youcouldgiveherabook.4.Youcouldphonehernow.5.Wecouldgoandseehim onFriday.6.Wecouldhangitinthekitchen. Ex.2.1.can/could2.could3.can/could4.could5.can/could6.can7.could8.could Ex.3.2.couldhavegone3.couldapply4.couldhavegone5.couldcome Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Ex.4.2.Kencouldn´thavegoneoutbecausehehadtowork.3.KencouldhaveplayedtennisonMondayevening becausehewasfree.4.Hecouldn´thavelenthim£50becausehewasshortofmoney.5.Hecouldn´thavecometo herpartybecausehedidn´tdoanythingonFridayevening.6.Hecouldn´thaverepaireditbecausehedoesn´tknow anythingaboutmachines. C.2. Ex.1.1.must2.must3.can´t4.must5.can´t6.must7.must8.can´t Ex.2.(Possibleanswers)1.haveleft2.know3.be4.havebeen5.be6.go7.begoing8.havetaken/stolen9.have been10.befollowing Ex.3.2.Shecan´thaveseenme.3.Itmusthavebeenveryexpensive4.Theymusthavegoneaway.5.Imusthaveleft itintherestaurantlastnight.6.Theexamcan´thavebeenverydifficult7.Shemusthavelistenedtoourconversation. 8.Shecan´thaveunderstoodwhatIsaid.9.Imusthaveforgottentoturnitoff.10.Thedrivercan´thaveseenthered light.11.Theneighborsmusthavebeenhavingaparty. C.3. Ex.1.2.Shemay/mightbebusy.3.Shemay/mightbeworking4.Shemay/mightwanttobealone5.Shemay /mighthavebeenillyesterday.6.Shemay/mighthavegonehomeearly7.Shemay/mighthavehadtogohome early8.Shemay/mighthavebeenworkingyesterday.9.Shemay/mightnotwanttoseeme.10.Shemay/might notbeworkingtoday11.Shemay/mightnothavebeenfeelingwellyesterday. Ex.2.(Possibleanswers)2.be3.havebeen4.bewaiting5.havebought Ex.3.2a.Shemay/mightbewatchingTVinherroom.2b.Shemay/mighthavegoneout3a.Itmay/mightbein thecar.3b.Youmay/mighthaveleftitintherestaurant4a.Hemay/mighthavebeeninthebathroom.4b.Hemay /mightnothaveheardthebell. Ex.4.3.mightnothavebeeninvited..4.mighthavecomeifhe´dbeeninvited.5.mighthavebeenanaccident. 6.mighthavebeenanaccident
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UNIT16 PARTI.ELTIEMPOFUTUROPERFECTO(THEFUTUREPERFECTTENSE) Estetiempoverbaldescribeunaacciónqueserácompletadaantesdeunafechaespecíficadadaenelfuturo.Este tiemposeexpresausandoWILLHAVEmáselPASADOPARTICIPIOdeunverboprincipal.Lasexpresionesde tiempousadasenelFuturoPerfectosonaquellasintroducidasconby+unafechafuturacomobyDecember15th, bytheendofthismonth,bythistimenextweek,etc.TambiensoncomuneslasexpresionesquecontienenWHEN/ IF+S+PRESENTESIMPLE+UNAFECHAFUTURA,comoWhenPetergetshometonight(cuandoPeterllegue acasaestanoche),Whenwegettothattowntomorrow(cuandolleguemosaesaciudadmañana),iftheyarriveafter 10tomorrow(siellosllegandespuésdelas10mañana),etc. Escuche,leayaprenda: ByDecember15th,wewillhavelivedinthiscountryfiveyears. /baidisémber δefift:nθwiwilhavlívdin δiskántrifáivyíarz/ Haciael15dediciembre,nosotroshabremosvividocincoañosenestepaís BytheendofthismonththespaceshipwillhavereachedJupiter./baiδiéndovδismánθδespéishipwilhavrí:tchtdllúpiter/ Haciafinesdeestemes,lanaveespacialhabrállegadoaJúpiter. WhenPetergetshometonight,Iwillhavehaddinneralready./wenpí:tergétshóumtunáitailhavhæ´ddíneralrédi/Cuando Peterllegueacasaestanoche,yoyahabrécenado Whenwegettothattowntomorrow,we´llhavetravelledmorethantwelvehours./wenwigéttuδæ´ttáuntumórouwilhav træ´veldmóarδantuelváuerz/Cuandolleguemosaesepueblomañana,nosotroshabremosviajadomásdedocehoras. Ifourteamwinsthenextgame,wewillhavegottenourthirdtrophy./ifauartí:mwinzδenékstgéimwiwilhavgótenáuar θerdtrófi/Sinuestroequipoganaelpróximopartido,nosotroshabremosganadonuestrotercertrofeo. LaformanegativaseexpresausandoWILLNOTHAVE+pastparticipleyenlainterrogaciónseanteponeelverbo modalWILLalsujeto. Escuche,leayaprenda: Theywillhavefinishedtheworkby10:30 Theywillnot/won´thavefinishedtheworkby10:30. Willtheyhavefinishedtheworkby10:30? Whattimewilltheyhavefinishedthework? Lapreguntahabitualenestetiempoes: WHATWILLYOUHAVEDONE?/wótwiliu:h
vdán/¿QuéhabráhechoUd.?
NotecomolapalabraWHENcambiaelsignificadodelassiguientesoraciones: YoucomehereeverydayTúvienesacátodoslosdías Whenyoucomeheretomorrow...Cuandotúvengasacámañana... IhavetheinformationnowYotengolainformaciónahora WhenIhavetheinformationthisafternoon...Cuandoyotengalainformaciónestatarde... Sheisfreenow.Ellaestálibreahora Whensheisfreenexttime...Cuandoellaestélibrelapróximavez...
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EXERCISES Ex.1CompletethefollowingsentencesusingtheverbsprovidedintheFuturePerfectTense. 1.Whenyouarriveatmiddaytomorrow,theJohnsons________________________already.(leave) 2.BytheendofMarch,theweather________________________considerably.(change) 3.Ifyoucomeatnoontomorrow,we________________________thework.(finish) 4.Ifhegetshereat6o´clock,they________________________home.(go) 5.Ifhedoesn´thurry,they________________________dinnerwhenhegetsthere.(have) 6.ByDecember,thestudents________________________theirfirstcourse.(complete) 7.I________________________inthiscountrytwoyearsnextOctober.(be) 8.Bytomorrow,I________________________allthesegrammarrules.(forget) 9.Whenhebecomesaman,he________________________manythings.(learn) 10.Bythistimenextmonth,you________________________fromyourillness.(recover) 11.BeforetheyleaveNewYorknextSunday,they________________________themostimportantplacesofinterest. (visit) 12.Bytwoo´clock,they________________________and________________________.(come-go) Ex.2.Whatthingswillyouhavedone: a)bytheendofthismonth? b)bytheendofthisyear?,and c)whenyouretire? Writeatleastthreesentencesforeachquestion. a) Bytheendofthismonth, 1.Iwillhavefinishedreadingthisbook. 2.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.______________________________________________________________________________________________ b) Bytheendofthisyear, 1.IwillhavecompletedthiscourseinEnglish. 2.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.______________________________________________________________________________________________ c) BythetimeIretire, 1.Iwillhaveworkedasateacherforthirty-fiveyears 2.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.______________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.3.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish: 1.Elloshabránterminadoeseedificioantesdelfindeaño. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Elyahabrárealizadotodossusplanesantestermineelverano. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Antesdelasseisdelatarde,nosotrosyahabremosprocesadotodalainformación. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Sinotomamosuntaxi,elconciertoyahabrácomenzadocuandolleguemosalteatro. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 216
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5.Lamayoríadelospájaroshabráemigradoalnorteantesquellegueelinvierno. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Haciafinesdeestecurso,yoyahabréaprendidoaconversareninglés. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Sisiguelosconsejosdesumédico,muyprontoUd.sehabrárecuperadodesuoperación. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Antesdelamedianoche,losresultadosdeelecciónhabránsidoenviadosalaprensa. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
PARTII. A. SEQUENCEOFVERBTENSES(CONCORDANCIADETIEMPOSVERBALES) Observelasiguientetabla:
PRINCIPALVERB
SUBORDINATEVERB
PRESENT PAST
Present Future Past Conditional
Segúnlaregladelaconcordanciadelostiemposverbales, a) Cuando el verbo principal de una oración está expresado en el TIEMPO PRESENTE, los demás verbos subordinadosdebenestarexpresadosenelTIEMPOPRESENTEoenelTIEMPOFUTURO; b) CuandoelverboprincipalestáexpresadoenelTIEMPOPASADO,losdemásverbossubordinadosdebenestar expresadosenelTIEMPOPASADOoenelPOTENCIAL. Deacuerdoconestaregla,losverbosmodalesam/is/are,do/does,will,have/has,can,must,maydebenser cambiadosalasrespectivasformasdelpasado:was/were,did,would,had,could,hadto,might. Escuche,leayaprenda: MarysaysthatsheknowsBobwell.(MarydicequeconocebienaBob.) MarysaidthatsheknewBobwell.(MarydijoqueconocíabienaBob.) HesaysthathisfirstnameisRobert.(EldicequesunombredepilaesRobert) HesaidthathisfirstnamewasRobert.(EldijoquesunombredepilaeraRobert) Tomthinksthathecancometothepartytonight.(Tomcreequepuedeveniralafiestaestanoche) Tomthoughtthathecouldcometothepartytonight.(Tomcreíaquepodríaveniralafiestaestanoche) Themansaysthathewillcomeheretomorrow.(Elhombredicequevendráacámañana) Themansaidthathewouldcomeheretomorrow.(Elhombredijoquevendríaacámañana) Theysaytheymustbeattheairportat8:30.(Ellosdicenquedebenestarenelaeropuertoalas8:30) Theysaidtheyhadtobeattheairportat8:30.(Ellosdijeronquedebíanenestarenelaeropuertoalas8:30)
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EXERCISES Ex.1.Changetopasttense,followingtheruleofsequenceoftenses: 1.Hesayshewillbehereatnoon. 2.IthinkIcanmeetyou. 3.Hehopeshecanbethereearly 4.Ithinkitmayrainthisevening. 5.Hewantstoknowwheresheis. 6.Hesaysheisverysorry. 7.Theyoungmantellsusheismarried. 8.Ithinkitwillbeveryhotthisafternoon. 9.Ithinkhewillbetherebyteno´clock 10.Hebelieveshecandoit. 11.Theweathermanpredictsitwillrain. 12.Hesayshehastowork.hardeveryday 13.Iknowwhereshelives. 14.Bobwantstoknowhowmanypeoplethereare. 15.Theboysayshehasseenthemovie. 16.Thegirlsayssheisstudyingforatest. 17.IthinkMrJonesmaybeinhisoffice. 18.Ithinkthere´llbealotofworktodo. 19.Idon´tknowwhereMaryis. 20.Idon´tthinkBobwilllikethenewjob.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2.Choosethecorrectform: 1.Hesaidhe(will,would)behere. 2.Hethinkshe(can,could)doiteasily. 3.Heaskedmewhere1(live,lived). 4.Ididn’tknowwhattheword(means,meant). 5.Thenewspapersaysit(will,would)rain. 6.Shesaidshe(wasgoing,isgoing)away. 7.ItoldhimthatI(cannot,couldnot)go. 8.Hesaidhe(hasbeen,hadbeen)asoldier. 9.Shesaidshe(doesnot,didnot)feelwell. 10.Idon’tknowwhathisname(is,was). 11.Ididn’tknowwhathe(is,was)tryingtodo. 12.Shesaidshe(may,might)belate.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
B. THEPRESENTTENSEAFTERIF(ELTIEMPOPRESENTEDESPUESDEIF) SedebeusarelTIEMPOPRESENTE(ynoeltiempofuturo)despuésdelapalabraIF,aúncuandonosestemos refiriendoasituacionesfuturas. Escuche,leayaprenda: IfJohncomes(no,“willcome”)tomorrow,hewillseeMary. Ifitrains(no,“willrain”)nextSunday,theywillnotgotothebeach. Delmismomodo,debemosusarelPRESENTE(ynoelfuturo)despuésdelaspalabrasWHEN(cuando),UNTIL(hasta que),ASSOONAS(encuanto),BEFORE(antesque),AFTER(despuésque),UNLESS(amenosque),ASLONGAS (durantetodoeltiempoque),uotrapalabrasimilarparaintroducirunacláusulasubordinadaeneltiempofuturo.
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Escuche,leayaprenda: WhenJohncomesherethisevening,hewillseeMary.(CuandoJohnvengaacáestatarde,élveraaMary) AssoonasIseeMrSmithtomorrow,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.(EncuantoyoveaaMrSmithmañanaledare sumensaje) Waithereinthelobbyuntilthebusarrives,withintenorfifteenminutes.(Espereaquíhastaqueelbusllegue, dentrode10o15minutos) EXERCISES Ex.1.Supplythecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses: 1.Ifhe____________________________(arrive)ontimetomorrowmorning,hecangowithusonthecitytour. 2.lfit_____________________not______________________(rain)tomorrow,wemaygotothebeach. 3.lfhe____________________________(be)latethisevening,theywillnotwaitforhim. 4.Whenhe____________________________(come)thisafternoon,pleaseletmeknow. 5.Callmeassoonashe____________________________(get)heretomorrowmorning. 6.DonotleavebeforeI____________________________:____________________________(tell)youtogo. 7.`Ifhe____________________________(like)thejobnextweek,hewillkeepit. 8.Iftheweather____________________________(be)goodtomorrow,wewillgotothebeach. 9.Assoonashe____________________________(telephone)today,pleasegivehimthemessage. 10.Donotcallmetomorrowmorningunlesshe____________________________(come)totheoffice. 11.IwillnotgotothemeetingnextMondayunlessyou____________________________(go)too. 12.Ifhe_____________________not_____________________(come)heresoon,wewillhavetoleavewithouthim. Ex.2.Insertthemissingconjunction:UNTIL,WHEN,ASSOONAS,ASLONGAS,WHILE,BEFORE,etc.: 1.Wewillnotleavethehotel____________________________youarereadytogo,too. 2.I´llwritetoyou____________________________IgettoNewYorknextFridayevening. 3.Don´tstartmoving.Youmustwait____________________________thelightchangestogreen. 4 TheywillstayintheSouthWest____________________________thewarlasts. 5.WewilIwaithere____________________________ youtelephonethisafternoon. 6.Youcanstayhere____________________________wegotothemoviethisevening. 7.Youwillknowhim____________________________youseehimatthemeetingtomorrow. 8.We’llcometoseeyounextweek____________________________youleaveonyourvacation. 9.Pleasewaithere____________________________thedoctorarrives.(withinafewminutes) 10.I´llbelieveít____________________________Iseeit
PARTIII.USEOF“ELSE”Y“ORELSE”. A. ELSE Esta palabra se usa junto a las palabras derivadas de SOME, ANY y NO (somebody / someone, something, somewhere;anybody/anyone,anything,anywhere;nobody/noone,nothing,nowhere)comounsinónimode someotherperson,anyotherperson,nootherperson,someotherthing,anyotherthing,etc. Escuche,leayaprenda: Somebodyelse(=someotherperson)willtakecareofyou.(Alguienmássepreocuparadeustedes) Isthereanythingelse(=anyotherthing)thatyouneed?(¿Hayalgomásquenecesiteusted?)
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B. ORELSE Estafraseseusacomounsinónimodeifnot(=osino).Tambiénsepuedeusarenestecasolapalabraotherwise(= delocontrario) Escuche,leayaprenda: Wemusthurryorelse(ifwedon´t)wewillbelateforthetrain. He´dbetterwaithereorelse(ifhedoesn´t)hewillmissher. You´dbettertellhimaboutitorelse(ifyoudon´t)he´llbeangrywithyou. EXERCISES Ex.1.SubstitutethecorrectexpressionwithELSEforthewordsinitalics: 1.Didtheygoanyotherplace? ___________________________________________________ 2.Nootherpersonhelpedhimwiththework. ___________________________________________________ 3.Youmustasksomeotherpersonaboutit. ___________________________________________________ 4.Haven’tImetyousomeotherplace? ___________________________________________________ 5.They´veneversoldthatproductinanyotherplace. ___________________________________________________ 6.Didyouseeanyotherthingthatyouliked? ___________________________________________________ 7.Let’sdosomeotherthingtonight. ___________________________________________________ 8.Ididn’ttellanyotherpersonaboutit. ___________________________________________________ 9.CanIshowyouanyotherthing,Mrs.Smith? ___________________________________________________ 10.Therewasnootherpersonintheroomatthattime. ___________________________________________________ 11.Doyouhaveanyotherthingtotellusabouthim? ___________________________________________________ 12.Willtheygoanyotherplaceaftertheconcert? ___________________________________________________ Ex.2.Jointhefollowingpairsofsentences,substitutingORELSEforthewordsinitalics: 1.Wemusthurry.Ifwedon’t,we´llbelate. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Youmustdoasyourmothersays.Ifyoudon’t,she´llpunishyou. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Wehadbetterhurry.Ifwedon´t,we´llmissthetrain. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Turnofftheradio.Ifyoudon’t,you’llwakethebaby. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Saveyourmoney.Ifyoudon’t,youwon’tbeabletogoawayonyourvacation. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Youmuststudyhard.Ifyoudon’t,youwon’tpassthecourse. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.YoumustpracticeyourEnglisheveryday.Ifyoudon’t,youwillsoonforgetit. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Imustgohomerightaway.IfIdon’t,mymotherwillbeangrywithme. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Helenmustrestmore.Ifshedoesn’t,shemayhaveanervousbreakdown. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Putthedogoutside.Ifyoudon’thewillbarkandwakeeveryoneup. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Ex.3.Repeatthepreviousexercise,butthistimesubstitutethewordOTHERWISEforthewordsinitalics: 1. Wemusthurry;otherwisewe´llbelate 2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4._________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10._________________________________________________________________________________________________
VOCABULARY:Studythesewords THEWORKSHOP/(δ axe/æks/ bolt/bóult/ bucket/bákit/ drill/dril/ file/fáil/ hammer/hæ´mer/ jack/dllæk/ lathe/leiδ/ lever/lí:ver/ measuringtape/mélloriηtéip/ nail/neil/ needle/ní:dl/ nut/nat/ plane/pléin/ pliers/pláiarz/
hacha perno balde taladro lima martillo gata torno palanca huinchademedir clavo aguja tuerca formón alicates
wé:rkshop/ElTaller
saw/so:/ scissors/sízorz/ screw/skru:/ screwdriver/skru:dráiver/ soldering-iron/sólderiηáiron/ spade/spéid/ spanner/spæ´ner/ square/skwéar/ tongs/tongz/ vise/váis/ washer/wósher/ weldingtorch/wéldiηtó:rtch/ wire/wáiar/ workbench/we:rkbéntch/ wrench/réntch/
serrucho tijeras tornillo desatornillador soldadora pala llavedetuercas escuadra tenazas bancodetorno golilla sopleteparasoldar alambre bancodetrabajo llaveinglesa
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UNIT16 PARTI. Ex.1.1.willhaveleft2.willhavechanged3.willhavefinished4.willhavegone5.willhavehad6.willhavecompleted 7.willhavebeen8.willhaveforgotten9.willhavelearnt(orlearned)10.willhaverecovered11.willhavevisited12. willhavecome-(willhave)gone Ex.2.(Openanswers) Ex.3.1.They´llhavefinishedthatbuildingbeforetheendofthisyear.2.He´llhavefulfilled/carriedoutallhisplans beforethesummerends/isover.3.Before6thisevening,we´llhaveprocessedalltheinformation.4.Ifwedon´ttake ataxi/cab,theconcertwillhavealreadystartedbythetimewegettothetheatre.5.Mostbirdswillhaveemigrated tothenorthbeforewintercomes.6.By/TowardstheendofthiscourseI´llhavelearnttotalkinEnglish.7.Iyoufollow yourdoctor´sadvice,verysoonyou´llhaverecoveredcompletelyfromyoursurgery8.Beforemidnight,theresultsof theelectionwillhavebeensent/releasedtothepress
PARTII. A. Ex.1.1.Hesaidhewouldbehereatnoon2.IthoughtIcouldmeetyou.3.Hehopedhecouldbethere.4.Ithought itmightrainthisevening.5.Hewantedtoknowwhereshewas.6.Hesaidhewasverysorry.7.Theyoungmantold ushewasmarried.8.Ithoughtitwouldbeveryhotthisafternoon.9.Ithoughthewouldbetherebyteno´clock.10. Hebelievedhecoulddoit.11.Theweathermanpredicteditwouldrain.12.Hesaidhehadtowork.hardeveryday. 13.Iknewwhereshelived.14.Bobwantedtoknowhowmanypeopletherewere.15.Theboysaidhehadseenthe movie.16.Thegirlsaidshewasstudyingforatest.17.IthoughtMrJonesmightbeinhisoffice.18.Ithoughtthere wouldbealotofworktodo.19.Ididn´tknowwhereMarywas.20.Ididn´tthinkBobwouldlikethenewjob. Ex.2.1.would2.can3.lived4.meant5.will6.wasgoing7.couldnot8.hadbeen9.didnot10.is11.was12. might B. Ex.11.arrives2.does-rain3.is4.comes5.gets6.tell7.likes8.is9.telephones10.comes11.go12.does-come Ex.2.1.unless2.assoonas3.until4.aslongas5.until6.while7.when/assoonas8.before9.until10.when/ assoonas
PARTIII. Ex.1.1.Didtheygoanwhereelse?2.Nobodyelsehelpedhimwiththework. 3.Youmustasksomebodyelseabout it.4.Haven’tImetyousomewhereelse?5.They´veneversoldthatproductanywhereelse6.Didyouseeanythingelse thatyouliked?7.Let’sdosomethingelsetonight.8.1didn’ttellanybodyelseaboutit.9.CanIshowyouanything else,Mrs.Smith?10.Therewasnobodyelseintheroomatthattime.11.Doyouhaveanythingelsetotellusabout him?12.Willtheygoanywhereelseaftertheconcert? Ex.2.1.Wemusthurry;orelsewe´llbelate.2.Youmustdoasyourmothersays;orelseshe´llpunishyou.3.Wehad betterhurry;orelsewe´llmissthetrain.4.Turnofftheradio;orelseyou’llwakethebaby.5.Saveyourmoney;orelse youwon’tbeabletogoawayonyourvacation.6.Youmuststudyhard;orelseyouwon’tpassthecourse.7Youmust practiceyourEnglisheveryday;orelseyouwillsoonforgetit.8.1mustgohomerightaway;orelsemymotherwillbe angrywithme.9.Helenmustrestmore;orelseshemayhaveanervousbreakdown.10.Putthedogoutside;orelse hewillbarkandwakeeveryoneup. Ex.3.1.Wemusthurry;otherwisewe´llbelate.2.Youmustdoasyourmothersays;otherwiseshe´llpunishyou.3. Wehadbetterhurry;otherwisewe´llmissthetrain.4.Turnofftheradio;otherwiseyou’llwakethebaby.5.Saveyour money;otherwiseyouwon’tbeabletogoawayonyourvacation.6.Youmuststudyhard;otherwiseyouwon’tpass thecourse.7YoumustpracticeyourEnglisheveryday;otherwiseyouwillsoonforgetit.8.1mustgohomerightaway; otherwisemymotherwillbeangrywithme.9.Helenmustrestmore;otherwiseshemayhaveanervousbreakdown. 10.Putthedogoutside;otherwisehewillbarkandwakeeveryoneup. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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UNIT17 PART1.THEPASSIVEVOICE Hayoracionesgramaticalesexpresadasenvozactivayoracionesgramaticalesexpresadasenvozpasiva.Enuna oraciónenvozactivaelverboprincipalesunverbotransitivo(transitiveverb),esdecir,éstevaseguidoporun complementodirecto(directobject). Peter wrotetheletter lastyear. Mary prepares themeals inthekitchen
(S)
(Tr.V)
(D.O).
(S)
(Tr.V)
(D.O).
Theworkers willbuild anewbridge overthatriver.
(S)
(Tr.V)
(D.O).
Enlavozpasiva,elcomplementodirectodelaoraciónactivapasaaserelsujetopasivo(passivesubject)delaoración. EstesujetopasivovaseguidodeunaformadelverbomodalBemáselparticipiopasadodelverboprincipal. Normalmenteenunaoraciónpasivanosehacemencióndelsujetoagente(doer),debidoaqueésteesdesconocido onoesimportante. Theletter waswritten (byPeter) lastyear.
(P.S.)
(be+p.p.)
(doer)
(P.S.)
Themealsareprepared (byMary)inthekitchen. (be+p.p.)
(doer)
Anewbridgewillbebuilt(bytheworkers)overthatriver.
(P.S.)
(be+p.p.)
(doer)
Paracadaoraciónenvozactivahayunaoraciónpasivacorrespondiente (Present) (Past) (Future) (Pres.perfect) (Pastperfect) (Fut.perfect)
ActiveVoice Hefixesthecar. Hefixedthecar. Hewillfixthecar. Hehasfixedthecar. Hehadfixedthecar. Hewillhavefixedthecar.
(Present) (Past) (Future) (Pres.perfect) (Pastperfect) (Fut.perfect)
PassiveVoice Thecarisfixed(byhim). Thecarwasfixed. Thecarwillbefixed. Thecarhasbeenfixed. Thecarhadbeenfixed. Thecarwillhavebeenfixed.
EXERCISES Ex.1.Changetopassivevoice: 1.HetookthemoneylastMondayevening. 2.Hewilldeliverthemerchandisetoday. 3.Sheatethecakethismorning. 4.Mr.Smithwrotethebooklastsummer. 5.Shehasjusttakenthenewspaper. 6.Mr.SmithteachesthatclassonFriday. 7.Theywillleavetheticketsforyou. 8.Somebodyhastakenmybook. 9.Thewindblewthesmokeawaysoon. 10.Shebroketheplateonpurpose. 11.Theywillbringtheboytomorrow. 12.Theyhadfinishedtheworkbynoon. 13.Mrs.Jacksonsawtheaccident. 14.Theyhavefoundthechildatlast. 15.Hewilldotheworkthisafternoon. 16.Peoplewillforgetitinfewdays. 17.PeoplespeakEnglishallovertheworld. 18.Theyfoughtabigbattleheremanyyearsago.
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19.Theymadethisgunbyhand. 20.Someonehasputallthechairsinthenextroom. 21.Hebrokehisleginanaccident. 22.Theywillsendthebooknextweek. 23.Acarranoverourdogashortwhileago. 24.Theyleftthewoundedsoldiersbehind.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2.Changetoactivevoice: 1.ThebookwasfoundbyMary. Maryfoundthebook. 2.Themoneywasstolenbyathief. ___________________________________________________ 3.Themerchandisewillbedeliveredtomorrow. They______________________________________________ 4.Thecityhasbeendestroyed(bytheenemy). ___________________________________________________ 5.Thebookwillbepublishednextspring. Longmans_________________________________________ 6.Thelecturewasattendedbymanypeople. ___________________________________________________ 7.Ourexercisesarecorrectedeachnightbyourteacher.__________________________________________________ 8.Hewasstruckbyanautomobile. ___________________________________________________ 9.TheworkhadbeenfinishedbyJune. He _______________________________________________ 10.ThetownwillhavebeencapturedbyWednesday. They______________________________________________ 11.Thehousewasbuiltin1910. Mygrandfather_____________________________________ 12.ThebookswillbebroughtbyJohn. ___________________________________________________ 13.Americawasdiscoveredin1492. Columbus_________________________________________ 14.OurclassistaughtbyMr.Smith. ___________________________________________________ 15.ThisbookwaswrittenbyMr.Scott. ___________________________________________________ Ex.3.Changetonegativeandtoquestionform: 1.TheworkwillbedonebyMr.Smith. 2.ThebookwaswrittenbyMr.Thompson. 3.ThelessonistaughtbyMr.Smith. 4.ThebookhasbeenreturnedbyJohn. 5.Thedishwasbrokenbythemaid. 6.Thecriesofthechildwereheardclearly. 7.Themoneyhadbeenstolenbyoneoftheboys. 8.Americawasdiscoveredin1492. 9.ItwasdiscoveredbyChristopherColumbus. 10.Thehousewasstruckbylightning. 11.ThebookwillbepublishedinJune. 12.Themoneyhasbeenfound. 13.Thecitywasdestroyedbybombs. 14.Theworkwillbecompletedtomorrow. 15.Thee-mailwassentthismorning.
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Theworkwon’tbedonebyMr.Smith. WilltheworkbedonebyMr.Smith? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.4.Changetoquestionform,beginningeachquestionwiththequestionwordinparentheses: 1.Americawasdiscoveredin1492.WhenwasAmericadiscovered?) 2.Thehousewasdestroyedbyfire.(How) __________________________________________________? 3.Theworkwillbecompletednextmonth.(When) __________________________________________________? 4.Thechildwasfinallyfoundinthepark.(Where) __________________________________________________? 5.Thetreewasplantedbymyfather.(Who...by/Bywhom)_______________________________________________? 6.ThebookwillbepublishedinJune.(When) __________________________________________________? 7.Themailisdeliveredatteno’clockeveryday.(Whattime) ______________________________________________? 8.Hewasinjuredinanautomobileaccident.(Inwhatkindofaccident)______________________________________? 9.Thehousewasbuiltin1945.(Inwhatyear) __________________________________________________? 10.Themoneywasstolenbyoneoftheservants.(Who...by/Bywhom)_____________________________________? Ex.5.Answerthesequestions: 1.BywhomwasAmericadiscovered? 2.InwhatyearwasAmericadiscovered? 3.Whenwasthisbookpublished? 4.Wherewasthisbookpublished? 5.Whowasthemoneystolenby? 6.Wherewasthechildfinallyfound? 7.Whowillthedinnerbepreparedby? 8.Bywhomareyourexercisescorrected? 9.Whywasthetraindelayed? 10.Wherewasthemoneyhidden? 11.Whenwasthenewsreleased? 12.Whenwilltheworkbecompleted? 13.Whereweretheymarried? 14.InwhatcountrywasHelenborn? 15.Bywhomwastheplatebroken? 16.Wherewasthemoneyput? 17.Howlongwasthemanheldbythepolice?
____________________________ byChristopherColumbus. ___________________________________________ in1492. ____________________________________________in1999. _________________________________________ inChicago. __________________________________oneoftheservants. _________________________________________ inthepark. _________________________________________bythechef. ____________________________________ byourinstructor. _____________________________ becauseofbadweather. ____________________________________ inawoodenbox. ________________________________________about10:30. _____________________________ bytheendofthemonth. _______________________________________ inValparaiso. ________________________________________ inScotland. ________________________________________ bythemaid. _________________________________________ inthesafe. ___________________________________ forabout2hours.
Lavozpasivaenlostiemposcontinuos. Lavozpasivadelostiempospresenteypasadocontinuoseconstruyeusandolaformacontinuadelverbomodal Be(am,is,are,was,were+being),máselpasadoparticipiodelverboprincipal. (Active)Themechanicisfixingthecarnow (Passive)Thecarisbeingfixed(bythemechanic)now (Active)ThemenwerebuildingtheroadwhenIwasthere. (Passive)Theroadwasbeingbuilt(bythemen)whenIwasthere Lavozpasivaconverbosmodalescan,must,may,should,haveto Alcambiaroracionesactivasquecontienenunverbomodalcomocan,must,may,should,haveto,etc.alavoz pasiva,sedebeusarelverbomodalseguidodeBeydelpasadoparticipiodelverboprincipal. (Active) Theymustfinishthisjobtoday. (Passive)Thisjobmustbefinished(bythem)today. (Active) Theyboycandothisexerciseeasily. (Passive) Thisexercisecanbedonebytheboyeasily. (Active) Theyhavetosendthisreporttoday. (Passive) Thisreporthastobesent(bythem)today.
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Ex.6.Changetopassivevoice: 1.Theyaresendingthematerialtoday. 2.Theyareconsideringthatquestionnow. 3.Sheistypingthatletternow. 4.TheywerediscussingthequestionwhenIwentin. 5.Theyaresendingtroopstheretoday. 6.Heisfinishingtheworknow. 7.Theywerecleaningtheofficethismorning. 8.Theyareexamininghimnow. 9.Weareusingthisroom. 10.Theyaredefendingthecitywell. 11.Theyareholdingthemeetingtoday. 12.Theyaretransferringhimtoanotherclass.
Thematerialisbeingsent(bythem)today. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.7.Changetopassivevoice: 1.Wecanfinishthisrightaway. 2.Theymaysendthefaxtomorrow. 3.Wemustlosenotime. 4.Youcanusethisroomforthelesson. 5.Wehavetowritetheseexercisesathome. 6.Heshouldsendthisrightaway. 7.Theycannotputthosethingshere. 8.Theymaydeliverthegoodstomorrow. 9.Hehastodoitimmediately. 10.Wemusthelphim. 11.Hecannotfinishthistoday. 12.Thepolicemayholdhimforseveraldays.
Thiscanbefinished(byus)rightaway. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.8.Changetopassivevoice: 1.Johnbringsthemaileveryday. 2.Johnbroughtthemailyesterday. 3.Johnwillbringthemailtomorrow. 4.Johnhasbroughtthemaileveryday. 5.Johnisbringingthemailnow. 6.Johnmaybringthemailtomorrow. 7.Johnhastobringthemaileveryday. 8.Theyhaveputthechairsintheroom. 9.Theyaresendingthemerchandisetoday. 10.Hesentthee-maillastweek. 11.Theyhavetodeliverthebookstoday. 12.Wemustfindhimimmediately.
ThemailisbroughtbyJohneveryday. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.9.Changetonegativeandtoquestionform.Stateeachquestiontwice,onceinsimpleformandoncewith somequestionwordlikeWho,Where,Bywhom,How,etc.: 1.Hewaskilledinanaccident. 2.Thestoryisbeingpublishedtoday. 3.Thismustbecheckedtwice..
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Hewasn’tkilledinanaccident. Washekilledinanaccident? Howwashekilled? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
4.ltcanbedonethreeorfourtimesamonth. 5.lthastobesentrightaway. 6.Thisroomcanbeusedforourmeetings. 7.ThemoneyhasbeensenttoNewYork. 8.Thisbookwaspublishedin1945. 9.ThematerialisbeingpreparedbyMr.Reese. 10.Itshouldbesentimmediately. 11.Ithastobedoneatonce. 12.TheclassistaughtbyMr.Smith.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Elsigno“SE”enespañol Enespañol,nosiempreseexpresalavozpasivaconelverboSERmásunPARTICIPIOPASADOdeunverboprincipal, sinembargoesmuyfrecuenteelusodelsigno“SE”enestetipodeoraciones. Comparelassiguientesoracionespasivas: Elespañoleshabladoenestepaís Unagranbatallafuelibradaenestelugar Unnuevopuenteseráconstruidoaquíelpróximoaño
Enestepaíssehablaespañol Enestelugarselibróunagranbatalla Aquíseconstruiráunnuevopuenteelpróximoaño
Estasmismasoracionessepuedentraduciralinglésdelasiguientemanera:“Englishisspokeninthiscountry”,“Abig battlewasfoughthere”,“Anewbridgewillbebuiltherenextyear” Ex.10.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish: 1.Muchascartasseenvíanalextranjerodesdeestaoficinatodoslosdías. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Sehandescubiertootrosplanetasennuestrosistemasolar. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Sedebenconstruirnuevoscaminosenestapartedelpaís. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Seestándesarrollandonuevosmétodosparacontrolarlainflación. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Seenviarontodaslasinvitacionesporcorreoaéreo. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Estelibrosehatraducidoavariosidiomas. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Estosepuedehacerfácilmente,siseusanlasherramientasapropiadas. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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8.Sedeberíanmejorarlosserviciosdetransportepublicoenestaciudad. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Seconstruiránvarioshospitalesenelpaísdurantelospróximos5años. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Duranteeseañosehabíanllevadoacabovariosproyectosimportantes. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.11.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoSpanish,usingtheword“SE”ineachcase. 1.Anewtypeofmissilehasbeentestedrecently. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Theinformationisbeinganalyzedthoroughly. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Allkindsofcomputersarerepairedhere. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Severaldifferenttechniquesmaybeapplied. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.ItisconsideredthatEnglishhasbecomeauniversallanguage. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Theeconomicpolicieshavebeenchangedinordertocontrolinflation. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Duringthisweek,thecometwillbeeasilyseenneartheSouthernCross _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Bytheendofthe90’s,mostgoalshadbeensuccessfullyattained. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Thedatawasbeingprocessedatthatmoment. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Nexttime,severalanimalswillbesentintospaceinordertostudytheeffectsofweightlessness. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
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PARTII. THEIDIOMATICVERBPHRASE“BESUPPOSEDTO” Estaexpresiónseusaparareferirseaunaobligacióndelsujetodellevaracabounapromesaouncompromiso.Esta esunaoraciónpasivaquesurgedebidoaque“sesupone”o“seespera”queelsujetorealicelaacciónprometidaoel compromisoadquirido..Estafraseidiomáticaseusasolamenteenlostiempospresenteypasado.Enlasideasfuturas sedebeusarelverboBEenpresente. Theshipwassupposed(bythepublicandbytheofficials)toarrivelastnight.Sesuponíaqueelbarcollegaríaanoche(Past) Bobissupposed(byus)tobeherenow.Sesuponequeélestáaquíahora.(Present) Helenissupposed(byus)toarrivetomorrow.SesuponequeHelenllegarámañana.(Future) Thisbookissupposedtohavebeenpublishedin1975.Sesuponequeestelibrofuepublicadoen1975 Ex.1.SupplythecorrectformofSUPPOSEDTO: 1.Theyaresupposedtoleave(leave)atteno’clock.(Theyatteno’clock.) 2.He______________________________(come)tomorrowatfive. 3.They______________________________(deliver)themerchandiselastweek. 4.He______________________________(send)thisletteryesterday. 5.He______________________________(be)herenow. 6.Thetrain______________________________(be)fasterthanthebus. 7.John ______________________________(be)abetterstudentthanHenry. 8.He______________________________(call)metomorrow. 9.He______________________________(meet)usinMacy’s. 10.He______________________________(be)hereyesterdayatthreeo’clock. 11.He______________________________(know)herwell. 12.Themerchandise______________________________(send)tomorrow.(PassiveVoice) 13.Thisbook______________________________(publish)lastyear.(PassiveVoice) 14.Thisfax______________________________(send)yesterday.(PassiveVoice) 15.Thesechairs______________________________(put)inthenextroom.(PassiveVoice) Ex.2.ChangetointroduceSUPPOSEDTO: 1.WeexpectJohntocomeatsixo’clock. 2.Theyexpectthetraintoarriveatfour‘clock. 3.Weexpecthertobringthebookwithher. 4.Weexpectedhimtoarrivelastnight. 5.Theyexpectedthewartobeoversooner. 6.Weexpectourlessontofinishatteno’clock. 7.Weexpectourlessontolastonehour. 8.Weexpecttheparadetobeginsoon. 9.Weexpectthebustostophere. 10.Weexpecttheweathertobehottomorrow. 11.WeexpecthimtoleaveforEuropenextweek. 12.Weexpectthebanktoopenatnineo’clock.
(Johnissupposedtocomeatsixo’clock.) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.3.Changetonegativeandtoquestionform.Stateeachquestiontwice,onceinsimpleformandoncewith somequestionwordlikeWHEN,WHERE,WHATTIME,etc.: 1.Heissupposedtoleavetomorrowmorning. 2.Hewassupposedtobringthemoneylastnight. 3.They´resupposedtostarttheworksoon.
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4.They´resuppposedtofinishthejobtomorrow. 5.Theletterwassupposedtobesentyesterday. 6.He´ssupposedtobelivingsomewhereinL.A.. 7.Hewassupposedtotelephonemeyesterday. 8.Weweresupposedtomeetthemon42ndStreet. 9.ThebookissupposedtobepublishedinJune. 10.TheKingissupposedtovisittheUSAinMay.
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VOCABULARY:Studythesewords THEARMEDFORCES/(iá:rmdfó:rsiz/LasFuerzasArmadas(I) Army/a:rmi/ AirForce/éarfó:rs/ Ranks/ræ´ηks/ Commander/kománder/ Subordinate/sabó:dinit/
Ejército FuerzaAérea filas comandante subalterno
Navy/néivi/ Rank/ræ´ηk/ Officer/ófiser/ Superior/supíarior/
Marina rango,grado Oficial superior
ARMS/á:rmz/armas,BRANCHES/bræ´ntchiz/ramasoservicios Infantry/infantri/ Infantería Artillery/a:rtílori/ ArmoredCavalry/á:rmordkæ´valri/CaballeríaBlindada Signal/sígnal/ Airborne/éarbó:rn/ aerotransportada Engineers/endlliníarz/ Transportation/transportéishon/ Transportes Medical/médikal/ Finance/fáinans/ Intendencia Mechanized/mékanáizd/ Ordnance/ó:rdnans/ materialdeguerra
Artillería Telecomunicaciones Ingenieros Sanidad Mecanizado
COMMISSIONEDOFFICERS/komíshondófiserz/OficialesComisionados FullGeneral/fuldlléneral/ GeneraldeEjército LieutenantGeneral/luténantdlléneral/TenienteGeneral MajorGeneral/méidllordlléneral/ MayorGeneral BrigadierGeneral/brigadíardlléneral/ BrigadierGeneral LieutenantColonel/luténantké:rnel/ TenienteCoronel Colonel/ké:rnel/ Coronel Major/méidllor/ Mayor Captain/kæ´ptin/ Capitán FirstLieutenant/f :rstluténant/ Teniente SecondLieutenant/sékondluténant/ Subteniente Ensign/énsin/ Alférez(enlamarina) Cadet/kadét/ Cadete NON-COMMISSIONEDOFFICERS/nonkomíshondófiserz/Suboficiales SergeantMajor/sá:rdllentméidllor/SargentoMayor(US) StaffSergeant/sta:fsá:rdllent/ SergeantFirstClass/sá:rdllentférstkla:s/SargentoPrimero Sergeant/sá:rdllent/ PrivateFirstClass/práivitférstkla:s/ Corporal/kó:rporal/ Cabo LanceCorporal/lánskó:rpral/ SoldadoPrimero(Br) Private/práivit/ Recruit/rékrut/ Soldadoconscripto TACTICALUNITS/tæktikaliúnits/ Squad/skwod/ Troop/tru:p/ Squadron/skuódr n/ Battalion/batæ´lion/ Brigade/brigéid/ Corps/ko:r/
UnidadesTácticas pelotón escuadrón(cab.) grupo(cab.blin.) batallón brigada cuerpo
Platoon/plδtú:n/ Company/kámpni/ Battery/bæ´ teri/ Regiment/rédlliment/ División/dividllon/ Army/a:rmi
SargentoMayor(Br)) SargentoSegundo SoldadoPrimero(US) Soldado
pelotón compañía batería(art.) regimiento división Ejército
ROUNDOFAMMUNITION/ráundovamiuníshon/Tirodemunición Bullet/búlit/ bala,proyectil Cartridgecase/ká:rtridllkéiz/ Propellant/propélant/ propelenteopolvora Primer/práimer/ Shrapnel/shræ´pn l/ metrallaoesquirla TACTICALWEAPONS/tæktikalwéponz/ArmasTácticas Pistol/pístol/ pistola Rifle/ráifl/ Gun/gan/ cañón.pistola Knife/naif/ Sword/só:rd/ espada Dagger/dæ´ger/ Machinegun/mashí:ngán/ ametralladora Mortar/mó:rtar/ Howitzer/hóuitser/ obús Handgrenade/hændgranéid/ lanzallamas Rocketlauncher/rókitló:ntcher/ Flame-thrower/fléimθróuer/ Mine/main/ mina Missile/mízil/ Massdestructionweapon/mæsdistrákshonwèpon/armadedestrucciónmasiva Bullet/búlit/ bala Shell/shel/ Bomb/bom/ bomba
vainilla estopin
fusil cuchillo daga mortero granadademano lanzacohetes misil proyectil,bomba
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TACTICALVEHICLES/tæ´ktikalvíiklz/VehículosTácticos tanque Tank/tæηk/ Truck/trak/ camion Fighterplane/fáiterpléin/ cazabombardero Helicopter/hélicopter/ helicóptero Speedboat/spi:dbout/ lanchadedesembarco Airplanecarrier/éarpleinkæ´rier/ portaviones Submarine/sábmarí:n/ submarino
APC/éipí:sí:/ transportedepersonal Airplane/éarplein/ avión Bomber/bómer/ cazabombardero Chopper/tchóper/ helicóptero Warship/wó:rship/ buquedeguerra Minesweeper/mainsuí:per/ barreminas MainBattleTank/meinbætltæ ´ ηk/tanquedecombate
LEADERSHIP/lí:dership/Liderazgo Behavior/bihéivior/ conducta Commander/kománder/ comandante Control/kontróul/ control Courage/káridll/ valor,coraje Decisiveness/disáisivnis/ decision Determination/diterminéishon/ determinación Echelonofcommand/éshelon vkomæ´nd/escalóndemando Enthusiasm/enθusiázn/ entusiasmo Initiative/iníshiativ/ iniciativa Justice/dllástis/ justicia Morale/morá:l/ moral Spanofcontrol/spæ´n vkontróul/ámbitodecontrol Tact/tæ´kt/ tacto,criterio Willingobedience/wíliηobí:diens/obedienciaespontánea
Command/komæ´nd/ Confidence/kónfidens/ Cooperation/kouoperéishon/ Chainofcommand/tchéin vkomá:nd/ Dependability/dipendabíliti/ Dignity/digniti/ Endurance/endiúarans/ Espritdecorps/esprí:dekó:r/ Integrity/intégriti/ Leader/lí:der/ Pride/práid/ Subordinate/sabó:rdinit/ Trait/tréit/
PARTSOFARIFLE/pa:rtse v ráifl/PartesdelFusil Aimingmechanism/éimiηmécanizm/ mecanismodepuntería Bolt/boult/ cerrojo Chamber/tchéimber/ recámara percutor Firingpin/fáiariηpin/ Frontsight/frántsáit/ puntodemira Lockinglug/lókiηlag/ asegurador Rearsight/ríarsáit/ alza Sightingmechanism/sáitiηmekanízm/mecanismodevisada Stock/stok/ caja Triggerguard/triggergá:rd/ guardamonte
Barrel/bæ´rel/ cañón Butt/bat/ culata Firingmechanism/fáiariηmékanízm/ mecanismodedisparo Follower/fólouer/ cargador Hammer/hæ´mer/ martillo Muzzle/máz l/ trompetilla Receiver/risí:ver/ cajademecanismos Sling/sliη/ correa Trigger/trigger/ disparador,gatillo
THETANK/δtδk/ElTanque Armor/á:mor/ Gun/gan/ Gunner/gáner/ Tankdriver/tæ´ηkdráiver/ Turret/tárit/
blindaje cañón artilllero conductordeltanque torreta
Armorplate/á:morpléit// planchadeblindaje Guntube/gántiu:b/ tubodelcañón Tankcommander/tæ´ηkkomá:nder/ comandantedeltanque Tracks/træ´ks/ orugas Wheel/wi:l/ rueda
FIRINGPOSITIONS/fáiariηposillonz/PosicionesdeDisparo posicióndepie Sitting/sítiη/position Standing/stæ´ndiη/position Prone/próun/position posicióntendida Squat/skuot/position Kneeling/ní:liη/position posiciónarrodillada
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mando confianza cooperación cadenademando confiabilidad dignidad resistencia espíritudecuerpo integridad líder,comandante orgullo subalterno rasgo,característica
posiciónsentada posiciónencuclillas
Keytoanswers
UNIT17 PARTI. Ex.1.2.Themerchandisewillbedeliveredbyhimtoday3.Thecakewaseatenbyherthismorning4.Thebookwas writtenbyMr.Smithlastsummer.Thenewspaperhasjustbeentakenbyher6.ThatclassistaughtbyMr.Smithon Friday.7.Theticketswillbeleftforyoubythem.8.Mybookhasbeentakenbysomebody.9.Thesmokewasblown awaybythewindsoon.10.Theplatewasbrokenbyheronpurpose.11.Theboywillbebroughtbythemtomorrow. 12.Theworkhadbeenfinishedbythembynoon.13.TheaccidentwasseenbyMrs.Jackson.14.Thechildhas beenfoundbythematlast15.Theworkwillbedonebyhimthisafternoon.16.Itwillbeforgotten(bypeople)inafew days.17.Englishisspoken(bypeople)allovertheworld.18.Abigbattlewasfought(bythem)heremanyyearsago. 19.Thisgunwasmade(bythem)byhand.20.Allthechairshavebeenputbysomeoneinthenextroom.21.Hisleg wasbroken(byhim)inanaccident.22.Thebookwillbesentbythemnextweek.23,Ourdogwasrunoverbyacar ashortwhileago.24.Thewoundedsoldierswereleftbehind(bythem). Ex.2.2.Athiefstolethemoney.3.Theywilldeliverthemerchandisetomorrow.4.Theenemyhasdestroyedthecity. 5.Longmanswillpublishthebooknextspring.6Manypeopleattendedthelecture.7Ourteachercorrectsourexercises eachnight.8.Anautomobilestruckhim9.HehadfinishedtheworkbyJune.10.Theywillhavecapturedthetown byWednesday.11.Mygrandfatherbuiltthehousein1910.12.Johnwillbringthebooks.13.Columbusdiscovered Americain1492.14.Mr.Smithteachesourclass.15.Mr.Scottwrotethisbook. Ex.3.2.Thebookwasn´twrittenbyMr.Thompson./Wasthebookwrittenby...?3.Thelessonisn´ttaughtbyMr.Smith./ Isthelessontaughtby...?4.Thebookhasn´tbeenreturnedbyJohn./Hasthebookbeenreturnedby...?5.Thedish wasn´tbrokenbythemaid./Wasthedishbrokenby...?6.Thecriesofthechildweren´theardclearly./Werethecries ofthechildheardclearly?7.Themoneyhadn´tbeenstolenbyoneoftheboys./Hadthemoneybeenstolenby...? 8.Americawasn´tdiscoveredin1492./WasAmericadiscoveredin...?9.Itwasn´tdiscoveredbyChristopherColumbus. /Wasitdiscoveredby...?10.Thehousewasn´tstruckbylightning./Wasthehousestruckby...?11.Thebookwon´tbe publishedinJune./Willthebookbepublishedin...?12.Themoneyhasn´tbeenfound./Hasthemoneybeenfound? 13.Thecitywasn´tdestroyedbybombs./Wasthecitydestroyedby...?14.Theworkwon´tbecompletedtomorrow./ Willtheworkbecompleted...?15.Thetelegramwasn´tdeliveredthismorning./Wasthetelegramdelivered...? Ex.4.2.Howwasthehousedestroyed?3.Whenwilltheworkbecompleted?4.Wherewasthechildfinallyfound? 5.Whowasthetreeplantedby?/Bywhomwasthetreeplanted?6.Whenwillthebookbepublished?7.(At)what timeisthemaildeliveredeveryday?8.Inwhatkindofaccidentwasheinjured?9.Inwhatyearwasthehousebuilt? 10.Whowasthemoneystolenby?/Bywhomwasthemoneystolen? Ex.5.1.ItwasdiscoveredbyChristopherColumbus.2.Itwasdiscoveredin1492.3.Itwaspublishedin1999. 4.ItwaspublishedinChicago.5.Itwasstolenbyoneoftheservants.6.Hewasfinallyfoundinthepark.7.Itwillbe preparedbythechef.8.They´recorrectedbyourinstructor.9.Itwasdelayedbecauseofbadweatherconditions. 10.Itwashiddeninawoodenbox.11.Itwasreleasedatabout10:3012.Itwillbecompletedbytheendofthemonth. 13.TheyweremarriedinValparaiso.14.ShewasborninScotland.15.Itwasbrokenbythemaid.16.Itwasputin thesafe.17.Hewasheldforabouttwohours. Ex.6.2.Thatquestionisbeingconsideredbythemnow.3.Thatletterisbeingtypedbyhernow.4.Thequestionwas beingdiscussedbythemwhenIwentin.5.Troopsarebeingsent(bythem)theretoday.6.Theworkisbeingfinished byhimnow.7.Theofficewasbeingcleanedbythemthismorning.8.He´sbeingexaminedbythemnow.9.Thisroom isbeingusedbyus.10.Thecityisbeingdefendedbythemwell11.Themeetingisbeingheldbythemtoday.12.He´s beingtransferredbythemtoanotherclass. Ex.7.2.Thefaxmaybesentbythemtomorrow.3.Notimemustbelostbyus.4.Thisroomcanbeusedbyyouforthe lesson.5.Theseexerciseshavetobewrittenbyusathome.6.Thisshouldbesentbyhimrightaway.7.Thosethings cannotbeputbythemhere.8.Thegoodsmaybedeliveredbythemtomorrow.9.Ithastobedonebyhimimmediately. 10.Hemustbehelpedbyus.11.Thiscannotbefinishedbyhimtoday.12.Hemaybeheldbythepoliceforseveraldays. Ex.8.2.ThemailwasbroughtbyJohnyesterday.3.ThemailwillbebroughtbyJohntomorrow.4.Themailhasbeen broughtbyJohneveryday.5.ThemailisbeingbroughtbyJohnnow.6.ThemailmaybebroughtbyJohntomorrow. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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7.ThemailhastobebroughtbyJohneveryday.8.Thechairshavetobeputbythemintheroom.9.Themerchandise isbeingsentbythemtoday..10.Thee-mailwassentbyhimlastweek.11.Thebookshavetobedeliveredbythem today.12.Hemustbefoundbyusimmediately. Ex.9.2.Thestoryisn´tbeingpublishedtoday/Isthestorybeingpublishedtoday?/Whenisthestorybeingpublished? 3,Thismustn´tbecheckedtwice./Mustitbecheckedtwice?/Howmanytimesmustitbechecked?4.Itcan´tbe donethreeorfourtimesamonth./Canitbedonethreeorfourtimesamonth?/Howmanytimesaweek/Howoften canitbedone?5.Itdoesn´thavetobesentrightaway./Doesithavetobesentrightaway?/Whendoesithaveto besent?6.Thisroomcan´tbeusedforourmeetings./Canthisroombeusedforourmeetings?/Whatcanthisroom beusedfor?7.Themoneyhasn´tbeensenttoNY./Hasthe moneybeensenttoNY?/Wherehasthemoneybeensentto?8.Thisbookwasn´tpublishedin1945./Wasthis bookpublishedin1945?/Whenwasthisbookpublished?9.Thematerialisn´tbeingpreparedbyMr.Reese./Isthe materialbeingpreparedbyMr.Reese?/Whoisthematerialbeingpreparedby?10.Itshouldn´tbesentimmediately. /Shoulditbesentimmediately?/Whenshoulditbesent?11.Itdoesn´thavetobedoneatonce./Doesithaveto bedoneatonce?/Whendoesithavetobedone?12.Theclassisn´ttaughtbyMr.Smith/IstheclasstaughtbyMr. Smith?/Whoistheclasstaughtby? Ex.10.1.Manylettersaresentabroadfromthisofficeeveryday.2.Otherplanetshavebeendiscoveredinoursolar system.3.Newroadshaveto/mustbebuiltinthispartofthecountry.4.Newmethodsarebeingdevelopedtocontrol inflation.5.Alltheinvitationsweresentbyairmail.6.Thisbookhasbeentranslatedintoseverallanguages.7.This canbedoneeasilyiftheright/appropriatetoolsareused.8.Publictransportservicesshouldbeimprovedinthiscity. 9.Severalhospitalswillbebuiltinthecountryduringthenextfiveyears.10.Duringthatyear,severalimportantprojects havebeencarriedout. Ex.11.1.Sehaprobadounnuevotipodemisílrecientemente.2.Seestáanalizandominuciosamentelainformación. 3.Aquísereparatodotipodecomputadores.4.Sepuedenaplicarvariastécnicasdiferentes.5.Seconsideraque elIngléshallegadoaserunidiomauniversal.6.Sehancambiadolaspolíticaseconómicasconelfindecontrolarla inflación.7.DuranteestasemanaseveráelcometafácilmentecercadelaCruzdelSur.8.Haciafinesdelladécada delos90,sehabíanlogradosatisfactoriamentelamayorpartedelasmetas.9.Seestabanprocesandolosdatosen esemomento.10.Lapróximavez,seenviaránvariosanimalesalespacioparaestudiarlosefectosdelaingravidez/ faltadegravedad
PARTII. Ex.1.2.issupposedtocome3.weresupposedtodeliver4.wassupposedtosend5.issupposedtobe6.issupposed tobe7.issupposedtobe8.issupposedtocall9.issupposedtomeet10.wassupposedtobe11.issupposedto know12.issupposedtobesent13.issupposedtohavebeensent14.aresupposedtobeput Ex.2.2.Thetrainissupposedtoarriveat...3.Sheissupposedtobringthe...4.hewassupposedtoarrive...5.The warwassupposedtobeover...6.Ourlessonissupposedtofinishat...7.Ourlessonissupposedtolast...8.The paradeissupposedtobegin...9.Thebusissupposedtostop...10.Theweatherissupposedtobehot...11.Heis supposedtoleavefor...12.Thebankissupposedtoopenat... Ex.3.2.Hewasn´tsupposedtobringit.../Washesupposedtobringit...?/Whenwashesupposedtobringit? 3.Theyaren´tsupposedtostartsoon/Aretheysupposedtostartsoon?/Whenaretheysupposedtostartthework? 4.Theyaren´tsupposedtofinishtomorrow./Aretheysupposedtofinishtomorrow.?/Whenaretheysupposedtofinish? 5.Theletterwasn´tsupposedtobesentyesterday/Wasthelettersupposedtobesentyesterday?/Whenwasthe lettersupposedtobesent?6.Heisn´tsupposedtobeliving.../Ishesupposedtobeliving...?/Whereishesupposed tobeliving?7.Hewasn´tsupposedtotelephone.../Washesupposedtotelephone...?/Whenwashesupposedto telephoneyou?8.Wearen´tsupposedtomeetthem.../Arewesupposedtomeetthem...?/Wherearewesupposed tomeetthem?9.Thebookisn´tsupposedtobepublishedinJune/IsthebooksupposedtobepublishedinJune?/ Whenisthebooksupposedtobepublished?10.TheKingisn´tsupposedtovisit.../IstheKingsupposedtovisit...? /WhenistheKingsupposedtovisittheUSA?
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UNIT18 PARTI.ORACIONESCONDICIONALES Introducción 1. SonoracionescondicionalesaquellasoracionesqueempiezanconlapalabraIF...(Si...). Ifhecomestomorrow,...(Siélvienemañana,...) 2.Lasoracionescondicionalessonoracionescompuestas,yaqueestánformadaspordoscláusulas.Unadeellases laCONDICIÓN,introducidaporlapalabraIF;lasegundaeslacláusuladeRESULTADO. Ifhecomestomorrow,youwillseehim.(Siélvienemañana,loverás) (Condición) (Resultado) 3. Elordendelascláusulasquecomponenunaoracióncondicionalpuedeserinvertido Ifhecomestomorrow,youwillseehim. Youwillseehimifhecomestomorrow. 4.Existentrestiposdeoracionescondicionales: a. FUTUROPOSIBLE(FuturePossible): Ifhecomestomorrow,youwillseehim.(Siélvienemañana,túloverás.). b. PRESENTEIRREAL(PresentUnreal): Ifhecameheremoreoften,youwouldseehimmoreoften,too.(Siélvinieraacámásseguido,túloveríasmás seguidotambién) c. PASADOIRREAL(PastUnreal): Ifhehadcomehereyesterday,youwouldhaveseenhim.(Siélhubieravenidoacáayer,túlohabríasvisto) I. ORACIONESCONDICIONALESDELPRIMERTIPO:FUTUROPOSIBLE Enestetipodeoracionescondicionales,cuandolacondiciónintroducidaporIFsematerializa,lomásprobableesque sedéelresultadoprevistoenlacláusuladeResultado. Laestructuradeestetipodeoracionescondicionaleseslasiguiente: Condicion
Resultado
If+Subject+Present
Subject+will+Infinitive
Read,listenandrepeattheseexamples: Iftheweatherisgoodtomorrow,wewillgotothebeach(Sieltiempoestábuenomañana,iremosalaplaya) IfIseeJohnattheparty,I´llgivehimyourmessage.(SiveoaJuanenlafiesta,ledarétumensaje) Ifyousithere,youwillbeabletoseeeverything.(Sitesientasaquí,podrásvertodo) Ifyoudon´tstudyhard,youwillnotgetagoodmark.(Sinoestudiasduro,notesacarásunabuenanota) IfDianadoesn´tleaveatonce,she´llmisshertrain.(SiDiananosaledeinmediato,perderásutren) Ifyouaren´tcarefulwhenyou´redriving,you´llhaveanaccident.(Sinoerescuidadosocuandoestásconduciendo, tendrásunaccidente)
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Esimportantenotaraquíqueenlacondición,aúncuandonosestamosrefiriendoaunaacciónfutura,elverbo debeirenpresentesimple(ynoenfuturo).
IfMarycomestomorrow(No,“IfMarywillcome”),Iwillgiveheryourmessage.
Delmismomodo,debeusareltiempopresente(ynoelfuturo)despuésdelosconectoresWHEN(cuando),UNTIL (hastaque),BEFORE(antesque),AFTER(despuésque),ASSOONAS(encuanto),ASLONGAS(durantetodo eltiempoque),WHILE(mientras),UNLESS(amenosque),etc.,cuandoseestáusandounaexpresióndetiempo futuro,comotomorrow,thisevening,nextMondaymorning,etc. Read,listenandrepeattheseexamples: WhenKevincomesthisafternoon,hewilltelluswhathappened.(CuandoKevinvengaestatarde,élnoscontará quépasó) Assoonassheopenshereyes,shewillseethePrince.(Encuantoellaabralosojos,veráalPríncipe) Iwillwaithereuntilshetelephones.(Esperaréaquíhastaqueellallameporteléfono) II. ORACIONESCONDICIONALESDELSEGUNDOTIPO:PRESENTEIRREAL Enestetipodeoracionescondicionalesnosplanteamosunasituaciónhipotética(escontrariaalarealidad) IfJohnhadacar,hewoulddrivetoCalifornia(SiJohntuvieraunauto,élviajaríaenautoaCalifornia) (Realsituation:Hedoesn´thaveacar,sohecan´tdrivetoCalifornia) IfMaryknewhowtoswim,shewouldgotothebeachmoreoften.SiMarysupieranadar,ellairíaalaplayamás seguido)(Realsituation:Shedoesn´tknowhowtoswim,soshedoesn´tgotothebeachveryoften) Laestructuradeestetipodeoracionescondicionaleseslasiguiente: Condicion
Resultado
If+Subject+Past
Subject+would/could/might+Infinitive
EsimportanteobservarquecuandoseusaelverboTOBEenestasoracionesdebemosusarelsubjuntivodedicho verbo,esdecirtodaslaspersonasdebenusarlaformaWERE. IfJohnwereherenowhewouldhelpus.(SiJohnestuvieraaquí,élnosayudaría) IfIwereamillionaireIwouldbuymanythings.(Siyofueramillonario,compraríamuchascosas) EXERCISES Ex.1. Supply the proper form of the verb in parentheses in the following PRESENT-UNREAL conditional statements: 1.lfMary________________________(have)moretime,shewouldstudymore.(lfMaryhadmoretime,shewould studymore.) 2.IfI________________________(be)inyourposition,IwouldstudyFrench. 3.Ifhe________________________(know)herbetter,hecouldgowithhertotheparty. 4.lfI________________________(have)themoney,Iwouldbuythatsuit. 5.lfJohn________________________(be)herenow,hewouldhelpus. 6.lfHelen________________________(be)agoodstudent,shewouldspeakEnglishbetter. 7.lfourroom________________________(be)larger,wecouldstudybetter. 8.Iftheweather________________________(be)warmer,wewouldgoforawalk. 9.lfhe________________________(prepare)hislessonseverynight,hewouldbeabetterstudent. 10.IwouldgoifI________________________(have)moretime. 11.Johnwoulddoitifhe________________________(be)notsobusy. 12.Wewouldspeakbetterifwe________________________(have)morepracticeinconversation. 238
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Ex.2.Supplytheproperformoftheverbinparentheses: 1.lfhewerehere,he________________________(help)us.(Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.) 2.lfIknewher,I________________________(speak)toher. 3.Ifhecametoclassmoreoften,he________________________(learn)more. 4.She________________________(make)moreprogressifshestudiedmore. 5.She________________________(speak)Englishbetterifshehadmorepractice. 6.Ifhecametoclassontime,he________________________(be)abetterstudent. 7.Ifhewenttobedearlier,he________________________(feel)better. 8.lfhehadmoremoney,he________________________(take)triptoJapan. 9.She________________________(go)withusifshewerenotsobusy. 10,Ifhewerestronger,he___________________________(work)harder. 11.Iftodaywereaholiday,we______________________________(go)tothebeach. 12.IfIwerefreetomorrow,I__________________________(visit)themuseum Ex.3.ChangetoPresentUnrealConditions: 1.Ifhehastime,hewillgo. (Ifhehadtime,hewouldgo) 2.Iftheweatheriscold,wewillnotgo. ___________________________________________________ 3.Ifheishere,hecanhelpus. ___________________________________________________ 4.Ifhestudieshard,hewillpass, ___________________________________________________ 5.IfIhavemoretime,Iwillreadmorebooks. ___________________________________________________ 6.Ifwehavemorepractice,wewillspeakbetter. ___________________________________________________ 7.Ifhecomes,hewillseeher. ___________________________________________________ 8.Ifhegoestotheparty,hewillmeether. ___________________________________________________ 9.Ifheprepareshislessons,hewillmakegoodprogress.__________________________________________________ 10.lftheytryhard,theywillsucceed. ___________________________________________________ 11.lfIamfreetomorrow,Iwillgotothebeach. ___________________________________________________ 12.lfIdon’thavetowork,Iwillgotothemovie. ___________________________________________________ Ex.4.CompletethefollowingbyusingPresentUnrealConditions: 1.Johndoesnotstudyhardbutif...(Johndoesnotstudyhard,butifhestudiedhardhewouldlearnmorequickly.) 2.Marydoesnotprepareherlessons,butif... ___________________________________________________ 3.Williamnevercomestoclassontime,butif... ___________________________________________________ 4.Hehasverylittlepracticeinspeaking,butif... ___________________________________________________ 5.IamnotinFloridanow,butif... ___________________________________________________ 6.Maryisn’therenow,butif... ___________________________________________________ 7.Ican’tspeakFrench,butif... ___________________________________________________ 8.Idon’tspeakEnglishwell,butif... ___________________________________________________ 9.Hehasverylittlefreetime,butif... ___________________________________________________ 10.Hedoesn’tliketostudyEnglish,butif... ___________________________________________________ 11.Hehasveryfewfriends,butif... ___________________________________________________ 12.Shehasverylittlemoney,butif... ___________________________________________________ Ex.5.Completethefollowing: 1.lfJohnwerehere,he...wouldbeveryhappy. 2.Hewouldspeakbetterif... 3.Ifhestudiedmore,he... 4.IfIcouldspeakFrench,I... 5.IfIwereyou,I... 6.IflwereinFloridanow,I... 7.Ifhehadmoretime,he... 8.IfIknewherwell,I... 9.lfJohnpreparedhislessonseverynight,he... 10.Iftodaywereaholiday,we... 11.Ifhecametoclassregularly,he...
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12.Marywouldgowithusif... 13.Hewouldspeakbetterif... 14.Wewouldgoforawalkintheparkif... 15.IftodaywereSunday,we...
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.6.Choosethecorrectform: 1.IfI(was,were)inyourposition,IwouldstudyFrench.(lfIwereinyourposition,Iwould...) 2.Iftheweather(is,willbe)nicetomorrow,wemaydrivetothecountry. 3.IfIwereyou,I(will,would)walktoschool. 4.Johnsaidhe(will,would)beheresoon. 5.Marytoldmethatshe(can,could)notcome. 6.Ifhe(can,could)helpus,Iamsurehewould. 7.IfI(know,knew)howtoswim,Iwouldgoswimmingeveryday. 8.IfI(had,have)timetomorrow,Iwillgotothemovie. 9.WhenJohn(comes,willcome)heretomorrow,Marywilltalkwithhim. 10.Hewouldgotothetheatermoreoftenifhe(have,had)thetime. 11.Hesaidhe(may,might)belate. 12.Ifhe(knows,knew)mynumber,hecouldtelephoneme. Ex.7.Answerthesequestions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Iftodaywereaholiday,wherewouldyougo? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ifyouhadanautomobile,wherewouldyoudrivethisweekend? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ WouldyouspeakEnglishbetterifyouhadmorepracticeinconversation? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ifyoustudiedharder,wouldyougetbettermarksinallyoursubjects? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ifyoucouldvisitanycountryintheworld,whatcountrywouldyouvisitfirst? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ifyouhadmuchmoney,howwouldyouspendit? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ IftodaywereSunday,wherewouldyougoandwhatwouldyoudo? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ WouldJohnspeakEnglishbetterifhespentmoretimeonhislessons? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ IfyouknewEnglishperfectly,whatotherlanguagewouldyoubegintostudy? _________________________________________________________________________________________________
III.ORACIONESCONDICIONALESDELTERCERTIPO:PASADOIRREAL Enestetipodeoracionesnosotrosnosreferimosaunasituaciónhipotética(contrariaalarealidad)enelpasado. IfJohnhadstudiedhard,hewouldhavepassedhisexamination.(SiJohnhubieraestudiadomás,habríaaprobado suexamen).(Realsituation:Hedidn´tpasshisexaminationbecausehedidn´tstudyhard) Iftheyhadknownyourtelephonenumber,theywouldhavecalledyouup.(Sielloshubieranconocidosunúmerotelefónico, tehabríanllamado)(Realsituation:Theydidn´tcallyouupbecausetheydidn´thaveyourtelephonenumber) Laestructuradeestetipodeoracionescondicionaleseslasiguiente:
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If+Subject+Pastperfect
Subject+wouldhave/couldhave/mighthave+Pastparticiple
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Ensituacionesformalesoliterarias,estetipodeoracionescondicionalesseexpresansinIF.Enestoscasoselverbo modalHADprecedealsujeto. Hadheknownthatyouwereill,hewouldhavecometoseeyou. EXERCISES Ex.1.Supplythecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses: 1.Hewouldhavecometothepartyifhehadknown(know)aboutit.(Hewouldhavecometothepartyifheaboutit). 2.IfI________________________(have)youraddress,Iwouldhavecalledonyou. 3.Iftheweather________________________(be)niceyesterday,theywouldhavegonetothepark. 4.Ifyou________________________(call)me,Iwouldhavebeengladtogo. 5.Ifhe________________________(wear)hisovercoat,hewouldnothavecaughtcold. 6.IwouldhavevisitedyouifI________________________(know)youwerelivinginNewYork. 7.IfI________________________(be)inyourplace,Iwouldhavetoldhim. 8.Hewouldhavegottensickifhe________________________(go)outintherain. 9.Ifhe________________________(tell)methetruth,Iwouldnothavebeensoangry. 10.Ifyesterday________________________(be)aholiday,wewouldhavegonetothebeach. Ex.2.Supplythecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses: 1.Ifhehadstudiedmore,hehewouldhavesucceeded.(succeed). 2.Ifhehadnotwornhisovercoat,he________________________(catch)cold. 3.I________________________(help)himifhehadaskedme. 4.He________________________(be)angryifhehadlearnedthetruth. 5.We________________________(come)earlierifwehadknownaboutit. 6.We________________________(be)gladtomeetyouifyouhadinvitedus. 7.He________________________(write)toyouifhehadhadyouraddress. 8.I________________________(tell)youaboutitifIhadknownallthefacts. 9.We________________________(go)tothemovielastnightifwehadbeenfree. 10.They________________________(drive)tothecountryiftheyhadhadacar. Ex.3.CompletethefollowingsentencesbyaddingaPAST-UNREALconditionalstatement: 1.Johndidn’tpreparehislessons,butifhehadpreparedthemhewouldhavelearnedEnglishbetter. 2.Marydidn’tcometoschoolyesterday,butif.___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Ididn’thaveyourtelephonenumber,butif_____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Johnwasn’tatthemeetingyesterday,butif ___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Iwasn’tinFloridalastwinter,butif ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Ididn’tknowhisname,butif________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Hedidn’ttellmeaboutit,butif ______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Ididn’thaveacarlastwinter,butif___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Shedidn’twearherraincoat,butif___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Iwasn’tinhisposition,butif_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.Shedidn’tcomeontime,butif ______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.Hecouldn’tspeakEnglishatthetime,butif ___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Ex.4.ChangetoPRESENT-UNREALandtoPAST-UNREALConditions: 1. Ifhecomes,shewillspeaktohim. a.Ifhecame,shewouldspeaktohim. b.Ifhehadcome,shewouldhavespokentohim. 2. Iftheweatherisnice,theywillgotothebeach a._____________________________________________________________________________ b._____________________________________________________________________________ 3.Ifhehastime,hewillgowithus a. _____________________________________________________________________________ b._____________________________________________________________________________ 4.IfIamfreenextweek,Iwillcallherup a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________ 5. IfIcandoit,Iwilldoitgladly a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Ifheishere,hemayhelpus a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________ 7. IfIseeher,Iwillgiveherthemessage a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________ 8. Ifhegoesthere,hewillletusknow a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________ 9. Ifitrains,theywillstayathome a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________ 10.Ifheworksharder,hewillbepromoted a b______________________________________________________________________________ 11.Ifhehasthemoney,hemaygowithus a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________ 12.IfJohnispresent,themeetingwillbegood a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________ Ex.5.(OpenExercise)Completethefollowing: 1.Ifhewerehere,hewouldtakepartinthegame 2.IfIhadknownaboutit,I____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Theywouldhavecomeifthey _______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.IfIwereyou,I_____________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Ifyouhadaskedme,I______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Ifhehadtelephonedme,I __________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.IwouldgoifI _____________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Hewouldhavehelpedusif__________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
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9.IfEnglandhadbeenbetterpreparedforwar,Germany __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.IfIhadmoretime,I ________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.Hewouldhavesucceededifhe______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.IfIhadbeeninvited,I_______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.Iftheweatherwerenice,we_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.Iftheweatherhadbeennice,we_____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.Theywouldhavejoinedtheclassifthey_______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.ImighthavecaughtcoldifI_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.6.Choosethecorrectform: 1. IfI(was,were)you,Iwouldcertainlydoit.(lfIwereyou,Iwouldcertainlydoit.) 2. Johnlooksasthoughhe(was,were)sick. 3. Heactedasifhe(had,hadhad)agreatshock. 4. IfI(knew,hadknown)thisyesterday,Iwouldhaveacteddifferently. 5. Ifit(rains,willrain)tomorrow,wemaynotgoaway. 6. I(couldgo,couldhavegone)iftheyhadaskedme. 7. Ifhe(was,hadbeen)here,hewouldhavetakenpartinthediscussion. 8. Heactedasifhe(was,were)themanageroftheplace. 9. I(will,would)liketostudySpanishifIhadthetime. 10.Iftoday(was,were)aholiday,wecouldgotothebeach. 11.Ifyesterday(was,hasbeen,hadbeen)aholiday,wecouldhavegonetothebeach. 12.Callmeifhe(comes,willcome)beforenoon. 13.IfI(wouldbe,were)inhisposition,Iwouldnotacceptthework. 14.Hewillnotgounlessshe(goes,willgo)too. 15.IfeelasifI(ate,hadeaten)alargedinner. 16.Ithinkhe(wouldcome,wouldhavecome)ifwehadaskedhim. Ex.7.Answerthesequestions: 1.Ifyesterdayhadbeenaholiday,wherewouldyouhavegone? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Ifyouhadknownitwasgoingtorain,wouldyouhavegoneonthatpicnicyesterday? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Ifyouhadstudiedharder,wouldyouhavegottenabettermarkonyourexamination? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Ifyouhadhadlastweekoff,wherewouldyouhavegone? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Ifyouhadn´thadtostudylastnight,wouldyouhavegonetothemovieswithyourfriend? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.WouldJohnhavegonetothestadiumwithyouifhehadnotbeensick? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.WouldthepartyhavebeenbetterifMaryhadbeenpresent? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Wouldyouhavehelpedyourfriendwithhishomeworkifhehadaskedyou? _________________________________________________________________________________________________
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PARTII. A. USODELSUBJUNTIVODESPUESDEWISH DebidoaqueelverboWISH(desear)sugiereunasituaciónqueeshipotéticaocontrariaalarealidad,estesiempre debeirseguidoporelmodosubjuntivo;esdecir,aligualqueenlasoracionescondicionales,vaseguidodeunverbo enPASADOensituacionespresentesyunPASADOPARTICIPIOensituacionespasadas.Enestoscasosestas expresionesseusanparaexpresarundeseoyequivalena“Ojalá...”,“Megustaría...”,o“Mehabríagustado...” Idon´tknowhowtoswim.IwishIknewhowtoswim. Ican´tgototheconferencebecauseI´mverybusy.IwishIweren´tsobusy. Maryisnotherenow.Johnwishesshewereherenow. Ididn´tseeMaryatthemeetingyesterday.IwishIhadseenher. Cuandoqueremosexpresarundeseorelacionadoconunasituaciónfutura,debemosusarelverbomodalWOULD. It´sbeenraininghardforaboutfivehours.Iwishitwouldstoprainingsoon. Iwishhewouldn´tdothatagain Observelasiguientetabla: SituacionesPresentes: SituacionesPasadas:
S+Past
Iwish
SituacionesFuturas:
S+PastPerfect S+Conditional
EXERCISES Ex.1.Supplythecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses: 1.IwishJohn______________________________(be)herenow.(IwishJohnwereherenow.) 2.IwishI______________________________(can)swim. 3.IwishI______________________________(study)EnglishwhenIwasaboy. 4.Johnwisheshe______________________________(be)inFloridanow. 5.IwishI______________________________(go)withyoutothemovielastnight. 6.Iwishit______________________________(be)notsocoldnow. 7.Iwishit______________________________(stop)snowingsoon. 8.IwishI______________________________(know)aboutthisyesterday. 9.Iwishtoday______________________________(be)aholiday. 10.IwishI______________________________(have)todayoff. 11.IwishI______________________________(have)yesterdayoff. 12.IwishI______________________________(know)herbetter.I´dcertainlyinvitehertotheparty. Ex.2.Completethefollowingsentences: 1. IhavenocarbutIwish 2. IcannotswimbutIwish 3. Ididn’tstudybeforemyexaminationsbutIwish 4. Todayisn’taholidaybutIwish 5. Yesterdaywasn’taholidaybutIwish 6. Theweatherisn’tnicetodaybutIwish 7. IamnotamillionairebutIwish 8. Johnwon’tdoitforusbutIwish 9. Maryisn’therebutIwish 10.IhavetoworkthisafternoonbutIwish 11.Ican’tspeakEnglishwellbutIwish 244
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(Ihadone.) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
12.Maryisn’tgoingwithusbutIwish
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Ex.3.ChangethesentencestointroduceIWISHinsteadofI´MSORRY: 1.I’msorryhedoesnotspeakEnglishwell. (IwishhespokeEnglishwell.) 2.I’msorryhedidnotgowithuslastnight. ___________________________________________________ 3.I’msorryyoucouldnotgototheoperalastnight. ___________________________________________________ 4.I´msorryJohnisnotherewithus. ___________________________________________________ 5.I´msorryitisrainingsohard. ___________________________________________________ 6.I’msorrythatIdon’tknowherbetter. ___________________________________________________ 7.I’msorrythatHelencan’tgowithustothebeach. ___________________________________________________ 8.I’msorrythatshecouldnotgowithustothebeach. ___________________________________________________ 9.I’msorrythattodayisnotaholiday. ___________________________________________________ 10.I’msorrythatyoucan’tswim. ___________________________________________________ B. VERBOSSEGUIDOSDELPRESENTEDELSUBJUNTIVO LosverbosTORECOMMEND,TOSUGGEST,TODEMAND,TOREQUIRE,TOASK,TOINSISTyTOPROPOSE, debenirseguidosdeTHAT+PRESENTEDESUBJUNTIVOcuandoestamosrefiriéndonosaunasituaciónpropuesta ohipotética.EnelPresentedelSubjuntivo,todaslaspersonasusanlaformasimpledelinfinitivo,porlotantono sedebeagregar-so-esenlatercerapersonadelsingular.. Herecommendedthatshewait(sin“s”)forusoutsidethetheater.(Élrecomendóqueellanosesperara...) Isuggestedthatyouseethemanagertoday.(Yosugeríqueustedvieraalgerentehoydía) CuandosedeseausarelverboTOBEnosedebeusarlasformasam/is/are,sinoquelaformasimpleBE Sheaskedthatwebetherebeforemidday.(Ellapidióquenosotrosestuviéramosalliantesdelmediodia) TheyrecommendedthatIbethereafewminutesearlier.(Ellosrecomendaronqueyoestuvieraalli...) Enlaconversacióndiariacoloquialseprefiereusarelverbomodalshould+infinitiveparaexpresarestasideas. Herecommendedthatsheshouldwaitforusoutsidethetheater. Isuggestedthatyoushouldseethemanagertoday. Sheaskedthatweshouldbetherebeforemidday. TheyrecommendedthatIshouldbethereafewminutesearlier Tambiénsedebeusarelpresentedelsubjuntivodespuésfrasescomo,“Itisnecessarythat...”,“It´sessentialhat...”, “It´simperativethat...”,“It´sadvisablethat...”,etc,comolossiguientesejemplos: ItisnecessarythatMaryseethemanagertoday. It´sadvisablethatyoubetherebeforemidday. EXERCISES Ex.1.Supplythecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses: 1.Herecommendedthatshe________________________go)withhim.(Herecommendedthatshegowithhim.) 2.HesuggestedthatJohn______________________________(wait)afewminutes. 3.Itisimperativethatthey______________________________(be)thereontime. 4.Heaskedthatit______________________________(be)donerightaway. 5.Irecommendedthatyou______________________________(come)backlater. 6.Theyinsistedthatwe______________________________(visit)themagain. 7.HeproposedthatJohn______________________________(be)chairman. 8.Isitnecessarythatthis______________________________(be)finishedtoday? 9.Heinsistedthatshe______________________________(go)onwiththework. 10.ThedoctorsuggestedthatMr.Smith______________________________(take)alongvacation. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Ex.2.ChangethesentencestointroduceSUGGESTED/INSISTED/RECOMMENDEDinsteadofASKED: 1.IaskedJohntowaitforme. 2.Iaskedhertocomebacklater. 3.Johnaskedmetotakeawalkwithhim. 4.Heaskedmetobethereontime. 5.Weaskedthemtogowithusinourcar. 6.Theteacheraskedustovisitherinherhome. 7.Theownerofthestoreaskedmetocallbacklater. 8.TheteacheraskedBilltobemorecareful. 9.Weaskedhertobeatourhomeateighto’clock. 10.Heaskedmetolendhimthemoney.
IsuggestedthatJohnwaitforme.) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.3.Supplythecorrectforminthefollowing: 1.IfJohnwerehere,it(wouldbe)(be)mucheasierforus. 2.HadIknownyournumber,I______________________________ (telephone)you. 3.Whatwouldyoudoifyou______________________________(be)I? 4.WereIyou,I______________________________(begin)tostudySpanish. 5.Hewouldhavefinishedsoonerifhe______________________________(hurry). 6.HadIhadmoretime,I______________________________(do)it. 7.Ifhehadbeenwell,he______________________________ (come)tothemeeting. 8.Ifhefeltbetter,he______________________________(go)totheparty. 9.Ifhehadfeltbetter,he______________________________(go)totheparty. 10.Iftoday______________________________(be)aholiday,hewouldspenditatthebeach. 11.Ifyesterday______________________________(be)aholiday,hewouldhavespentitatthebeach. 12.Hewouldhelpusifhe______________________________(can). Ex.4.Choosethecorrectform: 1.IwishI(were,wouldbe)inFloridanow. 2.IwishI(went,hadgone)withyoutothepartylastnight. 3.HerecommendedthatI(am,be)thereearly. 4.HesuggestedthatJohn(come,comes)backlater. 5.IfI(were,wouldbe)inFloridanow,Iwouldgoswimming. 6.Johnsaidhe(will,would)beheretomorrow. 7.Ifhe(willcome,comes)soon,pleaseletmeknow. 8.JohnsatbetweenMaryand(I,me). 9.Themerchandiseissupposed(tosend,tobesent)tomorrow. 10.Ifyoucometooearly,I(maysleep,maybesleeping). 11.He(isliving,hasbeenliving)heremanyyears. 12.I(saw,haveseen)Johnyesterday. 13.Hesaidhealready(saw,hadseen)thatmovie. 14.Johnalways(sits,issitting)atthisdesk. Ex.5Answerthesequestions: 1.Whichwouldyouprefertobe,ingoodhealthorinbadhealth? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Whichwouldyouprefer,toberichorpoor? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Whichwouldyouprefertostudyinthefuture,GermanorChinese? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Whichwouldyouprefer,totravelinEuropeorinSouthAmerica? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Whichwouldyouprefer,toownahouseoranapartment? _________________________________________________________________________________________________
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6.Wouldyoubepleasedorsorrytohearthatyourfriendwassick? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Wouldyoubepleasedorsorrytohearthatyouhadwonalargeprize? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Wouldyoubepleasedorsorrytohearthatyouhadfailedyourexamination? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Wouldyoubepleasedorsorrytohearthatyouwerenotgoingtograduate? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.WouldIberightorwrongifIsaidthatfishcouldfly? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.WouldIberightorwrongifIsaidthatbirdscouldswim? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.WouldIberightorwrongifIsaidthatyouspokeEnglishverywell? _________________________________________________________________________________________________
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BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords THEARMEDFORCES/δiá:rmdfó:rsiz/LasFuerzasArmadas(II) Alliedforces/aláidfó:rsiz/ fuerzasaliadas Armistice/á:rmistis/ armisticio Assault/asó:lt/ asalto Attackingunit/atæ´kiηiunit/ unidaddeataque Barrack/bæ´rak/ barraca,cuadra Battle/bæ´tl/ batalla Battlefield/bæ´tlfí:ld/ campodebatalla Bombardment/bombá:rdment/ bombardeo Campaign/kampéin/ campaña Carnage/ká:rnidll/ matanza,carnicería Casualty/kæ´llualti/ bajadeguerra Ceasefire/si:sfáiar/ cesealfuego Chaplain/tchæ´plin/ capellán Civilian/sivílian/ civil Clash/klæ´sh/ enfrentamiento Combatant/kómbatant/ combatiente Combat/kómbat/ combate Commando/komæ´ndou/ comando Conflict/kónflikt/ conflicto Coupd´etat/ku:detá:/ golpedeestado Siege/sí:dll/ sitio,asedio Curfew/ké:rfiu/ toquedequeda Defeat/difí:t/ derrota Defensiveaction/defénsivæ´ktchn/ accióndefensiva Demilitarizedzone/dimilítaráizdzóun/ zonadesmilitarizada Deployment/diplóiment/ despliegue Destruction/distrákshn/ destrucción Detachment/ditæ´tchment/ destacamento Deterrent/dité:rrent/ disuasión Directfire/dairéktfáiar/ fuegodirecto Disengament/disengéidllment/ rupturadelcombate Diver/dáiver/ buzo Doctor/dóktor/ doctor Drill/dril/ ejercicio Enemyfire/énemifáiar/ fuegoenemigo Fight/fáit/ lucha,combate flanco Flank/flæ´ηk/ Foe/fou/ enemigo Friendlyfire/fréndlifáiar/ fuegoamigo Front/frant/ frente Frontline/frantlain/ líneadefrente Garrison/gæ´rison/ guarnición Guerrilla/geríla/ guerrillero Headquarters/hedkuórterz/ cuartelgeneral Hostage/hóstidll/ rehén Indirectfire/indairéktfáiar/ fuegoindirecto Killing/kíliη/ matanza Logisticsupport/lodllístiksapó:rt/ apoyologístico Losses/lósiz/ pérdidas,bajas Maneuvers/manú:verz/ maniobras
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Mercenary/mersenæ´ri/ mercenario Militant/mílitant/ militante Mountaineer/maunteníar/ andinista Nurse/né:rs/ enfermero Offensiveaction/ofénsivæ´ktchn/ acciónofensiva Orderly/ó:rderli/ ordenanza Parade/paréid/ parada Paratrooper/paratrú:per/ paracaidista Peace/pí:s/ paz Peacetreaty/pí:strí:ti/ tratadodepaz Peacekeepingforces fuerzasdemantenimiento /pi:skí:piηfó:rsiz/ depaz Policeman/polísman/ policía Preemptiveaction acciónpreemptiva /priémptivæ´ktchn/ Preventiveaction/privéntivæ´ktchn/acciónpreventiva Prisoner/prízoner/ prisionero Raid/reid/ incursión Ranger/réindller/ comando Rear/ríar/ retaguardia Rearposition/ríarposíshon/ posiciónderetagurdia Reconnaissance/rikónisans/ reconocimiento Reinforcement/riinfó:rsment/ refuerzo Relief/rilí:f/ ayuda,auxilio Rescueteam/réskiuti:m/ equipoderescate Reservist/rése:rvist/ reservista Reveille/revæ´li//réveli/ toquedediana Retreat/ritrí:t/ recogida,retreta Review/riviú:/ revista Revolt/rivólt/ revuelta Riot/ráiot/ revuelta Salute/saliút/ saludo Sharpshooter/sharpshú:ter/ tiradorescogido Skirmish/sk :rmish/ escaramuza Slaughter/sló:ter/ matanza Spy/spái/ espía Strategy/stræ´tedlli/ estrategia Struggle/stræ´gl/ lucha Surrender/sarénder/ rendición Surveillance/se:rvéilans/ vigilancia Tactics/tæ´ktiks/ táctica Truce/tru:s/ tregua Unmanned/anmæ´nd/ notripulado Veteran/véteran/ veteranodeguerra Victory/víktri/ victoria War/wo:r/ guerra(evento) Warfare/worféar/ guerra(actividad) Warrior/wórior/ guerrero Withdrawal/wiθdróal/ repliegue
Verbs: Toaccomplish/akómplish/ Toaim/éim/ Toambush/æ´mbush/ Toarm/a:rm/ Toattack/atæ´k/ Tobesiege/bi:sí:dll/ Toblowup/blouáp/ Tobomb/bom/ Tobombard/bombá:rd/ Tobreakout/breikáut/ Tocapture/kæ´ptcher/ Tocarryout/kæ´riáut/ Tocommand/komæ´nd/ Toconquer/kónker/ Todefeat/difí:t/ Todefend/difénd/ Todeploy/diplói/ Todestroy/distrói/ Todisarm/disá:rm/ Todrill/dril/ Toendure/endiú:ar/ Toengage/engéidll/ Tofight/fait/ Tofire/fáiar/ Togiveup/giváp/ Toinvade/invéid/
llevaracabo apuntar emboscar armar atacar sitiar estallar bombardear bombardear comenzar,estallar capturar realizar comandar conquistar derrotar defender desplegar destruir desarmar ejercitar resistir trabarcombate luchar,pelear disparar rendirse invadir
Tokill/kil/ Tolead/li:d/ Tolose/lu:z/ Tomobilize/móbiláiz/ Tooccupy/ókiupái/ Toovercome/óuverkám/ Tooverrun/óuverán/ Topatrol/patróul/ Toraid/réid/ Torecruit/rekrú:t/ Toretreat/ritrí:t/ Toreview/riviú:/ Tosalute/saliú:t/ Toseize/sí:z/ Toshell/shel/ Tosight/sáit/ Tospy/spái/ Tostruggle/strágl/ Tosupply/saplái/ Tosupport/sapó:rt/ Tosurrender/sarrénder/ Towage/wéidll/ Towin/win/ Towithdraw/wiθdró:/ Toinspect/inspékt/
matar guiar,conducir perder movilizar ocupar vencer invadir patrullar incursionar reclutar retirarse revistar saludar tomar,asir bombardear hacerpuntería espiar luchar suministrar apoyar,ayudar rendirse librarunaguerra ganar replegarse inspeccionar
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Bl250
Keytoanswers
UNIT18 PARTI B) Ex.1.2.were3,knew4.had5.were6.were7.were8.were9.prepared10.had11.were12.had Ex.2.2,wouldspeak3.wouldlearn4.wouldmake5.wouldspeak6.wouldbe7.wouldfeel8.wouldtake9.would go10.wouldwork11.wouldgo12.wouldvisit Ex.3.2.Iftheweatherwerecold,wewouldnotgo.3.Ifhewerehere,hecouldhelpus.4.ifhestudiedhard,hewould pass5.IfIhadmoretime,I´dreadmorebooks.6.Ifwehadmuchpractice,wewouldspeakbetter.7.Ifhecame,he wouldseeher.8.Ifhewent,hewouldmeether.9.Ifhepreparedhislessons,he´dmakegoodprogress.10.Ifthey triedhard,theywouldsucceed.11.IfIwerefreetomorrow,I´dgotothebeach.12.IfIdidn´thavetowork,I´dgoto themovie. Ex.4.(Possibleanswers)2...shepreparedherlessonsshe´dlearnmore.3...hecametoclassontimehe´dbea betterstudent.4...hehadmorepracticeinspeakinghewouldspeakalotbetter.5....IweretherenowIwouldvisiting Orlando.6....shewerehereIwouldbetalkingwithhernow.7...Icouldspeakit,I´dbeplanningatriptoFrance.8....I spokeitwell,IwouldbeaCEO(ChiefExecutiveOfficer).9...hehadmorefreetime,hewouldplaytennismoreoften. 10....helikedtodoit,he´dspeakitbetter.11...hehadmorefriends,he´denjoylivinghere.12...shehadmoremoney, she´dbeabletotravelabroadmoreoften. Ex.5.(Possibleanswers)2...hestudiedharder3...wouldlearnfaster4...wouldplanatriptoFrance.5...wouldbuy amoderncar.6...wouldvisitEpcotCenter7....woulddomorethingseveryday.8...wouldinviteherouttodinner. 9...he´dbeabetterstudent.10...wouldgotothebeach.11...he´dlearnmore.12...shehadthedayoff/free.13....he hadmorepracticeinconversation.14...itwerenotsocold.15...couldgoonapicnic. Ex.6.2.is3.would4.would5.could6.could7.knew8.have9.comes10.had11.might12.knew Ex.7.(Suggestedanswers)1.I´dgoto...2.I´ddriveto...3.Yes.I´dspeakalotbetter.4.Yes,I´dgetterbettermarks, ofcourse.5.I´dwouldvisit...first.6.I´dbuy.../I´dgoto...7.I´dgoto...AndI´d...8.Ohyes.He´dcertainlyspeakbetter. 9.I´dbegingtostudy... C) Ex.1.2.hadhad3.hadbeen4.hadcalled5.hadworn6.hadknown7.hadbeen8.hadgone9.hadtold10.had been Ex.2.2.wouldhavecaught3.wouldhavehelped4.wouldhavebeen5.wouldhavecome6.wouldhavebeen 7.wouldhavewritten8.wouldhavetold9.wouldhavegone10.wouldhavedriven Ex.3.(Possibleanswers).2...shehadcome,shewouldhavetakenpartinthecompetition.3...Ihadhadit,I´dhave calledyouup.4...hehadbeenthere,youwouldhaveseenhim.5....Ihadbeenthere,I´dhavegoneonacruiseinthe Caribbean.6....Ihadknownit,Iwouldhaveincludeditinthelistofguests7...hehadtoldme,I´dhaveacteddifferently. 8...Ihadhadone,IwouldhavedriventoDenveratChristmastime.9...shehadworeit,shewouldn´thavecaughtcold. 10...Ihadbeeninhisposition,I´dhaveaskedforaninterviewwiththeboss.11...shehadcomeontime,shewouldn´t havemissthefirstactoftheopera.12....hehadspokenit,he´dhavegottenabetterjob. Ex.4.2.Iftheweatherwerenice,theywouldgotothebeach./Iftheweatherhadbeennice,theywouldhavegone tothebeach..3.Ifhehadtime,hewouldgowithus./Ifhehadhadtime,hewouldhavegonewithus.4.If1were freenow,Iwouldcallyouup./If1hadbeenfreeyesterday,Iwouldhavecalledyouup.5.If1coulddoit,1woulddo itgladly./IfI´dbeenabletodoit,I´dhavedoneitgladly.6.Ifhewerehere,hemighthe1pus./Ifhe´dbeenhere,he mighthavehelpedus.7.IfIsawher,I´dgiveherthemessage./IfI´dseenher,I´dhavegivenherthemessage.8.If Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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hewentthere,hewillletusknow./.Ifhe´dgonethere,hewouldhaveletusknow.9.Ifitrained,theywouldstayat home./.Ifithadrained,theywouldhavestayedathome.10.Ifheworkedharder,hewouldbepromoted./.Ifhe´d workedharder,hewouldhavebeenpromoted.11.Ifhehadthemoney,hemightgowithus/Ifhe´dhadthemoney, hemighthavegonewithus.12.IfJohnwerepresent,themeetingwouldbegood./IfJohnhadbeenpresent,the meetingwouldhavebeengood. Ex.5.1.(Suggestedanswers)2....wouldhavephonedyou3....hadbeeninvited4...wouldbuyaJapanesecar. 5...wouldhavehelpedyou6...wouldhaveI´dhavetoldhimyouwerehere.7....hadthedayoff.8....wehadaskedhim tohelpus.9....wouldn´thaveattackedtheterritorybyair.10....wouldwatchTVeveryday11...hehadworkedharder duringtheterm.12....wouldhaveattendedtheconference.13....wouldgooutforawalk14...wouldhavegoneout forawalk15...hadknownitstartedtoday.16....hadgoneoutinthecoldyesterdayevening. Ex.6.2.were3.hadhad4.hadknown5.rains6.couldhavegone7.hadbeen8.were9.would10.were11.had been12.comes13.were14.goes15.hadeaten16.wouldhavecome Ex.7.(Suggestedanswers)1.Iwouldhavegoneto...2.No,Iwouln´thavegone.Ihatetherain/Yes,Iwouldhave goneallthesame.Ilovetherain.3.Yes,ofcourse.Iwouldhavegottenabettermark.4.I´dhavegoneto...5.Yes,I wouldhavegone,ofcourse/No,Iwouldn´thavegonetothemovies.I´dhavegonetoaconcertinstead.6.Ofcourse hewouldhavegone.Helovessports/No,hewouldn´thavegone.Hehatessports.7.Yes,perhapsitwouldhave beenbetterifshehadbeenpresent/No,itwouldhavebeenthesame8.Yes,Iwouldhavecertainlyhelpedhim./No, Iwouldn´thavehelpedhim.Iwastoobusyatthatmoment.
PARTII A) Ex.1.2.could3.hadstudied4.were5.hadgone6.were7.would8.hadknown9.were10.had11.hadhad12. knew Ex.2.2.Icouldswim3.Ihadstudied4.itwereaholiday.5.ithadbeenaholiday6.itwerenice7.Iwere8.hewould doit9.shewerehere.10.Ididn´thavetowork.11.Icouldspeakit.12.shewere. Ex.3.2.Iwishhehadgonewithuslastnight.3.Iwishyouhadbeenabletogototheoperalastnight.4.IwishJohn wereherewithus.5.Iwishitweren´trainingsohard.6.IwishIknewherbetter7.IwishHelencouldgowithusto thebeach.8.Iwishshehadbeenabletogowithustothebeach.9.Iwishtodaywereaholiday.10.Iwishyoucould swim/IwishIwereabletoswim B) Ex.1.2.wait3.be4.be5.come6.visit7.be8.be9.go10.take Ex.2.2.Iinsistedthatshecome/shouldcomebacklater3.JohnrecommendedthatItake/shouldtakeawalkwith him.4.HesuggestedthatIbe/shouldbethereontime.5.Weinsistedthattheygo/shouldgowithusinourcar. 6.Theteacherrecommendedthatwevisit/shouldvisitherinherhome.7.TheownerofthestoresuggestedthatIcall /shouldcallbacklater.8.TheteacherinsistedthatBillbe/shouldbemorecareful.9.Werecommendedthatshebe /shouldbeatourhomeateighto´clock.10.HesuggestedthatIlend/shouldlendhimthemoney. Ex.3.2.wouldhavetelephoned3.were4.wouldbegin5.hadhurried6.wouldhavedone7.wouldhavecome 8.wouldgo9.wouldhavegone10.were11.hadbeen12.could Ex.4.1.were2.hadgone3.be4.come5.were6.would7.comes8.me9.tobesent10.maybesleeping11.has beenliving12.saw13.hadalreadyseen14.sits Ex.5.(Possibleanswers)1.I´dprefertobeingoodhealth,ofcourse.2.I´dprefertoberich,ofcourse.3.I´dpreferto speakEnglishperfectly.4.I´dprefertotraveltoEurope,Ithink.5.I´dprefertoownahorse.Ilikeridinghorses.6.I´dbe sorrytohearthat,ofcourse.7.I´dbepleasedtohearthat,ofcourse.8.I´dbeverysorrytohearthat,ofcourse.9..I´d beverysorrytohearthat,ofcourse.10.You´dbeverywrongifyousaidthat,ofcourse.11.You´dberightorwrong. Itdepends.12.You´dbewrongifyousaidthat.MyEnglishisnotverygood. 252
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UNIT19 THEREPORTEDSPEECH(DISCURSODIRECTOEINDIRECTO) Cuandodeseamoscontaraotrapersonaloquealguiennosdijo,nospreguntóonosordenó,pidióoadvirtióhacer, podemosutilizarlaspalabrastextualesusadasporesapersona,loqueencastellanoseconocecomoDiscursoDirecto (o“DirectSpeech”eninglés);opodemosrealizaralgunoscambiosverbales,pronominalesoadverbialespararespetar laconcordaciadelostiemposverbalesylacorrespondenciadelospronombresylasexpresionesdetiempoolugar,lo queseconocecomoDiscursoIndirectoencastellano(oIndirectSpeecheninglés).Esnecesariorevisarlaregladela concordanciadelostiemposverbalesestudiadasenlaUnidad16. Johnsaid,“I´mverybusy.“(DirectSpeech) Johnsaid(tous),“IlikeNewYork.”(DirectSpeech) Johnsaidthathewasverybusy.(IndirectSpeech) JohntoldusthathelikedNewYork.(IndirectSpeech) I. DISCURSOINDIRECTOCONORACIONESAFIRMATIVASONEGATIVAS Existenciertasreglasquedebemosconocercuandoestamoscambiandooraciones,preguntasuórdenesdeldiscurso directoalindirecto.Enesoscasosdebemoshaceralgunoscambiosquesonobligatorios(verbosypronombres)y otrossonoptativoss,dependiendosientreloquesedijoyloqueestamoscontandohahabidocambiosdeorden cronólogico(tiempo)ogeográfico(lugar) CambiosVerbales(obligatorios): Presentcont.
Pastcontinuous
Simplepresent
Simplepast
Presentperfect
Pastperfect
Simplepast
Pastperfect
Future
Conditional
Can
Could
Must
Hadto
May
Might
Hadto
Haveto/Hasto
Hesaid,“I´mworkingveryhard.” ➙Hesaidthathewasworkingveryhard. Hesaid,“Ialwaysworkhard.” Hesaidthathealwaysworkedhard. Hesaid,“Ihaveworkedveryhard.” Hesaidthathehadworkedveryhard. Hesaid,“Iworkedveryhard.” Hesaidthathehadworkedveryhard. Hesaid,“Iwillworkhardallday.” Hesaidthathewouldworkhardallday. Hesaid,“Icanuseacomputer.” Hesaidthathecoulduseacomputer. Hesaid,“Imustdothejobwell.” Hesaidthathehadtodothejobwell. Hesaid,“Itmayrainagain.” Hesaidthatitmightrainagain. Hesaid,“Ihavetodothatagain.” Hesaidthathehadtodothatagain.
Cambiosdeordencronológicoogeográfico(Optativos) Now Then Today Thatday/Yesterday This That These Those Yesterday Thedaybefore/Thepreviousday
Hesaid,“I´mbusynow.” Hesaidthathewasbusythen. Hesaid,“I´mbusytoday.” Hesaidthathewasbusythatday/yesterday. Hesaid,“I´mbusyatthismoment.” Hesaidthathewasbusyatthatmoment Hesaid,“Ilikethesebooks” Hesaidthatlikedthosebooks. Hesaid,“Iwasbusyyesterday.” Hesaidthathehadbeenbusythedaybefore.
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Tomorrow Thefollowingday
Hesaid,“I´llbebusytomorrow.” Hesaidthathewouldbebusythefollowingday. Hesaid,“I´mveryhappyhere.” Hesaidthathewasveryhappythere. Hesaid,“I´mverybusytonight.” Hesaidthatshewasverybusythatnight. Hesaid,“Iwasverybusylastnight” Hesaidthathe´dbeenverybusythepreviousnight.
Here There Tonight Lastnight Lastnight Thenightbefore/Thepreviousnight
Notequecuandosenombranalasdospersonasqueintervinieronenlaconversación,segúnvimosenlaUnidad8, sedebeusarTOLDenvezdeSAID. Bobsaid,“IlikeNewYork.” BobtoldusthathelikedNewYork. II. DISCURSOINDIRECTOCONPREGUNTAS Cuandosedeseaexpresarunpreguntaeneldiscursoindirecto,nosedebemantenerlaestructuranegativa(VM+S+VP) enlacláusulasubordinadasinoquesedebeusarlaestructuraafirmativa(S+(VM)+VP Johnaskedme,“WheredoesMarylive?” JohnaskedmewhereMarylived. Theteacheraskedthestudents,“WhyisBobabsenttoday?” TheteacheraskedthestudentswhyBobwasabsenttoday. Bobaskedme,“DoyoulikeNewYork?” Bobaskedmewhether/ifIlikedNewYork. Bobaskedhisfriends,“Willyoucometomyparty?” Bobaskedhisfriendswhether/iftheywouldcometohisparty. III.DISCURSOINDIRECTOCONORDENES,REQUERIMIENTOS,ADVERTENCIAS,ETC, Cuandosedeseaexpresarunaorden,unrequerimiento,advertencia,etc,eneldiscursoindirecto,sedebeusarla siguienteestructura: Subject
Verb
ObjectPro(Noun).
To/notTo+Infinitive.
He MissWhite Theteacher Theinstructors They
asked told warned requested ordered
me you him/her us them theboy theboys
tositdown toworkharder tobemorecareful nottobelate nottotalkinclass
EXERCISES Ex.1.Changefromdirecttoindirectform: 1.Johnsaid,“Ihavetoworktonight.” 2.Marysaidtome,‘’Iwillbebacklater.” 3.Mr.Smithsaid,“Wemayhaveanexam.” 4.Hesaid,“Ihavenomoney.” 5.Thedoctorsaid,“Johnisaverysickman.” 6.Marysaidtome,“Icannotgowithyoutonight.” 7.Hesaid,“Ihopeshecomessoon.” 8.Hesaid,“lhaveknownhimalongtime.” 9.Mr.Smithsaid,“Wewillfinishthistomorrow.” 10.Hesaid,“Idon’tknowherwell.” 254
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(Johnsaidthathehadtoworktonight.) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
11.Shesaid,“Iamgoingawaytomorrow.” 12.Hesaidtome,“Heissupposedtobeherenow.”
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.2.Changefromdirecttoindirectform: 1.Maryasked,“WheredoesJohnlive?” (MaryaskedwhereJohnlived.) 2.Helensaidtome,“Howlonghaveyoulivedhere?’’ ___________________________________________________ 3..MrSmithaskedus,“Doyouunderstandthisexercise?” _________________________________________________ 4.IaskedJohn,“Whattimeisit?” ___________________________________________________ 5.Heaskedme,“Doyouhavetoworktonight?” ___________________________________________________ 6.Johnsaid,“lsitraining?” ___________________________________________________ 7.Hesaidtome,“Areyougoingtothemovieswithus?” __________________________________________________ 8.Theteacherasked,“Didyouseethatdocumentary?” ___________________________________________________ 9.Heaskedme,“WhenareyouleavingforEurope?’’ ___________________________________________________ 10.Heaskedme,“Whatdoesthewordmean?” ___________________________________________________ 11.Iaskedhim,“Whendidyoureadthatbook?” ___________________________________________________ 12.Hesaidtome,“Howareyoutoday?” ___________________________________________________ 13.Iaskedher,“lsJohnhere?” ___________________________________________________ 14.Shesaidtohim,“Doyoulikemynewhat?” ___________________________________________________ 15.Iaskedher,“Whereisit?” ___________________________________________________ Exercise3.Changetoindirectform: 1.Johnsaidtome,“Waitfiveminutesforme.” (Johntoldmetowaitfiveminutesforhim.) 2.Theteachersaidtous,“Don’twriteinpencil.” ___________________________________________________ 3.Iaskedhim,“Bemorecareful.” ___________________________________________________ 4.Heaskedme,‘’Pleasedon’tbelate.” ___________________________________________________ 5.Heaskedme,“Trytocomeontime.” ___________________________________________________ 6.Hesaidtome,“Don’tmakethesamemistakeagain.”___________________________________________________ 7.Hewarnedthechild,“Don’tcrosstheroad.” ___________________________________________________ S.Hesaidtome,“Don’tforgetwhatItoldyou.” ___________________________________________________ 9.Hebeggedme,‘’Pleasesendmethemoneyatonce.”__________________________________________________ 10.Heaskedme,“Sitdownforafewminutes.” ___________________________________________________ Ex.4.Changethefollowingimperativesentencestoindirectform.BegineachonewithTHETEACHERTOLDME: 1.Sitinthefirstrow. 2.Waitoutsideinthehall. 3.Comebacklater. 4.Doyourexercísesinink. 5.GivethismessagetoMrs.Smith. 6.Don’twastesomuchtime. 7.Don’tlookatyourneighbor’spaper. 8.Situpstraíght. 9.Gotothewhiteboard. 10.Takeyourfeetoffthedesk. 11.Prepareyourlessonsmorecarefully. 12.Sitdownandreadthestory.
(Theteachertoldmetositinthefirstrow.) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.5.Answerthefollowingquestionsinindirectform.Begineachanswerwiththewordsgiveninparentheses afterthequestion: 1.Where´sJohn?(Idon’tknow...) 2.Isheinthebuilding?(Shewantstoknow...) 3.Wheredoesshelive?(Canyoutellme...? 4.Isheagoodstudent?(I´mnotsure..-) 5.Howmuchdoesitcost?(Hewantstoknow..) 6.Whereisshegoing?(Shedidn’tsay...)
(Idon’tknowwhereJohnis.) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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7.Howishegettingalong?(Shewantstoknow..) 8.Howishegettingalong?(Mrs.Joneswantedtoknow,.)_________________________________________________ 9.Istheelevatoroutoforder?(Canyoutellme...) ___________________________________________________ 10.Whereishenow?(Canyoutellme...) ___________________________________________________ 11.IsMr.Smithhere?(I’dliketoknow...) ___________________________________________________ 12.Whenwillhegetback?(I´dliketofindout...) ___________________________________________________ 13.Howtallishe?(Idon’tknow...) ___________________________________________________ 14.Isheverytall?(Ireallydon’tknow...) ___________________________________________________ 15.Wheredoeshelive?(Askhim...) ___________________________________________________ Ex.6..Changefromindirecttodirectform: 1.Hesaidhewasbusy. 2.HeaskedmewhereIlived. 3.HeaskedherwhethershelikedNewYork. 4.Shesaidshewasgoingoutoftown. 5.ShesaidherlastnamewasSmith. 6.ShesaidhermaidennamehadbeenJones. 7.Hetoldmenottowaitforhim. 8.Hesaidthathecouldnotmeetus. 9.Heaskedhowmuchitcost. 10.Hetoldhertoleavetheroom. 11.HeaskedwhetherIhadmailedtheletter. 12.Hesaidhewouldbebacksoon.
(Hesaid,“Iambusy.”) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.7.Choosethecorrectform: 1.HeaskedmewhereI(live,lived). 2.Idon’tknowwhether(Ican,canI)doit. 3.Canyoutellmewhattime(itis,isit)? 4.Hesaidhe(will,would)comeheresoon. 5.He(toldme,saidtome)thathewasbusy. 6.Heaskedmewhattimeit(is,was). 7.Iaskedhimwhattheword(means,meant). 8.Iaskedherwhethershe(is,was)married. 9.I’dliketoknowwhere(isit,itis). 10.Hesaidhe(can,could)meetuseasily. 11.I´mnotsurewhether(heis,ishe)herenow. 12.Hedidn’tsaywherehe(is,was)going.
(HeaskedmewhereIlived.) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Ex.8.Answerthesequestions: 1. WhydidJohntellyoutowaitforhimafterthelesson? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Whatexercisedidtheteachertellyoutopreparefortomorrow’slesson? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. WhydidyouaskMarywhattimeitwas? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. WheredidWilliamaskyoutomeethimtonight? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Whydidthemotherwarnthechildnottocrossthestreet? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Whydoesn’tHenryknowwhetherornothecangotothepartytonight? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. DidJohnsaythathehadorhadnotseenthatmovie? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.DidGracetellyouwhetherornotshehadenjoyedtheparty? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 256
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BASICVOCABULARY Verbosprincipales:VerbosRegulareseIrregulares Todoslosverbosprincipalestienencuatroformas:elinfinitivo,elpasado,elpasadoparticipio,elgerundio.Segúnlamanera enqueformanelpasadoyelpasadoparticipiolosverbosprincipalesseclasificanendosgrupos:VerbosRegularesy VerbosIrregulares.SonverbosregularesaquellosqueagreganD/EDparaformarelpasadoyelpasadoparticipio.Los quenolohacenasísellamanVerbosIrregulares. Escuche,leayaprenda: Weworkhardeveryday./wí:wé:rkhá:rdévridei/ (Nosotrostrabajamosdurotodoslosdías) Weworkedhardyesterday./wí:wé:rkthá:rdiésterdi/ (Nosotrostrabajamosarduamenteayer) (Nosotroshemostrabajadoduroesteaño) Wehaveworkedhardthisyear./wí:havwé:rkthá.rdδisíar/ (Nosotrosestamostrabajandoduroahora) Weareworkinghardnow./wí:rwé:rkiηha:rdnáu/ TheyspeakSpanishathome/δéispí:kspænishathóum/ TheyspokeEnglishinclass./δéispóukíηglishinklá:s/ TheyhavealwaysspokenSpanish./δéihavó:lweizspóuknspænish/ TheyarespeakingEnglishnow./δéirspí:kiηíηglishnáu/
(Elloshablanespañolencasa) (Elloshablaroninglésenlaclase) (Ellossiemprehanhabladoespañol). (Ellosestánhablandoinglésahora)
A.Verbosregularesdeusofrecuente Infinitive Towatch/wotch/ Towork/we:rk/ Tolove/lav/ Toplay/plei/(1) Tostudy/stádi/(1) Tofit/fit/(2) Tostop/stop/(2) Toguide/gáid/(3) Torepeat/ripí:t/(3)
Past watched/wotcht worked/we:rkt/ loved/lavd/ played/pléid/ studied/stádid/ fitted/fítid/ stopped/stopt/ guided/gáidid/ repeated/ripí:tid/
PastPart. watched/wotcht/ worked/we:rkt/ loved/lavd/ played/pléid/ studied/stádid/ fitted/fítid/ stopped/stopt/ guided/gáidid/ repeated/ripí:tid/
Gerund watching/wótchiη/ working/wé:rkiη/ loving/láviη/ playing/pléiη/ studying/stádiiη/ fitting/fitiη/ stopping/stopiη/ guiding/gáidiη/ repeating/ripí:tiη/
Spanish observar trabajar amar jugar estudiar calzar detener guiar repetir
NOTAS: 1. Losverbosterminadosen-yprecedidadeunavocaldebenagregar-ed;mientrasquelosqueterminanen-yprecedidadeconsonante debentransformarla-yen-ied. 2. Lamayoríadelosverbosquetienenlaconbinaciónconsonante+vocal+consonante,ocons+cons+vocal+cons,debenduplicarlaúltima consonanteantesdeagregar-ed. 3. Aquellosverbosregularesterminadosen-t,-te,-d,-dedebenagregar-d/edyesesufijosepronuncia/id/,yesunasílabamás:fit/fit/ fitted/fitid/;decide/disáid/decided/disáidid/;request/rikwést/requested/rikwéstid/.
Infinitive Toanswer/á:nser/ Toarrive/arráiv/ Toask/a:sk/ Tocarry/kærri/ Toclean/kli:n/ Toclose/klóuz/ Todry/drái/ Toenjoy/endllói/ Tofinish/fínish/ Tohate/heit/ Tohelp/hélp/ Tohope/hóup/ Toinvite/inváit/ Tolisten/lísn/ Tolocate/loukéit/ Tolook/luk/
PastTense/pastParticiple answered/á:nserd/ arrived/arráivd/ asked/a:skt/ carried/kærrid/ cleaned/kli:nd/ closed/klóuzd/ dried/dráid/ enjoyed/endllóid/ finished/fínisht/ hated/héitid/ helped/helpt/ hoped/hóupt/ invited/inváitid/ listened/lísnd/ located/loukéitid/ looked/lukt/
Spanish contestar,responder llegar preguntar,pedir transportar,llevar limpiar cerrar secar disfrutar,gustar terminar odiar,nogustar ayudar esperar,desear invitar escuchar ubicar,localizar mirar Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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Tolove/láv/ Toneed/ni:d/ Tooffer/ófer/ Toprefer/priféar/ Torain/rein/ Toreceive/risí:v/ Toremember/rimémber/ Torepair/ripéar/ Torepeat/ripí:t/ Torequest/rikwést/ Tosmoke/smóuk/ Tostart/sta:rt/ Tostay/stéi/ Tostudy/stádi/ Tosuggest/sadllést/ Totalk/to:k/ Totry/trái/ Touse/iú:z/ Tovisit/vízit/ Towait/weit/ Towalk/wo:k/ Towant/wont/ Towash/wosh/ Towatch/wotch/ Towish/wish/ Towork/we:rk/
loved/lávd/ needed/ní:did/ offered/óferd/ preferred/priféard/ rained/réind/ received/risí:vd/ remembered/rimémberd/ repaired/ripéard/ repeated/ripí:tid/ requested/rikwéstid/ smoked/smóukt/ started/stá:rtid/ stayed/stéid/ studied/stádid/ suggested/sadlléstid/ talked/tó:kt/ tried/tráid/ used/iú:zd/ visited/vízitid/ waited/wéitid/ walked/wó:kt/ wanted/wóntid/ washed/wósht/ watched/wótcht/ wished/wísht/ worked/wé:rkt/
amar,gustar necesitar ofrecer preferir llover recibir recordar reparar,arreglar repetir solicitar,pedir fumar comenzar,partir quedarse,permanecer estudiar sugerir conversar tratar,esforzarse usar,utilizar visitar esperar,atender caminar querer lavar observar,mirar desear trabajar,funcionar
B.Verbosirregularesdeusofrecuente Infinitive Tobegin/bigín/ Tobring/briη/ Tobuild/bild/ Tobuy/bái/ Tocome/kam/ Tocut/kat/ Todo/du:/ Todrink/driηk/ Todrive/dráiv/ Toeat/i:t/ Tofall/fo:l/ Tofeel/fi:l/ Tofind/fáind/ Toforget/forgét/ Toget/get/ Togive/giv/ Togo/góu/ Tohave/hæv/ Tohear/híar/ Tokeep/ki:p/ Toknow/nóu/ Tolearn/le:rn/ Toleave/li:v/ Tolend/lend/ Tolose/lú:z/ Tomake/meik/ Tomeet/mi:t/ 258
PastTense began/bigán/ brought/bro:t/ built/bilt/ bought/bo:t/ came/kéim/ cut/kat/ did/did/ drank/dræηk/ drove/dróuv/ ate/eit/ fell/fel/ felt/felt/ found/fáund/ forgot/forgót/ got/got/ gave/géiv/ went/went/ had/hæd/ heard/hé:rd/ kept/kept/ knew/niú:/ learnt*/le:rnt/ left/léft/ lent/lent/ lost/lost/ made/méid/ met/met/
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PastParticiple begun/bigán/ brought/bro:t/ built/bilt/ bought/bo:t/ come/kam/ cut/kat/ done/dan/ drunk/draηk/ driven/drívn/ eaten/í:tn/ fallen/fó:ln/ felt/felt/ found/fáund/ forgotten/forgótn/ got/gotten/got/gótn/ given/gívn/ gone/gon/ beento/bi:ntu/ had/hæd/ heard/hé:rd/ kept/kept/ known/nóun/ learnt/le:rnt/ left/left/ lent/lent/ lost/lost/ made/méid/ met/met/
Spanish empezar,comenzar traer construir comprar venir cortar hacer beber manejar,conducir comer caer sentir(se) hallar,encontrar olvidar conseguir,obtener dar ir ir(yvolver) tener,servirse,haber oir guardar,mantener saber,conocer aprender,enterarse partir,salir,dejar prestar perder,extraviar hacer,fabricar reunirse,conocer
Topay/péi/ paid/péid/ Toput/put/ put/put/ Toread/ri:d/ read/red/ Torun/ran/ ran/ræn/ Tosay/séi/ said/sed/ Tosee/si:/ saw/so:/ Tosell/sel/ sold/sóuld/ Tosend/send/ sent/sént/ Toshut/shat/ shut/shat/ Tosing/siη/ sang/sæη/ Tosit/sit/ sat/sæt/ Tosleep/sli:p/ slept/slept/ Tospeak/spi:k/ spoke/spóuk/ Tospend/spénd/ spent/spént/ Tostandup/stændap/ stood/stu:dap/ Toswim/swim/ swam/swæm/ Totake/téik/ took/tuk/ Toteach/ti:tch/ taught/to:t/ Totell/tel/ told/tóuld/ Tothink/θiηk/ thought/θo:t/ Tounderstand/anderstænd/understood/anderstú:d/ Towear/wéar/ wore/wo:r/ Towrite/ráit/ wrote/rout/
paid/péid/ put/put/ read/red/ run/ran/ said/sed/ seen/si:n/ sold/sóuld/ sent/sént/ shut/shat/ sung/saη/ sat/sæt/ slept/slept/ spoken/spóukn/ spent/spént/ stood/stu:dap/ swum/swam/ taken/téikn/ taught/to:t/ told/tóuld/ thought/θo:t/ understood/anderstú:d/ worn/wo:rn/ written/rítn
pagar poner,colocar leer correr,administrar decir ver vender enviar cerrar cantar sentarse dormir hablar gastar,pasartiempo pararse nadar tomar,llevar enseñar decir,narrar pensar,creer entender,comprender vestir,desgastar escribir
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UNIT19 Ex.1.2.Marytoldme(that)shewouldbebacklater.3.Mr.Smithsaid(that)wemighthaveanexamination.4.He said(that)hehadnomoney.5.Thedoctorsaid(that)Johnwasaverysickman.6.Marytoldme(that)shecouldnot gowithmetonight.7.Hesaid(that)hehopedshecamesoon.8.Hesaid(that)hehadknownhimalongtime.9.Mr. Smithsaid(that)wewouldfinishthistomorrow.10.Hesaid(that)hedidn´tknowherwell11.Shesaid(that)shewas goingawaytomorrow.12.Hetoldme(that)hewassupposedtobeherenow. Ex.2.2.HelenaskedmehowlongIhadlivedhere.3.Mr.Smithaskeduswhether/ifweunderstoodthisexercise. 4.IaskedJohnwhattimeitwas.5.Heaskedmewhether/ifIhadtoworktonight.6.Johnaskedwhether/ifit wasraining.7.Heaskedmewhether/ifIwasgoingtothemovieswiththem.8.Theteacheraskedwhether/ifIhad seenthatdocumentary.9.HeaskedmewhenIwasleavingforEurope.10.Heaskedmewhatthewordmeant.11.I askedhimwhenhehadreadthatbook.12.HeaskedmehowIwastoday.13.Iaskedherwhether/ifJohnwashere. 14.Sheaskedhimwhether/ifhelikedhernewhat.15.Iaskedherwhereitwas. Ex.3.2.Theteachertoldmenottowriteinpencil.3.Itoldhimtobemorecareful.4.Hepolitelyaskedmenottobe late.5.Heaskedmetotrytocomeontime.6.Hetoldmenottomakethesamemistakeagain.7.Hewarnedthe childnottocrosstheroad.8.Hetoldmenottoforgetwhathehadtoldme.9.Hebeggedmetosendhimthemoney atonce.10.Heaskedmetositdownforafewminutes. Ex.4.2.Theteachertoldmetowaitoutsideinthehall.3.Theteachertoldmetocomebacklater.4.Theteachertold metodomyexercisesinink.5.TheteachertoldmetogivethismessagetoMrs.Smith.6.Theteachertoldmenot towastesomuchtime.7.Theteachertoldmenottolookatmyneighbor´spaper.8.Theteachertoldmetositup straight.9.Theteachertoldmetogotothewhiteboard.10.Theteachertoldmetotakemyfeetoffthedesk.11.The teachertoldmetopreparemylessonsmorecarefully.12.Theteachertoldmetositdownandreadthestory. Ex.5.2.Shewantstoknowwhether/ifheisinthebuilding.3.Canyoutellmewhereshelives?4.I´mnotsure whether/ifheisagoodstudent.5.Hewantstoknowhowmuchitcosts.6.Shedidn´tsaywhereshewasgoing. 7.Shewantstoknowhowheisgettingalong.8.Mrs.Joneswantedtoknowhowhewasgettingalong.9.Canyoutell mewhether/iftheelevatorisoutoforder?10.Canyoutellmewhereheisnow?11.I´dliketoknowwhether/ifMr. Smithishere.12.I´dliketofindoutwhenhe´llgetback.13.Idon´tknowhowtallheis.14.Ireallydon´tknowwhether /ifhe´sverytall.15.Askhimwherehelives. Ex.6.2.Heaskedme,“Wheredoyoulive?”3.Heaskedher,“DoyoulikeNewYork?”4..Shesaid,“I´mgoingoutof town.”5.Shesaid,“Mylastname´sSmith6.Shesaid,“MymaidennamewasJones.7.Hesaidtome,“Don´twait forme.”8.Hesaid,“Ican´tmeetyou.”9.Heasked,“Howmuchdoesitcost?”10.Hesaidtoher,“Leavetheroom.“ 11.Heaskedme,“Didyoumailtheletter?”12.Hesaid,“I´llbebacksoon.” Ex.7.2.Ican3.itis4.would5.toldme6.was7.meant8.was9.itis10.could11.heis12.was Ex.8.(PossibleAnswers).1.Becausehewantedtotellmeabouthisnewplans.2.Hetoldmetowriteashortstoryin English.3.BecauseIwantedtoknowwhattimeitwasandIdidn´thaveawatch.4.Heaskedmetomeethimoutside thestation.5.Becausetherewastoomuchtrafficatthattime.6.Becausehethinkshe´llhavetoworktilllatetonight. 7.Hesaidhe´dseenit.8.Shesaidshehadn´tenjoyedit.
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UNIT20 USEFULENGLISHPHRASESANDEXPRESSIONSINENGLISHFORTRAVELLERS Frasesyexpresionesútileseninglésparaviajeros A. Atasocialgathering(enunareunionsocial) Hallo!/Hello!/Hi! Goodmorning Goodafternoon Goodevening Goodbye/Byebye Goodnight Seeyoulater Seeyoutomorrow Seeyouthisevening Thankyou/Thankyouverymuch You´rewelcome Howareyoutoday? I´mverywell,thankyou I´mfine,thanksandhowareyou? I´mnotverywellI´mafraid Howdoyoudo.Mynameis.... Pleaseletmeintroducemyself.Mynameis... I´dlikeyoutomeetMr/Mrs/Miss/Captain/Doctor... ThisisMr/Mrs/Miss/Captain/Doctor... Pleasedtomeetyou I´mgladtomeetyou Please I´msorry I´msorryI´mlate I´mafraid I´mafraidIdon´tknow I´mafraidIcan´t What´syourfirstname? What´syoursurname/lastname? Whatdoyoudo? I´manarmyofficer Whatisyourrank? DoyouspeakFrench/German/Italian/ No,Idon´t.ButIspeakSpanishandEnglish I´msorryIdon´tunderstandFrench Areyoumarriedorsingle? Haveyougota...? Haveyougotanychildren? Howmanychildrenhaveyougot? Whereareyoufrom? I´mfromChile Wheredoyoucomefrom? IcomefromSantiago,Chile Doyoulivehere? Whichhotelareyoustayingat? What´syourroomnumber?
/halóu//hai/ /gudmórniη/ /gudafternú:n/ /gudí:vniη/ /gudbái//báibái/ /gudnáit/ /sí:iu:léiter/ /sí:iu:tumórou/ /sí:iu:δisi:vniη/ /θækiu://θækiu:vérimátch/ /io:rwélkam/ /háuá:riutudéi/ /aimvériwelθæηkiu/ /aimfáinθæηksandhaua:riú:/ /aimnótveriwélaimafréid/ /háudiu:dú:mainéimiz.../ /plí:zlétmiintrodiu:zmaisélfmainéimiz.../ /aidláikiutumí:tmíster/mísiz/mis/káptin/dóktor.../ /δisizmíster/mísiz/mis/káptin/dóktor.../ /plí:zdtumí:tiu/ /aimglædtumí:tiu/ /plí:z/ /aimsóri/ /aimsóriaimléit/ /aimafréid/ /aimafréidaidóuntnóu/ /aimafréidaiká:nt/ /wótsio:rfé:rstnéim/ /wótsio:rsé:rneim/lá:stnéim/ /wótdiudú:/ /aimaná:rmiófiser/ /wótsio:rræηk /diuspí:kfréntch/dllérman/itálian/ /nóuaidóunt,bataispí:kspænishandíηglish/ /aimsóriaidóuntanderstændfréntch/ /a:riumæ´rido:rsíngl/ /haviugóta.../ /haviugóténitchíldren/ /háuménitchíldrenhaviugót/ /wéará:riufrom/ /aimfromtchile/ /wéardiukámfrom/ /aikámfromsantiágoutchile/ /diulivhíar/ /witchhoutéla:riustéiiηæt/ /wótsio:rrú:mnámber/
¡Hola! Buenosdías Buenastardes Buenastardes Hastaluego Buenasnoches Hastapronto Hastamañana Hastalanoche Muchasgracias Denada ¿CómoestáUDhoy? Estoymuybiengracias Estoybiengraciasy¿cómoestáUd? Noestoymuybienlamentablemente Encantado.minombrees... Permítamepresentarme.Minombrees...... MegustaríapresentarlealSr.Sra/Srta/Cap/Dr... EsteeselolaSr./Sra/Srta/Cap/Dr... Encantado/adeconocerlo/a Mealegraconocerlo/a Porfavor Losiento Lamentohabermeatrasado Lamentablemente... Desgraciadamentenosé Lamentablementenopuedo ¿Cuálessunombre? ¿Cuálessuapellido? ¿QuéhaceUd? Soyunoficialdeejército. ¿Cuálessugrado? ¿HablaUd.francés/alemán/italiano? No.Perohabloespañoleinglés Losiento.Noentiendofrancés EsUd.casado/aosoltero/a? ¿TieneUd.un/a...? ¿TieneUd.hijos? ¿CuántoshijostieneUd.? ¿DedóndeesUd.? SoydeChile ¿DedóndevieneUd.? VengodeStgo.,Chile ¿Viveud.aqui? ¿Enquéhotelestáhospedado/aUd.? ¿Cuáleselnúmerodesuhabitación? Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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What´syourtelephonenumber? What´syouraddress? CanIhelpyou? Canyouhelpme? Pardon? Couldyouspeakmoreslowlyplease? Yes,ofcourse/certainly/sure No,I´mafraidnot Withpleasure I´msorryImustgonow I´mafraidit´slateandIhavetogonow. Itwasnicemeetingyou Can/mayIcomein? Please,comeinandsitdown Waitamoment,please Canyouwaitaminute? Canyourepeatyourquestion,please? Howdoyouspellyourname? Canyouspellitplease? Sitdown,please Don´topenthewindow,please Let´ssithere Let´sgoinside/outside It´scoldinhere It´stoohothere Whattimeisit? What´sthedatetoday? Areyouallright? Areyoutired? Areyoucold? Areyouhot? Areyouhungry? Areyouthirsty? Areyousleepy? Areyouhappy? Areyousad? Areyouworried? Areyousick/ill? DoyoumindifIsmoke? No,Idon´tmind.Goahead IsitallrightifIsithere? Yes,pleasedo You´reright You´rewrong Iagreewithyou Idon´tagreewithyou Idon´tthinkso Ihopeso Yes,Ithinkso Yes,that´sright That´swhatImean Whatdoyoumeanbythat? Whatdoesthiswordmean? What´sthemeaningofthisword? 264
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/wótsio:rtélifounnámber/ /wótsio:raddrés/ /kanaihélpiu/ /kaniuhélpmi:/ /pá:rdon/ /kudiuspí:kmó:rslóuliplí:z/ /iesovkó:rs/sé:rtnli/shuar/ /nóuaimafréidnót/ /wiδpléllar/ /aimsóriaimastgóunáu/ /aimafréiditsléitandaihæftugóunáu/ /itwoznáismí:tiηiu:/ /kan/meiaikámín/ /plí:zkámínandsítdáun/ /wéitemóumentplí:z/ /kaniuwéitemínit/ /kaniuripí:tio:rkwéstchonplí:z/ /háudiuspélio:rnéim/ /kaniuspélitplí:z/ /sitdáunplí:z/ /dóuntóupnδewíndouplí:z/ /létssithiar/ /létsgóuinsáid/autsáid/ /itskóuldinhíar/ /itstú:hothíar/ /wóttáimizit/ /wótsδedéittudéi/ /a:riuó:lráit/ /a:riutáiard/ /a:riukóuld/ /a:riuhot/ /a:riuháηgri/ /a:riuθé:rsti/ /a:riuslí:pi/ /a:riuhæ´pi/ /a:riusæd/ /a:riuwárid/ /a:riusik/íl/ /diumáindifaismouk/ /nouaidóuntmáindgóuahéd/ /izitó:lráitifaisíthíar/ /iesplí:zdú:/ /io:rráit/ /io:rróη/ /aiagrí:wiδiú:/ /aidóuntagrí:wiδiú:/ /aidóuntθiηksóu/ /aihóupsóu/ /iesaiθiηksóu/ /iesδætsráit/ /δætswotaimí:n/ /wótdiu:mí:nbaiδæt/ /wótdazδiswé:rdmí:n/ /wótsδemí:niηovδiswé:rd
¿Cuálessunúmerotelefónico? ¿Cuálessudirección? ¿Puedoayudarle? ¿Puedeayudarme? ¿Perdón? ¿Podríahablarmáslentoporfavor? Sí,porsupuesto No,lamentablementeno Conmuchogusto Losientodeboirmeahora Lamentablementeestardeytengoqueirmeahora. FuegratoconocerloaUd.. ¿Puedoentrar? Porfavor,entreysiéntese Espereunmomentoporfavor ¿PuedeUDesperarunminuto? ¿PuedeUDrepetirsupregunta? ¿CómodeletreaUd.sunombre? ¿Puededeletrearloporfavor? Siéntese,porfavor Noabralaventana,porfavor. Sentémonosaquí Entremos/Salgamos Hacefríoaquíadentro Hacedemasiadocaloraquí. ¿Quéhoraes? ¿Quéfechaeshoy? ¿EstábienUd.? ¿Estácansado/a? ¿Tienefrío? ¿Tienecalor? ¿Tienehambre? ¿Tienesed? ¿Tienesueño? ¿EstáUd.feliz? ¿EstátristeUd.? ¿Estápreocupado/a? ¿Estáenfermo/aUd.? ¿Lemolestasifumo? Nomemolesta.Hágalo ¿Estábiensimesientoaquí? Si,porfavorhágalo TieneUd.razón. Ud.estáequivocado.. ConcuerdoconUd. NoconcuerdoconUd. Nolocreoasí. Asíloespero. Sí,creoquesí Sí,correcto Esoesloquequierodecir ¿Quéquieredecirconeso? ¿Quésignificaestapalabra? ¿Cuáleselsignificadodeestapalabra?
Remember:
Recuerde:
1. What´syour...(name,address,.etc...)?
1. ¿Cuálessu...(nombredirección,etc...)?
wereyou 2. What areyou willyoube
estaba 2. ¿Qué está estará
...(doing,etc..)?
...(haciendo,etc...)UD?
did 3. What do you...(do,etc...)? will
(hizo,etc) 3. ¿Qué (hace,etc) UD? (hará,etc)
4. DoyoumindifI...(smoke,etc...)?
4. ¿LemolestaaUDsiyo...(fumo,etc.)?
5.
5.
Would Couldyou...(helpme,etc...)? Can Will
Can 6. May
I...(sithere,etc...)?
¿QuerríaUd. ¿PodríaUd....(ayudarme,etc.)? ¿Puedes ¿Quieres
6. ¿Puedoyo...(sentarmeaquí,etc.)?
7. Sithere...(comehere...)please. Don´t...gothere(speak...),please.
7. Siénteseaquí(venga,etc..),porfavor. Novayaallá(hable,etc.),porfavor.
8. ShallI...spellit?(...helpyou...etc)?
8. ¿Ledeletreo?(Leayudo..,etc)?
9. Let´ssithere.(...go,etc.)
9. Sentémosnosaquí(vamos,etc.)
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B. Atahotel(enunhotel) Iwanttocheckin What´smyroomnumber? Couldyoutakethissuitcasetomyroomplease?
/aiwónttotchekín/ /wótsmairú:mnámber/ /kudiutéikδissútkeistumairú:mplí:z/
/izδérekólortí:ví:inδerú:m/ /δeséntralhí:tiη/éarkondíshonerízntwé: rkiηwél/ Mybedhasn´tbeenmadeyet /maibédházntbí:nméidiet/ Ineedanotherblanket /ainí:danáδerblæηkit/ Couldyouchangethetowels? /kudiutchéindllδetáuelz/ Couldyougetmesomesoap/shampoo,please? /kudiugétmisamsóup/shæmpu:plí:z/ Whatisthevoltageusedhere?220or110? /wótsδevóltidlliú:zdhíar/tú:twéntyoruán hándridandtén/ Couldyougetmeanadaptorformyelectricshaver? /kudiugétmianadæ´ptorformaieléktrik shéiver/ Isthereacoinoperatedwashingmachine? /izδearakóinoperéitidwóshiηmashí:n/ Iwanttohavetheseclotheswashedandironed, /aiwónttuhævδi:zklóuδzwóshtandáiond please plí:z/ IneedtomakeaninternationalcalltoChile. /ainí:dtuméikaninternæ´shonalkó:ltu tchile/ Mycountrycodenumberis56andthecodenumber /maikántrikóudnámberisfíftysiksandδe forSantiagois2 kóudnámberforsantiágouistú:/ Iwanttomakeacollectcall,please /aiwónttuméikitkoléktkó:lplí:z/ Isthereacolo(u)rTVintheroom? Thecentralheating/airconditionerisn´tworkingwell
CanIsendafax/ane-mailfromthehotel? Atwhattimedoyouservebreakfast/lunch/dinner? CanIhavebreakfastinmyroom? CouldyougetmeanewspaperinSpanish,please?
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¿Cuáleselnúmerodemihabitación? ¿Podríallevarestamaletaamihabitaciónpor favor? ¿HayunTVacolorenlahabitación? Lacalefaccióncentral/Elaireacondicionadono estáfuncionandobien Micamaaúnnohasidohecha. Necesitootrafrazada ¿Podríacambiarlastoallas? ¿Podríaconseguirmejabón/shampú,porfavor. ¿Cuáleselvoltajeusadoaquí?220o110? ¿Podríaconseguirmeunadaptadorparami afeitadoraeléctrica? ¿Hayunalavadoraoperadaconmonedas? Deseoquemelavenyplanchenestasropas,por favor Deseohacerunallamadainterna-cionalaChile Elcódigodemipaíses56yelcódigopara Santiagoes2.
Quierohacerunallamadaconcobrorevertido, porfavor. /kanaiséndefáks/aní:méilfromδehoutél/ ¿Puedoenviarunfax/e-maildesdeelhotel? /atwóttáimdiusé:rvbrékfast/lántch/díner/ ¿Aquéhorasirvendesayuno/almuerzo/cena?
/kanaihævbrékfastinmairú:m/ /kudiugétmieniuzpéiperinspánishplí:z/
/izδeresuímiηpú:l/kazí:nou/dlli:minδe houtél/ Canyouwakemeupatsixo´clock? /kaniuwéikmiápatsiksoklók/ Couldyougetmeataxiplease? /kudiugétmietæ´ksiplí:z/ Isthereamoneyexchangeinthehotel? /izδeremániekstchéindllinδehoutél/ Couldyoubringa...tomyroomplease? /kudiubríηe...tumairú:mplí:z/ Where´stherestaurant?Upstairsordownstairs? /wéarzδeréstorantápstéarzo:rdáunstéarz/ Untilwhattimeisthebaropen? /antílwóttáimizδebá:róupn/ HaveIgotanymessages? /havaigóténimésidlliz/ CanIhavemyroomkey,please?Roomnumber206 /kanaihævmairú:mkí:plí:zrú:mnámber tú:óusíks/ Isthereatelephoneinthelobby? /izδeretélifouninδelóbi/ CanIhavemybill/check,please? /kanaihævmaibíl/tchékplí:z/ There´sanerrorinmybill/check,Ithink /δérzanérorinmaibíl/tchékaiθiηk/ Ididn´thavedinnerherelastnight. /aidídnthævdínerhíarla:stnáit/ Ididn´thave/eat/drink/orderthis. /aidídnthæv/í:t/driηk/órderδis/ Isthereabarber´sshophere. /izδerabá:rberzshophíar/ Couldyouposttheseletters/postcardsforme? /kudiupóustδí:zléterz/póuská:rdzformí:/ Wherearethelifts/elevators? /wéara:rδelífts/elevéitorz/ Takethelift/elevatortothetenthfloor. /téikδelíft/elevéitortuδeténθfló:r/ Iwanttocheckoutat...o´clock /aiwónttutchékáutat...oklók/ Iliked/Ididn´tliketheservice/thefood/theroomvery /ailaikt/aidídntláikδesé:rvis/δefu:d/δe much rú;mverimátch/ Isthereaswimmingpool/casino/gyminthehotel?
Deseoregistrarme
¿Mepuedentraerdesayunoamihabitación¡ ¿Podríaconseguirmeunperiódicoenespañol, porfavor? ¿Hayunapiscina/casino/gimnasioenelhotel? ¿Puededespertarmealasseis,porfavor? ¿Podríaconseguirmeuntaxi,porfavor? ¿Hayunaoficinadecambioenelhotel? ¿Podríatraermeun...amihabitación,porfavor? ¿Dondeestáelrestaurant?ArribaoAbajo? ¿Hastaquéhoraestáabiertoelbar? ¿Tengoalgúnmensaje? ¿Puededarmelallavedemipieza,porfavor. Habitación206 ¿Hayunteléfonoenelhall? ¿Puededarmelacuenta,porfavor? Hayunerrorenmicuenta,meparece. Yonocenéaquíanoche. Yonomeserví/comí/bebí/pedíésto. ¿Hayunapeluqueríaaquí? ¿PodríaUd.despacharmeestascartas/postales? ¿Dóndeestánlosascensores? Tomeelascensoral10°piso Quierodejarelhotel/registrarmisalidaalas... Megustómucho/Nomegustómuchoelservicio/ lacomida/lahabitación.
Remember:
Recuerde:
1. Iwantto...(makeaphonecall,etc..) Iwouldliketo...(haveanothercoffee,etc.)
1. Quiero...(hacerunallamada,etc) Desearía...(servirmeotrocafé,etc.)
2. Whereisthe...(lift,bar,etc...)? Wherearethe...(telephones,toilets,etc...?
2. ¿Dóndeestáel...(ascensor,bar,etc.)? ¿Dóndeestánlos.../teléfonos,baños,etc)?
3. Istherea...(bar,etc....)inthehotel?
3. ¿Hayun...(bar,etc.)enelhotel?
4. Couldyou...(wakemeupat7:30,etc.)please?
4. ¿PodríaUd...(despertarmealas7,etc.)porfavor?
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C. Atarestaurant(enunrestaurante) Ineedatableforthree(people)please Isthereatableinthenon-smokingarea,nearthe window? Whattimedoyoustartservinglunch/dinner?
/ainí:detéiblforθrí:(pí:pl)plí:z/ /izδeretéiblinδenonsmóukiηéarianíarδe wíndou/ /wóttáimdiustá:rtsé:rviηlántch/díner/
Necesitounamesaparatres(personas)porfavor.
CanIpaybycreditcard/bycheque/cash?
/kanaipéibaikréditká:rd/baitchek/kæ´sh/
¿Puedopagarcontarjetadecrédito/concheque/ enefectivo?
Canyouchargethisintomyhotelbill?Room2105
/kaniu:tchárdllδisíntumaihoutélbíl/rú:m tuéntiwánóufáiv/ /kanaitéikalúkatδeméniu:/ /wudiuláikanapetáizer/ /ailhæ´veglá:sofwáitwáinandsamtchí:s sóltidó:lmondzorpí:natsplí:z/ /wótwudiuláiktustá:rtwiη/ /aiθiηkailhæ´vtchíkinsú:pplí:z/ /wótwiliuhæ´vtufólou/ /ailhæ´vrámpstéik/potéitoutchipsande míkstsælad/ /kudiugetmianáδernáifδiswanizdé:rti/
¿Puedecargarmeéstoenmicuentadelhotel? Habitación2105
/kudiupá.smiδesó:ltplí:z/ /aidláiktuhæ´veglá:sofsoudawóter/ /wudiuláiksámθiηtudríηkwáin,bíarore sóftdríηk/ /kanaihæ´vedrá:ftbíarplí:z/ /háudiuwóntio:rmí:t/diuwóntitréar,mí: diumorwéldán/ /aiwóntitwéldánplí:z/ /wótwiliuhæ´vfordizért/ /aidláiktuó.rderefrú:tsæ´lad /kudaihæ´vsamkófi:/ /wudiuláiksamlikiuar/skótch/tchéri/ amarétou/ /kudiubríηmiδebíl/tchékplí:z/ /airíaliendllóidδemí:l/itwozvérigudindí:d/
¿Podríapasarmelasal,porfavor?
/θæ´ηkiuvérimatch/iukankí:pδetchéidll/
Muchísimasgracias.Puedeconservarelvuelto. Hastaluego.
CanItakealookatthemenu? Wouldyoulikeanappetizer? I´llhaveaglassofwhitewineandsomecheese, saltedalmondsorpeanuts,please Whatwouldyouliketostartwith? IthinkI´llhavechickensoup,please Whatwillyouhavetofollow? I´llhaverumpsteak,potatochipsandamixedsalad Couldyougetmeanotherknife? Thisoneisdirty. Couldyoupassmethesalt,please? I´dliketohaveaglassofsodawater Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?Wine,beerora softdrink? CanIhaveadraughtbeerplease? Howdoyouwantyourmeat?Doyouwantitrare, mediumorwell-done? Iwantitwelldoneplease. Whatwillyouhavefordessert? I´dliketoorderafruitsalad. CouldIhavesomecoffee? Wouldyoulikesomeliqueur?Scotch,cherry, amaretto? Couldyoubringmethebill/check,please? Ireallyenjoyedthemeal.Itwasverygoodindeed. Thankyouverymuch.Youcankeepthechange. Goodbye.
¿Aquéhoracomienzanaservirelalmuerzo/la cena?
¿Puedomirarelmenú? ¿deseaunaperitivo? Meserviréunacopadevinoblancoyqueso, almendrassaladasomaní,porfavor ¿Conquédesearíacomenzar? Creoquemeserviréunasopadepollo,porfavor ¿Quéseserviráacontinuación? Meserviréuntrozodelomo,papasfritasyuna ensaladamixta ¿Mepodríatraerotrocuchillo?Esteestásucio.
Desearíaservirmeunvasodesoda. ¿Desearíaalgoparabeber?Vino,cervezaouna gaseosa? Podríaservirmeunacervezadebarril,porfavor? ¿Cómoquierelacarne.Laquiereapunto,regular obiencocida? Laquierobiencocida,porfavor. ¿Quéseservirádepostre? Desearíaordenarunaensaladadefruta. ¿Podríaservirmeuncafé? ¿Desearíaunbajativo?Whisky,cognac,amareto? ¿Mepodríatraerlacuenta,porfavor? Realmentedisfrutelacomida.Fuemuybuenaen verdad.
Remember:
Recuerde:
1. Whatdoyouwantto.(eat,etc..)? Whatwouldyouliketo.(drink,etc...)?
1. ¿QuéquiereUd.(comer,etc.)? ¿QuédesearíaUd.(beber,etc)?
2. Howdoyouwantyour...(tea,etc.)? Howwouldyoulikeyour...(steak,etc)?
2. ¿CómoquiereUdsu(té,etc.)? ¿CómodesearíaUdsu(bife,etc.)?
3. Iwanttohave...(abeer,asandwich,etc.) I´dliketohave...(somemoretea,etc). CanIhave...(anotherwhisky,etc.).? Couldyougetme...(thebill,etc.)? I´dliketoorder...(chickenandrice,etc.)
3. Quieroservirme...(unacerveza,unsandwich,etc) Desearíaservirme...(mástea,etc) ¿Puedoservirme...(otrowhisky,etc.)? ¿Mepodríatraer...(lacuenta,etc)? Desearíapedir...(polloconarroz,etc)
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¿Hayunamesaenlazonanofumadores,cerca delaventana?
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Restaurants:Usefulvocabulary(Restaurantes:Vocabularioutil) Waiter/wéiter/ Menu/méniu/ Breakfast/brékfast/ Lunch/lántch/ Supper/sáper/ Dinner/díner/ Snack/snæk/ Chef/tchef/ Check,bill/tchek,bil/ Tip/tip/ Change/tcheindll/
Garzón Carta,menú Desayuno Almuerzo Cenaliviana Cena Refrigerio Maestrodecocina Cuenta Propina Vuelto,cambio
BREAKFAST/brékfast/ Baconandeggs/béikonanégz/ Boiledeggs/bóildégz/ Bread/bréd/ Breadandbutter/brédanbáter/ Coffee/kófi/ Cornflakes/kó:rnfleiks/ Friedeggs/fráidégz/ Ham/hæm/ Hamandeggs/hæmanégz/ Jam/dllæm/ Marmalade/mármeléid/ Milk/milk/ Poachedeggs/póutchtégz/ Scrambledeggs/skrámbldégz/ Tea/tí:/ Toast/tóust/ Wholemealbread/hóulmi:lbréd/
DESAYUNO Huevoscontocino Huevosduros Pan Panconmantequilla Café Cereales Huevosfritos Jamón Jamónconhuevos Mermelada(dulce) Mermelada(cítrico) Leche Huevosfritosenagua Huevosrevueltos Té Tostada Paanintegral
LUNCH/DINNER:/lántch/díner/ Dessert/dezé:rt/ Frenchdressing/fréntchdrésiη/ Fruit/frú:t/ horsd’oeuvres/o:rdá:vre/ maincourse/méinkó:rs/ Mayonnaise/máioneiz/ Salad/sælad/ Sauce/só:s/ Soup/su:p/ Starter/stá:rter/
ALMUERZO/CENA Postre Aliñofrancés Fruta Entremeses Platodefondo Mayonesa Ensalada Salsa Sopa Entrada
MEATS:/mí:ts/ Beef/bí:f/ Chicken/tchiken/ Chops/tchops/ Duck/dák/ Filletsteak/fílitstéik// Lamb/læm/ Meatballs/mí:tbo:lz/ Mutton/mátn/
CARNES Vacuno Pollo Chuletas Pato Filete Corderolechón Albóndigas Cordero
FISHANDSEAFOOD Abalone/abalóuni/ Cod/kod/ Cuttlefish/kátlfish/ Herring/hériη/ King-crab/kiηkræb/ Lobster/lóbster/ Mussels/máslz/ Octopus/óktopas/ Oysters/óisterz/ Prawns/pró:nz/ Salmon/sá:mon/ Sardine/sa:rdí:n/ Scallops/skælops/ Sea-urchin/sí:é:rtchin/ Shrimps/shrimps/ sole,plaice/sóul,pléis/ Squid/skuid/ Trout/tráut/ tunafish/tú:nafish/
PESCADOSYMARISCOS Loco Bacalao Jibia Arenque Centolla Langosta Cholgas pulpo Ostras Gambas Salmón Sardina Ostiones Erizo Langostinos Lenguado calamar Trucha Atún
BEVERAGES,DRINKS: Alcoholicdrink/alkohólikdrink/ Beer/bíar/ Bitter/bíter/ Brandy/brændi/ Champagne/shampéin/ Fruitjuice/fru:tdllu:s/ Herbaltea/hé:rbaltí:/ Icedtea/áisttí:/ Lager/lá:ger/ Lemontea/lémontí:/ Lemonade/lémoneid/ Liqueur/líke:r/ Milk/milk/ Mineralwater/míneralwóter/ Redwine/rédwáin/ Rosé/rouzéi/ Shandy/shændi/ Softdrink/softdrink/ Tea/tí:/ Whisky/wiski/ Whitewine/wáitwáin/
BEBIDAS,TRAGOS Bebidaalcohólica Cerveza Cervezainglesa(amarga) Coñac Champaña Jugodefrutas Aguadehierbas Téhelado Cervezarubia(pílsener) Téconlimón Limonada Licor Leche Aguamineral Vinotinto VinoRosado Cervezaconorange Gaseosa Tea Whisky Vinoblanco
VEGETABLES:/védlletablz/ Artichoke/á:rtitchouk/ Asparragus/aspárragas/ Avocado/ævoká:dou/ Brusselssprouts/bráselsspráuts/ Cabbage/kábidll/ Carrot/kárrot/ Celery/séleri/
VERDURAS Alcachofa Espárragos Palta Bruselas Repollo Zanahoria Apio
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Pork/pó:rk/ Ribs/ribz/ Roastbeef/róusbí:f/ Rumpsteak/rámpstéik/ Sirloinsteak/sé:rloinstéik/ T-bone/tí:bóun/ Turkey/té:rki/ Veal/ví:l/
Cerdo Costillas Rosbif Lomo Lomovetado Entrecot Pavo Ternera
HOWMEATISCOOKED Mediumtorare/mí:diumturéar/ Rare/réar/ Welldone/wéldán/
COCCIÓNDECARNES Regular,casiapunto Apunto Biencocido
HOWFOODISPREPARED Bakedcake/béiktkéik/ Boiledeggs/bóildegz/ Broiledchicken/bróildtchiken/ Chilledwine/tchíldwáin/ Choppedfruit/tchóptfrú:t/ Friedfish/fráidfish/ Gratedcheese/gréitidtchí:z/ Grilledsteak/grildstéik/ Groundcoffee/gráundkófi/ Icedtea/áisttí:/ Meltedsugar/méltidshúgar/ Mincedmeat(mínstmí:t/ Mixedsalad/míkstsálad/ Poachedeggs/póutchtégz/ Roastbeef/róustbí:f/ Slicedbread/sláistbréd/ Smokedsalmon/smóuktsá:mon/ Steamedfish/stí:mdfish/ Stewedbeef/stiu:dbí:f/ Stuffedturkey/stáftté:rki/ Whippedcream/wiptkrí:m/
COMOESTAPREPARADA LACOMIDA Quequehorneado Huevoscocidos Polloalospiedo Vinohelado Frutapicada Pescadofrito Quesorallado Bifealaparrilla Caféengranomolido Téhelado Azucarderretida Carnemolida Ensaladamixta Huevosescalfados Vacunoasado Panrebanado Salmónahumado Pescadoalvapor Bifeestofado Pavorelleno Cremabatida
MISCELLANEOUS Ashtray/æshtrei/ Beerglass/bíargla:s/ Bottleofwine/bótlovwáin/ Bottleopener/bótlóupner/ Breadknife/brédnaif/ Butterdish/báterdish/ Cruet/kru:it/ Cup/káp/ Dessertspoon/dezértspu:n/ Fork/fórk/ Goblet/góblit/ Jug/dllág/ Knife/náaif/ Lighter/láiter/ Match/mætch/
MISCELANEO Cenicero Vasoparacerveza Botelladevino Abridordebotella Cuchilloparapan Mantequillera Alcuza Taza Cucharaparapostre Tenedor Copa Jarro Cuchillo Encendedor Fósforo
Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
Corn/kó:rn/ Cucumber/kíukumber/ Greenbeans/grí:nbí:nz/ Leek/lí:k/ Lettuce/létis/ Mushrooms/máshrumz/ Peas/pí:z/ Potato/potéitou/ Redpepper/réd/grí:npéper/ Tomato/tomá:tou//toméitou/
Maíz Pepino Porotosverdes Puerro Lechuga Champiñones Arvejas Papa Pimientorojo Tomate
FRUIT/frú:t/ DESSERTS/dizé:rts/ Apple/æpl/ Apricot/éiprikot//éiprikot/ Banana/baná:na/ Blackberry/blæberi/ Cake/kéik/ Cherry/tchéri/ Chocolatemousse/tcóklitmu:z/ Grapefruit/gréipfrut/ Grapes/gréips/ Icecream/áiskrí:m/ Melon/mélon/ Mints/mints/ Orange/órindll/ Peach/pí:tch/ Pear/péar/ Pineapple/páinápl/ Plum/plám/ Raspberry/rázberi/ Redcurrant/redkúrant/ Scone/skóun/ Strawberry/stró:beri/ Sweets/sui:ts/ Watermelon/wótermelon/ Yoghourt/ióga:rt/
FRUTA POSTRES Manzana Damasco Plátano Mora Torta Guinda Musdechocolate Pomelo uvas Helado Melón Bombonesdementa Naranja Durazno Pera Piña Ciruela Frambuesa Grosella Bollo Frutilla Pastilla Samdía Yogurt
HOWFOODTASTES Bitter/bíter/ Hot/hot/ Salty/só:lti/ Sour/sáuer/ Spicy/spáisi/ Sweet/sui:t/
SABORES Amargo Picante Salado Agrio Condimentado Dulce
SPICES/spáisiz/ Bayleaf/béilí:f/ Chillipepper/tchilipéper/ Cinnamon/sínamon/ Garlic/gá.rlik/
CONDIMENTOS Laurel Ají Canela Ajo
Mug/mág/ Napkin/næpkin/ Placemat/pléismæt/ Plate/pléit/ Saucer/só:ser/ Soupbowl/sú:pbóul/ Sugarbowl/shúgarbóul/ Tablecloth/téiblkloθ/ Tablespoon/téiblspu:n/ Teaspoon/tí:spun/ Tinopener/tinóupner/ Tumbler/támbler/ Wineglass/wáingla:s/
Tazón Servilleta Individual Plato Platillo Platoparasopa Azucarero Mantel Cucharaparasopa Cucharadeté Abrelatas Vasoparagaseosas Vasoparaelvino
Ginger/dllíndller/ Ketchupkétchap/ Mustard/másta:rd/ Parsley/pá:rsli/ Pepper/péper/ Salt/só:lt/ Thyme/táim/
Genjibre Ketchup Mostaza Perejil Pimienta Sal Tomillo
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D. Howtogettoplaces(comollegaralugares) Haveyougot/DoyouhaveamapofLondon? Iwanttogotothecathedral.Couldyoushowmethe wayplease? Excuseme.Where´sthepostoffice,please?
/haviugot/diuhævemæpovlándon/ /aiwónttugóutuδekaθídrl.Kaniushóumi δewéipli:z/ /ikskiú:zmiwéarzδepóustófisplí:z/
Couldyoutellmewherethebankis,please?
/kudiutélmewéarδebæηkizplí:z/
Excuseme.Doyouknowwherethestationis, please? Excuseme,canyoutellmethewaytothepark, please? Excuseme,howdoIgettothemuseum? Lookatthemap.Wearehere,outsidethestation.Go straightaheaduntilyoucometothebridge.
/ikskiu:zmi/diunóuwéarδestéishnizplí:z/
Youhavetotakebus44hereandgetoffatthe RailwayStation. Walkalongthisstreetasfarasthetrafficlights. Turnleftatthenextcornerandwalkdownthestreet fortwoblocks. Takethethirdturningontherightandthenwalkfor about40meters. It´snotveryfar.Drivealongthisroadtillyoucometo ClarkAvenue.Thenturnrightandyou´llseethetower attheendoftheroad.
/iuhæftutéikbásfó:rtifóarandgetófatδe réilweistéishn/ /wó:kalóηδisstrí:tasfá:rasδetræfikláits/ /té:rnléftatδenékstkó:rnerandwó:kdáun δestrí:tfortú:blóks/ /téikδeθé:rdté:rniηonδeráitandδénwó:k forabáutfó:rtimí:terz/ /itsnótverifá:r/dráivaloηδisróudtiliukám tuklá:rkáveniu/δenté:rnráitandiulsí:δe táueratδiéndovδeróud/
SorryIdon´tknow.I´mastrangerheremyself.Aska policeman. ExcusemewhichbusdoIneedtotaketogotothe NationalArtGallery? Howfaristheairportfromhere? It´sabout20kilometers.Youneedtotakethetrain.
Excuseme,whereisthenearestunderground station? CanIwalk,ordoIhavetotakeabus?
/sóriaidóuntnóu/aimastréidllerhíar maisélf/á:skeplísman/ /ikskiu:smi/witchbásduainí:dtutéikto góutuδenæ´shionalá:rtgæleri/ /haufá:rizδiéarpó:rtfromhíar/ /itsabáuttwéntikiloumí:terz/iuní:dtutéik δetréin/ /ikskiú:smidázδisbásgotuδestéidium/ /plí:ztéikmituδióksfordhoutélinpá:rkstrí: t/ /ikskiu:smiwéarzδeníarestándergráund stéishn/ /kanaiwó:korduainí:dtutéikebás/
Excuseme,istherearestaurantnearhere? Yes,there´soneinBridgeStreet.,oppositethe cinema. Whattimedothebanksopen? Whattimedobusesstartrunning? Whattimedotheshopsclose? DoesthesupermarketopenonSunday?
/ikskiú:zmi/izδereréstorantníarhíar/ Iés/δéarzwaninbridllstrí:t,ópositδe sínema/ /wóttáimduδebæηksóupen/ /wóttáimdubásizstá:rtrániη/ /wóttaimduδeshópsklóuz/ /dázδesupermá:rkitóupnonsándi/
Excuseme,doesthisbusgotothestadium? Please,takemetotheOxfordHotel,inParkStreet.
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/ikskiu:zmi/kaniutélmiδewéituδepá: rkplí:z/ /ikskiu:zmi/háuduaigéttuδemiu:zíam/ /lukatδemæp/wia:rhíarautsáidδestéishn/ góustréitahédantiliukæmtuδebrídll/
¿TieneUd.unmapadeLondres? DeseoiralaCatedral.¿Podríaindicarmeel camino,porfavor? Perdón.¿Dondeestálaoficinadecorreos, porfavor? ¿Podríadecirmedóndeestáelbanco,por favor? Perdón.¿SabeUd.dóndeestála estación,porfavor? Perdón.¿Podríaindicarmeelcaminoal parque,porfavor? Perdón.¿Cómollegoyoalmuseo? Mireelmapa.Estamosaquíafueradela estación.Sigaderechohaciaadelantehasta llegaralpuente Tienequetomarelbus44aquíybajarseen laestacióndeferrocarriles. Camineporestacalle,hastaelsemáforo. Doblealaizquierdaenlapróximaesquinay baje(poresacalle)doscuadras Tomelatercerabocacallealaderechay enseguidacamineunos40metros Noestámuylejos.Conduzcaporeste caminohastallegaralacalleClark. Enseguidadoblealaderechayverálatorre alfinaldelacalle Losiento.Nosé.Yotambiénsoyforastero aquí.Pregúnteleaunpolicía Perdón.¿Québusnecesitotomarparaira laNationalArtGallery? ¿Aquédistanciaestáelaeropuertodeaquí? Estaamásomenos20kms.Necesita tomareltren. Perdón.¿Vaestebusalestadio? Porfavor,llévemealHotelOxford,enlaCalle Park Perdón.¿Dóndeestálaestacióndemetro máspróxima? ¿Puedoirmeapié,otengoquetomarun bus? Perdón.¿Hayunrestaurantecercadeaquí? Sí.HayunoenlacalleBridge,frentealcine. ¿Aquéhoraabrenlosbancos? ¿Aquehoracomienzanacorrerlosbuses? ¿Aquéhoracierranlastiendas? ¿Abreelsupermercadolosdomingos?
Usefulvocabulary(vocabularioutil) City,/síti/ciudad Town/táun/pueblo Street/strí:t/calle Pavement,/péivment/vereda(Br) Sidewalk/saidwó:k/vereda(US) Busstop/basstóp/paradadebuses UndergroundStation(Br)/ándergráund stéishn/estacióndemetro SubwayStation(US)/sábweistéishn/ estacióndemetro RailwayStation/réilweistéishn/estaciónde trenes Airport/éarpó:rt/aeropuerto Square/skuéar/plaza Trafficlights/træfikláits/semáforo Park/pá:rk/parque
Building/bíldiη/edificio Hotel/houtél/hotel Lift/lift/ascensor(Br) Elevator/elevéitor/ascensor(US) Restaurant/réstorant/resturant Store/Shop/stóar/shop/tienda ShoppingcentreCentrocomercial ShoppingmallCentrocomercial Library/láibreari/biblioteca Museum/miu:zíam/museo Park/pá:rk/parque Hospital/hóspitl/hospital
Supermarket/supermá:kit/supermercado Departmentstore/dipá:rmentstóar/ Tiendadedepartamente Bookstore/bukstó:r/librería bookshop/buk/shop/librería Postoffice/póustófis/OficinadeCorreos Policestation/polísstéishn/Cuarteldepolicia Cinema/sínema/cine Theater/θíater/teatro Nightclub/náitklab/clubnocturno
Remember:
Recuerde:
1. HowdoIgetto... Couldyoutellmethewayto... Couldyoushowthewayto...?
1. ¿Cómollegoa...? ¿Podríaindicarmeelcaminoa...?
2. Doyouknowwherethe...is,please? Canyoutellmewherethe...is,please?
2. ¿SabeUDdóndeestála...porfavor? ¿Puededecirmedóndeestála...porfavor?
3. Whereisthe...please?. Whereisthenearest...please?
3. ¿Dóndeestála...porfavor? ¿Dóndeestala...máscercana,porfavor?
4. WhichbusdoIneedtotaketogotothe...?
4. ¿Cuálbusnecesitotomarparaira...?
5. Whattimedothe...s.open/close? Whattimedoesthe...open/close?
5. ¿Aquéhoraabren/cierranlas...? ¿Aquéhoraabre/cierrael/la...?
6. Howfaristhe...fromhere?
6. ¿Aquédistanciaestáel/la...deaquí?
7. Ineedtobuya/some...?Istherea...nearhere?
7. Necesitocomprarun/algunos... Hayun/una...cercadeaquí
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E. Atthestation/airport(enlaestacion/aeropuerto) /kanaihaviorpá:spo:rtplí:z/ /wótsiorlæstnéimplí:zkaniuspélit plí:z/ CanIseeyourticket? /kanaisí:ió:rtíkit/ IwantatickettoMilan /aiwóntetíkettumilán/ HowmuchisasingletickettoNaples?Howmuchisa /háumátchizesíngltíkittunéiplz//háu returntickettoLyon? mátchizaritérntíkittulión/
¿Puedemostramesupasaporteporfavor? ¿Cuálessuapellido?¿Puededeletrearlopor favor? ¿Puedoversuboleto? QuierounticketaMilán ¿CuántocuestaunboletosimpleaNápoles? ¿Cuántocuestaunboletodeidayvueltaa Lyon? Howmuchisthebustickettothezoo? /háumátchisδebástíkittuδezú:/ ¿Cuántocuestaelpasajedebusalzoo? Isitadirectjourney/flight? /izitadiréktdllérni/fláit/ ¿Esunviaje/vuelodirecto? Howlongdoesthejourney/flighttake? ¿Cuántotiempoduraelviaje/vuelo? /háulóηdazδedllérni/fláittéik/ Whattimedoesthetrain/planeleave? /wottáimdazδetréin/pléinlí:v/ ¿Aquéhorasaleeltren/avión? Whattimedoesthetrain/plane/getthere? /wottáimdazδetréin/pléingetδéar/ ¿Aquéhorallegaeltren/aviónallá? Whichplatform/gatedoesitleavefrom? /witchplátform/géitdazitlí:vfrom/ ¿Desdecuálandén/puertasale? HowlongdoesittaketogettoBudapest? /háuloηdazitteiktogettubudapést/ ¿CuántosedemoraenllegaraBudapest? Whattimedoweneedtocheckin? /wóttáimduwiní:sdtutchekín/ ¿Aquéhoranecesitamospresentarnos? Dotheyservelunchonboard? ¿Sirvenalmuerzoabordo? /duδeisé:rvlántchonbó:rd/ CanIhaveaseatbythewindow? /kanaihævesí:tbaiδewíndou/ ¿Puede darme un asiento al lado de la ventana? Iwantaseatinthenonsmokingarea /aiwóntesí:tinδenonsmóukiηéaria/ Deseounasientoenlazonadenofumadores Thesearemysuitcases Estassonmismalaetas /δí:za:rmaisutkéisiz/ Pleasecarrymysuitcaseswithcare /plí:zkærimaisutkéisizwiδkéar/ Porfavortransportemismaletasconcuidado Iwillcarrythishandbagmyself. /aiwilkæriδishændbægmaisélf/ Yomismotransportaréesebolsodemano Whereistheluggage/baggageclaim? /wéarizδelágidll/bæ´gidllkléim/ ¿Dóndeestálaentregadeequipaje? Ihavenothingtodeclare Notengonadaparadeclarar /aihævnáθiηtudikléar/ HowmanybottlescanItakewithme? /háuménibótlzkanaitéikwiδmí:/ ¿Cúantasbotellaspuedollevarconmigo? DoIhavetopaysalestax/customsduties? /duaihævtupeiseiltaks/diútiz/ ¿DebopagarIVA/derechosaduaneros? Isthereaduty-freeshophere? ¿HayunatiendalibredeIVAaquí? /izδerediu:tifrí:shophíar/ Whereisthebar?/restaurant? /wéarzδebá:r/restorant/ ¿Dóndeestáelbar/restaurante? Arewelanding/arrivingsoon? ¿Estamosaterrizando/llegandopronto? /á:rwilændiη/aráiviηsú:n/ We´relanding/arrivinginafewminutes. /wia:rlændiη/aráiviηinefiu:minits/ Estamosaterrizando/llegandodentrodeunos pocosminutos. Pleaseremainseateduntiltheplane/trainhasstopped. /plí:zriméinsí:tidantil δepléin/tréinhaz Porfavormanténgasesentadohastaqueel stópt/ avión/trensehayadetenido. Pleaseputyourcigaretteoutnow. /plí:zputio:rsigarétáutnau/ Porfavorapaguesucigarrilloahora. Fastenyourseatbelt,foldthetableandputthebackof /fá:snio:rsí:tbélt/fóuldδetéiblandputδe Ajustesucinturón,doblelamesitayenderece yourseatintheuprightposition. bækovio:rsí:tinδiapráitposíshn/ elrespaldodesuasiento Wehopeyou´veenjoyedyourtrip/flight /wihóupiuvindllóidio:rtrip/fláit/ Esperamosquehayadisfrutadosuviaje/vuelo CanIhaveyourpassport,please? What´syourlastname.Canyouspellitplease?
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F.Shopping(decompras) Ilikethis/thatwatch/jacket. CanIseeit? CanItryiton? Howmuchisit?/Howmuchdoesitcost? Doyouhavealarger/smallersize? Ilikethese/thoseglasses/shoes. CanIseethem? CanItrythemon? Howmucharethey?/Howmuchdotheycost?
/ailáikδis/δætwótch/dllákit/ /kanaisí:it/ /kanaitráiitón/ /háumátchizit/háumátchdazitkóst/ /diuhævelárdller/smólersáiz/ /ailáikδí:z/δóuzglá:siz/shú:z/ /kanaisí:δem/ /kanaitráiδemón// /háumátchá:r δei/háumátchdu δei kóst/ CanIpaybycreditcard? /kanaipéibaikréditká:rd/ CanIpaywithAmericanmoney/USdollars /kan ai péi wiδ amérikan máni /iú: és dólarz/ Idon´tlikethecolo(u)r.Doyouhaveadifferentcolo(u)r? /aidóuntláik δekólor/diuhævedífrent kólor/ Whatsizedoyoutake? /wótsáizdiuték/ I want to buy a present for my wife. Can you show me /aiwónttubáieprezentformaiwáif/kan something? iushóumisámθiη/ Isitmadeofleather/plastic/wool/cotton/gold/silver? /izitméidofléδer/plástik/wu:l/kóton /góuld/sílver Pleasekeepthisreceipt.We´llsendtheitemstotheplane. /plí:zkí:p δisrisí:t/wíwilsénd δiáitmz tuδepléin/ Howmuchisthiswatch? /háumátchizδiswotch/ Howmucharethosegloves? /háumátcha:rδouzglávz/
Megustaestereloj/esachaqueta ¿Puedoverlo/a? ¿Puedoprobármelo/a? ¿Cuántovale?¿Cuántocuesta? ¿Tieneunatallamásgrande/máschica? Megustansestoslentes/esoszapatos ¿Puedoverlos/verlas? ¿Puedoprobármelos/las? ¿Cuántovalen?¿Cuántocuestan? ¿Puedopagarcontarjetadecrédito? ¿Puedo pagar con dinero norteamericano /dólares? No me gusta el color. ¿Tiene Ud. un color diferente? ¿QuétallatieneUd.? Quierocomprarunregaloparamiesposa.¿Puede mostrarmealgo? ¿Estáhechodecuero/plástico/lana/algodón /oro/plata? Porfavor,guardeesterecibo.Leenviaremoslos artículosalavión ¿Cuántovaleestereloj? ¿Cuántovalenesosguantes?
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UNIT21 ASSESSMENTTEST (PruebadeEvaluaciónFinal) INSTRUCCIONESGENERALES 1.-Estapruebaconstade2partes: A.-LISTENTINGPART(ParteAudioEscrita) B.-READINGPART(ParteEscrita) 2.-Usteddeberátenersu QUESTIONBOOKLET(CuadernillodePreguntas)ysuANSWERSHEET (HojadeRespuestas) sobresuescritorio,antesdecomenzarlaprueba. 3.-ParacontestarlaspreguntasdelaLISTENTINGPART (ParteAudioEscrita), Preguntas1-50,usteddeberásolicitara
otrapersona(enloposibleunprofesordeinglésounapersonaquetengabuendominiodeeseidioma),quelelealas preguntasqueaparecenenelEXAMINER´STEXT(TextodelparaelExaminador).Elexaminadordeberáleer2veces cadaunadelaspreguntas. 4.- Para contestar las preguntas 51 a 120 de la READING PART (Parte Escrita) usted cuenta con tiempo maximo de 35 minutos. 5.- Una vez que haya contestado las 120 preguntas, compruebe sus respuestas con la ANSWER KEY (Clave de Respuestas)ycuenteelnúmeroderespuestascorrectasobtenidas.Enseguidacalculesupuntajefinalsegúnlapauta dadaacontinuación:
PautadeEvaluación Scoring(Puntaje):
ListeningPart:50% ReadingPart:50% OverallScore:100%
Yourscorex1/0=______% Yourscorex5/7=______% Youroverallscore:=______%
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BASICENGLISHGRAMMARSTRUCTURESANDVOCABULARY ASHORTCOURSEINENGLISHFORADULT ASSESSMENTTEST1 QUESTIONBOOKLET(CuadernillodePreguntas) A.LISTENINGPART Instruccionesparalaspreguntas1-15.Ud.oiráoracionesincompletas.EncadacasoUd.deberáelegirlaalternativaA, B,C,oD,quecompleteenmejorformalaoraciónleídaporelexaminador.Unavezelegidalaalternativacorrecta,Ud. deberáconsignarla,marcandounaXsobrelaletracorrespondiente,ensuHOJADERESPUESTAS.Noescribaeneste cuadernillo 1.
A.whoPetersentMarylastweek. BwhomPetersentMarylastweek. C.whichPetersentMarylastweek, D.whosePetersentMarylastweek.
9.
A.alittlebored. B.quitebusyatthemoment. C.veryillnow. D.toolaterightnow.
2.
A.opensthedoornow. B.istryingtoopenthedoornow. C.havejustopenedthedoor. D.wantsopenthedoornow.
10.
A.toomuchdifficultforhim. B.toodifficultforhim. C.somuchdifficultforhim. D.afewdifficultforhim.
3.
A.canbetherenow. B.werethereearlier. C.willbethereontime. D.hadtobethereveryquickly.
11.
A.canseeadoctortoday. B.mayseeadoctortoday. C.oughttoseeadoctortoday. D.mightseeadoctortoday.
4.
A.knowhernewaddress. B.wouldknowhernewaddress. C.knewhernewaddress. D.shouldknowhernewaddress.
12.
A.anywherethatday. B.everywherethatday. C.nowherethatday. D.somewherethatday.
5.
A.wasbeenstolen. B.wasstealing. C.hadstolen. D.hadbeenstolen.
13.
A.arebettertogobytaxi. B.shouldtogobytaxi. C.wouldrathergobytaxi. D.hadbettergobytaxi.
6.
A.healwaysworkshard. B.heoftenworkshard. C.heseldomworkshard. D.heworkshardasarule.
14.
A.won’tbeallowedtoseeitwell, B.won’tbeabletoseeitwell. C.won’tcanseeitwell. D.won’tbepossibletoseeitwell
7.
A.haddinnerthatevening. B.arehavingdinnerthatevening. C.havebeenhavingdinnerthatevening. D.werehavingdinnerthatevening.
15.
A.givehimyourmessage. B.willgivetohimyourmessage C.amgoingtogivehimyourmessage D.giveyourmessagetohim
8.
A.“Howexpensiveitis!” B.“Whatexpensiveitis!” C.“Howexpensivewatchisit!” D.“Whatexpensivewatchisit!”
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Instruccionesparalaspreguntas16-30.Ud.oiráoracionescompletasestavez.DespuésdecadaoraciónU¡.oiráuna preguntaydeberáelegirlaalternativaA,B,C,0D.quelacontesteenmejorforma.unavezelegidalaalternativacorrecta deberáconsignarla,marcandounaXsobrelaletracorrespondiente,ensuHOJADERESPUESTAS,Noescribaeneste cuadernillo. 16.
A.Onhiswaytotheoffice. B.Laterintheday. C.Awayfromtheoffice. D.Atonce.
17.
A.Hewasawayalmostallday, B.Hewasworkingathomeallday. C.Hewasrestingallday. D.Hewasawayalldaylong,
18.
A.Didn’tforget. B.Didn’tcaremuch. C.Didn’tmakeadecision. D.Didn’tremember.
19.
A.Hehadnotimetotravel. B.Hedidn’tlikehotelsverymuch. C.Hewantedtosavemoney. D.Hewouldmisshisfamily.
20.
A.Apoliteperson. B.Akindperson. C.Adullperson. D.Asociableperson.
21.
A.Hehasn’tstudiedherwell. B.Hedoesn’tseehersooften. C.He’sonlyseenheronceortwice. D.Hehasn’ttoldusmuchabouther.
22.
A.She’llcalltheroll. B.She’llringthemup. C.She’llshowthemamap. D.She’llgoandseethem.
23.
A.Becausetheyliketherain. B.Becausetheylikeshopping. C.Becauseit’sabusylittletown. D.Becauseit’saquietandpleasantplace.
24.
A.Herememberedhehadafriend. B.Hevisitedafriendhehadmetattheairport. C.Hestayedinthegardenallmorning. D.Hedrovetotheairporttopickupafriend.
25.
A.Hehastodecidewhattodosoon. B.Hemustordersomeonetodothejob. C.Hehastoworkintheeveningstoo D.Hemustfinishthejobsometime.
26.
A.Theyarealittleyounger. B.Theyare10yearsaltogether. C.Theyare12yearsold, D.Theyareadifferentage.
27.
A.Theyhaddinnerattherestaurant. B.Theywentsomewhereelsetogether. C.Theyattendedameetingattheclub. D.Theydecidedtogohomeearly.
28.
A.Thereweretoomanypeoplethere. B.Theweatherwasawful. C.Itwasaverycrowdedplace. D.Theymetpeopleandwentonsightseeingtours.
29.
A.Hewantedtotakeawalk. B.Thebuseswerecrowdedatthattime C.Hewantedtogethomemoresafely. D.Hepreferredtogohomebytaxi.
30.
A.Theygotherefromtimetotime. B.Theygotherewhentheyhavetime. C.Theygotherewhentheywanttohavefun. D.Theygothereonlywhentheweather’sfine.
Instruccionesparalaspreguntas31-40.Ud.oiráoracionescompletasy,encadacaso,deberáelegirlaalternativaA,B, C,oD.queten-gaelsignificadomásparecidoalaoraciónleídaporelexaminador.Unavezquehayaelegidolaalternativa correctadeberáconsignarlaensuHOJADERESPUESTAS,Noescribaenestecuadernillo. 31
A.Hehatestobeathomeduringtheday. B.He’shappywhenhecanstayathomeallday. C.Hedoesn’tfeellikegoingouttoday. D.He’dbetterstayathomealldaytoday.
32,
A.Hecametoliveinthishouseveryrecently. B.Helivedinthishouseuntilrecently. C,Hebecameaccustomedtolivinginthishousequickly. D.Heusedallhismoneyquicklywhilehewaslivingthere.
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33,
A.Hecouldnothelpatthereception. B.Heshouldhavegonetothereception. C.Hewasn’tallowedtoattendthereception. D.Hewasn’tabletogotothereception.
34.
A.Marytouchedhimassoonasshesawhim. B.Marywasverysurprisedtoseehimsosoon. C.Marytelephonedhimaftershegotthere. D.Marywaswelcomedbyhimattherailwaystation.
35.
A.Paulistooyoungtogoabroadalone. B.Paulistooyoungtohavethatkindoftrouble. C.Paulcan’ttravelbecausehedoesn’thaveenoughtime. D,Paulisn’ttallenoughtodrivethecarhimself.
36.
A.Theydidn’tacceptHarry’sinvitationbecauseitwascold. B,Theydidn’teateverythingbecausethefoodwascold. C,Itwasn’twarmenoughinside,sotheyatequicklyandlefttheplace. D.Theydidn’tlikethemealHarryservedbecauseitwasnotwarm.
37.
A.Roberttelephonedthentogivethemtheneworders B.Robertcalledthemuptotellthemwhathadhappened. C.Roberttelephonedtheminagivenorder. D.Robertcalledtogivethemaneworder.
38.
A.Harrydoesn’tknowthatareaverywell. B.Thatareaneverappearsonthemaps. C.Itdoesn’tsnowveryofteninthatpartofthecountry. D.Theweatherinwinterisnotveryniceinthearea.
39.
A.Theyalreadyknewhowtorepaircarsinthosedays. B.Theyworkedinagarageinthosedays. C.Theyusedtohavetwocarsinthosedays. D.Theyhaveusedthatcarforalongtime.
40.
A.Shedideverythingcorrectly. B.Shedideverythingimmediately. C.Shedideverythingascarefullyaspossible. D.Shedideverythingfollowingtheinstructions.
Instruccionesparalaspreguntas41-50.Elexaminadorleeráunahistoria.Escucheatentamente.Enseguidaoirápreguntas relativasaltextoleído.Encadacaso,deberáelegirlaalternativaA,B,C,oD.querespondaenmejorformalapregunta.Unavez quehayaelegidolaalternativacorrecta,deberáconsignarlaensuHOJADERESPUESTAS,Noescribaenestecuadernillo. 41.
A.Becausethey´dbeenfriendsformanyyears. B.Shewantedhimtoadviseherwheretogoonholiday. C.Shewantedtobuyanairticket. D.Shewantedtotravelabroadbyboat..
42.
A.Becausehewasgladtoseeheragain B.Becauseshetoldhimaboutherhusband´sdeath. C.Becausehenoticedshewasanoldladynow. D.BecauseshewantedtogobackBrightonnextsummer.
43.
A.AtahotelwhichamemberofthefamilyhadinBrighton. B.AtasummerhousetheyhadinthesouthofFrance. C.AtanicecheapguesthouseonthecoastinBritain.. D.AtanexpensivehotelnearParis. Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents
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44.
A.Becausetheywantedtheirchildrentostudyaforeignlanguage. B.Becausetheyknewtheyweregoingtohavegoodweatherthere. C.Becausethetravelagenttoldthemtheweatherwasnicerinthosecountries. D.Becauseitwasalotmoreconvenientforthemtogothereonholiday.
45.
A.TheGreenswentonholidayabroadforthelasttime. B.MrsGreen´shusbandpassedaway. C.Theydecidednottogoonholidayabroadanylonger. D.MrsGreenwenttohertravelagenttoinquireaboutcheaphotelsinPortugal.
46.
A.TovisitsomefriendsinPortugal. B.TogotoacheaphotelinItalyorSpain. C.TospendhersummerholidaysinBritain. D.Tospendhersummerholidaysabroad,asusual.
47.
A.ToahotelaPotuguesefriendhadinLisbon. B.Tothesamefamilyhotelsheusedstaywhenshewasyoung. C.ToaparticularholidayplaceinIndia. D.ToaniceandpleasantholidayresortinPotugal.
48.
A.BecausehewasnotexpectingtoseeMrsGreenthatday. B.BecausehethoughtMrsGreenhaddiedafewmonthsago. C.BecauseMrsGreenwasplanningtospendhersummerholidaysinAsia. D.Becausewantedtotakeatwo-weekpackagetourofIndia.
49.
A.Becauselotsofpeoplewerespendingtheirholidaystherethesedays. B.Becauseeverythingwasincludedinthefareandshewouldn´thavetoworryaboutanything. C.BecausethatwastheonlywaytovisitinterestingplacesinIndia. D.Becausehehappenedtohaveaguidebookandsomebrochurestoshowher.
50.
A.Becauseshedidn´tliketravelingwithotherpeople. B.Becauseshedidn´tlikepackagetoursverymuch. C.Becauseshewantedtoarrangeherholidayherselfandtravelcheaply. D.BecauseIndiawasanamazingcountry.
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B.READINGPART Instruccionesparalaspreguntas51–80.Encadaunadelasoracioneshayunoodosespaciosenblanco,elijalaalternativa A,B,C,oD.quelleneelolosespaciosenblancoenformacorrectay,enseguida,consignesuelecciónensuHOJADE RESPUESTAS,Noescribaenestecuadernillo, 51.Bob:__________youever_________Drambuie,José? José:No,never.ButIknowit’saverystrongliquor. A.Do–drank C.Will-drink B.Have-beendrunk D.Have-drunk 52.CaptainThomashasnotworked_________duringthelastthreemonths,soIdon’tthinkhe’llgetagoodreportfrom hissuperiors.. A.toogood C.hardenough B.toomany D.satisfactory 53.Whatisthe____________professionalexperienceyou’vehadinyourmilitarycareer? A.valuable C.hardest B.better D.mostgood 54.AssoonasIopenedthedoorandlookedinside,Inoticedthat______________apartythenightbeforebecause thereweredirtyplatesandglassesandemptybottlesallovertheplace.
A.therehadbeen C.theywerehaving B.therewere D.itwas
55._____________booksyou´vebroughtwithyou,Jack!Doyouthinkyou´llhavetimetoreadthemall?
A.Whatafew C.Whatalotof BHowinteresting D.Howmuch
56.Maryseemstobeaveryresponsibleperson.Shehasstudiedveryhard______________thissemester.She´llsurely getoneof____________marksinthefinalexamination.
A.since-thehigh B.during-thehighest
C.for-themosthighest D.along-thehigher
57.Rememberthatyouhavetoturnoffallthelights___________theoffice.John.
A.beforeleaving B.inordertoleaving
C.beforeyou’releaving D.beforetoleave
58.Youaregettingtoofat,Jim.Ithinkyou__________eatlessanddomorephysicalexercise.
A.mustto B.shouldto
C.wouldrather D.oughtto
59.__________didyouusetowriteto____________whenyouwereservingintheUnitedNationsPeacekeepingForces intheMiddleEast?
A.Howlong-yourfamily C.Howoften-them B.Howmanytimes–theirs D.Howmuchtime-yourfriends
60.MrMorrison__________thechildrentotheparkthatmorning,butherememberedthathe_________goandseea
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friendwhowasinhospital.
A.hadtaken–must B.wasgoingtotake-hadto
C.hadbeentaking–should D.wouldtake-wasallowed
61.Grandmother____________whenIwentouttodotheshoppingabouttwohoursagoandsheis__________asleep.. Don’tyouthinkIshouldgoandseeifsheisallright?
A.slept –also B.wassleeping–still
C.hasslept–already D.hadbeensleeping–yet
62.Thenumberofaccidentscausedbycarelessdrivers_____________duringthelasttwoyears,I’msurethestrict regulationstheMinistryofTransportimposedtwoyearsago___________theeffectseveryoneexpected.
A.aredecreasing-produce C.hasdecreased-areproducing B.aredecreased-willproduce D.havebeendecreasing-willbeproducing
63.Anilliteratepersonisaperson_______can’treadorwrite.Consequently,he_________consideredafullmemberof ourmodernsociety. A.whose-mustn´tbe C.whom-neverwasabletobe B.which-doesn’thavetobe D.who-willneverbe 64.I´mgoingto______________assoonasI____________thisafternoon.
A,givetohertheletter-willseeher B.givethelettertoher-seeher
C.givetheletterher-canseeher D.givehertheletter-amgoingtoseeher
65.MrsBrowntakesherchildrentothedentistonceortwice________
A.inayear B.bytheyear
C.ayear D.fortheyear
66.MrSmithisn’tintheofficeatthemoment.Hemustbe_________havinglunch________attendingameetingatthe ConferenceHall.
A.as- B.either-
as or
C.neither-nor D.both-and
67.Ican’tmovethisboxbymyselfbecauseit’s____________
A.veryheavy B.toomuchheavy
C.tooheavy D.notheavyenough
68.Johnandhisfriendsseldom_____________whenthey´reatworkbecausetheirbossisalwayskeepinganeyeon them.
A.aretalking B.havetalked
C.don´ttalk D.talk
69.Themanagertoldthesecretarytousethecomputer________havetheworkdonebeforemidday.
A.forto B.soto
C.sothat D.inorderto
70.Iftheyhadtakenallthenecessaryprecautions,theaccident_____________. 284
A.musthaveprevented B.cou