English grammar 1 - PDFCOFFEE.COM (2025)

BASIC฀ENGLISH฀GRAMMAR฀ STRUCTURES฀AND฀VOCABULARY฀ A฀SHORT฀COURSE฀IN฀ENGLISH฀FOR฀ADULT฀STUDENTS Prof.฀Juan฀Gmo.฀Moya฀Montaña

STUDENT´S฀NAME฀________________________________________

DEPARTAMENTO฀COMUNICACIONAL฀DEL฀EJÉRCITO

Este material ha sido preparado como una contribución para los alumnos de las Escuelas dependientes del Comando de Institutos y Doctrina y el Personal del Ejército de Chile -especialmente aquellos que se encuentran destinados en unidades alejadas- y que deseen actualizar y reforzar su dominio de las estructuras gramaticales del idioma inglés, incrementar su vocabulario y mejorar las estrategias comunicativas, mediante un trabajo personal.

Con mucho afecto y gratitud a la querida Institución, que me ha permitido servir con entusiasmo y crecer profesionalmente.

Prof. Juan Gmo. Moya Montaña Profesor de Inglés de la Academia de Guerra, la Academia Politécnica Militar, la Escuela Militar y la Escuela de Telecomunicaciones del Ejército de Chile. jmoyam@profing.tie.cl

Ejército de Chile Departamento Comunicacional Registro de Propiedad Intelectual N° 151.465 I.S.B.N. N° 956-7527-35-0 Impreso en los Talleres del Instituto Geográfico Militar

INDICE Pág •฀Prologo฀ _________________________________________________________________ 5 •฀Sugerencias฀Metodológicas฀________________________________________________ 7 •฀Table฀of฀Contents฀_________________________________________________________ 9฀ •฀Unit฀1฀__________________________________________________________________ 15 •฀Unit฀2฀__________________________________________________________________ 27 •฀Unit฀3฀__________________________________________________________________ 37 •฀Unit฀4฀__________________________________________________________________ 47 •฀Unit฀5฀__________________________________________________________________ 59 •฀Unit฀6฀__________________________________________________________________ 77 •฀Unit฀7฀__________________________________________________________________ 91 •฀Unit฀8฀_________________________________________________________________ 103 •฀Unit฀9฀_________________________________________________________________ 115 •฀Unit฀10฀________________________________________________________________ 127 •฀Unit฀11฀________________________________________________________________ 141 •฀Unit฀12฀________________________________________________________________ 157 •฀Unit฀13฀________________________________________________________________ 175 •฀Unit฀14฀________________________________________________________________ 191 •฀Unit฀15฀________________________________________________________________ 203 •฀Unit฀16฀________________________________________________________________ 215 •฀Unit฀17฀________________________________________________________________ 225 •฀Unit฀18฀________________________________________________________________ 237 •฀Unit฀19฀________________________________________________________________ 253 •฀Unit฀20฀________________________________________________________________ 263 •฀Unit฀21฀________________________________________________________________ 277 •฀Apendices฀฀ ____________________________________________________________ 297 A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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El฀profesor฀Juan฀Moya฀Montaña฀me฀ha฀distinguido฀con฀la฀solicitud฀de฀prologar฀Structures฀and฀ Vocabulary,฀texto฀de฀autoaprendizaje฀de฀gramática฀inglesa฀básica฀para฀adultos.฀Este฀manual฀forma฀ parte฀del฀esfuerzo฀permanente฀del฀profesor฀Moya฀por฀contribuir฀al฀mejoramiento฀de฀la฀enseñanza฀de฀ este฀idioma฀en฀el฀Ejército. ฀ ฀ El฀ autor฀ me฀ concede฀ la฀ oportunidad฀ de฀ testimoniar฀ mi฀ reconocimiento฀ y฀ felicitarlo฀ por฀ su฀ larga฀trayectoria฀como฀profesor฀vinculado฀al฀Ejército฀de฀Chile.*฀También,฀me฀permite฀hacerle฀llegar฀el฀ sentimiento฀–y฀creo฀ser฀portador฀de฀cientos฀de฀integrantes฀de฀la฀institución–฀de฀profundo฀afecto฀hacia฀ el฀comprometido฀teacher฀que,฀sacrificando฀horas฀de฀descanso,฀acudió฀en฀auxilio฀de฀tantos฀de฀nosotros฀ cuando,฀ con฀ desesperación฀ y฀ a฀ última฀ hora,฀ buscábamos฀ incrementar฀ nuestro฀ nivel฀ de฀ inglés฀ para฀ cumplir฀alguna฀misión฀encomendada. ฀ Al฀respecto,฀permítaseme฀una฀anécdota.฀Ella฀no฀es฀sino฀un฀ejemplo฀–me฀atrevo฀a฀decirlo–฀de฀ miles฀de฀vivencias฀que฀oficiales฀y฀cuadro฀permanente฀tuvimos฀para฀tratar฀de฀estar฀“a฀la฀altura”,฀poder฀ entender฀y฀hacernos฀entender฀en฀un฀idioma฀extranjero;฀casi฀siempre฀en฀la฀víspera฀de฀una฀comisión฀de฀ servicio฀o฀destinación฀que฀así฀lo฀exigía. ฀ Se฀vivía฀el฀mes฀de฀octubre฀de฀1980฀y฀el฀infrascrito฀–entonces฀mayor–฀recibió฀la฀orden฀de฀presentarse,฀ ¡en฀una฀semana!฀฀(después฀se฀transformaron฀en฀15฀días)฀al฀curso฀de฀Estado฀Mayor฀en฀el฀Army฀War฀College฀ de฀Pretoria,฀Sudáfrica,฀donde฀se฀suponía฀que฀las฀clases฀eran฀dictadas฀en฀inglés฀y฀en฀afrikaans.฀Esta฀ designación฀cambiaba฀sorpresivamente฀mi฀destino฀a฀una฀unidad฀en฀Chile,฀luego฀de฀que฀mi฀participación฀ en฀el฀curso฀de฀Estado฀Mayor฀en฀la฀Escuela฀Superior฀de฀Guerra฀de฀Francia฀fuera฀cancelada,฀debido฀al฀cese฀ de฀los฀intercambios฀castrenses฀con฀dicho฀país.฀Ello,฀después฀de฀haber฀concluido฀–junto฀a฀mi฀compañero,฀ el฀mayor฀Hernán฀Reyes–฀una฀metódica฀preparación฀฀en฀el฀idioma฀francés. ฀ Y฀aquí฀surge฀el฀reconocido฀rasgo฀de฀la฀personalidad฀del฀profesor฀Juan฀Moya.฀฀Enfrentado฀él฀a฀ nuestra฀poca฀preparación฀y฀escaso฀tiempo฀disponible,฀se฀entregó฀de฀lleno฀y฀con฀entusiasmo฀a฀esta฀ titánica฀tarea.฀Ésta฀consistió฀en฀clases฀diarias,฀donde฀el฀profesor฀Moya฀fue฀mi฀sombra;฀disparando฀verbos,฀ haciéndome฀repetir฀pertinazmente฀cientos฀de฀palabras฀para฀aumentar฀mi฀vocabulario;฀exigiéndome฀el฀ spelling฀de฀todo฀el฀abecedario,฀números฀y฀unidades฀de฀medida.฀Esto฀ocurría฀durante฀todo฀el฀día,฀en฀ medio฀de฀entregas,฀cierre฀de฀oficina,฀firmas฀de฀actas฀y฀trámites฀para฀sacar฀pasaporte.฀฀ Nunca฀podré฀olvidar฀esas฀cuatro฀últimas฀noches฀en฀que฀nos฀acompañó,฀a฀Isabel฀y฀a฀mí,฀desde฀ las฀9฀de฀la฀noche฀hasta฀las฀3฀de฀la฀madrugada,฀impartiendo฀sus฀lecciones,฀haciéndonos฀preguntas฀a฀ las฀cuales฀respondíamos฀encaramados฀sobre฀cajas,฀baúles฀y฀maletas. ฀ Si฀este฀relato฀no฀indica฀voluntad฀de฀servicio฀y฀entrega,฀creo฀que฀ningún฀otro฀podría฀reflejar฀ese฀ espíritu฀de฀cooperación฀del฀distinguido฀autor฀y฀amigo. ฀ De฀esa฀traumática฀experiencia฀nació฀la฀decisión฀–con฀el฀gran฀apoyo฀de฀mis฀superiores,฀primero,฀ y,฀luego,฀en฀el฀ejercicio฀de฀mis฀funciones฀como฀CJE.–,฀de฀buscar฀un฀cambio฀integral฀que฀permitiera฀a฀ *฀ El฀Profesor฀Juan฀Moya฀Montaña฀fue฀contratado฀como฀Ayudante฀de฀Profesor฀para฀la฀Escuela฀Militar฀฀el฀1฀de฀marzo฀de฀1970฀฀y฀prestó฀servicios฀ a฀la฀institución฀por฀30฀años฀en฀forma฀continua฀en฀el฀ya฀mencionado฀Instituto฀Matriz,฀en฀la฀Academia฀de฀Guerra฀y฀en฀el฀Comando฀de฀Institutos฀ Militares. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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los฀oficiales฀y฀cuadro฀permanente฀del฀Ejército฀incorporar฀al฀inglés฀como฀un฀segundo฀idioma,฀exigible฀ mediante฀un฀proceso฀regulado,฀que฀combinara฀el฀interés฀personal฀y฀el฀apoyo฀institucional฀para฀el฀logro฀ del฀objetivo. Bien฀conocemos฀el฀sistema฀vigente฀que฀se฀orienta฀a฀tal฀propósito.฀Vayan฀aquí฀mis฀agradecimientos฀ también฀a฀todos฀los฀que฀lo฀han฀construido;฀también฀a฀cuantos฀han฀debido฀“sufrir”฀el฀proceso.฀฀Sin฀ duda,฀estos฀últimos,฀ahora฀se฀dan฀cuenta฀que฀han฀adquirido฀una฀herramienta฀básica฀en฀la฀formación฀ de฀un฀profesional฀militar฀moderno.฀ ฀ Con฀todo,฀no฀quisiera฀dejar฀la฀impresión฀que฀en฀el฀Ejército฀habría฀existido฀una฀despreocupación฀ o฀falta฀de฀eficiencia฀en฀esta฀materia.฀Por฀el฀contrario,฀nuestros฀legendarios฀profesores฀de฀inglés,฀tanto฀ de฀la฀Escuela฀Militar฀como฀de฀la฀Academia฀de฀Guerra฀del฀Ejército฀–Mr.฀Lühr,฀Mr.฀Clerc,฀Mr.฀Parada,฀Mr.฀ Sepúlveda,฀y฀otros–,฀buscaban฀el฀mismo฀propósito.฀Y,฀por฀supuesto,฀obtenían฀resultados฀acordes฀a฀ las฀horas,฀tiempos,฀sistemas฀e฀interés฀de฀los฀alumnos฀y฀de฀la฀institución฀por฀el฀tema. ฀ Lo฀que฀pasó฀fue฀que฀las฀crecientes฀demandas฀de฀cooperación฀internacional฀al฀Ejército฀superaron฀ el฀sistema฀vigente;฀pero฀no฀así฀la฀voluntad,฀vocación฀y฀entrega฀de฀esos฀ejemplares฀maestros.฀Tampoco,฀ el฀permanente฀interés฀de฀la฀institución฀por฀el฀asunto. ฀ De฀ allí฀ surge฀ la฀ necesidad฀ del฀ cambio,฀ conocido฀ por฀ todos,฀ hacia฀ la฀ actual฀ estructura฀ de฀ la฀ Escuela฀ de฀ Idiomas฀ del฀ Ejército฀ y฀ la฀ aplicación฀ de฀ un฀ modelo฀ educacional฀ en฀ la฀ materia,฀ que฀ ya฀ cubre฀varias฀lenguas฀(desde฀el฀inglés฀al฀chino฀mandarín,฀incluyendo฀también฀las฀originarias฀rapanui,฀ mapudungun฀y฀aimara),฀donde฀nuestro฀personal฀se฀prepara฀sistemática฀y฀formalmente฀con฀una฀gran฀ dosis฀de฀compromiso฀personal฀en฀esta฀tarea.฀ Este฀libro,฀sin฀duda,฀contribuirá฀a฀formar฀parte฀de฀las฀múltiples฀variables฀que฀configuran฀este฀ todo:฀la฀formación฀en฀idiomas฀extranjeros฀del฀personal฀del฀Ejército฀para฀capacitarlos฀al฀nivel฀que฀hoy฀ exige฀nuestra฀profesión฀y฀las฀características฀de฀un฀mundo฀globalizado.

Juan฀Emilio฀Cheyre฀Espinosa General฀de฀Ejército Comandante฀en฀Jefe฀del฀Ejército

Santiago,฀enero฀de฀2006.

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A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

Sugerencias฀Metodológicas 1.฀฀

Leer,฀estudiar฀y฀memorizar฀las฀definiciones฀y฀reglas฀gramaticales฀dadas฀en฀las฀diferentes฀unidades฀del฀curso.

2.฀฀

Estudiar฀las฀ilustraciones,฀los฀ejemplos฀dados฀y฀la฀pronunciación฀figurada฀indicada฀en฀algunos฀casos.

3.฀฀

Resolver฀los฀ejercicios฀dados฀como฀tarea.฀Use฀lápiz฀de฀grafito฀para฀escribir.

4.฀฀

Comparar฀las฀respuestas฀dadas฀por฀Ud.฀con฀las฀dadas฀en฀las฀Claves฀de฀Respuestas฀y฀corrija฀sus฀errores.

5.฀฀

Si฀hubiera฀muchas฀respuestas฀incorrectas฀(más฀de฀un฀20%),฀estudiar฀de฀nuevo฀las฀definiciones฀y฀reglas฀dadas฀al฀ inicio฀de฀la฀unidad฀pertinente฀y฀volver฀a฀hacer฀los฀ejercicios.

6.฀฀

Estudiar฀en฀lo฀posible฀con฀otra(s)฀persona(s)฀para฀comparar,฀discutir฀y฀practicar฀los฀ejercicios฀dados.

7.฀฀

Estudiar฀y฀memorizar฀los฀listados฀de฀palabras฀(sustantivos,฀adjetivos,฀verbos,฀preposiciones,฀etc.),฀frases฀y฀expresiones฀ idiomáticas฀que฀aparecen฀al฀final฀de฀cada฀unidad.

8.฀฀

Distribuir฀ en฀ forma฀ adecuada฀ el฀ tiempo฀ de฀ estudio,฀ de฀ modo฀ que฀ haya฀ una฀ continuidad฀ y฀ regularidad.฀ No฀ es฀ conveniente฀estudiar฀varias฀horas฀de฀una฀sola฀vez฀y฀dejar฀pasar฀mucho฀tiempo฀antes฀de฀iniciar฀otra฀etapa.

9.฀฀

Aprovechar฀cualquier฀momento฀libre฀para฀estudiar,฀estudiar฀y฀estudiar.฀Este฀esfuerzo฀realizado฀por฀Ud.฀rendirá฀sus฀ frutos฀y฀le฀traerá฀muchas฀satisfacciones. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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TABLE฀OF฀CONTENTS PART฀ONE:฀ELEMENTARY฀LEVEL UNIT฀1

UNIT฀2

UNIT฀3

UNIT฀4

UNIT฀5

•฀ TO฀BE฀(Present,฀Past฀and฀Future) •฀ THE฀ENGLISH฀ALPHABET •฀ THE฀PHONETIC฀ALPHABET

•฀ What?,฀Who?,฀How?,฀When?,฀Why?,฀How฀old?฀How฀long?฀What฀time? •฀ This,฀That,฀These,฀Those;฀A(N);฀The฀;฀At,฀On,฀In฀;฀Until,฀For •฀ Now,฀today;฀yesterday,฀the฀day฀before฀yesterday;฀last฀week฀/฀last฀year฀/฀last฀ Monday,฀tomorrow,฀the฀day฀after฀tomorrow,฀next฀week,฀two฀days฀ago

•฀ ฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ ฀

•฀ How฀much?฀How฀many? •฀ Much,฀many,฀little,฀few,฀a฀lot,฀lots฀of,฀very฀little,฀very฀few

THERE฀TO฀BE (Present,฀Past฀and฀Future) SOME฀-฀NOT฀ANY฀-฀NO฀-฀ANY CARDINAL฀NUMBERS VOCABULARY: -฀People

•฀฀ HAVE฀GOT฀/฀HAS฀GOT •฀฀ ADJECTIVES •฀฀ ARTICLES฀I฀-฀Definite฀and฀Indefinite •฀฀ TELLING฀THE฀TIME •฀฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀Adjectives

•฀ Uncountable฀nouns:฀money,฀sugar,฀milk,฀water,฀work,฀etc. •฀฀ Countable฀nouns:฀people,฀men,฀students,฀books,etc. •฀฀ O´clock,฀quarter฀past฀/฀to,฀half฀past,฀minutes฀past฀/฀to •฀฀ In฀the฀morning฀/฀afternoon฀/฀evening;฀at฀night •฀฀ Noon฀/฀midday,฀midnight

•฀฀ PRESENT฀CONTINUOUS฀TENSE •฀ Now,฀at฀present,฀at฀the฀moment,฀at฀this฀time,฀temporarily,฀for฀the฀time฀ being. •฀฀ INFINITIVES฀AND฀GERUNDS •฀฀ How฀old?,฀How฀tall?,฀How฀far?,฀How฀long?,฀How฀high?,฀How฀fast?,฀ •฀฀ TIME฀AND฀DATES How฀deep?,฀How฀thick?,฀How฀wide?,฀How฀big?,฀What฀color?,฀What฀size?,฀ •฀฀ ORDINAL฀NUMBERS What฀shape?,฀What฀is฀/฀are฀.........฀like? •฀ QUESTION฀WORDS฀1฀ For฀describing฀people฀and฀things. •฀฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀Numerals,฀Time฀and฀Dates

•฀฀ SIMPLE฀PRESENT฀TENSE •฀฀ ADVERBS฀OF฀FREQUENCY •฀฀ QUESTION฀WORDS฀II ฀ For฀requesting฀information. •฀฀ ARTICLES฀II฀-฀General฀and฀specific •฀฀ RELATIVE฀PRONOUNS:฀Who฀and฀ Which •฀฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀Time฀expressions฀(I) -฀Clothes

•฀ Every฀day,฀every฀week,฀every฀month,฀etc. •฀฀ Always,฀generally,฀usually,฀often,฀sometimes,฀never,฀etc. •฀฀ Once฀a฀day,฀twice฀a฀week,฀three฀times฀a฀year,฀etc. •฀฀ What?,฀Who?,฀Which?,฀Why?,฀Where?,฀How?฀Whom?,฀Whose?,฀How฀ much?,฀How฀many?,฀How฀often?,฀How฀long?,฀What฀time?,฀What฀kind฀of?,฀ What฀sort฀of?,฀etc.

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UNIT฀7

•฀ PAST฀CONTINUOUS฀TENSE •฀ IMPERATIVE฀FORM •฀ ARTICLES฀III฀-฀Nationalities,฀ professions,฀titles฀and฀ranks;฀ streets,฀cities,฀countries฀and฀ geographical฀names. •฀ EXCLAMATORY฀FORM •฀ VOCABULARY: -฀The฀house

•฀ At฀that฀time,฀at฀10:30฀last฀night,฀etc.,฀When฀Peter฀arrived฀this฀morning,฀ when฀they฀got฀married,฀etc. •฀ Open฀the฀door,฀please.฀Please,฀don´t฀do฀that. •฀ An฀American,฀a฀Chilean,฀an฀Englishman,฀etc. •฀ A฀doctor,฀an฀engineer,฀a฀secretary,฀etc. •฀ Mr.฀Scott,฀Cpt.฀Jones,฀Dr.฀White,฀etc. •฀ On฀Fifth฀Avenue,฀In฀Salt฀Lake฀City,฀In฀Canada,฀in฀the฀USA,฀in฀North฀Carolina,฀ in฀the฀West฀Indies. •฀ What฀a฀tall฀woman!,฀What฀beautiful฀flowers!฀What฀nice฀weather! ฀ How฀tall฀she฀is!฀How฀quickly฀time฀passes!

UNIT฀8

•฀ SIMPLE฀FUTURE฀TENSE฀I:฀Will •฀ RELATIVE฀PRONOUNS:฀Who,฀ Whom,฀Whose •฀ SOMEBODY฀/฀SOMEONE,฀ SOMETHING,฀SOMEWHERE฀ AND฀DERIVED฀WORDS •฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀The฀City

•฀ John฀will฀come฀here฀tomorrow฀/฀the฀day฀after฀tomorrow฀/฀next฀week฀/฀next฀ month฀/฀at฀this฀time฀tomorrow฀/฀at฀this฀time฀next฀year,฀etc. •฀ He฀said฀that฀he฀was฀tired. ฀ He฀told฀me฀that฀he฀was฀tired. •฀ Who฀is฀he?฀Whom฀did฀you฀see?฀Whose฀is฀that฀car?฀Whose฀care฀is฀it?฀:฀The฀ man฀with฀whom฀Mary฀is฀working฀now,฀The฀man฀whose฀car฀is฀parked฀outside. •฀ Somebody฀/฀someone,฀something,฀somewhere,฀not฀anybody฀/฀not฀anyone,฀ not฀anything,฀not฀anywhere,฀nobody฀/฀no฀one,฀nothing,฀nowhere

UNIT฀9

•฀฀ SIMPLE฀FUTURE฀TENSE฀II฀: ฀ AM฀/฀IS฀/฀ARE+GOING฀TO....... •฀฀ IT฀TAKES........฀/฀IT฀TOOK.......฀/ ฀ IT฀WILL฀TAKE......฀=฀DEMORAR •฀฀ COMPARISON฀OF฀ADJECTIVES •฀฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀Food

•฀ John฀is฀going฀to฀come฀here฀tomorrow฀/฀the฀day฀after฀tomorrow฀/฀next฀ week,฀etc. •฀฀ It฀takes฀me฀20฀minutes฀to..... •฀฀ How฀long฀does฀it฀take฀to....? •฀฀ Short฀-฀shorter฀than-฀the฀shortest •฀฀ Intelligent,฀more฀intelligent฀than,฀the฀most฀intelligent •฀฀ As฀fast฀as....... •฀฀ Good฀-฀better฀-฀best,฀etc.฀

UNIT฀10

•฀฀ SIMPLE฀FUTURE฀TENSE฀III฀:฀ AM฀/฀IS฀/฀ARE+ING •฀฀ MODAL฀VERBS:฀CAN,฀MUST,฀ MAY,฀SHOULD,฀OUGHT฀TO •฀฀ HAVE฀TO฀=฀TENER฀QUE •฀฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀Parts฀Of฀The฀Body -฀Time฀Expressions฀II

•฀ John฀is฀coming฀here฀tomorrow฀/฀the฀day฀after฀tomorrow,฀etc. •฀฀ Bob฀can฀swim฀very฀well;฀Peter฀must฀be฀here฀at฀8:15฀tomorrow;฀You฀ may฀use฀the฀phone฀now;฀They฀should฀t฀/฀ought฀to฀be฀more฀careful฀of฀what฀ they฀say •฀฀ I฀have฀to฀buy฀another฀dictionary.฀This฀one฀is฀too฀old

UNIT฀11

•฀฀ FUTURE฀CONTINUOUS฀TENSE •฀฀ MAKING฀REQUESTS •฀฀ ASKING฀FOR฀PERMISSION •฀฀ OFFERING฀TO฀DO฀SOMETHING •฀฀ INVITING฀OR฀SUGGESTING฀TO฀ DO฀SOMETHING฀TOGETHER •฀฀ ALSO,฀TOO,฀AS฀WELL,฀SO; •฀฀ NOT...EITHER,฀NEITHER฀/฀NOR •฀ BUT฀ •฀ POSITION฀OF฀DIRECT฀AND฀ INDIRECT฀OBJECTS •฀ VOCABULARY: •฀ Our฀Health

•฀ They฀will฀be฀working฀at฀this฀time฀tomorrow฀/฀the฀day฀after฀tomorrow,฀etc. •฀฀ Can฀/฀Will฀/฀Could฀/฀Would฀you฀open฀the฀door฀please?฀Would฀you฀ mind฀opening฀the฀door,฀please? •฀฀ Can฀I฀/฀May฀I฀/฀Do฀you฀mind฀if฀I฀open฀the฀window? •฀฀ Shall฀I฀/฀Do฀you฀want฀me฀to฀/฀Would฀you฀like฀me฀to฀open฀the฀window? •฀฀ Shall฀we฀/฀Would฀you฀like฀to฀/฀Why฀don´t฀we฀/฀Let´s฀go฀to฀a฀disco฀ tonight;฀How฀about฀going฀to฀a฀disco฀tonight? •฀฀ The฀boy฀also฀speaks฀Italian;฀He฀speaks฀Italian,฀too฀/฀as฀well;฀The฀boy฀ speaks฀Italian฀and฀so฀does฀the฀girl. •฀ Peter฀doesn´t฀like฀golf฀and฀I฀don´t฀like฀it฀either;฀Peter฀doesn´t฀like฀golf฀and฀ neither฀do฀I. •฀ The฀boy฀speaks฀Italian,฀but฀the฀girl฀doesn´t.. •฀ Bob฀sent฀some฀flowers฀to฀his฀girlfriend;฀Bob฀sent฀his฀girlfriend฀some฀ flowers;฀Bob฀sent฀her฀some฀flowers.

10

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

PART฀TWO:฀INTERMEDIATE฀LEVEL UNIT฀12

•฀ PRESENT฀PERFECT฀TENSE •฀ PLURALIZATION฀OF฀NOUNS •฀ USE฀OF฀INFINITIVES฀AND฀ GERUNDS฀I ฀ VERB฀+฀GERUND •฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀Prepositions฀and฀Connectors

•฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

I฀have฀seen฀that฀movie Mary฀hasn´t฀finished฀typing฀it฀yet Have฀they฀arrived฀already? Just,before,฀lately,฀once,฀twice,฀three฀times,฀never,฀already,฀not฀yet,฀yet฀/฀ already?,฀since,฀for,฀ever Book฀/฀books;฀brush฀/฀brushes;฀knife฀/฀knives;฀baby฀/฀babies;฀day฀/฀days;฀etc. Irregular฀plural฀forms Enjoy฀playing,฀keep฀talking,฀etc. Go฀skiing,฀go฀shopping,฀etc.

•฀ PRESENT฀PERFECT฀ CONTINUOUS฀TENSE •฀ USE฀OF฀INFINITIVES฀AND฀ GERUNDS฀II A.฀ Verb฀+฀to-infinitive B.฀฀Verb฀+฀somebody฀+฀bare฀ infinitive C.฀฀Verb฀+฀gerund฀/฀bare฀฀ infinitive D.฀฀Verb฀+฀somebody฀+฀bare฀ infinitive฀/฀to-infinitive E.฀Verb฀+฀ing฀/฀to-infinitive •฀ TAG฀ENDINGS •฀ VOCABULARY: -฀Sports฀and฀Recreation

•฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

I฀have฀been฀working฀all฀day They฀agreed฀to฀meet฀outside฀the฀theater. He฀will฀let฀them฀play He฀wants฀us฀to฀go,฀too I฀saw฀her฀crossing฀/฀cross฀the฀road. I´ll฀help฀you฀do฀/฀to฀do฀that I฀like฀to฀playing฀/฀to฀play฀golf The฀floor฀needs฀cleaning฀/฀to฀be฀cleaned He฀works฀well,฀doesn´t฀he? He฀didn´t฀come฀to฀the฀meeting,฀did฀he?

UNIT฀13

UNIT฀14 •฀฀ PAST฀PERFECT฀TENSE •฀฀ ADVERBS:฀FORMATION฀AND฀ COMPARISON •฀฀ REFLEXIVE฀PRONOUNS •฀฀ PAST฀TENSE฀OF฀“GOING฀TO” •฀฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀Nature฀

•฀ He฀had฀seen฀the฀film฀before •฀฀ The฀train฀had฀already฀left฀when฀he฀arrived •฀฀ Quickly,฀carefully,฀certainly,฀etc. •฀฀ Fast,฀hard,฀early,฀late,฀soon •฀฀ More฀quickly,฀more฀carefully,฀etc. •฀฀ Sooner,฀harder,฀earlier,฀etc. •฀฀ He฀cut฀himself;฀He฀himself฀did฀it;฀He฀lives฀all฀by฀himself •฀฀ We฀were฀going฀to฀play฀football฀but฀it฀began฀to฀rain

•฀ PAST฀PERFECT฀CONTINUOUS฀ TENSE •฀ PAST฀TENSE฀OF฀SHOULD฀/฀ OUGHT฀TO •฀ WOULD฀ RATHER฀ /฀ HAD฀ BETTER •฀ MODAL฀VERBS฀II: •฀ COULD฀DO฀SOMETHING -฀COULD฀HAVE฀DONE฀ SOMETHING -฀MUST฀/฀CAN฀/฀MUST฀HAVE,฀/ ฀฀CAN´T฀HAVE฀DONE฀ SOMETHING -฀MAY,฀MIGHT,฀MAY฀HAVE฀/฀MIGHT฀฀ HAVE฀DONE฀SOMETHING •฀ VOCABULARY: -฀The฀Weather

•฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

UNIT฀15 He฀had฀been฀working฀all฀day He฀should฀have฀studied฀harder.฀/฀He฀ought฀to฀have฀done฀it You´d฀better฀take฀a฀taxi฀if฀you฀want฀to฀be฀there฀before฀your฀train฀leaves We฀could฀go฀to฀the฀movie We฀could฀have฀gone฀to฀the฀movie He฀must฀be฀very฀tired He฀can´t฀be฀hungry฀already He฀must฀have฀gone฀home He฀can´t฀have฀done฀that฀alone It฀may฀/฀might฀be฀true You฀must฀have฀/฀might฀have฀left฀it฀in฀the฀shop

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

11

UNIT฀16

•฀ FUTURE฀PERFECT฀TENSE •฀ SEQUENCE฀OF฀VERB฀TENSES •฀ THE฀PRESENT฀TENSE฀AFTER฀ WHEN,฀AS฀SOON฀AS,฀UNTIL,฀ ETC. •฀ USE฀OF฀ELSE,฀OR฀ELSE฀/฀ OTHERWISE •฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀฀The฀Workshop

•฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

UNIT฀17

•฀฀ THE฀PASSIVE฀VOICE •฀฀ BE฀SUPPOSED฀TO •฀฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀The฀Armed฀Forces฀I

•฀ The฀book฀was฀published฀in฀1998 •฀฀ The฀train฀is฀supposed฀to฀arrive฀at฀9:45

UNIT฀18

•฀฀ CONDITIONAL฀SENTENCES •฀฀ SUBJUNCTIVE฀AFTER฀WISH •฀฀ VERB฀+฀PRESENT฀OF฀ SUBJUNCTIVE •฀฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀The฀Armed฀Forces฀II

•฀ If฀you฀study฀hard฀you´ll฀pass฀the฀course •฀฀ If฀you฀studied฀harder฀you´d฀get฀better฀marks •฀฀ If฀you฀had฀studied฀harder฀you฀would฀have฀passed฀the฀course •฀฀ I฀wish฀I฀could฀swim •฀฀ I฀wish฀I฀had฀seen฀her •฀฀ I฀wish฀it฀would฀stop฀snowing •฀฀ I฀suggest฀that฀she฀wait฀a฀few฀minutes.

UNIT฀19

•฀฀ REPORTED฀SPEECH ฀ A.฀฀STATEMENTS ฀ B.฀฀QUESTIONS ฀ C.฀฀COMMANDS,฀ORDERS •฀฀ VOCABULARY: ฀ -฀Regular฀and฀Irregular฀Verbs

•฀ He฀said฀he฀wanted฀to฀go •฀฀ He฀told฀me฀that฀he฀wanted฀to฀go •฀฀ He฀asked฀me฀where฀they฀were •฀฀ He฀told฀me฀to฀sit฀down

UNIT฀20

•฀฀ USEFUL฀ENGLISH฀PHRASES฀ AND฀EXPRESSIONS฀IN฀ ENGLISH฀FOR฀TRAVELLERS

•฀ At฀a฀social฀gathering •฀฀ At฀a฀hotel •฀฀ At฀a฀restaurant •฀฀ How฀to฀get฀to฀places •฀฀ At฀the฀station฀/฀airport •฀฀ Shopping

UNIT฀21

•฀฀ ASSESSMENT฀TEST

•฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

12

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

They฀will฀have฀finished฀the฀work฀by฀then He฀says฀he´s฀tired฀/฀He฀said฀he฀was฀tired. When฀I฀see฀her฀tomorrow....... Do฀you฀need฀anything฀else? I´ll฀take฀a฀taxi,฀or฀else฀I´ll฀miss฀my฀flight.

Student’s฀Question฀Booklet Answer฀Sheet Answer฀Key Teacher’s฀Text฀Script

BASIC฀ENGLISH฀GRAMMAR฀ STRUCTURES฀AND฀VOCABULARY฀

PART฀ONE

ELEMENTARY฀LEVEL

Bl฀14

UNIT฀1 PART฀I.฀TO฀BE฀(SER฀O฀ESTAR) A.฀ EL฀TIEMPO฀PRESENTE:฀AM฀/æm/฀,฀IS฀/iz/,฀ARE฀/a:r/ 1.฀ El฀verbo฀TO฀BE฀tiene฀tres฀formas฀en฀el฀tiempo฀presente:฀AM฀-฀IS฀-฀ARE฀ I฀am฀/ai฀æm/฀฀ You฀are฀/iú฀á:r/฀฀ He฀is฀/hi:฀íz/฀฀ She฀is฀/shi:฀íz/฀฀ It฀is฀/it฀íz/฀฀

(Yo฀soy/estoy) (Tú฀eres/estás) (El฀es/está) (Ella฀es/está) (Es/está)

We฀are฀/wi:฀á:r/฀฀ You฀are฀/iú฀á:r/฀฀

(Nosotros/as฀somos฀o฀estamos) (Uds.฀son/están)

They฀are฀/δéi฀á:r/฀฀ (Ellos/as฀son/están)

En฀conversación,฀normalmente฀se฀usan฀las฀contracciones฀I’m.฀You´re,฀He´s,฀She´s,฀It´s,฀We´re,฀They´re. Escuche,฀repita฀y฀aprenda: What?฀/wót/฀¿Qué?฀¿Cuál?;฀Who?฀/hu:/฀¿Quién?;฀Where?฀/wéar/฀¿฀Dónde?;How?฀/háu/฀¿Cómo?;฀This฀/δis/฀este/a, That฀ /δæt/฀ese/a;฀These฀ /δí:z/฀estos/as;฀Those฀ /δóuz/฀esos/as฀A/฀a/(antes฀de฀cons.)฀un/a;,฀An฀ /an/฀(antes฀de฀vocal)฀un/a;฀The฀ /δe฀(antes฀de฀cons.)฀,฀δi/฀(antes฀de฀vocal)฀el,฀la,฀los,฀las;฀At฀/æt/฀en;฀In฀/in/฀en;฀On฀/on/฀encima฀de;฀Now฀/náu/฀ahora;฀Today฀/tudéi/฀Hoy฀ día;฀Thanks฀ /δæηks/฀gracias;฀Thank฀you฀ /δæηk฀iu:/฀gracias;฀Fine฀ /fáin/฀bien;฀Very฀well฀ /véri฀uél/฀muy฀bien;฀Much฀better฀/match฀ béter/฀mucho฀mejor฀

฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

What฀is฀this?฀/wót฀iz฀δis/฀¿Qué฀es฀esto?฀ What´s฀that?฀/wots฀δæt/฀¿Qué฀es฀eso?฀ What฀are฀these?฀/wót฀a:r฀δí:z/,฀¿Qué฀son฀éstos?฀ What฀are฀those?฀/wót฀a:r฀δóuz/,฀¿Qué฀son฀esos?฀

฀It฀is฀a฀pen.฀/its฀a฀pén/฀Es฀un฀lápiz ฀It´s฀an฀ambulance.฀/its฀an฀æmbiulans/฀Es฀una฀ambulancia ฀They฀are฀books.฀/δei฀a:r฀búks/฀Son฀libros ฀They´re฀cars.฀/δeir฀ká:rz/฀Son฀autos

฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Is฀this฀a฀pen?฀/iz฀δis฀a฀pén/฀ Is฀that฀a฀house?฀/is฀δæt฀a฀háus/฀ Are฀these฀books?฀/a:r฀δí:z฀búks/฀ Are฀those฀cars?฀/á:r฀δóuz฀ká:rz/฀ ฀ Who฀is฀that฀man?฀/hú฀iz฀δæt฀mæn/฀฀ Who´s฀that฀woman?฀/hú:z฀δæt฀wúman/฀.฀฀ Who฀are฀those฀men?฀/hú:฀a:r฀δóuz฀mén/฀฀

Yes,฀it฀is.฀It´s฀a฀pen฀/iés,it฀iz.฀its฀a฀pén/ Yes,฀It฀is.฀It´s฀a฀house.฀/iés฀it฀iz฀its฀e฀háus/ Yes,฀they฀are.฀They´re฀books.฀/iés,฀δei฀á:r.฀δeir฀búks/ Yes,฀they฀are.They´re฀cars.฀/iés,฀δei฀á:r.δeir฀ká:rz/ He´s฀Mr.฀Jones,฀the฀new฀instructor.฀/hi:z฀δe฀niú:฀instráktor/ ฀She´s฀Miss฀Black,฀the฀secretary.฀/shi:z฀δe฀sékretri/ ฀They´re฀Bob,฀Jim฀and฀Tom,฀the฀students.฀/δeir฀δe฀stiú:dents/

฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Where฀is฀Bob?฀/wéar฀iz฀bób/฀฀ Where´s฀the฀car?฀/wéarz฀δe฀ká:r/฀฀ Where´s฀the฀book?฀/wéarz฀δe฀búk/฀฀ Where฀are฀the฀cars?฀/wéar฀a:r฀δe฀ká:rz/฀฀ Where฀are฀the฀students?฀/wéar฀a:r฀δe฀stiú:dents/฀฀

He´s฀at฀home.฀/hi:z฀at฀hóum/ It´s฀in฀the฀garage.฀/its฀in฀δe฀gáridll/ It´s฀on฀the฀desk.฀/its฀on฀δe฀désk/ They´re฀in฀the฀car฀park.฀/δéir฀in฀δe฀ká:r฀pá:rk/ They´re฀in฀the฀lab.฀/δéir฀in฀δe฀læb/

฀ ฀ ฀

How฀are฀you?฀/háu฀á:r฀iu:/฀฀ How´s฀John?฀/háuz฀dllón/฀฀ How฀are฀the฀children?฀/háu฀a:r฀δe฀tchíldrn/฀฀

I´m฀fine,฀thanks.฀/áim฀fáin,฀θæηks/ He´s฀much฀better,฀thanks.฀/hí:z฀mátch฀béter,฀θæηks/ They´re฀very฀well,฀thank฀you.฀/δeir฀véri฀wél฀θæηk฀iu/

2.฀฀La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀la฀palabra฀not.฀Normalmente฀formando฀las฀contracciones฀ISN´฀T฀/íznt/฀ o฀AREN´฀T฀/á:rent/ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Iam฀not฀/ai฀æm฀nót/฀ You฀are฀not฀/iú฀á:r฀nót/฀ He฀is฀not฀/hi:฀iz฀nót/฀ She฀is฀not฀/shí:฀iz฀nót/฀ It฀is฀not฀/it฀iz฀nót/฀ We฀are฀not฀/wí:฀a:r฀nót/฀ They฀are฀not฀/δei฀a:r฀nót/฀฀

----------------------------฀ You฀aren´t฀/iu฀á:rent/฀ He฀isn´t฀/hí:฀íznt/฀ She฀isn´t฀/shí:฀íznt/฀ It฀isn´t฀/it฀íznt/฀ We฀aren´t฀/wí:฀á:rent/฀฀ They฀aren´t฀/δei฀á:rent/฀฀

I´m฀not฀/aim฀nót/ You´re฀not฀/iúr฀nót/ He´s฀not฀/฀hí:z฀nót/฀฀ She´s฀not฀/shí:z฀nót/ It´s฀not฀/its฀nót/ We´re฀not฀/wí:r฀nót/ They´re฀not฀/δeir฀nót/ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

15

฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Escuche,฀repita฀y฀aprenda:฀ ฀

is฀not฀/iz฀nót/,฀isn´t฀/íznt/฀;฀are฀not฀/a:r฀nót/,฀aren´t฀/á:rent/; here฀/híar/฀aquí;฀there฀/δéar/฀allí;฀over฀there฀/óuver฀δéar/฀allá

I฀am฀not฀a฀pilot.฀/páilot/฀฀ They฀are฀not฀students฀/stiú:dnts/.฀ He฀is฀not฀here฀/híar/.฀฀ They฀are฀not฀there฀/(éar/฀฀ It฀is฀not฀a฀train.฀/tréin/฀฀ Bob฀is฀not฀very฀well฀/véri฀wél/฀฀ The฀students฀are฀not฀in฀the฀lab฀/læb/.฀

----------------------------฀ They฀aren´t฀students.฀ He฀isn´t฀here.฀฀ ฀ They฀aren´t฀there.฀ ฀ It฀isn´t฀a฀train.฀฀ ฀ He฀isn´t฀very฀well.฀฀฀ They฀aren´t฀in฀the฀lab.฀

I´m฀not฀a฀pilot They´re฀not฀students. He´s฀not฀here. They´re฀not฀there. It´s฀not฀a฀train. He´s฀not฀very฀well. They´re฀not฀in฀the฀lab.

Escuche,฀repita฀y฀aprenda฀estas฀preguntas฀y฀respuestas: ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Is฀this฀a฀pen?฀/pén/฀ Is฀that฀a฀tank?฀/tæηk/฀ Are฀these฀books?฀/búks/฀ Are฀those฀chairs?฀/tchéarz/฀

No,฀it฀isn´t.฀(It´s฀not฀a฀pen.)฀It´s฀a฀pencil.฀/pénsl/ No,฀it฀isn´t.฀(It´s฀not฀a฀tank.)฀It´s฀a฀truck.฀/trák/ No,฀they฀aren´t.฀(They´re฀not฀books.)฀They´re฀magazines.฀/mægazinz/ No,฀they฀aren´t.฀(They´re฀not฀chairs).฀They´re฀tables฀/téiblz/.

3.฀฀La฀forma฀interrogativa฀se฀expresa฀mediante฀simple฀inversión฀de฀orden฀con฀el฀sujeto฀de฀la฀oración. ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Am฀I?฀/am฀ai/฀ Are฀you?฀/á:r฀iú:/฀ Is฀he?฀/íz฀hí:/฀ Is฀she?฀/íz฀shí:/฀ Is฀it?฀/íz฀it/฀

Aren´t฀I?฀*฀/á:rent฀ai฀/฀฀ Aren´t฀you?฀/á:rent฀iu:/฀฀ Isn´t฀he?฀/íznt฀hi:/฀฀ Isn´t฀she?฀/íznt฀shi:/฀฀ Isn´t฀it?฀/íznt฀it/฀

Are฀we?฀/á:r฀wí:/฀฀ Are฀you?฀/á:r฀iú:/฀฀ ฀ Are฀they?฀/á:r฀δei/฀

Aren´t฀we?฀/á:rent฀wi:/ Aren´t฀you?฀/á:rent฀iú:/ Aren´t฀they?฀/á.rent฀δei/

*฀ Debido฀ a฀ que฀ no฀ existe฀ una฀ contracción฀ para฀AM฀ NOT,฀ habitualmente฀ se฀ usa฀AREN¨T฀ en฀ este฀ caso.฀ En฀ conversación฀coloquial฀se฀usa฀la฀contracción฀AIN¨T฀/éint/฀Ejemplo:฀Aren´t฀I฀your฀friend?฀Ain´t฀I฀your฀friend? Escuche,฀repita฀y฀aprenda: ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Am฀I฀right?฀/ám฀ái฀ráit/฀¿Estoy฀correcto?฀ Are฀you฀all฀right?฀/á.r฀iu:฀ó:l฀ráit/฀¿Estás฀bien?฀ Is฀he฀a฀captain?฀/íz฀hi:฀a฀káptin/฀Es฀él฀un฀capitán?฀ Are฀they฀busy?฀/á:r฀δei฀bízi/฀¿Están฀ellos฀ocupados?฀ Is฀my฀answer฀correct?฀/íz฀mai฀á:nser฀korékt/฀

Aren´t฀I฀right?฀/á:rent฀ai฀ráit/฀No฀estoy฀en฀lo฀cierto? Aren´t฀you฀tired?฀/á:rent฀iu฀táiard/฀¿No฀estás฀cansado? Isn´t฀she฀a฀nurse?฀/íznt฀shi.฀a฀ne:rs/฀¿No฀es฀ella฀una฀enfermera? Aren´t฀they฀happy?฀/á:rent฀δei฀hæpi/฀¿No฀están฀ellos฀felices? Isn´t฀this฀question฀correct?฀/íznt฀δis฀kwéstchion฀korékt/

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Use฀the฀correct฀form฀of฀the฀verb฀TO฀BE฀(am/is/are) 1.฀฀The฀teacher฀______฀in฀the฀classroom฀now.฀ are 2.฀฀John฀and฀Mary฀_____฀good฀friends.฀ are is 3.฀฀The฀men฀______฀tired.฀ 4.฀฀Those฀vehicles______฀slow-moving.(vehículos฀lentos)฀ 5.฀฀Those฀weapons฀______฀powerful.฀(armas-poderosas)฀

฀฀6.฀Doctor฀Smith฀_____฀busy฀right฀now. ฀฀7.฀The฀train฀_____฀ten฀minutes฀late. ฀฀8.฀______฀an฀undergraduate฀student. ฀฀9.฀The฀instructor´s฀name฀_____฀John฀Doe. 10.฀The฀instructors฀_____฀in฀the฀staff-room.฀(sala฀de฀profs.)

Ex.฀2.฀Answer฀these฀questions,฀as฀in฀the฀example ฀ Is฀Tom฀a฀pilot?฀ ฀ 1.฀Are฀you฀in฀the฀office?฀ ฀ 2.฀Is฀that฀man฀Mr.฀Clark?฀ ฀ 3.฀Are฀we฀ready฀to฀go?฀ ฀ 4.฀Am฀I฀a฀good฀instructor?฀ ฀ 5.฀Are฀the฀students฀in฀class?฀ ฀ 6.฀Is฀Miss฀Jones฀a฀secretary?฀ ฀ 7.฀Is฀this฀a฀modern฀plane?฀ 16

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Yes,฀he฀is.฀He´s฀a฀pilot. Yes,฀_____________ ฀ ฀_______________________________________ Yes,฀_____________ ฀ ฀_______________________________________ ฀________________ ฀ ฀_______________________________________ ฀________________ ฀ ฀_______________________________________ ฀________________ ฀ ฀_______________________________________ ฀________________ ฀ ฀_______________________________________ ฀________________ ฀ ฀_______________________________________

฀ 8.฀Are฀the฀manuals฀updated?(actualizados)฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀_______________________________________ ฀ 9.฀Is฀the฀bank฀open?฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀_______________________________________ ฀10.฀Are฀you฀hungry?฀(hambriento)฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀_______________________________________ Ex.฀3.฀Answer฀the฀questions฀as฀in฀the฀example: ฀฀ Are฀they฀instructors?฀(students)฀ No,฀they฀are฀not.฀(They฀aren´t฀instructors) ฀ ฀ They฀´re฀students ฀ 1.฀Are฀the฀boys฀angry?฀enojados฀(hungry)฀hambrientos฀ No,฀_________________ ฀(฀_________________________ ) ฀ ฀ ฀___________________________________ ฀ 2.฀Are฀you฀thirsty?฀sedientos฀(hungry)฀ ฀____________________ ฀(฀_________________________ ) ฀ ฀ ฀___________________________________ ฀ 3.฀Is฀Bob฀at฀home?฀en฀casa฀(at฀work)฀en฀el฀trabajo฀ ฀____________________ ฀(฀_________________________ ) ฀ ฀ ฀___________________________________ ฀ 4.฀Are฀the฀children฀happy?฀felices฀(sad)฀tristes฀ ฀____________________ ฀(฀_________________________ ) ฀ ฀ ฀___________________________________ ฀ 5.฀Is฀your฀brother฀a฀doctor?฀(an฀engineer)฀ ฀____________________ ฀(฀_________________________ ) ฀ ฀ ฀___________________________________ ฀ 6.฀Are฀your฀friends฀American?฀(British)฀ ฀____________________ ฀(฀_________________________ ) ฀ ฀ ฀___________________________________ ฀ 7.฀Are฀you฀a฀navy฀officer?(an฀army฀officer)฀ ฀____________________ ฀(฀_________________________ ) ฀ ฀ ฀___________________________________ ฀ 8.฀Is฀the฀table฀clean?฀limpia฀(dirty)฀sucia฀ ฀____________________ ฀(฀_________________________ ) ฀ ฀ ฀___________________________________ ฀ 9.฀Are฀the฀men฀old?฀viejos฀(young)฀jóvenes฀ ฀____________________ ฀(฀_________________________ ) ฀ ฀ ฀___________________________________ ฀10.฀Is฀Cpt.฀Bowman฀on฀duty?฀de฀servicio฀(off฀duty)฀de฀franco฀฀฀____________________ ฀(฀_________________________ ) ฀ ฀ ฀___________________________________ Ex.฀4฀Ask฀questions,฀as฀in฀the฀example฀below: The฀Browns฀-฀at฀home฀ 1.฀The฀manager฀/฀in฀his฀office฀ 2.฀Peter฀and฀John฀/฀in฀class฀ 3.฀The฀course฀/฀interesting฀฀ 4.฀Your฀friends฀/฀from฀Canada฀ 5.฀The฀computer฀/฀connected฀to฀Internet฀ 6.฀The฀package฀/฀light฀or฀heavy฀(liviano฀o฀pesado)฀฀ 7.฀The฀pictures฀/฀clear฀(nítidas,฀claras)฀ 8.฀The฀children฀/฀in฀the฀playground.(patio)฀ 9.฀The฀CD´s฀/฀in฀the฀drawer฀(gaveta)฀ 10.฀The฀maps฀/฀in฀the฀library฀(biblioteca)฀฀

Are฀the฀Browns฀at฀home? ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀5.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀the฀wh-words฀What?,฀Who?,฀Where?,฀How?,฀as฀in฀the฀example: It´s฀a฀plane.฀ ฀ 1.฀It´s฀a฀knife฀ ฀ 2.฀They´re฀books฀ ฀ 3.฀The฀cigarettes฀are฀in฀the฀bag฀ ฀ 4.฀I´m฀fine,฀thanks฀ ฀ 5.฀The฀cat´s฀under฀the฀sofa฀ ฀ 6.฀It´s฀a฀chair฀ ฀ 7.฀That฀boy´s฀my฀brother฀ ฀ 8.฀The฀books฀are฀on฀the฀table฀ ฀ 9.฀The฀children฀are฀tired฀ ฀10.฀That฀woman´s฀my฀wife฀

What´s฀this?฀o฀What´s฀that? ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

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Ex.฀6.฀Complete฀and฀practise฀these฀dialogues฀with฀a฀partner. 1.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Robert฀ Jack฀ Robert฀ Jack฀

:฀ :฀ :฀ :฀

How฀do฀you฀do?฀My฀name฀______฀Robert฀Brown. How฀do฀you฀do?฀My฀name฀______฀Jack฀Richardson.฀Where฀______฀you฀from,฀Mr.฀Brown? I฀______฀American.฀I฀______฀from฀Appleton,฀Wisconsin. Oh.฀That฀______฀very฀interesting.

2.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Frank฀ John฀ Frank฀ John฀ Frank฀

:฀ :฀ :฀ :฀ :฀

Hello.฀My฀name฀______฀Frank.฀What฀______฀your฀name? My฀name฀______฀John.฀How฀______฀you? I฀______฀fine,฀thanks.฀______฀you฀a฀student฀here? No,฀I฀______฀not.฀I฀______฀an฀instructor. Oh.฀Pleased฀to฀meet฀you,฀Sir.

3.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Peter฀ :฀ Michael฀ :฀ Peter฀ :฀ Michael฀ :฀ Peter฀ :฀ Michael฀ :฀ Peter฀ :฀ Michael฀ :฀

4.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Jack฀ Jim฀ Jack฀ Jim฀ ฀ Jim฀ Jack฀ Janet฀

:฀ :฀ :฀ :฀ ฀฀ :฀ :฀ :฀

Hello,฀Mike Hello,฀Peter.฀Who______฀that฀girl? She฀______฀Mary.฀She฀______฀a฀new฀student. Where฀______฀she฀from? She฀______฀from฀Australia. ______฀she฀single? No,฀she฀______฀______.฀She฀______฀married. Oh.฀That´s฀bad฀news. Where฀______฀you,฀Jim? I฀______฀here,฀in฀the฀library. ______฀you฀alone? No,฀I฀______฀______.฀I฀______฀with฀my฀friend฀Janet.฀Come฀and฀meet฀her. (pausa) This฀______฀Janet.฀She฀______฀my฀classmate฀.฀She฀______฀from฀London. Hello,฀I฀______฀glad฀to฀meet฀you,฀Jane.฀How฀______฀you? I฀______฀fine,฀Jack.฀I´m฀glad฀to฀meet฀you,฀too.

B.฀ EL฀TIEMPO฀PASADO:฀฀WAS฀/woz/฀-฀WERE฀/wer/ ฀฀ 1.฀ El฀verbo฀TO฀BE฀tiene฀las฀siguientes฀formas฀en฀el฀tiempo฀pasado:฀WAS฀/woz/฀-฀WERE฀/wer/ I฀was฀/ai฀wóz/฀(yo฀era/estaba/fui/estuve) You฀were฀/iú:฀wé:r/฀(Tú฀eras/estabas/fuiste/estuviste) He฀was฀/hí:฀wóz/฀(El฀era/estaba/fue/estuvo) She฀was฀/shi:฀wóz/฀(Ella฀era/estaba/fue/estuvo) It฀was฀/it฀wóz/฀(era/estaba/fue/estuvo)

We฀were฀/wi:฀wé:r/฀(Nos.฀éramos/estábamos/fuimos/estuvimos) You฀were฀/iú:฀wé:r/฀(Uds.฀eran/estaban/fueron/estuvieron) They฀were฀/δei฀wé:r/฀(Ellos/as฀an/estaban/fueron/estuvieron)

Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: When?฀/wén/,฀¿Cuándo?฀Why?฀/wái/,฀¿Por฀qué?;฀How฀old?฀/háu฀óuld/฀¿Qué฀edad? Last฀week฀/lá:st฀wí:k/฀;฀la฀semana฀pasada฀Two฀days฀ago฀/tú:฀déiz฀agóu/฀Hace฀dos฀días฀Yesterday฀/jésterdei/฀ayer; The฀day฀before฀yesterday฀/δe฀déi฀bifór฀jésterdei/฀anteayer฀Last฀night฀/la:st฀náit/฀anoche

I฀was฀very฀busy฀yesterday.฀/ai฀woz฀véri฀bízi฀iésterdei/฀ (Yo฀estuve฀muy฀ocupado฀ayer) John฀was฀at฀home฀all฀day฀today.฀/dllón฀woz฀at฀hóum฀ó:l฀déi฀tudéi/฀ (John฀estuvo฀en฀casa฀todo฀el฀día฀hoy) We฀were฀in฀Paris฀last฀year฀/wi฀wé:r฀in฀páris฀la:st฀íar/฀ (Nosotros฀estuvimos฀en฀Paris฀del฀año฀pasado) Mary฀was฀the฀best฀student฀in฀my฀class.฀/฀méri฀woz฀δe฀bést฀stiú:dent฀in฀mai฀klás/฀ (Mary฀era฀la฀mejor฀alumna฀de฀mi฀curso) They฀were฀very฀good฀friends.฀/δei฀wé:r฀véri฀gud฀fréndz/฀ (Ellos฀eran฀/฀fueron฀muy฀buenos฀amigos) Mr.฀Jackson฀was฀here฀three฀weeks฀ago.฀/míster฀djækson฀woz฀híar฀θrí:฀wí:ks฀agóu/฀ (Mr฀Jackson฀estuvo฀aquí฀hace฀3฀semanas).

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2.฀ La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀NOT฀después฀de฀WAS฀o฀WERE.฀Normalmente฀se฀usan฀las฀contracciones฀ WASN´T฀/wóznt/฀o฀WEREN´T฀/wé:rent/. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: I฀was฀not฀very฀busy฀last฀week.฀/ai฀woz฀nót฀véri฀bízi฀lá:st฀wí:k/฀ (Yo฀no฀estuve฀muy฀ocupado฀la฀semana฀pasada) (John฀no฀estuvo฀en฀casa฀esta฀mañana) John฀wasn´t฀at฀home฀this฀morning.฀/dllón฀wóznt฀at฀hóum฀δis฀mórnin/฀ We฀weren´t฀in฀New฀York฀last฀year.฀/wi฀wé:rent฀in฀niú:฀iórk฀lá:st฀íar/฀ (Nosotros฀no฀estuvimos฀en฀N.Y.฀el฀año฀pasado) Mary฀wasn´t฀a฀good฀student฀at฀high฀school.฀/méri฀wóznt฀a฀gúd฀stiú:dent฀at฀hái฀skú:l/฀ (Mary฀no฀era฀una฀buena฀alumna฀en฀el฀liceo) They฀weren´t฀very฀hardworking.฀/δei฀wé:rnt฀véri฀há:rdwérkiη/฀ (Ellos฀no฀eran฀muy฀trabajadores) 3.฀ La฀forma฀interrogativa฀se฀expresa฀invirtiendo฀el฀orden฀de฀WAS฀/฀WERE฀con฀el฀sujeto Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: Were฀you฀in฀class฀this฀morning?฀/we:r฀iú:฀in฀klás฀δis฀mórnin/฀ Was฀John฀sick฀yesterday?฀/woz฀dllón฀sík฀iésterdi/฀ Was฀Mary฀a฀good฀student฀at฀school?฀/woz฀méri฀a฀gúd฀stiú:dent฀at฀skú:l/฀ Where฀were฀you฀at฀this฀time฀yesterday?฀/wéar฀wé:r฀iú฀at฀δis฀táim฀iésterdi/฀ Why฀was฀Jim฀absent฀from฀work?฀/wái฀woz฀dllím฀æbsent฀from฀wé:rk/฀

(¿Estuviste฀en฀clase฀esta฀mañana?) (¿Estuvo฀John฀enfermo฀ayer?) (¿Era฀Mary฀una฀buena฀alumna฀en฀el฀colegio?) (¿Dónde฀estabas฀a฀esta฀hora฀ayer?) (¿Por฀qué฀estuvo฀Jim฀ausente฀del฀trabajo?)

EXERCISES: Ex.฀1.฀Complete฀these฀sentences฀with฀the฀proper฀form฀of฀the฀verb฀TO฀BE,฀present฀or฀past: 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀

John฀______฀in฀New฀York฀the฀day฀before฀yesterday฀but฀he฀______฀in฀Chicago฀today. wasnt was They฀______฀free฀today,฀but฀they฀______฀at฀work฀yesterday. Today฀______฀Monday.฀Yesterday฀______฀Sunday. Where฀______฀the฀Johnsons฀last฀weekend?฀Where฀______฀they฀today? The฀elevator฀______฀out฀of฀order฀last฀night,฀but฀it฀______฀working฀well฀now. John฀______n´t฀in฀the฀office฀at฀ten฀this฀morning฀because฀he฀______฀at฀a฀meeting. Bob฀______฀very฀sick฀yesterday,฀but฀he฀______฀much฀better฀today.

Ex.฀2.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀a)฀Negative฀b)฀interrogative 1.฀ ฀ 2.฀ ฀ 3.฀ ฀ 4.฀ ฀ 5.฀ ฀ 6.฀ ฀

The฀secretary฀was฀busy฀at฀midday.฀ ฀ They฀were฀good฀friends฀at฀school.฀ ฀ The฀weather฀was฀fine฀that฀day.฀ ฀ The฀men฀were฀tired฀after฀the฀long฀walk.฀฀ ฀ Mary฀was฀late฀for฀the฀train฀this฀morning.฀฀ ฀ Henry฀was฀at฀the฀movie฀at฀7฀P.M.฀฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀wh-words฀like฀What?฀Where?฀When?,Why?,฀How?,฀How฀old,฀Who? 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀

Tom฀was฀at฀home฀at฀midnight฀last฀night.฀฀ John฀was฀in฀the฀car฀at฀that฀moment.฀฀ Liz฀was฀in฀bed฀because฀she฀was฀sick.฀฀ The฀Smiths฀were฀in฀Chile฀in฀1985.฀฀ George฀was฀a฀little฀better฀this฀morning.฀฀ Mr฀Clark฀was฀about฀85฀years฀old฀when฀he฀died.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

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C.฀ EL฀TIEMPO฀FUTURO:฀WILL฀BE฀/will฀bi:/ 1.฀ El฀tiempo฀futuro฀del฀verbo฀TO฀BE฀se฀expresa฀mediante฀el฀uso฀del฀Verbo฀Modal฀WILL฀seguido฀del฀infinitivo฀ BE.฀Normalmente฀se฀usa฀la฀contracción฀‘ll฀en฀la฀conversación฀diaria฀informal. I฀will฀be฀/ai฀wil฀bí:/฀(Yo฀seré฀/฀estaré) You฀will฀be฀/iú:฀wil฀bí:/฀(Tú฀serás฀/฀estarás) He฀will฀be฀/hi:฀wil฀bí:/฀(El฀será฀/฀estará) She฀will฀be฀/shí:฀wil฀bí:/฀(Ellas฀será฀/฀estará) It฀will฀be฀/it฀wil฀bí:/฀(Será฀/฀estará)

We฀will฀be฀/wí:฀wil฀bí:/฀(Nos.seremos฀/฀estaremos) You฀will฀be฀/iú:฀wil฀bí:/฀(Uds.฀serán฀/฀estarán) They฀will฀be฀/δei฀wil฀bí:/฀(Ellos฀/฀as฀serán฀estarán)

También฀se฀pueden฀usar฀las฀siguientes฀contracciones: I´ll฀be฀/áil฀bí:/฀฀

You´ll฀be฀/iu:l฀bí:/฀฀

He´ll฀be฀/hí:l฀bí:/฀฀

They´ll฀be฀/δeil฀bí:/

Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: How฀long?฀/háu฀lóη/฀¿Cuánto฀tiempo?฀Until฀/antíl/฀hasta;฀For฀/for/฀por฀What฀time?฀/wót฀táim/฀¿Qué฀hora?฀Tomorrow฀/tumórou/฀mañana; Next฀week฀/´nekst฀wi:k/฀la฀próxima฀semana;฀The฀day฀after฀tomorrow฀/δe฀déi฀á:fter฀tumórou/฀pasado฀mañana฀

I฀will฀be฀very฀busy฀this฀afternoon.฀/ái฀wil฀bí:฀véri฀bízi฀δis฀a:fternú:n/฀.฀Estaré฀muy฀ocupado฀esta฀tarde John฀will฀be฀in฀class฀until฀1฀o´clock.฀/dllón฀wil฀bí:฀in฀klá:s฀antil฀wán฀oklók/฀John฀estará฀en฀clases฀hasta฀la฀1 It´ll฀be฀hot฀tomorrow.฀/ítl฀bí:฀hot฀tumórou/฀Estará฀caluroso฀mañana I´ll฀be฀on฀leave฀for฀two฀weeks.฀/ail฀bí:฀on฀lí:v฀for฀tú:฀wí:ks/฀Yo฀estaré฀con฀permiso฀por฀dos฀semanas 2.฀ La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀la฀palabra฀NOT฀después฀del฀verbo฀modal฀WILL฀Normalmente฀se฀usa฀ la฀contracción฀WON´T฀/wóunt/. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: I฀will฀not฀be฀very฀busy฀tomorrrow.฀/ai฀wil฀nót฀bí:฀bízi฀tumórou/฀No฀estaré฀muy฀ocupado฀mañana Mary฀will฀not฀be฀at฀home฀today.฀/méri฀wil฀nót฀bí:฀at฀hóum฀tudéi/฀Mary฀no฀estará฀en฀casa฀hoy฀día. They฀won´t฀be฀here฀all฀day.฀/δei฀wóunt฀bí:฀híar฀ó:l฀dei/฀Ellos฀no฀estarán฀aquí฀todo฀el฀día It฀won´t฀be฀cold฀tonight.฀/it฀wóunt฀bí:฀kóuld฀tunáit/฀No฀estará฀frio฀esta฀noche 3.฀ La฀forma฀interrogativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀el฀verbo฀modal฀WILL฀o฀la฀contracción฀WON´T฀delante฀del฀sujeto. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: Will฀you฀be฀free฀tomorrow฀evening?฀/wil฀iú:฀bí:฀frí:฀tumórou฀í:vnin/฀¿Estarás฀libre฀mañana฀en฀la฀noche? Will฀the฀test฀be฀difficult?฀/wil฀δe฀tést฀bí:฀dífikalt/฀¿Será฀dificil฀la฀prueba? Will฀they฀be฀here฀on฀Monday?฀/wil฀δei฀bí:฀híar฀on฀mándei/฀¿estarán฀ellos฀aquí฀el฀lunes? Won´t฀you฀be฀at฀the฀meeting?฀/wóunt฀iú.฀bi:฀at฀δe฀mí:tin/฀¿No฀estarás฀tú฀en฀la฀reunión? When฀will฀they฀be฀here฀again?฀/wén฀wil฀δei฀bí:฀híar฀agéin/฀¿Cuándo฀estarán฀ellos฀aquí฀nuevamente? How฀long฀will฀they฀be฀in฀Washington?฀/háu฀loη฀wil฀δei฀bí:฀in฀wóshiδton/฀¿Cúanto฀tiempo฀estarán฀ellos฀en฀Washington? What฀time฀will฀you฀be฀back?฀/wót฀táim฀wil฀iu:฀bí:฀bæk/฀¿A฀qué฀hora฀estará฀Ud.฀de฀regreso? EXERCISES: Ex.฀1.฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀as฀in฀the฀example: John฀is฀not฀at฀home฀today,฀but฀he฀ (will฀be฀at฀home)฀ 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀ 20

tomorrow.

Tom฀and฀Jack฀aren´t฀in฀the฀same฀class฀this฀semester,฀but฀they฀_______________________________ next฀semester. John฀isn´t฀absent฀today,฀but฀he฀ _________________________________________________ the฀day฀after฀tomorrow. It฀is฀not฀very฀cold฀now,฀but฀it฀______________________________________________________________ this฀evening. We฀are฀not฀busy฀right฀now,฀but฀we฀ _________________________________________________________ after฀lunch. I฀am฀not฀in฀my฀office฀at฀the฀moment,฀but฀I฀ ________________________________________________ in฀ten฀minutes. Mr.Johnson฀was฀not฀at฀the฀meeting฀last฀week,฀but฀he฀ _______________________________________ next฀Monday. The฀weather฀was฀not฀very฀nice฀last฀month,฀but฀it฀_____________________________________________ next฀month. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

Ex.฀2.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀the฀negative฀and฀the฀interrogative฀forms. 1.฀ ฀ 2.฀ ฀ 3.฀ ฀ 4.฀ ฀ 5.฀ ฀ 6.฀ ฀ 7.฀ ฀

John฀will฀be฀in฀class฀today.฀ ฀ It´ll฀be฀hot฀tomorrow.฀ ฀ My฀friends฀will฀be฀here฀before฀12.฀฀ ฀ The฀program฀will฀be฀interesting.฀฀ ฀ Mary´ll฀be฀in฀the฀office฀all฀morning.฀ ฀ I´ll฀be฀in฀the฀first฀team.฀ ฀ They฀will฀be฀in฀the฀next฀town฀before฀midday.฀฀ ฀

฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀Where?,When?,Why?฀How?,฀How฀long?,฀What฀time?,฀etc. 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀ 8.฀ 9.฀

All฀the฀shops฀will฀be฀closed฀tomorrow฀because฀it´s฀Sunday.฀ ฀___________________________________________ I฀will฀be฀free฀next฀Tuesday฀morning.฀ ฀___________________________________________ The฀students฀will฀be฀in฀the฀lab฀this฀afternoon.฀ ฀___________________________________________ They฀will฀be฀here฀at฀ten-thirty.฀ ฀___________________________________________ The฀weather฀will฀be฀very฀nice฀this฀month.฀ ฀___________________________________________ Mary฀will฀be฀in฀New฀York฀next฀weekend.฀ ฀___________________________________________ She฀will฀be฀back฀in฀Chile฀on฀Wednesday.฀฀ ฀___________________________________________ They฀will฀be฀at฀home฀all฀day฀because฀the฀weather฀is฀not฀good.฀ ฀___________________________________________ Mr.฀Johnson฀will฀be฀absent฀from฀work฀for฀three฀days?฀ ฀___________________________________________

Ex.฀4.฀Answer฀the฀following฀questions,฀in฀English. 1.฀ Where฀were฀you฀at฀this฀time฀yesterday?฀฀ 2.฀When฀will฀you฀be฀on฀vacation฀again?฀ 3.฀How฀are฀you฀today?฀ 4.฀Who฀was฀absent฀from฀class฀last฀Monday?฀ 5.฀Why฀is฀your฀friend฀in฀bed฀at฀this฀time?฀ 6.฀Where฀were฀you฀last฀weekend?฀฀ 7.฀Who฀was฀with฀you฀at฀the฀party฀last฀Saturday?฀ 8.฀When฀is฀the฀next฀general฀meeting?฀ 9.฀Where฀will฀you฀be฀at฀this฀time฀tomorrow?฀ 10.฀Why฀were฀you฀absent฀from฀class฀last฀Friday?฀

฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________

Ex.฀5.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀English: 1.฀Ellos฀estarán฀muy฀ocupados฀mañana฀en฀la฀mañana.฀ 2.฀Esos฀niños฀no฀son฀muy฀buenos฀alumnos.฀฀ 3.฀¿Dónde฀están฀tus฀amigos฀ahora?฀ 4.฀¿Quién฀estuvo฀aquí฀esta฀mañana?฀ 5.฀Nosotros฀no฀estuvimos฀aquí฀la฀semana฀pasada.฀ 6.฀Ella฀será฀una฀excelente฀secretaria.฀ 7.฀Ellos฀fueron฀buenos฀amigos฀en฀el฀colegio฀ 8.฀Los฀informes฀no฀estaban฀listos฀todavía.฀฀ 9.฀Mr฀Jackson฀estuvo฀en฀la฀oficina฀todo฀el฀día.฀ 10.฀Cuándo฀están฀ellos฀libres฀todo฀el฀día?฀ 11.฀¿Quién฀era฀ese฀hombre?฀ 12.฀Este฀no฀es฀un฀libro฀muy฀interesante.฀ 13.฀Alguien฀estuvo฀aquí฀ayer฀en฀la฀tarde.฀฀ 14.฀¿Cuándo฀estará฀Ud.฀en฀esa฀ciudad฀nuevamente?฀

฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

21

PART฀II.฀

THE฀ENGLISH฀ALPHABET

Vowels:฀ ฀ Consonants:฀ ฀฀

A฀

E฀

I฀

O฀

U

฀/éi/฀฀

฀/i:/฀฀

฀/ái/฀฀

฀/óu/฀฀

฀/iú/

B฀

C฀

D฀

G฀

P฀

T฀

V

/bi:/฀

/si:/฀

/di:/฀

/dlli:/฀

/pi:/฀

/ti:/฀

/vi:/

F฀

฀L฀

฀M฀

฀N฀

฀S฀

฀X฀

฀Z

/ef/฀

/el/฀

/em/฀

/en/฀

/es/฀

/eks/฀

/zed/*

฀ ฀

J฀

H฀

K฀

Y฀

Q฀

W฀

฀R

/dlléi/฀

/eitch/฀

/kei/฀

/uái/฀

/kiú/฀

/dábliu/฀

/a:r/

฀*฀En฀Inglés฀Americano฀la฀letra฀Z฀se฀pronuncia฀/zi:/

PRACTICE฀EXERCISES: Ex.฀1.฀¿Puede฀leer฀estas฀series฀de฀letras? 1.฀ E฀-฀I฀-฀O฀-฀A฀-฀E฀-฀I฀-฀E฀-฀O฀-฀U฀-฀I฀-฀U฀-฀A฀-E ฀ ฀ 2.฀ P฀-฀G฀-฀B฀-฀V฀-฀T฀-฀C฀-฀Z฀-฀L฀-฀F฀-฀N฀-฀S฀-฀X฀-฀D฀-฀B฀-฀C฀-฀L฀-฀M฀-฀X฀-฀V฀-B 3.฀ J฀-฀Y฀-฀Q฀-฀W฀-฀H฀-฀K฀-฀Y฀-฀R฀-฀C฀-฀L฀-฀H฀-฀G฀-฀N฀-฀Y฀-฀Q฀-฀T฀-฀X฀-฀W฀-฀R฀-฀Z฀-฀J฀-฀K฀-฀F 4.฀ E฀-฀C฀-฀L฀-฀M฀-฀X฀-฀V฀-฀B฀-฀A฀-฀I฀-฀B฀-฀D฀-฀X฀-฀S฀-฀N฀-฀F฀-฀O฀-฀G฀-฀U฀-฀Q฀-฀Y฀-฀W฀-฀A 5.฀ U฀-฀I฀-฀E฀-฀J฀-฀O฀-฀G฀-฀K฀-฀A฀-฀T฀-฀E฀-฀P฀-฀I฀-฀W฀-฀O฀-฀Q฀-฀A฀-฀X฀-฀O฀-฀I฀-฀A Ex.฀2.฀Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: 1.฀ How฀do฀you฀spell฀your฀first฀name?฀/háu฀diu:฀spél฀io:r฀fe:rst฀néim/ 2.฀ My฀last฀name฀is฀Vasquez,฀that´s฀V-A-S-Q-U-E-Z.฀/mái฀la:st฀néim฀is฀váskes,฀δæts฀vi:฀éi฀és฀kiú฀i:฀zéd/ 3.฀ Tom฀works฀for฀IBM฀in฀LA.฀/tóm฀wé:rks฀for฀ái฀bí:฀ém฀in฀él฀éi/ Ex.฀3.฀Practique฀estos฀diálogos฀con฀algún฀amigo: 1.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A:฀ My฀brother´s฀name฀is฀Ignacio.฀ ฀ /mái฀bráδerz฀néim฀iz฀ignásio/฀฀ B:฀ Can฀you฀spell฀that,฀please฀ ฀ /kán฀iu:฀spél฀δæt฀plí:z/฀฀ A:฀ I-G-N-A-C-I-O฀ ฀ /ai฀dllí:฀én฀éi฀sí:฀ái฀óu/฀฀ B:฀ Thank฀you฀ ฀ /θæηkiu:/฀฀

2.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A:฀ ฀ B:฀ ฀ A:฀ ฀ B:฀ ฀

When฀did฀you฀buy฀your฀VCR? /wén฀did฀iú:฀bái฀io:r฀ví:฀sí:฀á.r/

Last฀month.฀I฀bought฀it฀at฀the฀PX /lá:st฀mánθ฀ái฀bó:t฀it฀at฀δe฀pí:฀éks/

Was฀it฀very฀expensive? /wóz฀it฀ekspénsiv/

No,฀it฀only฀cost฀me฀eighty-five฀dollars /nóu฀it฀óunli฀kóst฀mi:éiti฀fáiv฀dólarz/

Ex.฀4.฀¿Puede฀deletrear฀estas฀palabras? Yorkshire฀ Mexico฀

22

Washington฀ Quebec฀

geography฀ Chicago฀

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

Kalamazoo฀ Venezuela฀

Japan฀ Shanghai฀

whisky Tokyo

Ex.฀5.฀Estudie฀estas฀siglas฀(acronyms)฀de฀uso฀frecuente: USA฀ B.C.฀ A.D.฀ FBI฀ OK฀฀ ITT฀฀ a.m.฀

BBC฀ UCLA฀ VAT฀ UFO฀ NCO฀ PTO฀ p.m.฀

PLO฀฀ USSR฀ VCR฀฀ NBT฀ CO฀ ADC฀ EST฀

ATM฀ OAS฀ IBM฀฀ CIA฀ IRA฀ MIT฀ APC฀

DC฀฀฀ COD฀ GPS฀ GMT฀ MIA฀ Ph.D฀ OBE฀

¿Puede฀agregar฀algunas฀otras฀siglas฀de฀uso฀frecuente? ฀________________ ฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀________________ ฀ ฀________________ ฀

CEO UK UNO DEA MP FOB CIF ฀________________ ฀________________ ฀________________ ฀________________

THE฀PHONETIC฀ALPHABET This฀alphabet฀is฀used฀in฀radio฀/฀telephone฀communication฀to฀spell฀difficult฀words: as฀in฀ ฀/az฀in/฀฀

como฀en฀

for฀

฀/fo:r/฀฀

para

A฀ B฀ C฀ D฀ E฀ F฀ G฀ H฀ I฀ J฀ K฀ L฀ M฀

Alfa฀/álfa/฀฀ Bravo฀/brávou/฀฀ Charlie฀/tchá:rli/฀฀ Delta฀/délta/฀฀ Echo฀/ékou/฀฀ Foxtrot฀/fókstrot/฀฀ Golf฀/gólf/฀฀ Hotel฀/houtél/฀฀ India฀/índia/฀฀ Juliett฀/dlluliét/฀฀ Kilo฀/kílou/฀฀ Lima฀/líma/฀฀ Mike฀/máik/฀฀

N฀ O฀ P฀ Q฀ R฀ S฀ T฀ U฀ V฀ W฀ X฀ Y฀ Z฀

for฀ for฀ for฀ for฀ for฀ for฀ for฀ for฀ for฀ for฀ for฀ for฀ for฀

November฀/nouvémber/ Oscar฀/óskar/ Papa฀/pápa/ Quebec฀/kuibék/ Romeo฀/rómiou/ Sierra฀/siéra/ Tango฀/táηgou/ Uniform฀/íunifo:rm/ Victor฀/víktor/ Whisky฀/wíski/ X-ray฀/éks฀réi/ Yankee฀/iáηki/ Zulu฀/zúlu/

as฀in฀ as฀in฀ as฀in฀ as฀in฀ as฀in฀ as฀in฀ as฀in฀ as฀in฀ as฀in฀฀ as฀in฀ as฀in฀ as฀in฀ as฀in฀

Examples: 1.฀ My฀name฀is฀JUAN.฀I฀spell:฀J฀for฀Juliett;฀U฀for฀uniform;฀A฀for฀alfa฀and฀N฀for฀November:฀JUAN 2.฀ The฀commander´s฀last฀name฀is฀CLARK.฀I฀spell:฀C฀as฀in฀Charlie;฀L฀as฀in฀Lima,฀A฀as฀in฀Alfa;฀R฀as฀in฀Romeo฀and฀K฀as฀ in฀Kilo:฀CLARK

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Bl฀24

KEY฀TO฀ANSWERS UNIT฀1 Part฀1 A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀is฀2.are฀3.฀are฀4.฀are฀5.฀are฀6.฀is฀7.฀is฀8.฀am฀9.฀is฀10.are Ex.฀2.฀1.฀Yes,฀I฀am.฀I´m฀in฀the฀office.฀2.฀Yes,฀he฀is.฀He´s฀Mr.฀Clark.฀3.฀Yes,฀we฀are-We´re฀ready฀to฀go.฀4.฀Yes,you฀are.฀You´re฀a฀ good฀instructor.฀5.฀Yes,฀they฀are.฀They´re฀in฀class.฀6.฀Yes,฀she฀is.฀She´s฀a฀secretary.฀฀7.฀Yes,฀it฀is.฀It´s฀a฀modern฀plane.฀ 8.฀Yes,฀they฀are.฀They´re฀updated.฀9.฀Yes,฀it฀is.฀It´s฀open.฀10.฀Yes,฀I฀am.฀I´m฀hungry. Ex.฀3.฀1.฀No,฀they´re฀not.฀They฀aren´t฀angry.฀They´re฀hungry.฀2.฀No,฀I´m฀not.฀I´m฀not฀thirsty.฀I´m฀hungry.฀3.No,฀he´s฀not.฀He฀isn´t฀ at฀home.฀He´s฀at฀work.฀4.฀No,฀they´re฀not.฀They฀aren´t฀happy,฀They´re฀sad.฀5.฀No,฀he´s฀not.฀He฀isn´t฀a฀doctor.฀He´s฀an฀ engineer.฀6.฀No,฀they´re฀not.฀They฀aren´t฀American.฀They´re฀British.฀7.฀No,฀I´m฀not.฀I´m฀not฀an฀navy฀officer.฀I´m฀a฀army฀ officer.฀8.฀No,฀it´s฀not.฀It฀isn´t฀clean.฀It´s฀dirty.฀9.฀No,฀they´re฀not.฀They฀aren´t฀old.฀They´re฀young. Ex.฀4.฀1.฀Is฀the฀manager฀in฀his฀office?฀2.฀Are฀Peter฀and฀John฀in฀class?฀3.฀Is฀the฀course฀interesting?฀4.฀Are฀your฀friends฀from฀ Canada?฀5.฀Is฀the฀computer฀connected฀to฀internet?฀6.฀Is฀the฀package฀light฀or฀heavy?฀7.฀Are฀the฀pictures฀clear?฀8.฀ Are฀the฀children฀in฀the฀playground?฀9.฀Are฀the฀CD´s฀in฀the฀drawer?฀10.฀Are฀the฀maps฀in฀the฀library? Ex.฀5.฀1.฀What´s฀this฀/฀that?฀2.฀What฀are฀these฀/฀those?฀3.฀Where฀are฀the฀cigarettes?.?฀4.฀How฀are฀you?฀5.฀Where´s฀the฀cat?฀ 6.฀What´s฀this฀/฀that?฀7.฀Who´s฀that฀boy?฀8.฀Where฀are฀the฀books?฀9.฀How฀are฀the฀children?฀10.฀Who´s฀that฀woman? Ex.฀6.฀1.R:฀is฀J:฀is฀-฀are฀R:฀am฀-฀am฀J:฀is ฀ 2.฀F:฀is฀-฀is฀J:฀is฀-฀are฀F:฀am฀-฀Are฀J:฀am฀-฀am ฀ 3.฀M:฀is฀P:฀is฀-฀is฀M:฀is฀P:฀is฀M:฀is฀P:฀isn´t฀-฀is ฀ 4.฀Ja:฀are฀Ji:฀am฀Ja:฀are฀Ji:฀am฀not฀-฀am฀(pause)฀is฀-฀is฀-฀is฀Ja:฀am฀-฀are฀Ja:฀am B. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀Was฀-฀is฀2.฀Are฀-฀were฀3.฀Is฀-฀was฀4.฀Were฀-฀are฀5.฀Was฀-฀is฀6.฀Was฀-฀was฀7.฀Was฀-฀is Ex.฀2.฀1.฀The฀secretary฀wasn´t.....฀/฀Was฀the฀secretary฀....?฀2.฀They฀weren´t.....฀/฀Were฀they....?฀3.฀The฀weather฀wasn´t฀......฀ /฀Was฀the฀weather....?฀4.฀The฀men฀weren´t฀.....฀/฀Were฀the฀men฀.....?฀5.฀Mary฀wasn´t฀.....฀/฀Was฀Mary....?฀6.฀Henry฀ wasn´t฀......฀/฀Was฀Hernry....? Ex.฀3.฀1.฀Where฀was฀Tom฀at....?฀2.฀Who฀was฀in฀the฀car.....?฀3.฀Why฀was฀Liz฀in฀bed?฀4.฀When฀were฀the฀Smiths฀....?฀5.฀How฀ was฀George....?฀6.฀How฀old฀was฀Mr฀Clark฀when....? C. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀will฀be฀in฀the฀same฀class฀2.฀will฀be฀absent฀3.฀will฀be฀very฀cold฀4.฀will฀be฀very฀busy฀5.฀will฀be฀in฀my฀office฀6.฀will฀be฀ at฀the฀meeting฀7.฀will฀be฀very฀nice. Ex.฀2.฀1.฀John฀won´t฀be.....฀/฀Will฀John฀be฀....?฀2.฀It฀won´t฀be฀.....฀/฀Will฀it฀be....?฀3.฀My฀friends฀won´t฀be...฀/฀Will฀my฀friends฀be....?฀ 4.฀The฀program฀won´t฀be฀...฀/฀Will฀the฀program฀be...?฀5.฀Mary฀won´t฀be...฀/฀Will฀Mary฀be...?฀6.฀I฀won´t฀be...฀/฀Will฀I฀be฀....? Ex.฀3.฀1.฀Why฀will฀all฀the฀shops฀be฀closed฀tomorrow?฀2.฀When฀will฀you฀be฀free?฀3.฀Where฀will฀the฀students฀be฀this฀afternoon?฀ 4.฀At฀what฀time฀will฀they฀be฀here?฀5.฀How฀will฀the฀weather฀be฀this฀month?฀6.฀When฀will฀Mary฀be฀in฀New฀York?฀7.฀When฀ will฀she฀be฀back฀in฀Chile?฀8.฀Why฀will฀they฀be฀at฀home฀all฀day?฀9.฀How฀long฀will฀Mr฀Johnson฀be฀absent฀from฀work? Ex.฀4.฀(open฀answers) Ex.฀5.฀1.฀They´ll฀be฀very฀busy฀tomorrow฀morning.฀2.฀Those฀children฀are฀not฀very฀good฀students.฀3.฀Where฀are฀your฀friends฀ now?฀4.฀Who฀was฀here฀this฀morning?฀5.฀We฀weren´t฀here฀last฀week.฀6.฀She´ll฀be฀an฀excellent฀secretary฀7.฀They฀ were฀good฀friends฀at฀school.฀8.฀The฀reports฀weren´t฀ready฀yet.฀9.฀Mr฀Jackson฀was฀in฀the฀office฀all฀day.฀10.฀When฀are฀ they฀free฀all฀day?฀11.฀Who฀was฀that฀man?฀12.฀This฀isn´t฀a฀very฀interesting฀book.฀13.฀Somebody฀was฀here฀yesterday฀ afternoon฀/฀evening฀.฀14.฀When฀will฀you฀be฀in฀that฀city฀again? A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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PART฀I.฀THERE฀TO฀BE฀(HABER,฀EXISTIR)

UNIT฀2

A.฀ PRESENT฀TENSE:฀THERE฀IS฀-฀THERE฀ARE Estas฀expresiones฀se฀usan฀para฀indicar฀la฀existencia฀de฀algo.฀Son฀equivalentes฀a฀la฀expresión฀HAY,฀en฀castellano.฀ THERE฀IS฀/δear฀íz/฀se฀usa฀con฀sustantivos฀singulares฀o฀incontables.฀THERE฀ARE฀/δear฀á:r/฀se฀usa฀con฀sustantivos฀plurales.฀ Normalmente,฀en฀el฀singular,฀se฀usa฀la฀contracción฀THERE´S฀/δéarz/. There฀is฀a฀book฀on฀the฀desk฀/δear฀íz฀e฀búk฀on฀δe฀désk/฀(Hay฀un฀libro฀sobre฀el฀escritorio) There´s฀a฀car฀in฀the฀car฀park.฀/δéarz฀e฀ká:r฀in฀δe฀ká:r฀pa:rk/฀(Hay฀un฀auto฀en฀el฀estacionamiento) There´s฀some฀water฀in฀the฀glass.฀/δéarz฀sam฀wóter฀in฀δe฀glæs/฀(Hay฀agua฀en฀el฀vaso) There฀are฀10฀students฀in฀my฀class.฀/δear฀á:r฀tén฀stiúdents฀in฀mai฀klæs/฀(Hay฀10฀alumnos฀en฀mi฀curso) There฀are฀some฀chairs฀in฀the฀room฀/δear฀á:r฀sam฀tchéarz฀in฀δe฀rúm/฀(Hay฀algunas฀sillas฀en฀la฀sala) La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀con฀THERE฀IS฀NOT฀/฀THERE฀ISN´T฀/δear฀íznt/฀o฀THERE฀ARE฀NOT฀/฀THERE฀AREN´T฀/δear฀á:rent/ There฀is฀not฀a฀book฀on฀the฀desk.฀/δear฀iz฀nót฀e฀búk฀on฀δe฀désk/ There฀isn´t฀a฀car฀in฀the฀car฀park.฀/฀δéar฀íznt฀e฀ká:r฀in฀δe฀ká:r฀pa:rk/ There฀isn´t฀any฀water฀in฀the฀glass.฀/δéar฀íznt฀éni฀wóter฀in฀δe฀glæs/ There´s฀no฀water฀in฀the฀glass฀/δéarz฀nóu฀wóter฀in฀δe฀glæs/ There฀are฀not฀10฀students฀in฀my฀class.฀/δear฀a:r฀nót฀tén฀stiúdents฀in฀mai฀klæs/ There฀aren´t฀10฀students฀in฀my฀class.฀/δear฀á:rent฀tén฀stiúdents฀in฀mai฀klæs/ There฀aren´t฀any฀chairs฀in฀the฀room.฀/δear฀á:rent฀éni฀tchéarz฀in฀δe฀rúm/ There฀are฀no฀chairs฀in฀the฀room.฀/δear฀a:r฀nóu฀tchéarz฀in฀δe฀rúm/ La฀forma฀interrogativa฀se฀hace฀mediante฀simple฀inversión฀del฀verbo฀con฀la฀palabra฀THERE. Is฀there฀a฀book฀on฀the฀desk?฀/íz฀δer฀e฀búk฀on฀δe฀désk/ Is฀there฀a฀car฀in฀the฀car฀park?฀/íz฀δer฀e฀ká:r฀in฀δe฀ká:r฀pa:rk/ Is฀there฀any฀water฀in฀the฀glass?฀/íz฀δér฀éni฀wóter฀in฀δe฀glæs/ Are฀there฀10฀students฀in฀the฀class?฀/á:r฀δer฀tén฀stiúdents฀in฀mai฀klæs/ Are฀there฀any฀chairs฀in฀the฀room?฀/á:r฀δer฀éni฀tchéarz฀in฀δe฀rúm/ Hay฀dos฀palabras฀interrogativas฀estrechamente฀relacionadas฀con฀ There฀is฀y฀There฀are:฀HOW฀MUCH?฀ /háu฀match/฀ (¿Cuánto?฀¿Cuánta?)฀y฀HOW฀MANY?฀/háu฀méni/฀(¿Cuántos?฀¿Cuántas?) How฀much฀whisky฀is฀there฀in฀the฀glass?฀฀ How฀much฀ice฀is฀there฀in฀the฀glass?฀฀ How฀much฀water฀is฀there?฀ How฀many฀doors฀are฀there฀in฀this฀room?฀฀ How฀many฀windows฀are฀there?฀ How฀many฀chairs฀are฀there?฀

There´s฀very฀little฀(whisky). There´s฀a฀lot฀(of฀ice). There฀isn´t฀any฀(water).฀There´s฀no฀water. There´s฀only฀one฀(door). There฀are฀three฀(windows). There฀aren´t฀any฀(chairs).฀There฀are฀no฀chairs.

Como฀ud.฀ha฀advertido,฀la฀palabra฀ SOME฀ /sám/฀ (algo,฀algunos฀/฀as)฀solamente฀se฀usa฀en฀forma฀afirmativa.฀En฀las฀ interrogaciones฀se฀debe฀usar฀la฀palabra฀ANY฀/éni/.฀En฀la฀forma฀negativa฀se฀puede฀usar฀NOT฀ANY฀/not฀éni/฀o฀NO฀/nóu/. Estudie฀la฀siguiente฀tabla: ฀Affirmative

SOME

Negative

NOT฀ANY NO

Interrogative

ANY?

There´s฀some฀water฀in฀the฀glass.฀/δéarz฀sam฀wóter฀in฀δe฀glá:s/ There฀are฀some฀trees฀in฀the฀garden฀/δéar฀á:r฀sam฀trí:z฀in฀δe฀gá:rdn/ There฀isn´t฀any฀water฀in฀the฀glass.฀/δear฀íznt฀éni฀wóter฀in฀δe฀glá:s/ There฀aren´t฀any฀trees฀in฀the฀garden.฀/δear฀á:rent฀éni฀trí:z฀in฀δe฀gá:rdn/ There฀´s฀no฀water฀in฀the฀glass.฀/δéarz฀nóu฀wóter฀in฀δe฀glá:s/ There฀are฀no฀trees฀in฀the฀garden.฀/δear฀á:r฀nóu฀trí:z฀in฀δe฀gá:rdn/ Is฀there฀any฀water฀in฀the฀glass?฀/iz฀δearz฀éni฀wóter฀in฀δe฀glá:s/ Are฀there฀any฀trees฀in฀the฀garden?฀.฀/a:r฀δear฀éni฀trí:z฀in฀δe฀gá:rdn/ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

27

Note฀el฀uso฀de฀LITTLE฀/lítl/฀(poco/a),฀FEW฀/fiú:/฀(pocos/as)฀y฀A฀LOT฀OF฀/e฀lót฀ov/฀(bastante/bastantes) ฀ There´s฀very฀little฀water฀in฀the฀glass฀/δéarz฀véri฀lítl฀wóter฀in฀δe฀glá:s/฀Hay฀muy฀poca฀agua฀en฀el฀vaso There´s฀a฀lot฀of฀ice฀in฀my฀glass.฀/δéarz฀e฀lót฀ov฀áis฀in฀mai฀glá:s/฀Hay฀bastante฀hielo฀en฀mi฀vaso There฀are฀very฀few฀desks฀in฀the฀room.฀/δear฀a:r฀véri฀fiú:฀desks฀in฀δe฀rú:m/฀Hay฀muy฀pocos฀escritorios฀en฀la฀sala There฀are฀a฀lot฀of฀chairs฀in฀the฀room.฀/δear฀a:r฀e฀lót฀ov฀tchéarz฀in฀rú:m/฀Hay฀bastantes฀sillas฀en฀la฀sala. La฀expresión฀a฀lot฀of฀normalmente฀se฀usa฀en฀oraciones฀afirmativas.฀En฀las฀oraciones฀negativas฀e฀interrogativas฀se฀ prefiere฀usar฀las฀palabras฀much฀o฀many,฀según฀sea฀el฀caso

Affirmative

a฀lot฀of

There´s฀a฀lot฀of฀sugar฀in฀the฀bowl฀/δéarz฀e฀lót฀ov฀shúgar฀in฀δe฀bóul/ There฀are฀a฀lot฀of฀books฀on฀the฀shelf.฀/δéar฀á:r฀e฀lót฀ov฀buks฀on฀δe฀shélf/

Negative

not฀much not฀many

There฀isn´t฀much฀sugar฀in฀the฀bowl.฀/δéar฀íznt฀mutch฀shúgar฀in฀δe฀bóul/ There฀aren´t฀many฀books฀on฀the฀shelf.฀/δéar฀á:rent฀méni฀buks฀on฀δe฀shélf/

Interrogative

much? many?

Is฀there฀much฀sugar฀in฀the฀bowl?฀/iz฀δéar฀mutch฀shúgar฀in฀δe฀bóul/ Are฀there฀many฀books฀on฀the฀shelf?฀/á:r฀δéar฀méni฀buks฀on฀δe฀shélf/

El฀artículo฀indefinido฀A/AN฀(un,una)฀no฀tiene฀una฀forma฀para฀el฀plural,฀por฀lo฀tanto฀se฀omite.฀Normalmente฀el฀artículo฀ A/AN฀se฀reemplaza฀por฀las฀palabras฀SOME฀/sam/฀algunos/as,฀SEVERAL฀/séverl/฀varios/as,฀MANY฀/méni/฀muchos/as. There฀is฀a฀tree฀in฀the฀garden.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

There฀are฀trees฀in฀the฀garden There฀are฀some฀trees฀in฀the฀garden There฀are฀several฀trees฀in฀the฀garden. There฀are฀many฀trees฀in฀the฀garden.

Cuando฀THERE฀IS/THERE฀ARE฀van฀seguidas฀directamente฀por฀un฀sustantivo,฀en฀las฀negaciones฀generalmente฀se฀ usa฀la฀palabra฀NO฀/nóu/ There´s฀water฀in฀that฀bottle.฀There´s฀no฀water฀in฀that฀bottle. There฀are฀flowers฀in฀the฀garden.฀There฀are฀no฀flowers฀in฀the฀garden Finalmente,฀estudie฀la฀siguiente฀tabla

There฀is

some a฀lot฀of much a฀little very฀little no/not฀any

milk฀in฀this฀bottle

There฀are

some several many a฀lot฀of a฀few very฀few no/not฀any

flowers฀in฀the฀ garden.

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀using฀THERE฀IS฀or฀THERE฀ARE: 1.฀฀฀ _______________________฀ some฀books฀on฀the฀shelf. 2.฀฀฀ _______________________฀ very฀little฀money฀left฀in฀the฀box. 3.฀฀฀ _______________________฀ only฀one฀student฀in฀the฀lab฀now. 4.฀฀฀ _______________________฀ very฀few฀people฀at฀the฀conference. 28

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

5.฀฀฀ _______________________฀ no฀more฀milk฀in฀the฀jug. 6.฀฀฀ _______________________฀ no฀more฀cassettes฀in฀the฀box. 7.฀฀฀ _______________________฀ no฀time฀left. 8.฀฀฀ _______________________฀ several฀helicopters฀in฀the฀airfield. 9.฀฀฀ _______________________฀ some฀letters฀for฀you฀on฀the฀desk. 10.฀฀฀ _______________________฀ a฀lot฀of฀mistakes฀in฀your฀composition. Ex.฀2.฀Change฀the฀following฀statements฀into฀the฀negative฀form. 1.฀There’s฀a฀lot฀of฀fruit฀in฀the฀basket.฀฀ 2.฀There฀are฀a฀lot฀of฀students฀absent.฀ 3.฀There´s฀some฀more฀meat฀in฀the฀fridge.฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀There฀are฀some฀extra฀chairs฀in฀the฀room.฀฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀There´s฀a฀telephone฀in฀the฀room.฀฀ 6.฀There฀are฀a฀lot฀of฀people฀in฀the฀room.฀฀ 7.฀There฀are฀some฀more฀clean฀glasses.฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀There฀are฀30฀days฀in฀February.฀฀ 9.฀There´s฀some฀more฀money฀in฀my฀pocket.฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀There´s฀central฀heating฀in฀the฀room.฀

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Ex.฀3.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀the฀interrogative฀form. 1.฀There´s฀a฀hotel฀near฀the฀Training฀Center.฀ 2.฀There฀are฀some฀students฀absent฀today.฀ 3.฀There´s฀a฀lot฀of฀free฀time฀in฀the฀mornings.฀ 4.฀There´s฀some฀more฀coffee฀in฀the฀cup.฀ 5.฀There฀are฀more฀than฀10฀students.฀ 6.฀There฀are฀more฀women฀than฀men.฀ 7.฀There฀is฀another฀chair฀in฀that฀room฀ 8.฀There฀are฀some฀more฀books.฀ 9.฀There฀are฀24฀hours฀in฀a฀day.฀ 10.฀There´s฀a฀train฀for฀Paris฀in฀the฀morning.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

฀Ex.฀4.฀Complete฀the฀following฀questions฀and฀answers.฀Use฀HOW฀MUCH......IS฀THERE?฀Or฀HOW฀MANY..........฀฀฀ ARE฀THERE?฀in฀the฀questions,฀and฀THERE’S฀or฀THERE฀ARE฀in฀the฀Answers฀. Ej.:฀(How฀many)฀ dictionaries฀(are฀there)?฀฀ 1.฀ ฀___________________ ฀ money฀฀ ______________ ?฀ 2.฀ ฀___________________ ฀ doors฀________________ in฀the฀lab?฀ 3.฀ ฀___________________ ฀ milk฀ _________________ in฀the฀jug?฀฀ 4.฀ ฀___________________ ฀ video฀tapes฀___________ ?฀ 5.฀ ฀___________________ ฀ work฀_________________ today?฀฀ 6.฀ ฀___________________ ฀ people฀_______________ in฀the฀room?.฀ 7.฀ ฀___________________ ฀ butter฀________________ in฀the฀dish?฀ 8.฀ ฀___________________ ฀ secretaries฀____________ here?฀ 9.฀ ฀___________________ ฀ women฀ ______________ in฀that฀group?฀ 10.฀฀___________________ ฀ men฀_________________ in฀the฀crew?฀

(There฀are)฀8,฀sir. ฀ ________________฀ very฀little. ฀ ________________฀ just฀one. ฀ ________________฀ no฀milk฀in฀it. ฀ ________________฀ very฀few. ฀ ________________฀ a฀lot฀of฀work. ฀ ________________฀ a฀lot. ฀ ________________฀ just฀a฀little. ฀ ________________฀ two. ฀ ________________฀ five฀or฀six. ฀ ________________฀ four฀men.

Ex.฀5.฀Use฀LITTLE,฀FEW,฀A฀LOT฀in฀the฀blank฀spaces. 1.฀There฀are฀very฀______________________________฀ books฀in฀the฀school฀library. 2.฀There´s฀____________________________________฀ milk฀left฀in฀the฀bottle. 3.฀There´s฀very฀________________________________฀ ice฀in฀my฀glass. 4.฀There´s฀____________________________________฀ of฀noise฀in฀this฀room. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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5.฀There฀are฀__________________________________฀ of฀trees฀in฀that฀park. 6.฀There฀are฀only฀a฀____________________________฀ tickets฀available. 7.฀There฀are฀__________________________________฀ students฀absent฀from฀class฀today. 8.฀There´s฀____________________________________฀ of฀sugar฀in฀my฀coffee.฀It´s฀too฀sweet. 9.฀There฀are฀__________________________________฀ of฀errors฀in฀my฀bill. 10.฀There´s฀just฀a฀ ______________________________฀ whisky฀left฀in฀the฀bottle. B.฀ PAST฀TENSE:฀THERE฀WAS฀-฀THERE฀WERE El฀pasado฀de฀THERE฀IS/THERE฀ARE฀se฀expresa฀usando฀THERE฀WAS฀/δear฀wóz/฀/฀THERE฀WERE฀/δear฀we:r/฀La฀negación฀ se฀expresa฀usando฀la฀palabra฀ NOT฀después฀de฀ WAS฀y฀WERE.฀Normalmente฀se฀usan฀las฀contracciones฀ THERE฀ WASN´T฀/δear฀wózent/฀THERE฀WEREN´T฀/δear฀wé:rent/.฀La฀interrogación฀se฀expresa฀invirtiendo฀el฀orden฀de฀las฀palabras฀ WAS฀y฀WERE฀con฀la฀palabra฀THERE. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda There฀was฀a฀lot฀of฀noise฀in฀the฀room฀/δear฀was฀e฀lot฀ov฀nóis฀in฀δe฀rú:m/฀Había฀bastante฀ruido฀en฀la฀sala. There฀were฀many฀people฀absent.฀/δear฀we:r฀méni฀pí:pl฀æbsent/฀Había฀muchas฀personas฀ausentes. There฀wasn´t฀any฀beer฀in฀the฀can.฀/δear฀wóznt฀éni฀bíar฀in฀δe฀kæn/฀No฀había฀nada฀de฀cerveza฀en฀la฀lata. There฀weren´t฀many฀books฀on฀the฀desk.฀/δear฀wé:rnt฀méni฀buks฀on฀δe฀désk/฀No฀había฀muchos฀libros฀sobre฀el฀escritorio. Was฀there฀a฀TV฀in฀the฀room?฀/฀woz฀δear฀e฀tÍ:฀ví:฀in฀δe฀rú:m฀/฀¿Había฀un฀televisor฀en฀la฀habitación? How฀many฀people฀were฀there฀at฀the฀party?฀/฀háu฀meni฀pí:pl฀we:r฀δear฀atδe฀pá:rti฀/฀(¿Cuánta฀gente฀había฀en฀la฀fiesta?). EXERCISES: Ex.฀1.฀Change฀into฀the฀Past฀Tense: 1.฀There´s฀a฀lot฀of฀work฀in฀the฀office฀today.฀ 2.฀There฀are฀two฀books฀missing฀from฀the฀shelf.฀ 3.฀How฀much฀milk฀is฀there฀in฀the฀fridge?฀ 4.฀There฀aren´t฀many฀hotels฀in฀this฀town.฀ 5.฀Is฀there฀enough฀money฀for฀the฀trip?฀ 6.฀How฀many฀people฀are฀there฀on฀board?฀ 7.฀There฀isn´t฀much฀time฀to฀talk.฀ 8.฀There฀are฀very฀few฀people฀in฀the฀pub.฀ 9.฀Are฀there฀many฀errors฀in฀the฀bill?฀ 10.฀There´s฀very฀little฀whisky฀left.฀

฀_________________________________________________________ ฀_________________________________________________________ ฀_________________________________________________________ ฀_________________________________________________________ ฀_________________________________________________________ ฀_________________________________________________________ ฀_________________________________________________________ ฀_________________________________________________________ ฀_________________________________________________________ ฀_________________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Answer฀these฀questions,฀using฀the฀information฀given฀in฀parenthesis: 1.฀ ฀ 2.฀ ฀ 3.฀ ฀ 4.฀ ฀ 5.฀ ฀ 6.฀ ฀ 7.฀ ฀

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How฀many฀students฀were฀there฀in฀this฀class฀last฀year?฀(about฀20) ฀_________________________________________________________________________ Were฀there฀many฀people฀at฀the฀meeting฀last฀Monday?฀(No,฀not฀more฀than฀30) ฀_________________________________________________________________________ How฀much฀free฀time฀was฀there฀during฀the฀Basic฀Training฀Period?฀(very฀little,฀of฀course) ฀_________________________________________________________________________ Was฀there฀enough฀bread฀for฀all฀the฀people?฀(yes,฀more฀than฀enough) ฀_________________________________________________________________________ How฀many฀students฀were฀there฀in฀the฀laboratory?฀(฀not฀any) ฀_________________________________________________________________________ How฀many฀days฀were฀there฀in฀February฀that฀year?฀(29,฀it฀was฀a฀leap฀year) ฀_________________________________________________________________________ Were฀there฀many฀cars฀in฀the฀street฀at฀that฀time?฀(฀Yes,฀lots฀of฀cars) ฀_________________________________________________________________________

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

C.฀ FUTURE฀TENSE:฀THERE฀WILL฀BE El฀futuro฀de฀THERE฀IS/THERE฀ARE฀se฀expresa฀con฀la฀forma฀THERE฀WILL฀BE฀/δear฀wil฀bí:/.฀En฀la฀conversación฀diaria฀ WILL฀se฀une฀con฀la฀palabra฀THERE,฀formando฀la฀contracción฀THERE´LL฀BE฀/δearl฀bí:/. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: There฀will฀be฀a฀very฀good฀program฀on฀TV฀tonight฀/δear฀wil฀bí:฀e฀veri฀gud฀próugram฀on฀tí:฀ví:฀tunaít/.฀Habrá฀un฀muy฀buen฀programa฀ en฀la฀TV฀esta฀noche.

There฀will฀be฀two฀more฀tests฀next฀week.฀/δear฀wil฀bí:฀tú:฀mó:r฀tésts฀nekst฀wí:k/฀.฀Habrá฀dos฀pruebas฀más฀la฀próxima฀semana. There´ll฀be฀another฀meeting฀this฀evening.฀/δearl฀bí:฀anáδer฀mí:tiη฀δis฀í:vniη/฀.฀Habrá฀otra฀reunión฀esta฀tarde. There´ll฀be฀some฀more฀rain฀next฀weekend.฀ /δearl฀bí:฀sám฀mó:r฀réin฀nékst฀wikénd/.฀Habrá฀algo฀más฀de฀lluvia฀el฀próximo฀fin฀de฀ semana

La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀la฀palabra฀NOT฀después฀del฀verbo฀modal฀WILL,฀normalmente฀formando฀la฀ contracción฀WON´T฀/wóunt/฀En฀las฀preguntas,฀el฀verbo฀modal฀WILL฀precede฀a฀la฀palabra฀THERE. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: There฀will฀not฀be฀a฀good฀program฀on฀TV฀tonight.฀/δear฀wil฀not฀bí:฀e฀gud฀próugram฀on฀tí:฀ví:฀tunáit/. There฀will฀not฀be฀another฀meeting฀this฀evening.฀/δear฀wil฀not฀bí:฀anáδer฀mí:tiη฀δis฀í:vniη/ There฀won´t฀be฀two฀more฀tests฀next฀week.฀/δear฀wóunt฀bí:฀tú:฀mó:r฀tests฀nekst฀wí:k/ Will฀there฀be฀a฀good฀program฀on฀TV฀this฀evening?฀/wil฀δear฀bí:฀a฀gud฀próugram฀on฀tí:฀ví:฀δis฀í:vnin/ Will฀there฀be฀any฀more฀rain฀next฀weekend?฀/wil฀δear฀bí.฀eni฀mó:r฀réin฀nekst฀wi:kend/ How฀many฀tests฀will฀there฀be฀next฀week?฀/háu฀méni฀tésts฀wil฀δear฀bí:฀nekst฀wí:k/ EXERCISES: Ex.1.฀Change฀into฀the฀future฀tense. 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀

There฀is฀a฀lot฀of฀free฀time฀in฀the฀evening.฀ There฀are฀some฀women฀at฀the฀meeting.฀ There฀isn´t฀any฀food฀left฀in฀the฀fridge.฀ How฀many฀people฀are฀there฀at฀the฀reception?฀ How฀much฀money฀is฀there฀in฀the฀box?฀ Is฀there฀any฀more฀work?฀ Are฀there฀more฀than฀ten฀students฀in฀your฀class?฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Use฀the฀right฀tense฀of฀There฀To฀Be฀(Present,฀Past฀or฀Future). 1.฀How฀many฀women฀____________________________ 2.฀฀฀____________________________________________ 3.฀฀฀____________________________________________ 4.฀How฀much฀free฀time฀ __________________________ 5.฀฀฀____________________________________________ 6.฀฀฀____________________________________________ 7.฀฀฀____________________________________________ 8.฀฀฀____________________________________________ 9.฀How฀many฀students฀___________________________ 10.฀฀฀____________________________________________

฀ at฀the฀party฀last฀Saturday? ฀ a฀lot฀of฀noise฀in฀this฀room฀now. ฀ several฀trees฀in฀the฀park฀now. ฀ next฀time? ฀ very฀little฀food฀in฀the฀fridge฀now. ฀ not฀any฀more฀exercises฀in฀the฀book฀now. ฀ a฀lot฀of฀noise฀at฀the฀disco฀last฀night. ฀ very฀few฀flowers฀in฀our฀garden. ฀ in฀your฀class฀last฀year? ฀ much฀milk฀left.฀Just฀one฀or฀two฀bottles.

Ex.฀3.฀Translate฀the฀previous฀sentences฀into฀Spanish. 1.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________ 2.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________ 3.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________ 4.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________ 5.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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6.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________ 7.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________ 8.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________ 9.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________ 10.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________ Ex.฀4.฀Answer฀these฀questions฀in฀English. 1.฀How฀many฀days฀are฀there฀in฀a฀week?฀ 2.฀How฀many฀days฀will฀there฀be฀in฀February฀next฀year?฀ 3.฀How฀many฀students฀were฀there฀in฀your฀class฀last฀year?฀ 4.฀How฀many฀computers฀are฀there฀in฀your฀office?฀ 5.฀How฀many฀people฀were฀there฀in฀the฀room฀at฀8:30?฀ 6.฀Will฀there฀be฀another฀meeting฀this฀week?฀ 7.฀Was฀there฀much฀work฀to฀do฀in฀the฀office฀last฀Monday?฀ 8.฀Are฀there฀any฀spelling฀mistakes฀in฀the฀letter?฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀How฀much฀money฀is฀there฀in฀your฀wallet?฀ 10.฀How฀many฀eggs฀are฀there฀in฀a฀dozen?฀

฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ No,฀฀__________________________________________ Yes,฀฀__________________________________________ No,฀฀__________________________________________ No,฀___________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________

Ex.฀5.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀English 1.฀฀Habrá฀otra฀reunión฀general฀el฀próximo฀viernes.฀ 2.฀Había฀solamente฀dos฀hoteles฀en฀ese฀pueblo.฀ 3.฀¿Hay฀un฀restaurant฀cerca฀de฀aquí?฀ 4.฀¿Cuánto฀dinero฀hay฀en฀la฀billetera?฀ 5.฀No฀había฀mucha฀gente฀en฀el฀edificio฀a฀esa฀hora.฀ 6.฀No฀habrá฀otro฀concierto฀hasta฀la฀próxima฀semana.฀ 7.฀No฀hay฀tiempo฀para฀conversar.฀ 8.฀Había฀muy฀poco฀tiempo฀libre฀durante฀la฀mañana.฀ 9.฀¿Cuánto฀s฀autos฀había฀en฀el฀estacionamiento฀esa฀tarde?฀ 10.฀Había฀muy฀pocos฀niños฀en฀la฀calle฀ese฀día.฀ 11.฀No฀habrá฀muchos฀partidos฀de฀fútbol฀este฀fin฀de฀semana.฀ 12.฀Hay฀mucho฀ruido฀en฀esta฀sala฀ahora..฀฀

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A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________ ฀______________________________________________

PART฀II.฀NUMBERS Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: 1฀one฀/uán/฀฀ 6฀six฀/siks/฀

2฀two฀/tu:/฀ 7฀seven฀/sévn/฀฀

3฀three฀/δri:/฀ 8฀eight฀/éit/฀

4฀four฀/fo:r/฀฀ 9฀nine฀/náin/฀

5฀five฀/fáiv/฀ 10฀ten฀/ten/

11฀eleven฀/ilévn/฀ 16฀sixteen฀/sikstín/฀

12฀twelve฀/tuélv/฀ 17฀seventeen฀/sevntín/฀

13฀thirteen฀/δertín/฀ 18฀eighteen฀/eitín/฀

14฀fourteen฀/fo:rtín/฀ 19฀nineteen฀/naintín/

15฀fifteen฀/fiftín/

20฀twenty฀/tuénti/฀ 70฀seventy฀/sévnti/฀

30฀thirty฀/δérti/฀ 80฀eighty฀/éiti/฀

40฀forty฀/fórti/฀ 90฀ninety฀/náinti/

50฀fifty฀/fífti/฀

60฀sixty฀/síksti/

100฀one฀hundred฀/uán฀hándred/฀฀ ฀ 1,000฀one฀thousand฀/uán฀θáuzand/฀฀ ฀฀ 200,000฀two฀hundred฀thousand฀/tú:฀hándred฀θáuzand/฀฀

200฀two฀hundred฀/tú฀hándred/ 2,000฀two฀thousand฀/tú฀θáuzand/ 2,000,000฀two฀million฀/tú฀mílion/

5,362฀five฀thousand฀three฀hundred฀and฀sixty-two฀/faiv฀θáuzand฀θri:฀hándred฀and฀síksti฀tú:/ 45,971฀forty฀five฀thousand฀nine฀hundred฀and฀seventy-one฀/fórti฀fáiv฀θáuzand฀nain฀hándred฀and฀séventi฀uán/ Importante: 1.฀ Las฀palabras฀twenty,฀thirty,฀forty,฀etc฀siempre฀van฀seguidas฀de฀un฀guión฀antes฀del฀número฀unitario.฀Ej,฀21.฀twenty-one,฀32฀thirty-two,฀45฀fortyfive,฀68฀sixty-eight,฀94฀ninety-four. 2.฀ Las฀palabras฀hundred,฀thousand,฀million฀y฀billion฀no฀se฀pluralizan฀en฀inglés.฀Ej.฀400฀four฀hundred;฀5,000฀five฀thousand,฀3,000,000฀three฀million. 3.฀ La฀palabra฀hundred฀siempre฀va฀seguida฀de฀and;฀las฀palabras฀thousand,฀million฀y฀billion฀no฀van฀seguidas฀de฀and. ฀ Ej.฀365฀three฀hundred฀and฀sixty-five;฀5,387฀five฀thousand,฀three฀hundred฀and฀eighty-seven;฀463,265฀four฀hundred฀and฀sixty-three฀thousand,฀two฀ hundred฀and฀sixty-five. 4.฀ Las฀palabras฀hundred,฀thousand฀y฀million฀se฀pluralizan฀solamente฀en฀las฀siguientes฀expresiones,฀para฀indicar฀lo฀mismo฀que฀“lots฀of...”฀Ej.฀There฀ are฀hundreds฀of฀/฀lots฀of฀trees฀in฀the฀park;฀There฀were฀thousands฀of฀/฀lots฀of฀people฀in฀the฀stadium;฀There฀are฀millions฀of฀/฀lots฀of฀stars฀in฀our฀ galaxy 5.฀ Al฀escribir฀cifras฀en฀inglés,฀el฀punto฀es฀coma฀y฀la฀coma฀es฀punto.฀Ej.฀12.5%฀;฀70.45฀km;฀US$฀4,365.80

Ex.฀1฀Read฀and฀then฀write฀these฀numbers a)฀12฀ h)฀597฀฀

b)฀56฀ i)฀846฀

c)฀79฀ ฀j)฀1,285฀

฀d)฀94฀ ฀k)฀6,394฀฀

e)฀33฀ l)฀24,973฀

f)฀28฀ m)฀256,875฀

g)฀148 n)฀5,687,328

a)฀ ฀_____________________________________________฀ b)฀฀________________________________________________ c)฀ ฀_____________________________________________฀ d)฀฀________________________________________________ e)฀ ฀_____________________________________________฀ f)฀ ฀________________________________________________ g)฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ h)฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ i)฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ j)฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ k)฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ l)฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ m)฀฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ n)฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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BASIC฀VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words PEOPLE GENERAL person฀/pε:rsn/฀ people฀/pí:pl/฀ child฀/children฀/tcháild/tchildrn/฀ boy฀/boi/฀ girl฀/gε:rl/฀

persona฀ gente,฀personas฀ niño/s,฀pequeño/s฀ niño฀ niña฀

man/men฀/mæn/men/฀ woman/women฀/wuman/wímen/฀ gentleman฀/dlléntlman/฀ lady฀/léidi/฀ kids฀/kidz/฀

abuelos฀ abuelo฀ abuela฀ nietos฀ nieto฀ nieta฀ padres฀ esposo,฀marido฀ esposa,฀mujer฀ padre฀ madre฀ hijos,฀niños฀ hijo฀ hija฀ hermano฀ hermana฀ tío฀ tía฀ sobrino฀ sobrina฀ primo

dad,฀daddy฀/dæd,฀dædi/฀ mom,฀mommy฀/mam,฀mámi/฀ grandpa฀/grænpa:/฀ granny฀/græni/฀ father-in-฀law฀/fá:δer฀in฀ló:/฀ mother-in-law฀/maδer฀in฀ló:/฀ son-in-law฀/san฀in฀ló:/฀ daughter-in-law฀/dó:ter฀in฀ló:/฀ brother-in-law฀/bráδer฀in฀ló:/฀ sister-in-law฀/síster฀in฀ló:/฀ step-father฀/step฀fá:δer/฀ step-mother฀/step฀máδer/฀ step-son฀/step฀san/฀ step-daughter฀/step฀dó:ter/฀ step-brother฀/step฀bráδer/฀ step-sister฀/step฀síster/฀ foster-father฀/fóster฀fá:δer/฀ foster-mother฀/fóster฀máδer/฀ god-father฀/god฀fá:δer/฀ god-mother฀/god฀máδer/฀

hombre/s mujer/es caballero dama chicos,฀niños

FAMILY฀AND฀RELATIVES grandparents฀/grandpéarents/฀ grandfather฀/grandfa:δer/฀ grandmother฀/grandmáδer/฀ grandchildren฀/grandtchildren/฀ grandson฀/grándsan/฀ granddaughter฀/grand฀dó:ter/฀ parents฀/péarents/฀ husband฀/házband/฀ wife฀/waif/฀ father฀/fá:δer/฀ mother฀/máδer/฀ children฀/tchíldren/฀ son฀/sán/฀ daughter฀/dó:ter/฀ brother฀/bráδer/฀ sister฀/síster/฀ uncle฀/áηkl/฀ aunt฀/a:nt/฀ nephew฀/néfiu/฀ niece฀/ni:s/฀ cousin฀/kázin/฀

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A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

papá,papi mamá,฀mami abuelito abuelita suegro suegra yerno nuera cuñado cuñada padrastro madrastra hijastro hijastra hermanastro hermanastra padre฀adoptivo madre฀adoptiva padrino madrina

KEY฀TO฀ANSWERS

UNIT฀2 Part฀I A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀There฀are฀2.฀There฀is฀3.฀There฀is฀4.฀There฀are฀5.฀There฀is฀6.฀There฀are฀7.฀There฀is฀8.฀There฀are฀9.There฀are 10.฀There฀are Ex.฀2.฀1.฀There฀isn´t฀much...฀2.฀There฀aren´t฀many...฀3.฀There฀isn´t฀any฀more...฀/฀There´s฀no฀more...฀4.There฀aren´t฀any฀ extra...฀/฀There฀are฀no฀extra...฀5.฀There฀isn´t฀a...฀6.฀There฀aren´t฀many...฀7.฀There฀aren´t฀any฀more...฀/฀There฀are฀no฀more...฀ 8.฀There฀aren´t฀30...฀9.฀There฀isn´t฀any฀more...฀/฀There´s฀no฀more...฀10.฀There´s฀no฀central... Ex.฀3.฀1.฀Is฀there฀a฀hotel...?฀2.฀Are฀there฀any฀students...?฀3.฀Is฀there฀much฀free...?฀4.฀Is฀there฀any฀more...?฀5.฀Are฀there฀ more฀than...?฀6.฀Are฀there฀more...?฀7.฀Is฀there฀another...?฀8.฀Are฀there฀any฀more...? 9.฀Are฀there฀24...?฀10.฀Is฀there฀a฀train...? Ex.฀4.฀1.฀How฀much...฀is฀there?฀There´s...฀2.฀How฀many...฀are฀there...?฀There´s...฀3.฀How฀much...฀is฀there...?฀There´s...฀ 4.฀How฀many...฀are฀there?฀There฀are...฀5.฀How฀much...฀is฀there...?฀There´s...฀6.฀How฀many...฀are฀there...?฀Thre฀are...฀7.฀ How฀much...฀is฀there...?฀There´s...฀8.฀How฀many...฀are฀there...?฀There฀are... 9.฀How฀many...฀are฀there...?฀There฀are...฀10.฀How฀many...฀are฀there...?฀There฀are... Ex.฀5.฀1.฀few฀2.฀little฀3.฀little฀4.฀a฀lot฀5.฀a฀lot฀6.฀few฀7.฀few฀8.฀a฀lot฀9.฀a฀lot฀10.฀little B. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀There฀was...฀2.฀There฀were...฀3.฀How฀much฀milk฀was฀there...?฀4.฀There฀weren´t...฀5.฀Was฀there฀enough...?฀6.฀ How฀many฀people฀were฀there...?฀7.฀There฀wasn´t...฀8.฀There฀were...฀9.฀Were฀there...?฀10.฀There฀was... Ex.฀2.฀1.฀There฀were฀about฀20฀.฀2.฀No,฀there฀weren´t฀more฀than฀30฀3.฀There฀was฀very฀little,฀of฀course.฀4.฀Yes,฀there฀was฀ more฀than฀enough.฀5.฀There฀weren´t฀any฀6.฀There฀were฀29.฀It฀was฀a฀leap฀year.฀7.฀Yes,฀there฀were฀lots฀of฀cars. C. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀There฀will฀be฀a฀lot...฀2.฀There฀will฀be฀some...฀3.฀There฀won´t฀be฀any...฀4.฀How฀many฀people฀will฀there฀be...? 5.฀How฀much฀money฀will฀there฀be...?฀6.฀Will฀there฀be฀any...?฀7.฀Will฀there฀be฀more฀than...? Ex.฀2.฀1.฀Were฀there฀2.฀There´s฀3.฀There฀are฀4.฀Will฀there฀be฀5.฀There´s฀6.฀There฀are฀7.฀There฀was฀8.฀There฀are 9.were฀there฀10.฀There฀isn´t Ex.฀3.฀1.฀¿Cuántas฀mujeres฀había฀en฀la฀fiesta฀el฀sábado฀pasado?฀2.Hay฀bastante฀ruido฀en฀esta฀sala฀ahora.฀3.฀Hay฀varios฀ árboles฀en฀el฀parque฀ahora฀4.฀¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀libre฀habrá฀la฀próxima฀vez?฀5.฀Hay฀muy฀poca฀comida฀en฀el฀refrigerador฀ ahora฀6.฀No฀hay฀más฀ejercicios฀en฀el฀libro฀ahora฀7.฀Había฀bastante฀ruido฀en฀la฀discoteca฀anoche฀8.฀Hay฀muy฀pocas฀ flores฀en฀nuestro฀jardín฀9.฀¿Cuántos฀alumnos฀había฀en฀tu฀curso฀el฀año฀pasado?฀10.฀No฀hay฀mucha฀leche฀sobrante.฀ Sólo฀una฀o฀dos฀botellas. Ex.฀4.฀1.฀There฀are฀seven฀days.฀2.฀There´ll฀be฀28฀days.฀3.฀There฀were...฀students.฀4.฀There´s฀just฀one฀/฀There฀are...฀ computers.฀5.฀There฀were...people.฀6.฀No,฀there฀won´t฀be฀another฀meeting฀7.฀Yes,฀there฀was฀a฀lot฀of฀work.฀8.฀No,฀there฀ aren´t฀any.฀/฀No,฀there฀are฀no฀spelling฀mistakes.฀9.฀There฀isn´t฀much฀money฀in฀it.฀10.฀There฀are฀twelve฀eggs. Ex.฀5.฀1.฀There฀will฀be฀another฀general฀meeting฀next฀Friday.฀2.฀There฀were฀only฀two฀hotels฀in฀that฀town.฀3.Is฀there฀a฀ restaurant฀near฀here.฀4.฀How฀much฀money฀is฀there฀in฀the฀wallet?฀5.฀There฀weren´t฀many฀people฀in฀the฀building฀at฀that฀ time.฀6.฀There฀won´t฀be฀another฀concert฀until฀next฀week.฀7.฀There฀is฀no฀time฀to฀talk.฀8.฀There฀was฀very฀little฀free฀time฀ during฀the฀morning.฀9.฀How฀many฀cars฀were฀there฀in฀the฀car฀park฀that฀afternoon฀/฀evening?฀10.฀There฀were฀very฀few฀ children฀in฀the฀street฀that฀day.฀11.฀There฀won´t฀be฀many฀football฀games฀/฀matches฀this฀week฀end.฀12.฀There´s฀a฀lot฀of฀ noise฀in฀this฀room฀now. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

35

Part฀II. Ex.฀1.฀a)฀twelve฀b)฀fifty-six฀c)฀seventy-nine฀d)฀ninety-four฀e)฀thirty-three฀f)฀twenty-eight฀g)฀one฀hundred฀and฀forty-eight฀ h)฀five฀hundred฀and฀ninety-seven฀i)฀eight฀hundred฀and฀forty-six฀j)฀one฀thousand,฀two฀hundred฀and฀eighty-five฀k)฀six฀ thousand,฀three฀hundred฀and฀ninety-four฀l)฀twenty-four฀thousand,฀nine฀hundred฀and฀seventy-three฀m)฀two฀hundred฀and฀ fifty-six฀thousand,฀eight฀hundred฀and฀seventy-five฀n)฀five฀million,฀six฀hundred฀and฀eighty-seven฀thousand,฀three฀hundred฀ and฀twenty-eight.

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A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

UNIT฀3 PART฀I.฀HAVE฀GOT฀=฀TENER ฀

Esta฀expresión฀verbal฀se฀usa฀especialmente฀en฀inglés฀británico฀(฀y฀solamente฀en฀el฀tiempo฀presente)฀para฀indicar฀posesión฀ o฀propiedad,฀es฀decir,฀significa฀TENER.฀En฀el฀Presente฀Afirmativo฀se฀conjuga฀de฀la฀siguiente฀manera: I฀have฀got฀/ai฀hav฀gót/฀ You฀have฀got฀/iú:฀hav฀gót/฀ He฀has฀got฀/hi:฀haz฀gót/฀ She฀has฀got฀/shi:฀haz฀gót/฀ It฀has฀got฀/it฀haz฀gót/฀ We฀have฀got฀/wi:฀hav฀gót/฀ You฀have฀got฀/iú:฀hav฀gót/฀ They฀have฀got฀/δéi฀hav฀gót/฀

I´ve฀got฀/aiv฀gót/฀ You´ve฀got฀/iu:v฀got/฀ He´s฀got฀/hi:z฀gót/฀ She´s฀got฀/shi:z฀gót/฀ It´s฀got฀/its฀gót/฀฀ We´ve฀got฀/wi:v฀gót/฀ You´ve฀got฀/iú:v฀gót฀/฀ They´ve฀got฀/δéiv฀gót/฀

(yo฀tengo) (tú฀tienes) (él฀tiene) (ella฀tiene) (él฀/฀ella฀tiene) (nos.฀tenemos) (uds.฀tienen) (ellos฀tienen)

Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: I฀have฀got฀a฀car.฀/ai฀hav฀gót฀e฀ká:r/฀

I´ve฀got฀a฀car฀/aiv฀gót฀e฀ká:r/

(Yo฀tengo฀un฀auto) Peter฀has฀got฀many฀friends.฀/pí:ter฀haz฀gót฀méni฀fréndz/฀ ฀ (Peter฀tiene฀muchos฀amigos) They฀have฀got฀a฀big฀house.฀/δei฀hav฀gót฀e฀bíg฀háus/฀฀ ฀ (Ellos฀tienen฀una฀casa฀grande) My฀dog฀has฀got฀long฀ears.฀/mai฀dóg฀haz฀gót฀loδ฀íarz/฀฀ ฀ (Mi฀perro฀tiene฀orejas฀largas) The฀rooms฀have฀got฀central฀heating.฀/δe฀rú:mz฀hav฀gót฀séntrl฀hí:tiδ/ ฀ (Las฀habitaciones฀tienen฀calefacción฀central)

Peter´s฀got฀many฀friends.฀/pí:terz฀gót.../ They´ve฀got฀a฀big฀house.฀/δeiv฀gót.../ My฀dog´s฀got฀long฀ears.฀/mai฀dógz฀gót.../

En฀la฀forma฀negativa฀se฀usa฀HAVE฀NO฀GOT฀y฀HAS฀NOT฀GOT.฀Normalmente฀se฀usan฀las฀contracciones฀HAVEN´T฀ GOT฀/hδvent฀gót/฀y฀HASN´T฀GOT฀/hδzent฀gt/ Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: I฀have฀not฀got฀a฀car.฀/ai฀hav฀not฀gót.../฀฀ I฀haven´t฀got฀a฀car.฀/ai฀hávent฀gót...r/ Peter฀has฀not฀got฀many฀friends.฀/pí:ter฀haz฀not฀gót.../฀ Peter฀hasn´t฀got฀many฀friends.฀/pí:ter฀házent฀gót.../ They฀haven´t฀got฀a฀big฀house.฀/δei฀hávent฀got.../ They฀have฀not฀got฀a฀big฀house.฀/δei฀hav฀not฀gót.../฀ My฀dog฀has฀not฀got฀long฀ears.฀/mai฀dóg฀haz฀not฀gót.../฀฀ My฀dog฀hasn´t฀got฀long฀ears.฀/mai฀dóg฀házent฀gót.../฀ The฀rooms฀have฀not฀got฀central฀heating.฀/δe฀rú:mz฀hav฀not฀gót฀.../฀The฀rooms฀haven´t฀got฀central฀heating.฀/δe฀rú:mz฀hávent฀gót.../ La฀forma฀interrogativa฀se฀hace฀por฀simple฀inversión฀del฀sujeto฀y฀HAVE฀o฀HAS: Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: Have฀you฀got฀a฀car?฀/hav฀iú฀gót.../฀ Has฀Peter฀got฀many฀friends?฀/haz฀pí:ter฀gót.../฀ Have฀they฀got฀a฀big฀house?฀/hav฀δei฀gót.../฀ Has฀the฀dog฀got฀long฀ears?฀/haz฀δe฀dóg฀gót.../฀ Have฀the฀rooms฀got฀a฀TV?฀/hav฀δe฀ru:mz฀got.../฀ How฀much฀money฀have฀you฀got?฀ How฀many฀brothers฀and฀sisters฀has฀Bob฀got?฀

No,฀I฀haven´t฀got฀one฀(฀one฀=฀a฀car) Yes,฀he´s฀got฀a฀lot.฀(of฀friends) No,฀they฀haven´t.฀They´ve฀got฀a฀small฀one. Yes,฀it฀has.฀It´s฀got฀very฀long฀ones.฀(ones฀=฀ears) No,฀they฀haven´t฀got฀one.฀But฀they´ve฀got฀a฀radio. I´ve฀got฀very฀little฀(money).฀I´ve฀only฀got฀5฀dollars. He´s฀got฀one฀sister฀and฀two฀brothers.

EXERCISES: Ex.1฀Complete฀the฀following฀sentences฀using฀HAVE฀GOT฀or฀HAS฀GOT 1.฀John฀_____________________________ ฀a฀new฀uniform. 2.฀Hans฀ ____________________________ ฀long฀black฀hair฀. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

37

3.฀The฀soldiers฀ ______________________ 4.฀We฀______________________________ 5.฀The฀book฀_________________________ 6.฀I฀ ________________________________ 7.฀Mary฀_____________________________ 8.฀My฀friends฀________________________ 9.฀My฀flat฀___________________________ 10.฀The฀car฀ __________________________

฀a฀very฀good฀instructor. ฀a฀small฀house฀in฀the฀country. ฀200฀pages. ฀three฀children,฀a฀son฀and฀two฀daughters. ฀a฀new฀blue฀dress. ฀a฀lot฀of฀money. ฀two฀bedrooms. ฀four฀wheels.

Ex.฀2฀Change฀into฀the฀negative฀form 1.฀She´s฀got฀blue฀eyes฀and฀black฀hair.฀฀ 2.฀They´ve฀got฀a฀lot฀of฀friends฀there.฀฀ 3.฀My฀father´s฀got฀a฀modern฀car.฀฀ 4.฀Bob´s฀got฀a฀big฀family.฀ 5.฀We´ve฀got฀a฀small฀classroom.฀฀ 6.฀I´ve฀got฀some฀cigarettes.฀฀ 7.฀Nancy´s฀got฀a฀computer.฀฀ 8.฀The฀house฀has฀got฀a฀garden.฀฀ 9.฀My฀friends฀have฀got฀a฀telephone.฀฀ 10.฀The฀students฀have฀got฀some฀experience.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3฀Change฀into฀the฀interrogative฀form: 1.฀You´ve฀got฀many฀things฀to฀do฀today.฀ 2.฀Bob´s฀got฀some฀money.฀฀ 3.฀You´ve฀got฀a฀lighter.฀฀ 4.฀They´ve฀got฀our฀telephone฀number.฀฀ 5.฀Bob´s฀got฀our฀address.฀฀ 6.฀Bob´s฀sister฀has฀got฀a฀car.฀ 7.฀They´ve฀got฀a฀big฀family.฀ 8.฀The฀boy฀has฀got฀black฀shoes.฀฀ 9.฀You´ve฀got฀your฀passport฀here.฀฀ 10.฀The฀students฀have฀got฀a฀new฀instructor.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀4฀Ask฀questions฀with฀HOW฀MUCH...?฀/฀HOW฀MANY...? 1.฀They´ve฀got฀two฀cars.฀฀ 2.฀I´ve฀got฀three฀children.฀฀ 3.฀A฀car฀has฀got฀four฀wheels฀.฀฀ 4.฀Bob´s฀got฀five฀dollars.฀฀ 5.฀The฀flat฀has฀got฀two฀bathrooms.฀ 6.฀We´ve฀got฀2฀bottles฀of฀milk.฀฀ 7.฀They฀´ve฀got฀very฀little฀free฀time.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀5฀Answer฀these฀questions: 1.฀How฀much฀money฀have฀you฀got฀in฀your฀pockets?฀ 2.฀How฀many฀children฀have฀you฀got?฀ 3.฀Has฀your฀wife฀/฀husband฀got฀a฀car?฀ 4.฀Has฀your฀parents´฀house฀got฀a฀garden?฀ 5.฀Have฀you฀got฀a฀dog฀or฀a฀cat?฀ 6.฀Have฀you฀got฀any฀friends฀in฀Europe?฀ 7.฀How฀many฀rooms฀has฀your฀house฀got?฀฀ 8.฀Have฀you฀got฀a฀big฀library฀at฀home?฀฀ 9.฀Have฀you฀got฀any฀brothers฀or฀sisters?฀ 10.฀Have฀you฀got฀a฀computer฀at฀home?฀฀

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A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

PART฀II. A.฀ ADJECTIVES En฀inglés,฀los฀adjetivos฀siempre฀preceden฀a฀los฀sustantivos: Tom฀is฀a฀tall฀man.฀Mary฀is฀a฀beautiful฀woman฀This฀is฀an฀interesting฀book฀That฀is฀a฀big฀car Además,฀son฀invariables,฀es฀decir฀la฀misma฀palabra฀se฀usa฀en฀el฀singular,฀plural,฀masculino฀o฀femenino.฀Por฀lo฀tanto,฀ el฀adjetivo฀tall฀/to:l/฀se฀podría฀traducir฀como฀alto,฀alta,฀altos,฀altas. The฀man฀is฀very฀tall.฀The฀woman฀is฀very฀tall.฀The฀men฀are฀very฀tall.฀The฀women฀are฀very฀tall. Además,฀todos฀los฀sustantivos฀actúan฀como฀adjetivos฀cuando฀preceden฀a฀otro฀sustantivo.฀En฀estos฀casos฀no฀ deben฀pluralizarse฀(porque฀los฀adjetivos฀nunca฀se฀pluralizan!!). An฀apple฀฀ A฀dollar฀฀ An฀exercise฀฀ A฀hotel฀฀

An฀apple฀tree฀฀ A฀one-dollar฀bill฀฀ One฀exercise฀book฀฀ A฀hotel฀manager฀฀

Three฀apple฀trees A฀five-dollar฀bill Ten฀exercise฀books Two฀hotel฀managers

B.฀ ARTICLES฀(I) 1.฀ EL฀ARTÍCULO฀INDEFINIDO฀A฀(un,฀una)฀se฀usa฀para฀referirse฀a฀un฀artículo฀cualquiera,฀no฀específico.฀Ej.฀This฀is฀a฀ book.฀/δis฀iz฀a฀búk/฀(Este฀es฀un฀libro).฀That´s฀a฀girl.฀/δæts฀a฀gé:rl/฀(Esa฀es฀una฀niña).฀There´s฀a฀car฀in฀the฀street.฀/δéarz฀a฀ká:r฀in฀δe฀strí:t/฀฀ (Hay฀un฀auto฀en฀la฀calle). El฀artículo฀A฀se฀transforma฀en฀AN฀antes฀de฀una฀palabra฀iniciada฀con฀un฀sonido฀vocal฀o฀una฀h฀“muda”.฀Ej.฀This฀is฀ an฀apple.฀/δis฀iz฀an฀æ´pl/฀(Esta฀es฀una฀manzana).฀That´s฀an฀orange.฀/δæts฀an฀órindll/฀(Esa฀es฀una฀naranja).฀This฀is฀an฀old฀car฀/δis฀iz฀an฀ óuld฀ká:r/฀(Este฀es฀un฀auto฀viejo).฀He฀is฀an฀honest฀man.฀/hí:฀iz฀an฀ónest฀mæn/฀(El฀es฀un฀hombre฀honrado). La฀letra฀u฀se฀considera฀vocal฀en฀palabras฀como฀umbrella฀ /ambréla/,฀pero฀también฀se฀pronuncia฀como฀una฀semiconsonante฀en฀palabras฀como฀uniform฀ /iúnifo:rm/.฀Por฀lo฀tanto฀se฀deber฀decir:฀This฀is฀an฀umbrella฀ /δis฀iz฀an฀ambréla/฀ (Este฀es฀un฀paraguas)฀y฀This฀is฀a฀uniform฀/δis฀iz฀a฀iúnifo:rm/฀(Este฀es฀un฀uniforme).฀Hay฀palabras฀que฀comienzan฀con฀una฀letra฀o฀ pronunciada฀como฀/w/,฀en฀cuyo฀caso฀se฀trata฀como฀semi-consonante.฀Compare:฀This฀is฀an฀orange.฀/δis฀iz฀an฀órindll/฀ (Esta฀es฀una฀naranja).฀This฀is฀a฀one-way฀ticket.฀/δis฀iz฀a฀wán฀wei฀tíkit/฀(Este฀es฀un฀boleto฀de฀ida). El฀articulo฀indefinido฀a/an฀no฀tiene฀plural.฀Ej.฀This฀is฀a฀house฀/δis฀iz฀a฀háus/฀(Esta฀es฀una฀casa).฀These฀are฀houses.฀/δi:z฀a:r฀ háusiz/฀(Estas฀son฀casas).฀That฀is฀a฀tree฀/δæt฀iz฀a฀trí:/฀(Ese฀es฀un฀árbol).฀Those฀are฀trees฀/δóuz฀a:r฀trí:z/฀(Esos฀son฀árboles).฀That´s฀ an฀animal฀/δæts฀an฀æ´nimal/฀(Ese฀es฀un฀animal).฀Those฀are฀animals฀/δóuz฀a:r฀æ´nimalz/฀(Esos฀son฀animales). Debido฀a฀que฀a฀/฀an฀no฀tiene฀una฀forma฀para฀el฀plural,฀en฀su฀lugar฀se฀usan฀normalmente฀palabras฀como฀some฀/sam/฀ (algunos/as),฀several฀/séveral/฀(varios/as)฀o฀many฀/méni/฀(muchos/as). Ejemplo.฀There฀is฀a฀tree฀in฀the฀garden฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

There฀are฀trees฀in฀the฀garden There฀are฀some฀trees฀in฀the฀garden There฀are฀several฀trees฀in฀the฀garden There฀are฀many฀trees฀in฀the฀garden

2.฀ EL฀ARTÍCULO฀DEFINIDO฀THE฀(el,฀la฀los,฀las)฀se฀usa฀para฀referirse฀a฀objetos฀específicos,฀determinados.฀Se฀usa฀ tanto฀con฀sustantivos฀singulares฀como฀con฀plurales. Ej.฀There฀is฀a฀book฀on฀the฀desk.฀The฀book฀is฀old.฀There฀are฀several฀books฀on฀the฀desk.฀The฀books฀are฀old. Compare: ฀ ฀

Show฀me฀a฀photograph฀(Muéstrame฀una฀fotografía)฀(cualquiera฀fotografía) Show฀me฀the฀photograph฀(Muéstrame฀la฀fotografía)฀(una฀fotografía฀específica) A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Exe.฀1.฀Use฀the฀indefinite฀articles฀a฀or฀an 1.฀฀฀________฀pencil฀ 2.฀฀฀________฀apple฀ 3.฀฀฀________฀egg฀ 4.฀฀฀________฀envelope฀ 5.฀฀฀________฀umbrella฀ 6.฀฀฀________฀hour฀ 7.฀฀฀________฀honor฀ 8.฀฀฀________฀house฀ 9.฀฀฀________฀banana฀ 10.฀฀฀________฀big฀banana฀ 11.฀฀฀________฀exercise฀ 12.฀฀฀________฀easy฀exercise฀ 13.฀฀฀________฀difficult฀exercise฀฀ 14.฀฀฀________฀university฀ 15.฀฀฀________฀old฀university฀ 16.฀฀฀________฀new฀university฀

17.฀฀________ ฀car 18.฀฀________ ฀used฀car 19.฀฀________ ฀modern฀car 20.฀฀________ ฀young฀woman 21.฀฀________ ฀old฀woman 22.฀฀________ ฀one-dollar฀bill 23.฀฀________ ฀five-dollar฀bill 24.฀฀________ ฀hotel 25.฀฀________ ฀instrument 26.฀฀________ ฀musical฀instrument 27.฀฀________ ฀answer 28.฀฀________ ฀question 29.฀฀________ ฀impertinent฀question 30.฀฀________ ฀usual฀question 31.฀฀________ ฀unusual฀question 32.฀฀________ ฀hard฀lesson

Ex.฀2.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀the฀plural. 1.฀That฀is฀a฀picture฀ 2.฀This฀is฀a฀car.฀ 3.฀Is฀this฀an฀envelope?฀ 4.฀That฀man฀isn´t฀a฀teacher.฀ 5.฀I´ve฀got฀a฀friend฀in฀San฀Francisco.฀ 6.฀They´ve฀got฀a฀horse฀on฀the฀farm.฀ 7.฀Peter´s฀got฀a฀new฀pen.฀ 8.฀This฀boy฀isn´t฀a฀new฀student.฀ 9.฀This฀is฀an฀interesting฀novel.฀ 10.฀Is฀that฀woman฀a฀nurse?฀ 11.฀Is฀that฀man฀an฀engineer?฀ 12.฀There´s฀a฀yellow฀flower฀in฀the฀garden.฀ 13.฀Is฀that฀an฀apple฀tree฀or฀a฀pear฀tree?฀ 14.฀I฀haven´t฀got฀a฀cigarette.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Change฀these฀sentences฀into฀the฀plural,฀use฀some,฀many฀or฀several 1.฀There´s฀a฀tree฀in฀the฀garden.฀ 2.฀There´s฀a฀woman฀in฀the฀office.฀ 3.฀There฀was฀a฀car฀accident฀last฀Sunday.฀ 4.฀There฀is฀a฀new฀student฀in฀this฀class.฀ 5.฀There฀will฀be฀an฀interesting฀program฀tonight฀ 6.฀I´ve฀got฀a฀question฀for฀you.฀ 7.฀They´ve฀got฀an฀interesting฀book฀in฀the฀library฀ 8.฀The฀boy´s฀got฀a฀book฀in฀English.฀ 9.฀There฀is฀a฀letter฀for฀you,฀Mr.฀Smith.฀ 10.฀I´ve฀got฀a฀coin฀in฀my฀pocket.฀฀ 11.฀I´ve฀got฀a฀magazine฀on฀my฀desk.฀ 12.฀There´s฀a฀text฀book฀on฀the฀teacher´s฀desk.฀ 13.฀The฀student฀has฀got฀a฀new฀notebook.฀ 14.฀There฀is฀a฀student฀in฀the฀laboratory฀now.฀ 15.฀฀Please฀show฀me฀a฀photograph.฀

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A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

PART฀III.฀

TELLING฀THE฀TIME฀(Diciendo฀la฀hora)

What฀time฀is฀it,฀please?฀/wót฀táim฀iz฀it฀plí:z/฀¿Qué฀hora฀es฀por฀favor? What´s฀the฀time,฀please?฀/wóts฀δe฀táim฀plí:z/฀¿Cuál฀es฀la฀hora฀por฀favor? It´s฀ten฀to฀eight฀/its฀tén฀tu฀éit/฀Son฀diez฀para฀las฀ocho Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: ฀ ฀ o´clock฀/oklók/฀฀ quarter฀past฀/kuórter฀pá:st/฀ 01:00฀ 07:15฀ 06:30฀ 09:45฀

half฀past฀/ha:f฀pá:st/฀฀

It´s฀one฀o´clock฀ It´s฀quarter฀past฀seven฀ It´s฀half฀past฀six฀ It´s฀quarter฀to฀ten฀

past฀/pá:st/฀฀

05:00฀ 10:15฀ 12:30฀ 03:45฀

It´s฀five฀o´clock It´s฀quarter฀past฀ten It´s฀half฀past฀twelve It´s฀quarter฀to฀four

minutes฀past฀/mínits฀pá:st/฀

to฀/tu:/฀

฀quarter฀to฀/kuórter฀tú:/

minutes฀to฀/mínits฀tu:/

Nota:฀La฀palabra฀“minutes”฀generalmente฀se฀omite฀después฀de฀5฀o฀múltipos฀de฀5.

05:10฀ 02:40฀

It´s฀ten฀(minutes)฀past฀five฀ It´s฀twenty฀(minutes)฀to฀three฀

11:25฀ 09:55฀

01:27฀ 07:38฀

It´s฀twenty-seven฀minutes฀past฀one It´s฀twenty-two฀minutes฀to฀eight.

It´s฀twenty-five฀(minutes)฀past฀eleven It´s฀five฀(minutes)฀to฀ten

midday฀/míddei/฀mediodía฀ noon฀/nu:n/฀mediodía฀฀ midnight฀/mídnait/฀medianoche a.m.฀/éi฀ém/฀฀ p.m.฀/pí:฀ém/ (en฀la฀mañana,฀hasta฀las฀12:00) in฀the฀morning฀/in฀δe฀mó:rniη/฀฀ in฀the฀afternoon฀/in฀δi฀a:fternú:n/฀฀ (en฀la฀tarde,฀de฀13:00฀-฀17:00)฀ in฀the฀evening฀/in฀δi฀í:vniη/฀฀ (en฀la฀tarde฀/฀noche,฀de18:00฀-฀21:00) at฀night฀/at฀náit/฀฀ (en฀la฀noche,฀después฀de฀las฀21:00) 12:00฀฀ 05:00฀a.m.฀ 04:00฀p.m.฀฀ 07:00฀p.m.฀ 10:00฀p.m.฀

It´s฀midday฀/฀It´s฀noon฀ It´s฀five฀o´clock฀a.m.฀/ei.฀em/฀฀ It´s฀four฀o´clock฀p.m.฀/pii฀em/฀฀ It´s฀seven฀o´clock฀p.m.฀/pii฀em/฀฀ It´s฀ten฀o´clock฀p.m.฀/pii฀em/฀฀

24:00฀It´s฀midnight It´s฀five฀o´clock฀in฀the฀morning It´s฀four฀o´clock฀in฀the฀afternoon It´s฀seven฀o´clock฀in฀the฀evening It´s฀ten฀o´clock฀at฀night

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Match฀the฀times฀in฀Column฀A฀with฀the฀sentences฀is฀Column฀B A.฀ 12:20 B.฀ 08:30 C.฀ 09:45 D.฀ 02:15 E.฀ 07:05 F.฀ 08:55 G.฀ 03:10 H.฀ 04:50 I.฀ 04:00 J.฀ 12:40 K.฀ 06:25 L.฀ 10:35 A

B

1.฀It´s฀twenty฀to฀one 2.฀It´s฀a฀quarter฀past฀two 3.฀It´s฀ten฀past฀three 4.฀It´s฀five฀to฀nine 5.฀It´s฀ten฀to฀five 6.฀It´s฀twenty-five฀to฀eleven 7.฀It´s฀five฀past฀seven 8.฀It´s฀half฀past฀eight 9.฀It´s฀twenty฀past฀twelve 10.฀It´s฀a฀quarter฀to฀ten 11.฀It´s฀twenty-five฀past฀six 12.฀It´s฀four฀o´clock C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Ex.฀2.฀Write฀down฀the฀times฀and฀read:฀ ฀

What฀time฀is฀it?฀฀What´s฀the฀time? 1.฀09:00฀ 2.฀08:50฀ 3.฀03:30฀ 4.฀11:45฀ 5.฀01:15฀ 6.฀09:05฀ 7.฀10:14฀ 8.฀24:00฀฀ 9.฀02:57฀ 10.฀08:00฀a.m.฀ 11.฀04:00฀p.m.฀ 12.฀11:00฀p.m.฀฀ 13.฀03:25฀ 14.฀12:00฀ 15.฀03:20฀ 16.฀10:05฀ 17.฀01:45฀ 18.฀11:30฀ 19.฀05:25฀ 20.฀08:15฀ 21.฀04:35฀ 22.฀01:38฀ 23.฀10:18฀ 24.฀09:00฀

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It´s฀ ________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________ ฀___________________________________________________________________________________

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

BASIC฀VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words ADJECTIVES ENGLISH฀ angry฀/ægri/฀ bad฀/bæd/฀ big฀/big/฀ blunt฀/blant/฀ bright฀/bráit/฀ busy฀/bízi/฀ clear฀/klíar/฀ cold฀/kould/฀ comfortable฀/kámfortbl/฀ cool฀/ku:l/฀ curved฀/kεrvd/฀ cheap฀/tshi:p/฀ dark฀/da:rk/฀ dear฀/díar/฀ deep฀/di:p/฀ difficult฀/dífikalt/฀ dull฀/dal/฀ early฀/ε:rli/฀ easy฀/í:zi/฀ empty฀/émti/฀ even฀/í:vn/฀ expensive฀/ikspénsiv/฀ fast฀/fæst/฀ fat฀/fæt/฀ foolish฀/fúlish/฀ free฀/fri:/฀ full฀/ful/฀ good฀/gud/฀ happy฀/hæpi/฀ hard฀/ha:rd/฀ hard-working฀/há:rd฀we:rkiη/฀ healthy฀/hélδi/฀ heavy฀/hévi/฀ high฀/hai/฀ hot฀/hot/฀ huge฀/hiudll/฀ hungry฀/háηgri/฀ ill,฀sick฀/il,฀sik/฀ interesting฀/íntrestiη/฀ large฀/la:dll/฀

SPANISH฀ airado,฀enojado฀ malo฀ grande฀ romo,฀sin฀punta฀ brillante฀ ocupado฀ claro฀ frio,฀helado฀ cómodo฀ fresco฀ curvo฀ barato฀ oscuro฀ caro,฀apreciado฀ profundo฀ dificil฀ opaco,฀fome฀ temprano,฀precursor฀ fácil฀ vacío฀ parejo,฀par฀(números)฀ caro฀ rápido,฀fijo,฀ gordo฀ tonto,฀leso฀ libre,฀gratis฀ lleno,฀completo฀ bueno฀ feliz฀ duro,฀dificil฀ esforzado฀ saludable,฀sano฀ pesado,฀intenso฀ alto฀ caliente฀ enorme฀ hambriento฀ enfermo,฀indispuesto฀ interesante฀ grande฀

ENGLISH฀ late฀/leit/฀ lazy฀/léizi/฀ light฀/lait/฀ long฀/loη/฀ narrow฀/nárrou/฀ new฀/niu:/฀ nice฀/náis/฀ odd฀/o:d/฀ old฀/ould/฀ pleased฀/pli:zd/฀ poor฀/púar/฀ pretty฀/príti/฀ rich฀/ritch/฀ right฀/rait/฀ rough฀/ra:f/฀ sad฀/sæd/฀ sharp฀/sha:rp/฀ short฀/sho:rt/฀ silly฀/síli/฀ sleepy฀/slí:pi/฀ slow฀/slou/฀ small฀/smo:l/฀ soft฀/soft/฀ straight฀/streit/฀ strange฀/streindll/฀ stupid฀/stiu:pid/฀ tall฀/to:l/฀ thick฀/δik/฀ thin฀/δin/฀ thirsty฀/δ:rsti/฀ tiny฀/táini/฀ tired฀/táiard/฀ ugly฀/ágli/฀ uneven฀/aní:vn/฀ warm฀/wo:rm/฀ wide฀/waid/฀ wise฀/waiz/฀ wonderful฀/wánderful/฀ wrong฀/roη/฀ young฀/jaη/฀

SPANISH tarde,฀atrasado flojo claro,liviano largo angosto,฀estrecho nuevo bonito,฀agradable raro,฀impar฀(números) viejo satisfecho,contento pobre,฀insatisfactorio bonito rico,฀adinerado correcto,derecho tosco,฀brusco,฀agitado triste agudo,฀puntiagudo corto;฀bajo฀de฀estatura tonto,฀leso,฀ingenuo soñoliento lento pequeño suave recto extraño estúpido alto grueso delgado sediento diminuto cansado feo disparejo,฀no฀plano temperado ancho,฀amplio sabio,฀sensato maravilloso equivocado,฀incorrecto joven

COLO(U)RS What฀colour฀is฀the฀car?฀ What฀colours฀is฀the฀Chilean฀flag?฀ black฀/blæk/฀ white฀/wait/฀ green฀/gri:n/฀ blue฀/blu:/฀ red฀/red/฀ brown฀/bráun/฀ yellow฀/yélou/฀

negro฀ blanco฀ verde฀ azul฀ rojo฀฀ café฀ amarillo

It´s฀white. It´s฀blue,฀white฀and฀red. orange฀/órindll/฀ gray,฀grey฀/grei/฀ purple฀/pε:rpl/฀ pink฀/piηk/฀ dark฀blue฀/dá.rk฀blú:/฀ light฀blue฀/láit฀blú:/฀

anaranjado gris,฀plomo morado rosado azul฀oscuro azul฀claro,celeste

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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KEY฀TO฀ANSWERS

UNIT฀3 Part฀I. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀has฀got฀2.฀has฀got฀3.฀have฀got฀4.฀have฀got฀5.฀has฀got฀6.฀have฀got฀7.฀has฀got฀8.฀have฀got฀9.฀has฀got฀10.฀has฀ got Ex.฀2.฀1.฀She฀hasn´t฀got฀blue...฀2.They฀haven´t฀got฀many฀friends...฀3.฀My฀father฀hasn´t฀got฀a...4.฀Bob฀hasn´t฀got฀a...฀5.฀We฀ haven´t฀got฀a...฀6.฀I฀haven´t฀got฀any฀cigarettes.฀/฀I´ve฀got฀no฀cigarettes฀7.฀Nancy฀hasn´t฀go฀a...฀8.฀The฀house฀hasn´t฀got...฀ 9.฀My฀friends฀haven´t฀got...10.฀The฀students฀haven´t฀got฀any฀experience.฀/฀The฀students฀have฀got฀no฀experience. Ex.฀3.฀1.฀Have฀you฀got฀many...?฀2.฀Has฀Bob฀got฀any฀money?฀3.฀Have฀you฀got฀a...?฀4.฀Have฀they฀got฀our...?฀5.฀Has฀Bob฀ got฀our...?฀6.฀Has฀Bob´s฀sister฀got฀a...?฀7.฀Have฀they฀got฀a...?฀8.฀Has฀the฀boy฀got฀black...?฀9.฀Have฀you฀got฀your...?฀10.฀ Have฀the฀students฀got฀a...? Ex.฀4.฀1.฀How฀many฀cars฀have฀they฀got?฀2.฀How฀many฀children฀have฀you฀got?฀3.฀How฀many฀wheels฀has฀a฀car฀got?฀ 4.฀How฀much฀money฀has฀Bob฀got?฀5.฀How฀many฀bathrooms฀has฀the฀flat฀got?฀6.฀How฀much฀milk฀have฀we฀got?฀/฀how฀ many฀bottles฀of฀milk฀have฀we฀got?฀7.฀How฀much฀free฀time฀have฀they฀got? Ex.฀5.฀(open฀answers)

Part฀II. B. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀a฀2.฀an฀3.an฀4.฀an฀5.฀an฀6.฀an฀7.฀an฀8.฀a฀9.฀a฀10.฀a฀11.฀an฀12.฀an฀13.฀a฀14.฀a฀15.฀an฀16.a฀17.฀a฀18.฀a฀19.฀a฀20.฀ a฀21.฀an฀22.a฀23.฀a฀24.฀a฀25.฀an฀26.฀a฀27.฀an฀28.฀a฀29.฀an฀30.฀a฀31.฀an฀32.฀a Ex.฀2.฀1.฀Those฀are฀pictures฀2.฀These฀are฀cars฀3.฀Are฀these฀envelopes?฀4.฀Those฀men฀aren´t฀teachers฀5.฀I´ve฀got฀friends฀in฀ S.F.฀6.฀They´ve฀got฀horses...฀7.฀Peter´s฀got฀new฀pens฀8.฀These฀boys฀aren´t฀new฀students฀9.฀These฀are฀interesting฀novels฀ 10.฀Are฀those฀women฀nurses?฀11.฀Are฀those฀men฀engineers?฀12.฀There฀are฀yellow฀flowers...฀13.฀Are฀those฀apple฀trees฀ or฀pear฀trees?฀14.฀I฀haven´t฀got฀cigarettes Ex.฀3.฀1.฀There฀are฀some฀trees...฀2.฀There฀are฀many฀women...฀3.฀There฀were฀several฀car฀accidents...฀4.฀There฀are฀some฀ new฀students...฀5.฀There฀will฀be฀many฀new฀students...฀6.฀I´ve฀got฀several฀questions...฀7.฀They´ve฀got฀some฀interesting฀ books...฀8.฀The฀boy฀has฀got฀some฀books...฀9.฀There฀are฀several฀letters...฀10.฀I´ve฀got฀some฀coins...฀11.฀I´ve฀got฀several฀ magazines...฀12.฀There฀are฀many฀text฀books...฀13.฀The฀student฀has฀got฀some฀new฀notebooks฀14.฀There฀are฀many฀ students...฀15.฀Please,฀show฀me฀some฀photographs.

Part฀III. Ex.฀1.฀A฀-฀9฀B฀-฀8฀C฀-฀10฀D฀-฀2฀E฀-฀7฀F฀-฀4฀G฀-฀3฀H฀-฀5฀I฀-฀12฀J฀-฀1฀K฀-฀11฀L฀-฀6 Ex.฀2.฀1.฀It´s฀nine฀o´clock฀2.฀It´s฀ten฀to฀nine฀3.฀It´s฀half฀past฀three฀4.฀It´s฀quarter฀to฀twelve฀5.฀It´s฀quarter฀past฀one฀6.฀It´s฀ five฀past฀nine฀7.฀It´s฀forteen฀minutes฀past฀ten฀8.฀It´s฀twelve฀o´clock฀/฀midnight฀9.฀It´s฀three฀minutes฀to฀three฀10.฀It´s฀eight฀ o´clock฀in฀the฀morning฀11.฀It´s฀four฀o´clock฀in฀the฀afternoon฀12.฀It´s฀eleven฀o´clock฀at฀night฀13.฀It´s฀twenty-five฀past฀three฀ 14.฀It´s฀twelve฀o´clock฀/฀noon฀15.฀It´s฀twenty฀past฀three฀16.฀It´s฀five฀past฀ten฀17.฀It´s฀quarter฀to฀two฀18.฀It´s฀half฀past฀eleven฀ 19.฀It´s฀twenty-five฀past฀five฀20.฀It´s฀quarter฀past฀eight฀21.฀It´s฀twenty-five฀to฀five฀22.฀It´s฀twenty-two฀minutes฀to฀two฀23.฀ It´s฀eighteen฀minutes฀past฀ten฀24.฀It´s฀nine฀o´clock

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

45

Bl฀46

UNIT฀4 PART฀I.฀EL฀TIEMPO฀PRESENTE฀CONTINUO฀(THE฀PRESENT฀CONTINUOUS฀TENSE) Introducción:฀Los฀Tiempos฀Contínuos Son฀tiempos฀continuos฀o฀progresivos฀todos฀aquellos฀tiempos฀verbales฀que฀se฀expresan฀con฀una฀forma฀del฀verbo฀TO฀ BE฀y฀el฀GERUNDIO฀DE฀UN฀VERBO฀PRINCIPAL.฀Estos฀tiempos฀verbales฀se฀usan฀para฀especificar฀qué฀estamos,฀ estábamos฀o฀estaremos฀haciendo฀en฀un฀momento฀determinado. Es฀conveniente฀recordar฀aquí฀que฀el฀gerundio฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal฀se฀forma฀agregando฀-ING฀al฀infinitivo.฀Este฀sufijo฀ se฀pronuncia฀/iη/฀.฀Hay฀tres฀grupos฀de฀verbos,฀según฀la฀ortografía฀usada฀en฀la฀formación฀del฀gerundio: Grupo฀A:฀ Verbos฀terminados฀en฀consonante฀que฀agregan฀-ing฀al฀infinitivo: ฀ ฀ ฀

to฀speak฀/spi:k/฀(hablar)฀ to฀eat฀/i:t/฀(comer)฀ to฀work฀/we:rk/฀(trabajar)฀

speaking฀/spi:kiη/฀(hablando) eating฀/í:tiη/฀(comiendo) working฀/wé:rkiη/฀(trabajando)

Grupo฀B:฀ Si฀el฀infinitivo฀termina฀en฀-e฀muda,฀esta฀letra฀se฀omite฀al฀formar฀en฀gerundio: living฀/líviη/฀(viviendo) writing฀/ráitiη/฀(escribiendo) Bl฀47 ฀Grupo฀C:฀Si฀el฀infinitivo฀está฀formado฀por฀consonante+vocal+consonante฀o฀cons.฀+cons.฀+฀vocal฀+฀cons.,฀la฀ última฀consonante฀debe฀ser฀duplicada:

฀ ฀

to฀live฀/liv/฀(vivir)฀ to฀write฀/ráit/฀(escribir)฀

฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

To฀sit฀/sit/฀(sentarse)฀ To฀cut฀/kat/฀(cortar)฀ To฀stop฀/stop/฀(detener,parar)฀ To฀swim฀/suim/฀(nadar)฀

sitting฀/sítiη/฀(sentándose) cutting฀/kátiη/฀(cortando) stopping฀/stópiη/฀(deteniendo,฀parando) swimming฀/suímiη/฀(nadando)

EL฀TIEMPO฀PRESENTE฀CONTINUO฀O฀PROGRESIVO. El฀tiempo฀Presente฀Continuo฀o฀Progresivo฀está฀formado฀por฀el฀ Presente฀del฀verbo฀TO฀BE฀(AM/S/ARE)฀más฀un฀ GERUNDIO฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal฀y฀se฀usa฀para฀expresar฀acciones฀que฀se฀están฀realizando฀NOW฀ /náu/฀(ahora)฀o฀AT฀ THIS฀TIME฀/at฀δis฀táim/฀(a฀esta฀hora),฀AT฀THE฀MOMENT฀/at฀δe฀móument/฀(en฀este฀momento).฀AT฀PRESENT฀/at฀prézent/฀(en฀ estos฀días,฀actualmente),฀TEMPORARILY฀/temporárili/฀(temporalmente),฀FOR฀THE฀TIME฀BEING฀/for฀δe฀táim฀bí:฀iδ/฀(mientras฀ tanto,transitoriamente). Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: They´re฀living฀in฀New฀York฀at฀present.฀/δéi฀a:r฀liviη฀in฀niu฀iórk฀at฀prézent/฀(Ellos฀están฀viviendo฀en฀N.Y.฀en฀la฀actualidad). Mary´s฀working฀in฀Room฀10฀now.฀/mériz฀wé:rkiη฀in฀rúm฀tén฀náu/฀(Mary฀está฀trabajando฀en฀la฀Of.10฀ahora) Herbert´s฀having฀lunch฀at฀the฀moment.฀/hé:rberts฀hæviν฀lántch฀at฀δe฀móument/฀(Herbert฀está฀almorzando฀en฀este฀momento) For฀the฀time฀being,฀I´m฀living฀with฀my฀brother฀John.฀/for฀δe฀táim฀bí:iη฀áim฀lívin฀wiδ฀mai฀bráδer฀dllón/฀(Transitoriamente,฀estoy฀ viviendo฀con฀mi฀hermano฀John) La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀NOT฀después฀del฀verbo฀TO฀BE.฀El฀uso฀de฀las฀contracciones฀ISN´T฀y฀AREN´T฀ es฀frecuente฀en฀la฀conversación฀diaria. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: ฀ ฀ They฀are฀not฀living฀in฀New฀York฀at฀present.฀฀ They´re฀not฀living฀in฀New฀York฀at฀present.฀฀ ฀ They฀aren´t฀living฀in฀New฀York฀at฀present. Mary฀is฀not฀working฀in฀Room฀10฀now.฀฀ Mary´s฀not฀working฀in฀Room฀10฀now. ฀ Mary฀isn´t฀working฀in฀Room฀10฀now. For฀the฀time฀being,฀I฀am฀not฀living฀with฀my฀brother฀John.฀I´m฀not฀living฀with฀my฀brother฀John

La฀forma฀interrogativa฀se฀expresa฀mediante฀simple฀inversión฀del฀verbo฀TO฀BE฀(AM,IS,ARE)฀con฀el฀sujeto.฀En฀las฀ preguntas฀negativas฀se฀usan฀las฀contracciones฀ISN´T/AREN´T฀delante฀del฀sujeto. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: Are฀they฀living฀in฀New฀York฀at฀present?฀฀ Is฀Mary฀working฀in฀Room฀10฀now?฀฀ Are฀you฀living฀with฀your฀brother฀John?฀ Am฀I฀doing฀the฀exercise฀correctly?฀

Aren´t฀they฀living฀in฀New฀York฀at฀present? Isn´t฀Mary฀working฀in฀Room฀10฀now? Aren´t฀you฀living฀with฀your฀brother฀John? Aren´t฀I฀doing฀the฀exercise฀correctly?

Cuando฀deseamos฀formular฀preguntas฀introducidas฀por฀una฀palabra฀interrogativa฀como฀What,฀Where,฀When,฀How,฀ How฀often,฀etc.,฀debemos฀mantener฀el฀mismo฀orden฀de฀palabras฀usado฀en฀las฀preguntas฀simples. ฀Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: John฀is฀living฀in฀New฀York฀at฀present.฀ The฀children฀are฀playing฀soccer.฀ I฀am฀wearing฀a฀sweater฀because฀it´s฀cold.฀

Where฀is฀John฀living฀at฀present? What฀are฀the฀children฀playing? Why฀are฀you฀wearing฀a฀sweater?฀

La฀pregunta฀más฀frecuente฀en฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀es: WHAT฀ARE฀YOU฀DOING?฀/wót฀ar฀iú฀du:฀iη/฀(¿qué฀estás฀haciendo?) EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda฀estos฀verbos: INFINITIVE฀ To฀answer฀/á:nser/฀ To฀arrive฀/erráiv/฀ To฀ask฀/a:sk/฀ To฀ask฀for฀/a:sk฀fo:r/฀ To฀buy฀/bái/฀ To฀close฀/klouz/฀ To฀come฀/kam/฀ To฀cut฀/kat/฀ To฀do฀/du:/฀ To฀drink฀/driηk/฀ To฀drive฀/dráiv/฀ To฀dry฀/drái/฀ To฀eat฀/i:t/฀ To฀finish฀/fínish/฀ To฀fix฀/fiks/฀ To฀give฀/giv/฀ To฀go฀/gou/฀ To฀help฀/help/฀ To฀invite฀/inváit/฀ To฀learn฀/le:rn/฀ To฀leave฀/li:v/฀ To฀listen฀to฀/lísn฀tu/฀ To฀live฀/liv/฀ To฀look฀at฀/luk฀at/฀ To฀make฀/meik/฀ To฀open฀/óupn/฀ To฀pay฀/pei/฀ To฀play฀/pléi/฀ To฀put฀/put/฀ To฀read฀/ri:d/฀ To฀receive฀/risí:v/฀ 48

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

GERUND฀ answering฀/á:nseriη/฀ arriving฀/erráiviη/฀ asking฀/á:skiη/฀ asking฀for฀/á:skiη฀fo:r//฀ buying฀/báiiη/฀ closing฀/klóuziη/฀ coming฀/kámiη/฀ cutting฀/kátiη/฀ doing฀/dú:iη/฀ drinking฀/dríηkiη/฀ driving฀/dráiviη/฀ drying฀/dráiiη/฀ eating฀/í:tiη/฀ finishing฀/fínishiη/฀ fixing฀/fíksiη/฀ giving฀/gíviη/฀ going฀/góuiη/฀ helping฀/hélpiη/฀ inviting฀/inváitiη/฀ learning฀/lé:rniη/฀ leaving฀/lí:viη/฀ listening฀to฀/lísniη฀tu/฀ living฀/liviη/฀ looking฀at฀/lúkiη฀at/฀ making฀/méikiη/฀ opening฀/óupniη/฀ paying฀/péiiη/฀ playing฀/pléiiη/฀ putting฀/pútiη/฀ reading฀/rí:diη/฀ receiving฀/risí:viη/฀

SPANISH responder/respondiendo llegar/llegando preguntar/preguntando; pedir/pidiendo,฀solicitar/solicitando comprar/comprando cerrar/cerrando venir/viniendo cortar/cortando hacer/haciendo฀(actividades) beber/bebiendo conducir/conduciendo secar/secando comer/comiendo terminar/terminando reparar/reparando;฀arreglar/arreglando/fijar/fijando dar/dando ir/yendo ayudar/ayudando invitar/invitando aprender/aprendiendo partir/partiendo;฀dejar/dejando escuchar/escuchando vivir,฀viviendo mirar/mirando hacer/haciendo abrir/abriendo pagar/pagando jugar/jugando;฀tocar/tocando฀(un฀instr.) poner/poniendo leer/leyendo recibir/recibiendo

To฀rain฀/réin/฀ To฀run฀/ran/฀ To฀say฀/séi/฀ To฀sell฀/sel/฀ To฀send฀/send/฀ To฀sing฀/siη/฀ To฀sit฀/sit/฀ To฀sleep฀/sli:p/฀ To฀speak฀/spi:k/฀ To฀spend฀/spend/฀ To฀start฀/sta:rt/฀ To฀stay฀/stéi/฀ To฀study฀/stádi/฀ To฀take฀/téik/฀ To฀talk฀/to:k/฀ To฀tell฀/tel/฀ To฀think฀/θiηk/฀ To฀travel฀/trævel/฀ To฀try฀to฀/trái฀tu/฀ To฀wait฀for฀/weit฀fo:r/฀ To฀walk฀/wo:k/฀ To฀wash฀/wosh/฀ To฀watch฀/wotch/฀ To฀wear฀/wéar/฀ To฀work฀/we:rk/฀ To฀write฀/ráit/฀

raining฀/réiniη/฀ running฀/rániη/฀ saying฀/séiiη/฀ selling฀/séliη/฀ sending฀/séndiη/฀ singing฀/síηiη/฀ sitting฀/sítiη/฀ sleeping฀/slí:piη/฀ speaking฀/spí:kiη/฀ spending฀/spéndiη/฀ starting฀/stá:rtiη/฀ staying฀/stéiiη/฀ studying฀/stádiiη/฀ taking฀/téikiη/฀ talking฀/tó:kiη/฀ telling฀/téliη/฀ thinking฀/θíηkiη/฀ travelling฀/træveliη/฀ trying฀to฀/tráiiη฀tu/฀ waiting฀for฀/wéitiη฀fo:r/฀ walking฀/wó:kiη/฀ washing฀/wóshiη/฀ watching฀/wótchiη/฀ wearing฀/wéariη/฀ working฀/wé:rkiη/฀ Writing฀/ráitiη/฀

llover/lloviendo correr/corriendo decir/diciendo vender/vendiendo enviar/enviando cantar/cantando sentarse/sentándose dormir/durmiendo hablar/hablando gastar/gastando;pasar/pasando(tiempo) empezar/empezando,comenzar/comenzando permanecer/permaneciendo฀(quedarse) estudiar/estudiando tomar/tomando;llevar/llevando conversar/conversando decir/diciendo;contar/contando฀(narrar) pensar/pensando;฀creer/creyendo viajar/viajando tratar฀de/tratando฀de;฀intentar/intentando esperar/esperando caminar/caminando lavar/lavando observar/observando usar/usando(ropas) trabajar/trabajando;฀funcionar/funcionando escribir/escribiendo

Ex.฀2.฀Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda฀estas฀actividades฀frecuentes: Getting฀up฀/gétiη฀ap/฀ Having฀a฀bath/a฀shower฀/hæviη฀e฀ba:θ/e฀sháuer/฀ Getting฀dressed฀/gétiη฀drést/฀ Having฀breakfast/lunch/dinner฀/hæviη฀brékfast//lantch/díner/฀ Going฀home/to฀work/to฀the฀office฀/góuiη฀hóum/tu฀we:rk/tu฀δi฀ófis/฀ Driving฀home/to฀work/to฀the฀office฀/dráiviη฀hóum/tu฀we:rk/tu฀δi฀ófis/./฀ Reading฀letters/the฀newspaper฀/rí:diη฀létez/δe฀niuzpéiper/฀ Working฀in฀the฀office฀/wé:rkiη฀in฀δi฀ófis/฀ Talking฀with฀friends฀/tó:kiη฀wiδ฀fréndz/฀ Leaving฀the฀office฀/lí:viη฀δi฀ófis/฀ Doing฀the฀shopping฀/dú:iη฀δe฀shópiη/฀ Buying฀the฀paper/cigarettes฀/báiiη฀δe฀péiper/sígaréts/฀ Watching฀TV฀/wótchiη฀tí:฀ví:/฀ Listening฀to฀the฀news/to฀the฀radio฀/lísniη฀tu฀δe฀niú:z/réidiou/฀ Writing฀to฀a฀friend฀/ráitiη฀tu฀e฀frénd/฀ Calling฀up฀a฀friend฀/kóliη฀áp฀e฀frénd/฀ Playing฀cards/soccer฀/pléiiη฀kárdz/sóker฀ Walking฀to฀the฀park฀/wó:kiη฀tu฀δe฀pa:rk/฀ Running฀across฀the฀park฀/rániη฀akrós฀δe฀pá:rk/฀ Doing฀exercise฀/dú:iη฀éksersaiz/฀Working฀out฀/wérkiη฀áut/฀ Visiting฀a฀museum฀/vízitiη฀a฀miu:zíam/฀ Studying฀for฀a฀test฀/stádiiη฀for฀e฀tést/฀ Washing฀the฀car฀/wóshiη฀δe฀ká:r/฀ Cleaning฀the฀house฀/klíiniη฀δe฀háus/฀ Making฀the฀bed฀/méikiη฀δe฀béd/฀ Tidying฀up฀the฀room฀/táidiiη฀áp฀δe฀rú:m/฀ Cooking฀a฀meal฀/kúkiη฀a฀mi:l/฀ Preparing฀some฀drinks฀/pripéariη฀sam฀dríηks/฀ Going฀to฀bed฀/góuiη฀tu฀béd/฀

levantándose tomando฀un฀baño/una฀ducha vistiéndose desayunando/almorzando/cenando yendo฀a฀casa/al฀trabajo/a฀la฀oficina yendo฀en฀auto฀a฀casa/trabajo/of. leyendo฀cartas/el฀diario trabajando฀en฀la฀oficina conversando฀con฀amigos saliendo฀de฀la฀oficina haciendo฀las฀compras comprando฀el฀diario/cigarrillos mirando฀TV escuchando฀las฀noticias/la฀radio escribiendo฀a฀un/a฀amigo/a llamando฀a฀un/a฀amigo/a฀(por฀fono) jugando฀cartas/football caminando฀al฀parque corriendo฀a฀través฀del฀parque haciendo฀ejercicio฀(gimnasia) visitando฀un฀museo estudiando฀para฀una฀prueba lavando฀el฀auto limpiando฀la฀casa haciendo฀la฀cama ordenando฀el฀cuarto cocinando฀una฀comida preparando฀algunos฀tragos acostándose A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Ex.฀3.฀Complete฀the฀following฀sentences,฀using฀the฀Present฀Continuous฀tense฀of฀the฀verb฀provided. ฀ 1.฀I฀______________________________ ฀to฀the฀news฀at฀the฀moment.฀(listen) 2.฀The฀students฀_________________________ ฀to฀school฀now.฀(go) 3.฀Mr.฀Smith฀____________________________ ฀for฀the฀bus.฀(wait) 4.฀For฀the฀time฀being,฀Mary฀__________________________ ฀as฀a฀secretary.฀(work). 5.฀Our฀friends฀___________________________ ฀Disney฀World฀today.฀(visit) 6.฀The฀train฀_____________________________ ฀at฀the฀station฀at฀this฀time.฀(arrive) 7.฀You฀___________________________ ฀the฀exercises฀well฀now.฀(do) 8.฀They฀__________________________ ฀the฀weekend฀in฀Miami.฀(spend) 9.฀Look!฀The฀bus฀___________________________฀over฀there!฀(come) 10.฀Listen!฀Those฀children฀ ____________________________ ฀Spanish!฀(speak) 11.฀There´s฀a฀man฀in฀the฀garden.฀He฀__________________________ ฀the฀grass.฀(cut) 12.฀There฀are฀several฀students฀in฀the฀gym.฀They฀___________________________ ฀(work฀out) Ex.฀4.฀Change฀into฀a)฀negative฀and฀b)฀interrogative 1.฀ The฀children฀are฀watching฀TV฀฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀ John´s฀having฀breakfast฀now.฀฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀ Bill´s฀answering฀the฀phone.฀฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀ I´m฀helping฀John฀with฀the฀work฀฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀ The฀girl´s฀washing฀the฀dishes.฀฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀ The฀cadet´s฀sleeping฀in฀class.฀฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀ It´s฀raining฀very฀hard฀now.฀฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀ The฀students฀are฀writing฀a฀composition.฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀ You´re฀doing฀the฀exercise฀correctly.฀฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀The฀dog´s฀drinking฀milk.฀฀ ฀ ฀ 11.฀The฀boy´s฀singing฀an฀English฀song.฀฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀We´re฀making฀a฀lot฀of฀progress.฀฀ ฀฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀5.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀questions฀word฀like฀What,฀Where,฀Why,฀etc. 1.฀ Mary´s฀eating฀an฀apple฀now.฀฀ 2.฀ John฀and฀his฀friends฀are฀watching฀TV.฀฀ 3.฀ They´re฀living฀in฀Bristol฀at฀present.฀฀ 4.฀ I´m฀answering฀a฀letter.฀฀ 5.฀ The฀students฀are฀reading฀a฀story.฀฀ 6.฀ George฀is฀travelling฀by฀plane.฀฀ 7.฀ He฀isn´t฀working฀because฀it´s฀Sunday.฀฀ 8.฀ Billy´s฀wearing฀the฀new฀sweater.฀ 9.฀ I´m฀singing฀because฀I´m฀happy.฀ 10.฀The฀men฀are฀running฀now.฀ 11.฀I´m฀trying฀to฀open฀the฀window.฀ 12.฀They´re฀looking฀at฀the฀horses.฀

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฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀6.฀Complete฀the฀dialogs฀using฀the฀verbs฀provided฀in฀the฀Present฀Continuous฀tense.฀Study฀them฀and฀practise฀ them฀with฀a฀friend: 1.฀ Hans฀ Bob฀ Hans฀ Bob฀

:฀ Hello,฀Bob!฀Where฀______฀you฀____________?฀(฀go) :฀ To฀the฀post฀office. :฀ I฀___________฀(go)฀there,฀too.฀Why฀______n´t฀you฀____________฀(drive)฀your฀car? :฀ It´s฀in฀the฀garage.฀They฀____________฀(฀fix)฀the฀brakes.

2.฀฀Jane฀ Peter฀ Jane฀ Peter฀ Jane฀ Peter฀

:฀ Where´s฀Billy? :฀ He´s฀in฀his฀room. :฀ What฀______฀he฀___________?(do)฀I฀don´t฀think฀he฀____________(sleep). :฀ No,฀he฀isn´t.฀He฀____________฀(study)฀for฀a฀test. :฀ He฀______฀always฀____________฀!฀(study).฀That´s฀why฀he฀___________฀(do)฀so฀well฀at฀school฀this฀year :฀ Well,฀he฀____________฀(plan)฀to฀study฀engineering,฀you฀know..

3.฀฀Robert฀:฀฀Where฀are฀the฀children? Mary฀ :฀ Billy฀____________฀(watch)฀TV฀in฀the฀living-room.฀And฀Betty´s฀in฀the฀kitchen.฀฀I฀think ฀ ฀ she฀____________฀(cook)฀dinner.฀And฀Jim´s฀in฀his฀room.฀He฀____________฀(sleep),฀of฀course! Robert฀:฀ Well,฀let´s฀go฀for฀a฀walk,then. Mary฀ :฀ Great!฀Let´s฀do฀that.

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PART฀II. A.฀ TIME฀AND฀DATES day฀/déi/฀día฀฀฀฀week฀/wí:k/฀semana฀฀฀฀฀month฀/manθ/฀mes฀฀฀฀฀year฀/yíar/฀año฀฀฀฀฀season฀/sí:zn/฀estación There฀are฀365฀days฀/déiz/฀in฀a฀year.฀There฀are฀52฀weeks฀/wí:ks/฀in฀a฀year฀/jíar/ There฀are฀twelve฀months฀/mánθs/฀in฀a฀year.฀The฀months฀of฀the฀year฀are: ฀ January฀/dlláñiuari/฀฀ Enero฀ July฀/dllulái/฀฀ ฀ February฀/fébruari/฀฀ Febrero฀ August฀/ó:gast/฀฀ ฀ March฀/má:rtch/฀฀ Marzo฀ September฀/septémber/฀฀ April฀/éiprl/฀฀ Abril฀ October฀/októuber/฀฀ May฀/méi/฀฀ Mayo฀ November฀/nouvémber/฀฀ June฀/dllú:n/฀฀ Junio฀฀ December฀/disémber/฀฀

Julio Agosto Septiembre Octubre Noviembre Diciembre

There฀are฀four฀seasons฀/sí:zonz/฀in฀a฀year:฀Winter฀/uínter/฀Invierno,฀Spring฀/spriη/฀Primavera,฀Summer฀/sámer/฀Verano,฀and฀ Autumn฀/ó:tom/฀(or฀Fall฀/fó:l/)฀Otoño There฀are฀seven฀days฀in฀a฀week.฀The฀days฀of฀the฀week฀are: Monday฀/mándi/฀ Tuesday฀/tiú:zdi/฀ Wednesday฀/wénzdi/฀

Lunes฀ Martes฀ Miércoles฀

Thursday฀/δérzdi/฀฀ ฀Jueves฀ Friday฀/fráidi/฀ Viernes Saturday฀/sæ´terdi/฀ Sábado

Sunday฀/sándi/฀

Domingo

Monday฀is฀the฀first฀ (primer)฀day฀of฀the฀week.฀Tuesday฀is฀the฀second฀ (segundo)฀day.฀The฀third฀ (tercer)฀day฀of฀the฀week฀is฀ Wednesday,฀and฀Thursday฀is฀the฀fourth฀ (cuarto)฀day.฀Friday฀is฀the฀fifth฀ (quinto)฀day,฀and฀the฀sixth฀ (sexto)฀day฀is฀Saturday.฀ The฀seventh฀(séptimo)฀and฀last฀(último)฀day฀of฀the฀week฀is฀Sunday. Ordinal฀Numbers:฀Los฀números฀ordinales,฀además฀de฀usarse฀para฀indicar฀orden฀o฀lugar฀de฀precedencia,฀se฀usan฀para฀ expresar฀fechas.฀Los฀números฀ordinales฀son: 1st.฀ First฀/fé:rst/฀ 2nd฀ Second฀/sékond/฀ 3rd฀ Third฀/θé:rd/฀ 4th฀ Fourth฀/fó:rθ/฀ 5th฀ Fifth฀/fifθ/฀ 6th฀ Sixth฀/sixθ/฀ 7th฀ Seventh฀/sévenθ/฀ 8th฀ Eighth฀/éitθ/฀ 9th฀ Ninth฀/náinθ/฀ 10th฀Tenth฀/ténθ/฀ ฀ ฀

11th฀฀ 12th฀฀ 13th฀฀ 14th฀฀ 15th฀฀ 16th฀฀ 17th฀฀ 18th฀฀ 19th฀฀ 20th฀ ฀

Eleventh฀/ilévenθ/฀ Twelfth฀/tuélfθ/฀ Thirteenth฀/θe:rtí:nθ/฀ Fourteenth฀/fortí:nθ/฀ Fifteenth฀/fiftí:nθ/฀ Sixteenth฀/sikstí:nθ/฀ Seventeenth฀/seventí:nθ/฀ Eighteenth฀/eití:nθ/฀ Nineteenth฀/naintí:nθ/฀ Twentieth฀/tuéntieθ/฀ ฀

21st฀ Twenty-first฀/tuénti฀fé:rst/ 22nd฀฀Twenty-second฀/tuénti฀sékond/ 23rd฀฀ Twenty-third฀/tuénti฀θé:rd/ 24th฀฀ Twenty-fourth฀/tuénti฀fó:rθ/ 25th฀฀ Twenty-fifth฀/tuénti฀fífθ/ 26th฀฀ Twenty-sixth฀/tuénti฀síksθ/ 27th฀฀ Twenty-seventh฀/tuénti฀sévenθ/ 28th฀฀ Twenty-eighth฀/tuénti฀éitθ/ 29th฀฀ Twenty-ninth฀/tuénti฀náinθ/ 30th฀฀ Thirtieth฀/θértieθ/ 31st฀฀ Thirty-first฀/θé:rti฀fé:rst/

Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda The฀date฀today฀is฀Wednesday฀the฀first฀of฀May,฀two฀thousand฀two฀/δe฀déit฀tudéi฀iz฀wénzdi฀ δe฀fé:rst฀ov฀méi฀tú.฀ θáuzand฀ tú:/฀o฀también,฀Wednesday,฀May฀the฀first,฀two฀thousand฀two฀/wénzdi฀méi฀δe฀fé:rst฀tú.฀θáuzand฀tú:/฀(La฀fecha฀de฀hoy฀es฀ Miércoles฀primero฀de฀Mayo฀de฀2002) I฀was฀born฀on฀the฀fifteenth฀of฀August,฀nineteen฀seventy-five฀/ai฀woz฀bó:rn฀on฀ δe฀fiftí:nθ฀ov฀ó:gast฀náintin฀séventi฀fáiv/,฀o฀ también,฀on฀August฀the฀fifteenth,฀nineteen฀seventy-five฀/on฀ó:gast฀δe฀fiftí:nθ฀náintin฀séventi฀fáiv/฀(Yo฀nací฀el฀15฀de฀Agosto฀ de฀1975). Jane´s฀birthday฀is฀on฀the฀twenty-fifth฀of฀June฀/dlléinz฀bé:rθei฀is฀on฀δe฀tuénti฀fífθ฀ov฀dllú:n/,฀o฀también,฀on฀June฀the฀twentyfifth฀/on฀dllú:n฀δe฀tuénti฀fífθ/฀(El฀cumpleaños฀de฀Jane฀es฀el฀25฀de฀Junio)

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EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Write฀the฀following฀dates,฀as฀in฀the฀examples: 1.฀12.09.1963฀ 2.฀05.05.1938฀ 3.฀02.11.1906฀ 4.฀18.07.1900฀ 5.฀10.08.2000฀ 6.฀01.01.2001฀ 7.฀18.09.1810฀ 8.฀05.12.1978฀ 9.฀12.03.1893฀ 10.฀04.30.1999฀ 11.฀08.27.1987฀ 12.฀02.28.1956฀ 13.฀10.12.1492฀ 14.฀07.02.1956฀

The฀twelfth฀of฀September,฀nineteen฀sixty-three ฀________________________________________________________________________________ ฀________________________________________________________________________________ ฀________________________________________________________________________________ ฀________________________________________________________________________________ ฀________________________________________________________________________________ ฀________________________________________________________________________________ ฀________________________________________________________________________________ ฀________________________________________________________________________________ April฀the฀thirtieth,฀nineteen฀ninety-nine ฀________________________________________________________________________________ ฀________________________________________________________________________________ ฀________________________________________________________________________________ ฀________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Answer฀the฀following฀questions: 1.฀When฀is฀your฀birthday?฀ 2.฀When฀was฀your฀father฀born?฀ 3.฀What฀day฀is฀today?฀ 4.฀What´s฀the฀date฀today?฀ 5.฀How฀many฀days฀are฀there฀in฀a฀week?฀฀ 6.฀What฀are฀the฀seasons฀of฀the฀year?฀฀ 7.฀What´s฀your฀favo(u)rite฀season?฀ 8.฀What฀are฀the฀days฀of฀the฀week?฀฀ 9.฀What฀are฀the฀months฀of฀the฀year?฀฀ 10.฀What´s฀the฀first฀month฀of฀the฀year?฀฀ 11.฀What´s฀the฀third฀day฀of฀the฀week?฀฀ 12.฀What´s฀the฀last฀month฀of฀the฀year?฀฀ 13.฀How฀many฀months฀are฀there฀in฀a฀year?฀฀ 14.฀How฀many฀hours฀are฀there฀in฀a฀day?฀ 15.฀When฀is฀New฀Year´s฀Day?฀฀ 16.฀When´s฀our฀Independence฀Day?฀฀

฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________

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B.฀ Question฀Words฀(1)฀Describing฀people฀and฀things Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda ENGLISH

SPANISH

How฀old?฀/háu฀óuld/ How฀tall?฀/háu฀to:l/ How฀far?฀/háu฀fa:r/ How฀long?฀/háu฀lóη/ How฀high?฀/háu฀hái/ How฀fast?฀/háu฀f(st/ How฀deep?฀/háu฀di:p/ How฀thick?฀/háu฀(ik/ How฀wide?฀/háu฀wáid/ How฀big...?฀/háu฀big?/ How฀well...?฀/háu฀wel/ How฀heavy...?฀/hau฀hévi/ What฀color?฀/hwot฀kólor/ What฀size?฀/hwot฀sáiz/ What฀shape?฀/hwot฀shéip/ What฀is฀/are...like?*

¿Qué฀edad? ¿Qué฀estatura? ¿Qué฀distancia? ¿Qué฀longitud? ¿Qué฀altura? ¿Qué฀velocidad? ¿Qué฀profundidad? ¿Qué฀espesor฀/฀grosor? ¿Qué฀anchura฀/฀ancho? ¿Cuán฀grande? ¿Cuán฀bien? ¿Cuánto฀pesa? ¿Qué฀color? ¿Qué฀tamaño฀/฀talla? ¿Qué฀forma? ¿Cómo฀es฀/฀son...?฀(Descripción฀de฀cosas) (Descripción฀ de฀ personas฀ en฀ cuanto฀ a฀ su฀ carácter)

฀/wot.฀Iz฀/a:r...láik/

EXAMPLE How฀old฀are฀you?฀I´m฀21฀years฀old How฀tall฀are฀you?฀I´m฀1.70฀meters฀tall How฀far฀is฀the฀airpòrt?฀It´s฀about฀20฀km.฀away How฀long฀is฀the฀river?฀It´s฀85฀km.฀long. How฀high฀is฀that฀hill?฀It´s฀about฀1,200฀mt.฀high How฀fast฀is฀the฀train฀moving?฀At฀about฀90฀k/h How฀deep฀is฀the฀lake?฀It´s฀120฀mt.฀deep How฀thick฀is฀that฀wall?฀It´s฀about฀40฀cm.฀thick How฀wide฀is฀the฀road?฀About฀15฀mt.฀wide How฀big฀is฀the฀house?฀It฀has฀got฀five฀rooms How฀well฀do฀you฀drive?฀I฀drive฀very฀well How฀heavy฀is฀the฀box?฀It฀weighs฀5฀kilos What฀color฀is฀the฀car?฀It´s฀light฀blue What฀size฀is฀this฀shirt?฀It´s฀extra฀large What฀shape฀is฀a฀football?฀It´s฀round What฀is฀the฀house฀like?฀It´s฀very฀comfortable What฀are฀the฀rooms฀like?฀They´re฀very฀small What´s฀Mary฀like?฀She´s฀very฀nice฀and฀friendly.

Nota฀importante:฀ Como฀Ud.฀habrá฀advertido,฀en฀inglés฀se฀debe฀usar฀el฀verbo฀BE฀(am/is/are/was/were,฀etc.)฀para฀describir฀objetos.฀En฀castellano฀ normalmente฀se฀usa฀el฀verbo฀tener:฀How฀old฀are฀you?฀I฀am฀35฀=฀¡Que฀edad฀tiene฀Ud?฀Yo฀tengo฀35

Ex.฀1.฀Study฀these฀words: Nouns฀ age฀/éidll/฀edad length฀/leθ/฀longitud width฀/wiθ/฀anchura thickness฀/θiknis/฀grosor distance฀/dístans/฀distancia speed฀/spí:d/฀velocidad depth฀/depθ/฀profundidad height฀/háit/฀estatura;altura size฀/saiz/฀tamaño,฀talla shape฀/shéip/฀forma weight฀/wéit/฀peso

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Adjectives old฀/ould/฀anciano,฀viejo;฀young฀/yaη/฀joven old฀/ould/฀viejo;฀new฀/niú:/฀nuevo long฀/loη/฀largo;฀short฀/sho:rt/฀corto wide฀/wáid/฀ancho;฀narrow฀/nærrou/฀angosto thick฀/θik/฀grueso;฀thin฀/θin/฀delgado distant฀/dístant/฀distante;฀nearby฀/níarbai/฀cercano fast฀/fa:st/฀veloz;฀slow฀/slóu/฀lento deep฀/dí:p/฀profundo;฀shallow฀/shálou/฀poco฀profundo tall฀/tó:l/฀alto;฀short฀/shó:rt/฀bajo฀de฀estatura high฀/hái/฀alto;฀low฀/lóu/฀bajo small฀/smó:l/฀pequeño;฀big฀/big/฀grande tiny฀/táini/฀diminuto;฀huge฀/hiu:dll/฀enorme round฀/ráund/฀redondo;฀square฀/skwear/฀cuadrado; rectangular฀/rektængiular/฀rectangular,฀triangular฀/traiængiular/฀triangular;฀oval฀/óuval/฀ovalado heavy฀/hévi/฀pesado;฀light฀/láit/฀liviano

BASIC฀VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words: NUMERALS ฀ CARDINAL฀NUMBERS฀ ORDINAL฀NUMBERS ฀ 1฀one฀/wan/฀ uno฀ 1st฀first฀/fε:rst/฀ primero ฀ 2฀two฀/tu:/฀ dos฀ 2nd฀second฀/séknd/฀ segundo tres฀ 3rd฀third฀/θε:rd/฀ tercero ฀ 3฀three฀/θri:/฀ ฀ 4฀four฀/fo:r/฀ cuatro฀ 4th฀fourth฀/fo:rθ/฀ cuarto ฀ 5฀five฀/faiv/฀ cinco฀ 5th฀fifth฀/fifθ/฀ quinto sexto ฀ 6฀six฀/siks/฀ seis฀ 6th฀sixth฀/siksθ/฀ ฀ 7฀seven฀/sévn/฀ siete฀ 7th฀seventh฀/sévnθ/฀ séptimo octavo ฀ 8฀eight฀/eit/฀ ocho฀ 8th฀eighth฀/éitθ/฀ noveno ฀ 9฀nine฀/nain/฀ nueve฀ 9th฀ninth฀/náinθ/฀ ฀ 10฀ten฀/ten/฀ diez฀ 10th฀tenth฀/ténθ/฀ décimo ฀ 11฀eleven฀/ilévn/฀ once฀ 11th฀eleventh฀/ilévnθ/฀ décimo฀primero décimo฀segundo ฀ 12฀twelve฀/twélf/฀ doce฀ 12th฀twelfth฀/twelfθ/฀ ฀ 13฀thirteen฀/θε:rtí:n/฀ trece฀ 13th฀thirteenth฀/θε:rtí:nθ/฀ décimo฀tercero décimo฀cuarto ฀ 14฀fourteen฀/fortí:in/฀ catorce฀ 14th฀fourteenth฀/fo:rtí:nθ/฀ ฀ 15฀fifteen฀/fiftí:n/฀ quince฀ 15th฀fifteenth฀/fiftí:nθ/฀ décimo฀quinto ฀ 16฀sixteen฀/sikstí:n/฀ dieciséis฀ 16th฀sixteenth฀/sikstí:nθ/฀ décimo฀sexto décimo฀séptimo ฀ 17฀seventeen฀/sevntí:n/฀ diecisiete฀ 17th฀seventeenth฀/sevntí:nθ/฀ ฀ 18฀eighteen฀/eití:n/฀ dieciocho฀ 18th฀eighteenth฀/eití:nθ/฀ décimo฀octavo décimo฀noveno ฀ 19฀nineteen฀/naintí:n/฀ diecinueve฀ 19th฀nineteenth฀/naintí:nθ/฀ ฀ 20฀twenty฀/twénti/฀ veinte฀ 20th฀twentieth฀/twéntieθ/฀ vigésimo vigésimo฀primero ฀ 21฀twenty-one฀/twénti฀wán/฀ veintiuno฀ 21st฀twenty-first฀/twénti฀fε´:rst/฀ ฀ 22฀twenty-two฀/twénti฀tú:/฀ veintidós฀ 22nd฀twenty-second฀/twénti฀séknd/฀ vigésimo฀segundo ฀ 30฀thirty฀/θε´:rti/฀ treinta฀ 30th฀thirtieth฀/θε´:rtieθ/฀ trigésimo ฀ 31฀thirty-one฀/θε´:rti฀wán/฀ treinta฀y฀uno฀ 31st฀thirty-first฀/θε´:rti฀fε´:rst/฀ trigésimo฀primero cuadragésimo ฀ 40฀forty฀/fó:rti/฀ cuarenta฀ 40th฀fortieth฀/fó:rtieθ/฀ ฀ 50฀fifty฀/fífti/฀ cincuenta฀ 50th฀fiftieth฀/fíftieθ/฀ quincuagésimo sexagésimo ฀ 60฀sixty฀/síksti/฀ sesenta฀ 60th฀sixtieth฀/síkstieθ/฀ ฀ 70฀seventy฀/sévnti/฀ setenta฀ 70th฀seventieth฀/sévntieθ/฀ septuagésimo ฀ 80฀eighty฀/éiti/฀ ochenta฀ 80th฀eightieth฀/éitieθ/฀ octogésimo nonagésimo ฀ 90฀ninety฀/náinti/฀ noventa฀ 90th฀ninetieth฀/naintieθ/฀ centésimo ฀ 100฀one฀hundred฀/wan฀húndrid/฀ cien฀ 100th฀one฀hundredth฀/wan฀hándreθ/฀ ฀ 1,000฀one฀thousand฀/wan฀θáuznd/฀ mil฀ 1,000th฀one฀thousandth฀/wan฀θáuzndθ/฀ milésimo ฀1,000,000฀one฀million฀/wan฀mílion/฀ un฀millón฀ 1,000,000th฀one฀millionth฀/wan฀mílionθ/฀ millonésimo TIME฀AND฀DATES 1.฀ Units฀of฀time second฀/séknd/฀ minute฀/mínit/฀ hour฀/áuar/฀ day฀/dei/฀ week฀/wi:k/฀

segundo฀ minuto฀ hora฀ día฀ semana

฀month฀/mánθ/฀ ฀season฀/sí:zon/฀ ฀year฀/yíar/฀ ฀century฀/séntchuri/฀

฀mes ฀estación,฀temporada ฀año ฀siglo

Lunes฀ Martes฀ Miércoles Jueves Viernes

Saturday฀/sæ´tεrdi/฀ Sunday฀/sándi/฀

฀Sábado฀฀ ฀Domingo

2.฀ Days฀of฀the฀week Monday฀/mándi/฀ Tuesday฀/tíu:zdi/฀ Wednesday฀/wénzdi/฀ Thursday฀/θε´:rzdi/฀ Friday฀/fráidi/฀

Nota:฀En฀Inglés,฀los฀días฀de฀la฀semana฀y฀los฀meses฀del฀año฀siempre฀se฀escriben฀con฀mayúsculas. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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3.฀ Seasons฀of฀the฀year summer฀/sámer/฀ verano฀ autumn฀/fall/ó:tm/฀/fó:l/฀ otoño฀

winter฀/wínter/฀ spring฀/spriη/฀

invierno primavera

4.฀ Months฀of฀the฀year January฀/dllániuari/฀ February฀/fébruari/฀ March฀/ma:rtch/฀ April฀/éiprl/฀ May฀/mei/฀ June฀/dllu:n/฀

Enero฀ Febrero฀ Marzo฀ Abril฀ Mayo฀ Junio฀

July฀/dllulái/฀ Julio August฀/ó:gast/฀ Agosto September฀/septémber/฀Septiembre October฀/októuber/฀ Octubre November฀/nouvémber/฀ Noviembre December฀/disémber/฀ Diciembre

5.฀ Dates Today฀is฀Monday,฀2nd฀May,฀2001฀(the฀second฀of฀May,฀two฀thousand฀one) He฀was฀born฀on฀January฀26th,฀1957฀(January฀the฀twenty-sixth,฀nineteen฀fifty-seven)

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KEY฀TO฀ANSWERS

UNIT฀4 Part฀I Ex.฀3.฀1.฀am฀listening฀2.฀are฀going฀3.฀is฀waiting฀4.฀is฀working฀5.฀are฀visiting฀6.฀is฀arriving฀7.฀are฀doing฀8.฀are฀spending฀9.฀ is฀coming฀10.฀are฀speaking฀11.฀is฀cutting฀12.฀are฀working฀out Ex.฀4.฀1.฀The฀children฀aren´t฀watching฀TV฀/฀Are฀the฀children฀watching฀TV?฀2.฀John฀isn´t฀having฀breakfast฀now฀/฀Is฀John฀ having฀breakfast฀now?฀3.฀Bill฀isn´t฀answering฀the฀phone฀/฀Is฀Bill฀answering฀the฀phone?฀4.฀I´m฀not฀helping฀John...฀/฀Am฀ I฀helping฀John...?฀5.฀The฀girl฀isn´t฀washing฀the฀dishes฀/฀Is฀the฀girl฀washing฀the฀dishes?฀6.฀The฀cadet฀isn´t฀sleeping...฀/฀Is฀ the฀cadet฀sleeping...?฀7.฀It฀isn´t฀raining...฀/฀Is฀it฀raining...?฀8.฀The฀students฀aren´t฀writing...฀/฀Are฀the฀students฀writing...?฀ 9.฀You฀aren´t฀doing฀the฀exercises...฀/฀Are฀you฀doing฀the฀exercises...?฀10.฀The฀dog฀isn´t฀drinking฀milk฀/฀Is฀the฀dog฀drinking฀ milk?฀11.฀The฀boy฀isn´t฀singing...฀/฀Is฀the฀boy฀singing...? Ex.฀5.฀1.฀What´s฀Mary฀eating฀now?฀2.฀What฀are฀John฀and฀his฀friends฀doing?฀3.฀Where฀are฀they฀living฀at฀present?฀4.฀ What฀are฀you฀doing?฀5.฀What฀are฀the฀students฀reading?฀6.฀How´s฀George฀travelling?฀7.฀Why฀isn´t฀he฀working?฀8.฀Which฀ sweater฀is฀Billy฀wearing?฀9.฀Why฀are฀you฀singing?฀10.฀What฀are฀the฀men฀doing฀now?฀11.฀What฀are฀you฀trying฀to฀do?฀ 12.฀What฀are฀they฀looking฀at? Ex.฀6.฀1.฀Hans:฀are฀-฀going฀Hans฀:฀am฀going฀/฀are฀-฀driving฀Bob:฀are฀fising฀2..฀Jane:฀is฀-฀doing฀/฀is฀sleeping฀Peter:฀is฀ studying฀Jane:฀is฀-฀studyiung฀/฀is฀doing฀Peter:฀is฀planning฀.3.฀Mary:฀is฀watching฀/฀is฀cooking฀/฀is฀sleeping

Part฀II Ex.฀1.฀2.฀The฀fifth฀of฀May,฀nineteen฀thirty-eight฀3.฀The฀second฀of฀November,฀nineteen฀oh฀six฀4.฀The฀eighteenth฀of฀July,฀ nineteen฀hundred฀5.฀The฀tenth฀of฀August,฀two฀thousand฀6.฀The฀first฀of฀January,฀two฀thousand฀one฀7.฀The฀eighteenth฀of฀ September,฀eighteen฀ten฀8.฀The฀fifth฀of฀December,฀nineteen฀seventy-eight฀9.฀The฀twelfth฀of฀March,฀eighteen฀ninety-three฀ 11.฀August฀the฀twenty-seventh,฀nineteen฀eighty-seven฀12.฀February฀the฀twenty-eighth,฀nineteen฀fifty-six฀13.฀October฀ the฀twelfth,฀forteen฀ninety-two฀14.฀July฀the฀second,฀nineteen฀fifty-six Ex.฀2.฀1.฀It´s฀on...฀2.฀He฀was฀born฀on...฀3.฀Today´s...฀4.฀The฀date฀today฀is...฀5.฀There฀are฀seven฀days฀6.฀The฀seasons฀of฀ the฀year฀are฀Winter,฀Spring฀Summer฀and฀Autumn฀/฀Fall฀7....฀is฀my฀favority฀season.฀8.฀The฀days฀of฀the฀week฀are฀Monday,฀ Tuesday,฀Wednesday,฀Thursday,฀Friday,฀Saturday฀and฀Sunday.฀9.฀The฀months฀of฀the฀year฀are฀January,฀February,฀March,฀ April,฀May,฀June,฀July,฀August,฀September,฀October,฀November฀and฀December฀10.The฀first฀month฀of฀the฀year฀is฀January฀ 11.฀The฀third฀day฀of฀the฀week฀is฀Wednesday฀12.฀The฀last฀month฀of฀the฀year฀is฀December฀13.฀There฀are฀twelve฀months฀ in฀a฀year฀14.฀There฀are฀twenty-four฀hours฀in฀a฀day฀15.฀New฀Year´s฀day฀is฀on฀the฀first฀of฀January.฀16.฀Our฀Independence฀ Day฀is฀on฀September฀the฀eighteenth.

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UNIT฀5 PART฀I.฀EL฀TIEMPO฀PRESENTE฀SIMPLE฀(THE฀SIMPLE฀PRESENT฀TENSE) Este฀tiempo฀se฀usa฀para฀expresar฀acciones฀que฀ocurren฀a฀diario,฀en฀forma฀habitual.฀Las฀expresiones฀de฀tiempo฀que฀más฀ se฀usan฀en฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀son฀aquellas฀que฀llevan฀la฀palabra฀EVERY฀/évri/,฀como฀every฀day฀/évri฀déi/฀(todos฀los฀días),฀ every฀morning฀/évri฀mó:niη/฀(todas฀las฀mañanas),฀every฀weekend฀/évri฀wikénd/฀(todos฀los฀fines฀de฀semana).฀También฀se฀usan฀ con฀este฀tiempo฀los฀ADVERBIOS฀DE฀FRECUENCIA฀(que฀no฀indican฀cuando,฀sino฀que฀con฀qué฀frecuencia฀ocurren฀las฀ acciones฀indicadas฀por฀el฀verbo).฀Son฀adverbios฀de฀frecuencia:฀always฀/ó:lwiz/฀(siempre),฀generally฀/dllénerali/฀(generalmente),฀ usually฀/íushuali/฀(usualmente),฀often฀/ófn/฀(฀a฀menudo),฀sometimes฀/sámtaimz/฀(a฀veces),฀rarely฀/réarli/฀(rara฀vez),฀seldom฀ /séldom/฀(raramente),฀hardly฀ever฀/há:rdli฀éver/฀(casi฀nunca),฀never฀/néver/฀(nunca).฀Las฀expresiones฀que฀llevan฀la฀palabra฀every฀ habitualmente฀van฀ubicadas฀al฀final฀de฀la฀oración,฀mientras฀que฀los฀adverbios฀de฀frecuencia฀van฀ubicados฀siempre฀antes฀del฀ verbo฀principal.También฀son฀frecuentes฀en฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀los฀adverbios฀de฀tiempo฀formados฀por฀once฀/wáns/฀(una฀vez),฀ twice฀/twáis/฀(dos฀veces),฀three฀times฀/θri:฀táimz/฀(tres฀veces),฀several฀times฀/sévral฀táimz/฀(varias฀veces),฀many฀times฀/méni฀táimz/฀ (muchas฀veces),฀etc,฀seguidas฀de฀las฀frases฀a฀day฀/e฀déi/฀(al฀día),฀a฀week฀/e฀wi:k/฀(a฀la฀semana),฀a฀month฀/e฀mánθ/฀(al฀mes),฀etc. En฀la฀forma฀afirmativa,฀el฀SUJETO฀(I,฀You,฀The฀students,฀You฀and฀I,฀etc.)฀va฀seguido฀por฀el฀INFINITIVO฀de฀un฀verbo฀ principal. Es฀importante฀destacar฀aquí฀que฀en฀el฀Presente฀Simple฀afirmativo฀no฀se฀usa฀el฀verbo฀modal฀DO/DOES฀(está฀tácito).฀ Cuando฀decimos฀“I฀speak฀Spanish฀every฀day”฀estamos฀diciendo฀“I฀do฀speak฀Spanish฀every฀day”.฀Cuando฀decimos,฀“฀The฀ secretary฀answers฀the฀telephone”฀estamos฀diciendo฀“The฀secretary฀does฀answer฀the฀telephone”.฀Esto฀se฀comprueba฀ cuando฀queremos฀expresar฀oraciones฀negativas฀o฀interrogativas:฀I฀do฀not฀speak฀Spanish฀every฀day/Do฀I฀speak฀Spanish฀ every฀day?;฀The฀secretary฀does฀not฀answer฀the฀telephone/Does฀the฀secretary฀answer฀the฀telephone? Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: I฀speak฀Spanish฀every฀day.฀/ai฀spí:k฀spánish฀évri฀déi/฀(Yo฀hablo฀español฀todos฀los฀días) We฀go฀to฀the฀beach฀every฀summer.฀/wi:฀góu฀tu฀δe฀bí:tch฀évri฀sámer/฀(Nos.vamos฀a฀la฀playa฀todos฀los฀veranos) I฀often฀see฀Mary฀at฀the฀club.฀/ai฀ófn฀sí:฀méri฀at฀δe฀kláb/฀(Yo฀a฀menudo฀veo฀a฀Mary฀en฀el฀club) They฀always฀come฀here฀on฀Saturday.฀/δéi฀ólwiz฀kám฀híar฀on฀sæ´terdi/฀(Ellos฀siempre฀vienen฀acá฀los฀sábados) The฀students฀play฀soccer฀once฀a฀week.฀ /δe฀stiúdents฀pléi฀sóker฀wáns฀e฀wi:k/฀(Los฀alumnos฀juegan฀fútbol฀una฀vez฀a฀la฀ semana)æ´ Cuando฀el฀sujeto฀es฀tercera฀persona฀del฀singular฀(he,฀she,฀it,฀the฀boy,฀the฀telephone,etc)฀se฀debe฀agregar฀una฀-s฀o฀ -es฀al฀verbo฀principal. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: He฀speaks฀Spanish฀and฀English฀well.฀/hi:฀spí:ks฀spánish฀and฀ínglish฀wel/฀(El฀habla฀español฀e฀inglés฀bién) The฀secretary฀answers฀the฀telephone.฀/δe฀sékretri฀ánserz฀δe฀télifoun/฀(La฀secretaria฀contesta฀el฀teléfono) The฀bus฀stops฀here.฀/δe฀bás฀stóps฀híar/฀(El฀bus฀para฀aquí) Bob฀washes฀the฀car฀on฀saturday.฀/bób฀wóshiz฀δe฀ka:r฀on฀sæ´terdi/฀(Bob฀lava฀el฀auto฀los฀sábados)฀* My฀wife฀watches฀TV฀in฀the฀evening.฀/mai฀wáif฀wótchiz฀tí:฀ví:฀in฀δi฀í:vniη/฀(Mi฀mujer฀mira฀TV฀en฀las฀tardes)฀* John฀plays฀tennis฀every฀Friday฀afternoon.฀/dllón฀pléiz฀téniz฀évri฀fráidi฀a:fternú:n/฀(John฀juega฀ténis฀todos฀los฀viernes฀en฀las฀tardes)** John฀studies฀French฀on฀Friday฀morning.฀/dllón฀stádiz฀fréntch฀on฀fráidi฀mó:niη/฀John฀estudia฀francés฀los฀viernes฀en฀la฀ mañana)** The฀sun฀rises฀in฀the฀east.฀/δe฀sán฀ráiziz฀in฀δi฀í:st/฀(El฀sol฀aparece฀en฀el฀este)฀*** John฀changes฀the฀batteries฀once฀a฀month.฀/dllón฀tchéidlliz฀δe฀bátriz฀wáns฀e฀mánθ/฀(John฀cambia฀las฀baterías฀una฀vez฀al฀mes)฀*** Notas:฀ En฀la฀3ra.฀persona฀del฀singular฀(he,฀she,฀it),฀se฀deben฀considerar฀las฀siguientes฀reglas: *฀ Los฀verbos฀terminados฀en฀-s,฀-sh,฀-ch-,฀-x,฀o฀-z฀deben฀agregar฀-es฀al฀verbo.฀Este฀sufijo฀plural฀se฀pronuncia฀/iz/฀y฀es฀una฀sílaba฀más:฀ washes฀/wóshiz/,฀watches฀/wótshiz/. **฀ Los฀verbos฀terminados฀en฀-y฀precedida฀de฀consonante฀transforman฀dicha฀letra฀en฀-ies฀:฀study฀-฀studies.฀Si฀la฀-y฀está฀precedida฀ de฀vocal฀se฀agrega฀-s:฀play฀/plei/,฀plays฀/pléiz/. ***฀ Los฀verbos฀regulares฀terminados฀en฀-se,฀-ce,฀-ge฀sólo฀agregan฀-s฀en฀la฀tercera฀persona฀del฀singular,฀pero฀ese฀sufijo฀se฀pronuncia฀ /iz/฀y฀pasa฀a฀ser฀una฀sílaba฀más:฀rise฀/ráiz/฀-฀rises฀/ráiziz/,฀change฀/tchéindll/฀-฀changes฀/tchéindlliz/. ฀ Los฀verbos฀have,฀do,฀y฀go฀tienen฀las฀siguientes฀formas฀en฀la฀3ra.฀Persona฀del฀singular:฀has฀/hæz/,฀does฀/daz/,฀goes฀/góuz/. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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En฀la฀forma฀negativa฀se฀debe฀usar฀el฀verbo฀modal฀DO฀/du/฀seguido฀de฀la฀palabra฀NOT฀(normalmente฀formando฀la฀contracción฀ DON¨T฀/dóunt/฀)฀más฀el฀infinitivo฀del฀verbo฀principal.฀En฀la฀tercera฀personal฀del฀singular฀se฀debe฀usar฀DOES฀/dáz/฀seguido฀ de฀NOT฀(normalmente฀formando฀la฀contracción฀DOESN´T฀/dáznt/฀)฀más฀el฀Infinitivo฀del฀verbo฀principal฀(sin฀agregar฀-s฀/฀-es) Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: I฀speak฀Spanish฀every฀day.฀฀ I฀do฀not฀speak฀/du:฀nót฀spí:k/฀Spanish฀every฀day. We฀go฀to฀the฀beach฀every฀summer.฀฀ We฀don´t฀go฀/dóunt฀góu/฀to฀the฀beach฀every฀summer. The฀students฀play฀soccer฀every฀day.฀฀ The฀students฀don´t฀play฀/dóunt฀pléi/฀soccer฀every฀day. He฀speaks฀English฀well.฀฀ He฀does฀not฀speak฀/daz฀nót฀spí:k/฀English฀well The฀bus฀stops฀here.฀฀ The฀bus฀doesn´t฀stop฀/dáznt฀stóp/฀here. My฀wife฀watches฀TV฀in฀the฀morning.฀฀ My฀wife฀doesn´t฀watch฀/dáznt฀wótch/฀TV฀in฀the฀morning. Bob฀changes฀the฀batteries฀once฀a฀month฀฀ Bob฀doesn´t฀change฀/dáznt฀tchéindll/฀the฀batteries฀once฀a฀month. My฀friends฀have฀a฀new฀car.฀฀ My฀friends฀don´t฀have฀/dóunt฀hæv/฀a฀new฀car. Mary฀has฀many฀friends฀in฀Canada.฀฀ Mary฀doesn´t฀have฀/dáznt฀hæv/฀many฀friends฀in฀Canada We฀have฀lunch฀at฀school฀every฀day.฀ We฀don´t฀have฀lunch฀/dóunt฀hæv฀lántch/฀at฀school฀every฀day. Para฀expresar฀interrogaciones฀debemos฀anteponer฀los฀verbos฀modales฀DO/DOES฀al฀sujeto.฀En฀las฀preguntas฀negativas฀ se฀deben฀anteponer฀las฀contracciones฀DON´T/DOESN¨T Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: Do฀you฀speak฀/diu฀spí:k/฀Spanish฀every฀day?. Do฀we฀go฀/du฀wi฀góu/฀to฀the฀beach฀every฀summer?. Do฀the฀students฀play฀/du฀δe฀stiú:dents฀pléi/฀soccer฀every฀day?. Does฀he฀speak฀/dáz฀hi:฀spí:k/฀English฀well? Does฀the฀bus฀stop฀/dáz฀δe฀bás฀stóp/฀here?. Does฀your฀wife฀watch฀/dáz฀ior฀wáif฀wótch/฀TV฀in฀the฀morning? Does฀Bob฀change฀/dáz฀bob฀tchéindll/฀the฀batteries฀once฀a฀month? Do฀your฀friends฀have฀/du฀ior฀fréndz฀hæv/฀a฀new฀car? Does฀Mary฀have฀/dáz฀méri฀hæv/฀many฀friends฀in฀Canada?฀ Do฀you฀have฀lunch฀/diu฀hæv฀lántch/฀at฀school฀every฀day? Don´t฀you฀speak฀/dóunt฀iu฀spí:k/฀Spanish฀at฀home? Doesn´t฀Mary฀work฀/dáznt฀méri฀wérk/฀on฀Saturday? Nota:฀ El฀verbo฀to฀have฀(tener)฀es฀un฀verbo฀principal,฀por฀lo฀tanto฀necesita฀el฀verbo฀modal฀do฀/฀does฀en฀las฀negaciones฀e฀interrogaciones.฀Recuerde฀ que฀en฀inglés฀británico฀genertalmente฀se฀prefiere฀usar฀la฀expresión฀have฀got฀/฀has฀got฀(Ver฀Unit฀3).฀Cuando฀se฀usa฀el฀verbo฀to฀have฀para฀ expresar฀la฀idea฀de฀servirse,฀comer,฀beber,฀o฀experimentar,฀como฀en฀to฀have฀breakfast฀(desayunar),฀o฀to฀have฀a฀good฀time฀(pasarlo฀ bien,฀divertirse),฀se฀debe฀usar฀do฀/฀does฀en฀las฀negaciones฀e฀interrogaciones฀) My฀friends฀have฀a฀new฀car฀ My฀friends฀don´t฀have฀a฀new฀car฀ Mary฀has฀many฀friends฀in฀Canada฀ Mary฀doesn´t฀have฀many฀friends฀in฀Canada฀

=฀ =฀ =฀ =฀

My฀friends฀have฀got฀a฀new฀car My฀friends฀haven´t฀got฀a฀new฀car. Mary฀has฀got฀many฀friends฀in฀Canada. Mary฀hasn´t฀got฀many฀friends฀in฀Canada

Cuando฀deseamos฀formular฀preguntas฀introducidas฀por฀palabras฀interrogativas฀como฀WHAT,฀WHERE,฀WHEN,฀HOW,฀ HOW฀MUCH,฀etc.,฀debemos฀mantener฀el฀mismo฀orden฀usado฀en฀las฀interrogaciones฀simples. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: ฀ What฀language฀do฀you฀speak฀at฀home?฀/wót฀láηguidll฀diú฀spí:k฀at฀hóum/ When฀do฀they฀go฀to฀the฀beach?฀/wén฀du฀δei฀góu฀tu฀δe฀bí:tch/ Where฀does฀the฀bus฀stop?฀/wéar฀daz฀δe฀bás฀stóp/ Why฀does฀John฀change฀the฀batteries฀every฀month?฀/wái฀daz฀dllón฀tchéindll฀δe฀báteriz฀évri฀mánθ/ La฀pregunta฀más฀habitual฀en฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀es฀: WHAT฀DO฀YOU฀DO?฀/wót฀diu฀dúu/฀(¿Qué฀hace฀ud.?) 60

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Study฀the฀following฀expressions฀of฀time: Every฀Monday฀/évri฀mándi/฀ Every฀Tuesday฀/évri฀tiú:zdi/฀ Every฀Wednesday฀/évri฀wénzdi/฀ Every฀Thursday฀/évri฀θérzdi/฀ Every฀Friday฀morning฀/évri฀fráidi฀mó:niη/฀ Every฀Saturday฀afternoon฀/évri฀sæ´terdi฀aftenún/฀ Every฀Sunday฀evening฀/évri฀sándi฀í:vniη/฀ Every฀morning฀/évri฀mó:niη/฀ Every฀afternoon฀/évri฀afternún/฀ Every฀evening฀/évri฀í:vniη/฀ Every฀day฀/évri฀déi/฀ Every฀night฀/évri฀náit/฀ Every฀week฀/évri฀wi:k/฀ Every฀month฀/évri฀mánθ/฀ Every฀year฀/évri฀yiar/฀ Once฀a฀day฀/wáns฀e฀déi/฀ Twice฀a฀week฀/twáis฀e฀wiik/฀ Three฀times฀a฀year฀/θri:฀táimz฀e฀yíar/฀ Several฀times฀a฀month฀/sévrl฀táimz฀e฀mánθ/฀ Always฀/ó:lweiz/฀ Frequently฀/fríkwentli/฀ Usually฀/iúshuali/฀ Generally฀/dllénerali/฀ Sometimes฀/sámtaimz/฀ Often฀/ófn/฀ Rarely฀/réarli/฀ Hardly฀ever฀/hárdli฀éver/฀ Seldom฀/séldom/฀ Never฀/néver/฀ In฀the฀summer฀/in฀δe฀sámer/฀ In฀the฀autumn/fall฀/in฀δi฀ó:tom฀/fo:l/฀ In฀the฀winter฀/in฀δe฀wínter/฀ In฀the฀spring฀/in฀δe฀spriη/฀

Todos฀los฀lunes Todos฀los฀martes Todos฀los฀miércoles Todos฀los฀jueves Todos฀los฀viernes฀en฀la฀mañana Todos฀los฀sábados฀en฀la฀tarde. Todos฀los฀domingos฀en฀la฀tarde Todas฀las฀mañanas Todas฀las฀tardes฀(13:00฀-฀17:00) Todas฀las฀tardes฀(18:00฀-฀21:00) Todos฀los฀días Todas฀las฀noches Todas฀las฀semanas Todos฀los฀meses Todos฀los฀años Una฀vez฀al฀día Dos฀veces฀a฀la฀semana Tres฀veces฀al฀año Varias฀veces฀al฀mes Siempre Frecuentemente Usualmente Generalmente A฀veces A฀menudo Raramente Casi฀nunca Rara฀vez Nunca En฀el฀verano En฀el฀otoño En฀el฀invierno En฀la฀primavera

Ex.฀2.฀Complete฀the฀conjugation฀of฀the฀following฀verbs: ฀ Affiirmative฀ a.฀ I฀work฀here฀every฀day฀ You฀฀__________________________ Bill฀฀___________________________ Ann฀฀__________________________ We฀฀ __________________________ They฀฀_________________________ b.฀ I฀watch฀TV฀after฀dinner.฀฀ You฀฀__________________________ Bill฀฀___________________________ Ann฀฀__________________________ We฀฀ __________________________ They฀฀_________________________

฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀

Negative฀ I฀don´t฀work฀here฀every฀day฀ You฀฀________________________ ฀ Bill฀฀_________________________ ฀ Ann฀฀________________________ ฀฀ We฀_________________________ ฀ They฀ _______________________ ฀฀

Interrogative ฀Do฀I฀work฀here฀every฀day? ฀______ ฀you฀ _______________ ฀_______฀Bill฀ _______________ ฀______฀Ann฀฀_______________ ฀_______ we฀฀_______________ ฀______ they฀฀_______________

? ? ? ? ?

฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀฀ ฀

I฀don´t฀watch฀TV฀after฀dinner.฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀

Do฀I฀watch฀TV฀after฀dinner? ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________

? ? ? ? ?

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c.฀ I฀go฀to฀the฀movies฀every฀night฀฀ You฀฀__________________________ Bill฀฀___________________________ Ann฀฀__________________________ We฀฀ __________________________ They฀฀_________________________

฀฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

I฀don´t฀฀______________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀

Do฀I฀฀______________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________

? ? ? ? ? ?

d.฀ I฀play฀tennis฀on฀Saturday฀฀ You฀฀__________________________ Bill฀฀___________________________ Ann฀฀__________________________ We฀฀ __________________________ They฀฀_________________________

฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

฀____________________________ ฀฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀

฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________

? ? ? ? ? ?

e.฀ I฀study฀English฀every฀day.฀฀ You฀฀__________________________ Bill฀฀___________________________ Ann฀฀__________________________ We฀฀ __________________________ They฀฀_________________________

฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀

฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀

฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________

? ? ? ? ? ?

f.฀ I฀have฀dinner฀at฀work.฀฀ You฀฀__________________________ Bill฀฀___________________________ Ann฀ __________________________ We฀฀ __________________________ They฀฀_________________________

฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀฀

฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀

฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________

? ? ? ? ? ?

g.฀ I฀do฀the฀exercises฀well.฀฀ You฀฀__________________________ Bill฀฀___________________________ Ann฀฀__________________________ We฀฀ __________________________ They฀฀_________________________

฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀

฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀ ฀____________________________ ฀

฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________ ฀__________________________

? ? ? ? ? ?

Ex.฀3.฀Complete฀the฀following฀sentences฀using฀the฀Simple฀Present฀Tense฀of฀the฀verbs฀given฀in฀parentheses.฀ Then฀translate฀them฀into฀Spanish 1.฀The฀children฀ ________________________at฀this฀time฀every฀morning.฀(get฀up) 2.฀We฀seldom฀___________________________ to฀the฀North฀in฀the฀summer.฀(go) 3.฀I฀ ______________________________ breakfast฀at฀7:15฀every฀morning.฀(have) 4.฀John฀_______________________ the฀newspaper฀on฀the฀train฀every฀day.฀(read) 5.฀The฀students฀sometimes฀_________________________rugby฀at฀school.฀(play) 6.฀Peter฀ ___________________ bridge฀with฀his฀friends฀every฀Friday฀night.฀(play) 7.฀The฀train฀ ______________________in฀London฀at฀7:50฀every฀morning.฀(arrive) 8.฀Myriam฀__________________________ the฀floor฀once฀or฀twice฀a฀week.฀(wash) 9.฀I฀never฀____________________________________ Spanish฀at฀school.฀(speak) 10.฀The฀manager฀generally฀ _________________ the฀office฀after฀8:00฀p.m.฀(leave) 11.฀My฀wife฀and฀I฀often฀_____________________________ in฀that฀restaurant.฀(eat) 12.฀Mr฀Smith฀________________________ TV฀after฀dinner฀every฀evening.฀(watch) Ex.฀4.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀a)฀negative,฀b)฀interrogative,฀and฀c)฀Wh-questions: 1.฀Mary฀likes฀to฀drink฀coffee฀with฀milk.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀They฀live฀near฀here.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 62

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฀_________________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_________________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_______________________________________________ ?

3.฀Peter฀watches฀TV฀every฀night.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

฀_________________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_______________________________________________ ?

4.฀The฀bus฀leaves฀at฀7:45฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀That฀man฀speaks฀German.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀They฀work฀out฀every฀morning.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀Bob฀always฀drinks฀beer.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀They฀have฀two฀cars.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀Peter฀does฀everything฀well.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀They฀come฀here฀twice฀a฀week.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

฀_________________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_________________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_________________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_________________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_________________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_________________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_________________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ? ฀_______________________________________________ ?

Ex.฀5.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀wh-words฀like฀WHAT,฀WHERE,฀WHEN,฀HOW,฀etc. 1.฀She฀lives฀near฀Wimbledon.฀ 2.฀They฀play฀golf฀twice฀a฀week.฀ 3.฀They฀get฀up฀at฀7:15฀every฀morning.฀ 4.฀The฀students฀need฀more฀practice.฀ 5.฀John฀goes฀to฀Pucón฀in฀the฀summer.฀ 6.฀Mary฀comes฀to฀work฀by฀bus.฀ 7.฀We฀go฀to฀the฀club฀on฀Friday.฀ 8.฀They฀go฀to฀the฀park฀on฀Sunday.฀ 9.฀Mary฀goes฀shopping฀on฀Saturday.฀ 10.฀They฀need฀twenty฀dollars.฀ 11.฀They฀have฀two฀cars฀now.฀ 12.฀He฀walks฀to฀work฀because฀he฀hasn´t฀got฀a฀car.฀ 13.฀They฀don´t฀like฀the฀car฀because฀it´s฀too฀small.฀ 14.฀She฀usually฀sleeps฀six฀hours฀every฀night.฀

฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Ex.฀6.฀Answer฀these฀questions฀in฀English: 1.฀How฀many฀weeks฀are฀there฀in฀a฀year?฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 2.฀Bob฀is฀in฀the฀office.฀What´s฀he฀doing?฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 3.฀How฀many฀legs฀has฀a฀dog฀got?฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 4.฀Are฀there฀any฀trees฀in฀your฀garden?฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 5.฀The฀children฀are฀in฀the฀park.฀What฀are฀they฀doing?฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 6.฀What฀do฀you฀do฀after฀dinner฀every฀evening?฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 7.฀How฀much฀free฀time฀is฀there฀in฀an฀intensive฀course?฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 8.฀How฀often฀does฀your฀English฀teacher฀use฀the฀VCR฀in฀c?฀฀_________________________________________________ 9.฀Where฀do฀you฀usually฀spend฀your฀summer฀vacatio฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 10.฀When฀does฀a฀person฀go฀to฀see฀a฀doctor?฀ ฀_________________________________________________

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Ex.฀7.฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀using฀one฀of฀the฀following: ฀ ฀ cause(s)฀ open(s)฀ close(s)฀ speak(s)฀ 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀

drink(s)฀

live(s)฀

take(s)฀place

Ann฀ __________________________ German฀very฀well. I฀never฀___________________________ coffee. The฀swimming฀pool฀_________________________at฀9:00฀a.m฀and฀_____________________ at฀6:30฀p.m.฀every฀day. Bad฀driving฀__________________________ many฀accidents. My฀grand฀parents฀________________________ in฀a฀very฀small฀apartment. The฀Olympic฀Games฀ ___________________________every฀four฀years.

Ex.฀8.฀Put฀the฀verb฀into฀the฀correct฀form. 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀

Janet฀฀_______________________________ tea฀very฀often.฀.(not฀/฀drink) What฀time฀฀_________________________________in฀Britain?฀(the฀banks฀/฀close) A:’Where฀__________________________________from?’฀(Martin฀/฀come)฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀B:฀‘He’s฀Scottish’. A:฀‘What฀฀__________________________________?’฀(you฀/฀do)฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀B:’I’m฀an฀electrical฀engineer’. It฀฀__________________________me฀an฀hour฀to฀get฀to฀work.฀(take)฀How฀long฀฀__________________ you?฀(it฀/฀take) I฀฀___________________________the฀piano฀(play)฀but฀I฀฀______________________฀it฀very฀well฀(not฀/฀play). I฀don’t฀understand฀this฀sentence.฀What฀฀_____________________________________(this฀word฀/฀mean)?

Ex.฀9.฀Use฀one฀of฀the฀following฀verbs฀to฀complete฀these฀sentences.฀Sometimes฀you฀need฀the฀negative: ฀believe฀eat฀ go฀ flow฀ ฀make฀ ฀rise฀ grow฀ tell฀ translate 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀ 8.฀ 9.฀

The฀earth฀_____________________________________฀round฀the฀sun. Rice฀฀ __________________________________ ฀in฀Britain. The฀sun฀฀ _____________________________________฀in฀the฀east. Bees฀฀__________________________________ ฀honey. Vegetarians฀฀ _______________________________________ ฀meat. An฀atheist฀฀____________________________________฀in฀God. An฀interpreter฀฀______________________________________ ฀from฀one฀language฀into฀another. A฀liar฀is฀someone฀who฀฀ ____________________________________ ฀the฀truth. The฀River฀Amazon฀฀_____________________________฀into฀the฀Atlantic฀Ocean.

Ex.฀10.฀(Review)฀Use฀the฀Present฀Continuous฀or฀the฀Simple฀Present,฀of฀the฀verb฀given฀in฀parentheses: 1.฀My฀brother฀Jim฀__________________________ in฀Boston฀at฀present.฀(work) 2.฀The฀secretary฀generally฀_________________________the฀office฀at฀7:30฀every฀evening.฀(leave) 3.฀Mr.฀Scott฀____________________________ the฀news฀on฀TV฀at฀the฀moment.฀(watch) 4.฀We฀seldom฀_______________________ to฀the฀coast฀in฀the฀winter.฀(go) 5.฀Look!฀John฀__________________________ over฀there.฀(come) 6.฀Mary฀__________________________ to฀visit฀us฀once฀or฀twice฀a฀month.฀(come) 7.฀For฀the฀time฀being,฀Tom฀ _____________________________ as฀a฀mechanic.฀(work)฀ 8.฀Where฀ ________________ they฀ _____________________at฀present?฀(live) 9.฀Where฀ ________________ they฀usually฀_________________ in฀the฀summer?฀(go) 10.฀What฀ _________________ the฀boy฀___________________at฀the฀moment?฀(do) 11.฀Look!฀It฀ __________________________ to฀rain!฀Let´s฀go฀inside.฀(begin) 12.฀The฀bar฀_______________________ at฀6:45฀and฀_____________________at฀10:30฀every฀day.฀(open฀/฀close) 13.฀We฀________not฀___________________ anything฀special฀right฀now.฀We฀_______ just฀____________ TV.฀(do฀/฀watch) 14.฀Hello,฀Bob!฀What฀ _____________you฀ _______________ there฀now?฀(do) 15.฀You฀must฀always฀speak฀to฀him฀in฀English.฀He฀ ______________ not฀________________ Spanish.฀(understand) 16.฀Listen!฀Somebody฀_______________________ the฀piano฀upstairs.฀Who฀can฀it฀be?฀(play) 17.฀What฀ ___________ you฀______________________ doing฀when฀you฀are฀at฀home?฀(like) 18.฀Why฀____________ you฀______________________ English฀now?฀Are฀you฀planning฀to฀go฀to฀the฀USA?฀(study) 19.฀Why฀____________ you฀always฀ ____________________ home฀so฀late฀every฀night?฀(Get) 20.฀Look฀at฀that฀man.฀He฀___________________________ a฀green฀uniform.฀He฀must฀be฀a฀police฀officer.฀(wear) 64

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Ex.฀11.฀(Review)฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀by฀using฀the฀Simple฀Present฀or฀the฀Present฀Continuous฀of฀the฀verbs฀ provided. 1.฀Shhh!!฀The฀little฀boy฀(sleep)฀_____________________ .฀He฀(sleep)฀__________________ for฀ten฀hours฀every฀night. 2.฀Right฀now฀I´m฀in฀class฀and฀I฀(sit)฀_______________________ at฀my฀desk.฀I฀usually฀(sit)฀_______________________at ฀ the฀same฀desk฀in฀class฀every฀day. 3.฀Mustafa฀comes฀from฀Saudi฀Arabia฀.He฀(speak)฀ _________________________ Arabic.฀Arabic฀is฀his฀native฀language,฀ ฀ but฀right฀now฀he฀(speak)฀_____________________English. 4.฀Our฀teacher฀(stand,฀not)฀ _____________________up฀right฀now.฀He฀(sit)฀_______________on฀the฀corner฀of฀his฀desk. 5.฀It´s฀7฀o´clock฀now.฀Mrs.฀Black´s฀at฀home.฀She฀(eat)฀_________________________________ dinner.฀She฀always฀(eat) ฀ ฀ dinner฀with฀her฀family฀around฀six฀o´clock. 6.฀It฀(rain,฀not)฀ __________________right฀now.฀The฀sun฀(shine)฀ ________________ and฀the฀sky฀(be)฀___________blue. 7.฀(Rain,฀it),฀ _________________much฀in฀the฀South฀in฀the฀winter? 8.฀Look฀out฀of฀the฀window.฀(Rain,฀it)฀______________________ now?฀Should฀I฀take฀my฀umbrella? 9.฀It´s฀7:30฀a.m.฀now฀and฀the฀Wilsons฀are฀in฀their฀kitchen.฀Mrs.฀Wilson฀(sit)฀฀______________________฀at฀the฀breakfast฀ ฀ table.฀She฀(read)฀฀ ________________________ ฀the฀morning฀paper.฀She฀(read)฀฀____________________________ the ฀ newspaper฀every฀morning.฀Mr฀Wilson฀(pour)฀฀____________________________________ ฀a฀cup฀of฀coffee.฀He฀(drink) ฀ ฀_________________________฀two฀cups฀of฀coffee฀every฀morning฀before฀he฀(go)฀฀ ฀to฀work. ฀ There´s฀a฀cartoon฀on฀TV฀now,฀but฀the฀children฀(watch,฀not)฀฀___________________________________ ฀it.฀They฀(play) ฀ ฀ ฀with฀their฀toys฀instead.฀They฀usually฀(watch)฀฀ _____________________ ฀cartoons฀ ฀ in฀the฀morning,฀but฀this฀morning฀they฀(pay,฀not)฀฀ ____________________________ ฀any฀attention฀to฀the฀TV.฀Mr฀and ฀ Mrs฀Wilson฀(watch,฀not)฀฀__________________________ ฀TV฀either.฀They฀(like,฀not฀)฀฀__________________________฀ ฀ to฀watch฀cartoons. 10.฀Alice฀(take,฀not)฀฀____________________________฀the฀bus฀to฀work฀every฀day.฀She฀usually฀(walk) ฀ ฀_______________________________instead.฀(Take,฀you)฀฀ _______________________฀the฀bus฀to฀get฀to฀work฀every฀ ฀ day,฀or฀(walk,฀you)฀฀__________________________________ sometimes?

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PART฀II. A.฀ QUESTION฀WORDS.฀(II)฀Study฀the฀following฀list฀of฀interrogative฀words ENGLISH What?฀/wot/ Who?฀/hu:/ Which?฀/witch/ When?฀/wen/ Why?฀/wai/ Where?฀/wéar/ How?฀/hau/ Whose?฀/hu:z/ Whom?฀/hu:m/ How฀much?฀/háu฀mátch/ How฀many?฀/háu฀méni/ How฀often?฀/háu฀ófn/ How฀long?฀/háu฀long/ What฀time?฀/wot฀táim/ What฀kind฀of?฀/wot฀káind฀ov/ What฀sort฀of?฀/wot฀sort฀ov/ Where...from?*฀/wéar฀..from/ Where...to?*฀/wéar฀..฀tu/ Who...with?*฀/hu:...wiϑ/ Who...about?*฀/hu:฀..฀abáut/ Who...for?*฀/hu:..฀for/ What...for?*฀/wot...for/ What...with?*฀/wot...wiϑ/ What...฀about?*฀/wot...abáut/ What...at?*฀/wot...at/ What฀do฀/does...look฀like?฀ /wót฀du฀/daz...lúk฀láik/

SPANISH

EXAMPLE

¿Qué? ¿Cuál฀/฀es? ¿Quién฀/฀es฀/? ¿Cuál฀/฀es? ¿Cuándo? ¿Por฀qué? ¿Dónde? ¿Cómo? ¿De฀quién? ¿A฀quién? ¿Cuánto฀/฀a? ¿Cuántos฀/฀as? ¿Con฀qué฀frecuencia? ¿Cuánto฀tiempo? ¿Qué฀hora? ¿Qué฀clase฀/฀tipo฀de? ¿Qué฀clase฀/฀tipo฀de? ¿De฀dónde? ¿Hacia฀dónde? ¿Con฀quién? ¿Acerca฀de฀quién? ¿Para฀quién? ¿Para฀qué? ¿Con฀qué? ¿Acerca฀de฀qué? ¿Hacia฀qué? ¿Cómo฀es/son...?฀ (Descripción฀de฀personas฀-฀físico)

What฀is฀that?฀;฀What฀do฀you฀want฀to฀eat? What฀´s฀your฀name?;฀What´s฀your฀opinion? Who฀is฀that฀man?;฀Who฀wants฀to฀play? Which฀book฀is฀mine?฀Which฀car฀do฀you฀like฀best? When฀is฀your฀birthday?฀When฀do฀you฀watch฀TV? Why฀is฀Tom฀absent฀today?฀Why฀are฀you฀leaving? Where฀is฀Mr฀Smith?฀Where฀do฀you฀live? How฀are฀you฀today?฀How฀do฀you฀feel฀today? Whose฀is฀that฀car?฀Whose฀address฀do฀you฀need? Whom฀did฀you฀see?฀To฀whom฀is฀Bob฀speaking? How฀much฀money฀is฀there฀in฀the฀wallet? How฀many฀students฀are฀there฀in฀your฀class? How฀often฀do฀you฀play฀tennis? How฀long฀does฀the฀program฀last? What฀time฀is฀it?฀At฀what฀time฀do฀you฀get฀up? What฀kind฀of฀books฀do฀you฀like฀to฀read? What฀sort฀of฀programs฀do฀you฀watch฀on฀TV? Where฀are฀they฀from? Where฀are฀you฀going฀to? Who฀do฀you฀practice฀golf฀with? Who฀are฀they฀talking฀about? Who฀is฀this฀letter฀for? What฀is฀this฀for?฀What฀do฀you฀use฀a฀knife฀for? What฀do฀you฀take฀photographs฀with? What฀are฀they฀talking฀about? What฀are฀you฀looking฀at? What฀does฀Betty฀look฀like?฀She´s฀tall฀and฀thin.

Nota:฀ Muy฀a฀menudo,฀las฀preguntas฀que฀comienzan฀con฀Preposición฀+฀Whom/What,/Where,฀normalmente฀trasladan฀la฀preposición฀al฀final.฀ Ejemplos: From฀where฀is฀she?฀฀ =฀Where฀is฀she฀from?; About฀what฀are฀they฀talking?฀฀=฀What฀are฀they฀talking฀about?; With฀whom฀will฀you฀go?฀ =฀Who฀will฀you฀go฀with?฀(Al฀trasladar฀la฀preposición,฀whom฀vuelve฀a฀ser฀who)

Ex.฀1.฀Ask฀the฀corresponding฀wh-question฀for฀each฀of฀the฀following฀answers 1.฀Susan฀is฀very฀thin฀and฀has฀got฀blue฀eyes.฀฀ 2.฀They฀need฀twenty-five฀dollars.฀ 3.฀Ann฀likes฀apples,฀oranges฀and฀pears฀ 4.฀We฀go฀to฀the฀South฀in฀the฀summer.฀ 5.฀Mr฀Jackson฀gets฀up฀at฀6:45฀every฀morning.฀฀ 6.฀My฀friends฀come฀from฀San฀Diego,฀California฀ 7.฀Jack฀visits฀his฀parents฀twice฀a฀month.฀ 8.฀The฀boys฀usually฀talk฀about฀football.฀ 9.฀The฀boy฀sometimes฀wears฀his฀father´s฀shoes฀฀ 10.฀It฀takes฀me฀about฀20฀minutes฀to฀get฀there.฀฀ 11.฀I฀go฀there฀three฀times฀a฀week.฀ 12.฀Bob฀plays฀golf฀with฀his฀boss฀on฀Sunday.฀฀ 13.฀Mr฀Jenkins฀writes฀about฀his฀trips฀round฀the฀world.฀ 14.฀They฀look฀at฀the฀stars฀with฀the฀telescope.฀ 15.฀We฀take฀photographs฀with฀a฀camera.฀ 16.฀I฀like฀Mary฀because฀she´s฀very฀friendly.฀฀ 66

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฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

17.฀Mr฀Williamson฀usually฀travels฀by฀plane.฀฀ 18.฀Ann฀writes฀detective฀stories.฀ 19.฀The฀students฀go฀to฀the฀gym฀after฀lunch.฀ 20.฀Bob฀goes฀to฀bed฀early฀when฀he´s฀tired.฀฀

฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________

? ? ? ?

B.฀ ARTICLES฀(II) El฀artículo฀definido฀THE฀se฀usa฀para฀referirse฀a฀sustantivos฀determinados฀o฀específicos฀y฀se฀usa฀con฀sustantivos฀ singulares฀o฀plurales,฀es฀decir,฀se฀traduce฀como฀el,฀la,฀los฀y฀las฀.฀El฀artículo฀indefinido฀A/AN฀se฀usa฀con฀sustantivos฀ singulares฀no฀determinados฀ni฀específicos. Ejemplos: The฀secretary฀works฀in฀the฀laboratory฀every฀day. The฀secretaries฀work฀in฀the฀laboratory฀every฀day The฀book฀which฀I฀want฀is฀on฀the฀table. The฀books฀which฀I฀want฀are฀on฀the฀table. ฀Lea฀y฀compare: I฀need฀a฀dictionary.฀(Necesito฀un฀diccionario)฀(general)฀That฀is฀a฀car.฀(Ese฀es฀un฀auto)฀(general) I฀need฀the฀dictionary฀which฀is฀on฀the฀shelf.฀(Necesito฀el฀diccionario฀que฀está฀sobre฀la฀repisa)฀(específico) That฀is฀the฀car฀which฀I฀like฀best.฀(Ese฀es฀el฀auto฀que฀me฀gusta฀más)฀(específico) No฀se฀debe฀usar฀ningún฀articulo฀con฀los฀sutantivos฀incontables฀(water,฀milk,฀money,฀experience,฀happiness,฀etc)฀o฀ sustantivos฀plurales฀(books,฀cats,฀students,฀people,฀men,฀etc.)฀cuando฀estamos฀refiriéndonos฀a฀ellos฀en฀forma฀general.฀ Pero฀sí฀debemos฀usar฀el฀articulo฀definido฀the฀cuando฀nos฀referimos฀a฀sustantivos฀en฀forma฀particular฀o฀específica. Lea฀y฀compare: ฀ General฀ Water฀is฀good฀for฀the฀health.฀ Gold฀is฀an฀important฀metal.฀ Books฀are฀expensive฀in฀Chile.฀ Girls฀work฀harder฀than฀boys.฀

Específico The฀water฀in฀this฀glass฀is฀not฀clean. The฀gold฀in฀this฀ring฀is฀of฀good฀quality. The฀books฀on฀that฀shelf฀are฀very฀expensive The฀girls฀in฀this฀group฀work฀very฀hard.

Ex.฀1.฀Supply฀the฀definite฀article฀(the)฀where฀necessary฀in฀the฀following: Example:฀฀__________ fresh฀air฀is฀good฀for฀the฀health.฀(Fresh฀air฀is฀good฀for฀the฀health.) 1.฀ ฀___________air฀in฀this฀room฀is฀not฀good. 2.฀ ฀___________history฀is฀an฀interesting฀subject. 3.฀ We฀are฀studying฀______________history฀of฀France. 4.฀ We฀have฀฀______________ good฀light฀in฀our฀classroom. 5.฀ ฀___________light฀in฀this฀room฀is฀not฀good. 6.฀I฀always฀drink฀฀ ________________water฀with฀my฀meals. 7.฀ ฀___________water฀in฀this฀glass฀is฀dirty. 8.฀ ฀___________leather฀in฀these฀shoes฀is฀very฀good. 9.฀ We฀get฀________________ leather฀from฀the฀skins฀of฀animals. 10.฀We฀all฀need฀_______________fresh฀air. 11.฀฀___________air฀in฀large฀cities฀is฀not฀very฀fresh. 12.฀We฀like฀_________ animals. 13.฀฀___________animals฀in฀that฀photograph฀are฀wild฀animals. 14.฀We฀eat฀ _______________ meat฀almost฀every฀day. 15.฀฀___________fish฀in฀the฀refrigerator฀is฀fresh. 16.฀฀___________children฀like฀to฀watch฀cartoons. 17.฀Do฀you฀sell฀ ____________ stamps฀here? A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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18.฀I฀like฀collecting฀ _______________stamps฀and฀ ______________ coins 19.฀฀___________stamps฀and฀ ______________ coins฀in฀this฀collection฀are฀interesting. 20.฀Mr.Jones฀has฀got฀_____________English฀books฀and฀magazines.฀ ____________ magazines฀are฀very฀easy฀to฀read. C.฀ PRONOMBRES฀RELATIVOS฀WHO฀Y฀WHICH 1.฀ Cuando฀ queremos฀ especificar฀ acerca฀ de฀ qué฀ persona,฀ animal฀ o฀ cosa฀ estamos฀ hablando,฀ debemos฀ usar฀ las฀ pronombres฀relativos฀WHO฀o฀WHICH.฀Ambas฀palabras฀se฀traducen฀en฀español฀con฀la฀palabra฀QUE. En฀inglés,฀el฀pronombre฀relativo฀WHO฀se฀usa฀con฀las฀personas,฀mientras฀que฀con฀los฀animales฀y฀las฀cosas฀debemos฀ usar฀WHICH.. Lea฀los฀siguientes฀ejemplos: ฀ The฀man฀who฀is฀talking฀with฀John฀is฀an฀engineer. The฀people฀who฀are฀waiting฀outside฀the฀theater฀want฀to฀buy฀tickets฀for฀the฀concert. This฀is฀the฀book฀which฀we฀use฀in฀class. The฀dog฀which฀is฀in฀the฀garden฀is฀a฀cocker฀spaniel. 2.฀ Normalmente฀el฀relativo฀which฀se฀omite฀cuando฀precede฀a฀un฀nombre฀o฀pronombre: ฀฀ This฀is฀the฀book฀which฀we฀use฀in฀class.฀฀ This฀is฀the฀book฀we฀use฀in฀class. 3.฀ Las฀ frases฀ who฀ is/are฀ y฀ which฀ is/are฀ generalmente฀ se฀ omiten฀ en฀ oraciones฀ como฀ las฀ que฀ se฀ expresan฀ a฀ continuación฀ The฀book฀which฀is฀on฀the฀desk฀is฀a฀bilingual฀dictionary. ?฀ I฀don´t฀know฀the฀man฀who฀is฀in฀Mr.฀Smith´s฀office. ?฀ The฀woman฀who฀is฀crossing฀the฀road฀is฀my฀wife. ?฀ The฀plane฀which฀is฀flying฀over฀the฀city฀is฀a฀spy฀plane. ?฀ The฀women฀who฀are฀wearing฀a฀white฀uniform฀are฀nurses. ?฀ The฀cars฀which฀are฀imported฀from฀Japan฀are฀really฀good. ?฀ The฀men฀who฀are฀trained฀at฀our฀school฀are฀good฀pilots. ?฀

The฀book฀on฀the฀desk฀is฀a฀bilingual฀dictionary. I฀don´t฀know฀the฀man฀in฀Mr.฀Smith´s฀office. The฀woman฀crossing฀the฀road฀is฀my฀wife. The฀plane฀flying฀over฀the฀city฀is฀a฀spy฀plane. The฀women฀wearing฀a฀white฀uniform฀are฀nurses. The฀cars฀imported฀from฀Japan฀are฀really฀good. The฀men฀trained฀at฀our฀school฀are฀good฀pilots.

Ex.฀1฀Fill฀in฀the฀blanks฀with฀WHO฀or฀WHICH: 1.฀The฀girl฀_____________________ is฀with฀him฀is฀his฀sister. 2.฀The฀book฀___________________ I฀want฀is฀on฀the฀table. 3.฀The฀man฀ ___________________ is฀driving฀the฀car฀is฀my฀father. 4.฀Is฀this฀the฀camera฀__________________ you฀are฀planning฀to฀buy? 5.฀Is฀that฀the฀bus฀__________________ goes฀to฀the฀airport? 6.฀The฀chair฀on฀ ________________ I฀am฀sitting฀is฀very฀comfortable. 7.฀John฀is฀the฀student฀_________________ speaks฀English฀well. 8.฀The฀books฀__________________ are฀listed฀in฀that฀catalogue฀are฀in฀English. 9.฀Is฀it฀Mr฀Williamson฀ _________________ wants฀to฀see฀the฀manager? 10.฀The฀magazine฀__________________ is฀on฀the฀sofa฀is฀a฀sports฀magazine. 11.฀The฀movie฀__________________ is฀on฀at฀the฀Rex฀today฀is฀very฀good. 12.฀Is฀this฀the฀newspaper฀__________________ you฀read฀every฀day? 13.฀Are฀these฀the฀envelopes฀ __________________you฀need? 14.฀The฀people฀ ____________________ are฀described฀in฀the฀story฀are฀very฀interesting. 15.฀The฀men฀ ___________________ are฀working฀in฀that฀room฀are฀engineers. 16.฀Are฀these฀the฀boys฀___________ study฀with฀you? 17.฀The฀man฀ ___________________ is฀walking฀down฀the฀road฀is฀the฀postman. 18.฀Is฀this฀the฀computer฀__________ you฀use฀every฀day? 19.฀Do฀you฀know฀the฀woman฀ _____ is฀coming฀over฀there? 20.฀That฀is฀exactly฀the฀car฀________ I฀would฀like฀to฀have.฀(I฀would฀like฀=฀me฀gustaría) ฀

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Ex.฀2.฀Translate฀the฀sentences฀in฀the฀previous฀exercise฀into฀Spanish. 1.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀3,฀Rewrite฀the฀sentences฀in฀Ex.฀1,฀omitting฀the฀relative฀pronoun฀WHICH,฀or฀the฀word฀groups฀WHO฀IS/ARE฀ o฀WHICH฀IS/ARE฀whenever฀it฀is฀possible,฀as฀in฀the฀example: 1.฀The฀girl฀with฀him฀is฀his฀sister 2.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀4.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀English.฀Underline฀the฀word(s)฀which฀can฀be฀omitted฀in฀everyday฀ conversation. 1.฀ El฀hombre฀que฀está฀conversando฀con฀Mary฀es฀el฀Dr.฀Smith. ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀ Los฀libros฀que฀están฀sobre฀esa฀silla฀son฀míos. ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀El฀libro฀sobre฀el฀que฀ellos฀están฀conversando฀es฀un฀best-seller ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀Las฀personas฀que฀están฀trabajando฀en฀esa฀oficina฀son฀ingenieros. ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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5.฀Ella฀es฀la฀secretaria฀que฀trabaja฀con฀el฀Profesor฀Stephens ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀Este฀es฀el฀bus฀que฀nos฀lleva฀al฀trabajo฀todas฀las฀mañanas. ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀Estos฀son฀los฀libros฀que฀nosotros฀usamos฀en฀las฀clases฀de฀inglés. ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀ ¿Conoces฀tú฀al฀hombre฀que฀está฀trabajando฀en฀el฀laboratorio฀de฀idiomas? ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀ Los฀zapatos฀que฀nosotros฀fabricamos฀son฀de฀muy฀buena฀calidad. ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀¿Es฀este฀el฀computador฀que฀usted฀quiere฀comprar? ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________

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BASIC฀VOCABULARY฀:฀Study฀these฀words CLOTHES฀/klou(z/฀Vestuario suit฀/siu:t/฀ coat฀/kout/฀ jacket฀/dllákit/฀ trousers฀/tráuserz/฀ shirt฀/shé:rt/฀ T-shirt฀/ti:฀shé:rt/฀ tie฀/tái/฀ sweater฀/suéter/฀ hat฀/hæt/฀ socks฀/sóks/฀ shoes฀/shu:z/฀ boots฀/bu:ts/฀ gloves฀/glavz/฀ umbrella฀/ambréla/฀ scarf฀/ská:rf/฀ belt฀/belt/฀ glasses฀/glá:siz/฀ earring฀/íarriη/฀ sunglasses฀/sanglá.siz/฀ fur฀coat฀/fé:r฀kóut/฀ swimsuit฀/swimsiut/฀ trunks฀/tránks/฀

traje฀ abrigo฀ chaqueta฀ pantalones฀ camisa฀ polera฀ corbata฀ suéter฀ sombrero฀ soquetes฀ zapatos฀ botas฀ guantes฀ paraguas฀ bufanda฀ cinturón฀ lentes฀ aro,฀arete฀ lentes฀para฀sol฀ abrigo฀de฀piel฀ traje฀de฀baño฀ traje฀de฀baño

dress฀/dres/฀ blouse฀/bláuz/฀ skirt฀/ské:rt/฀ raincoat฀/réinkout/฀ cardigan฀/ká:rdigan/฀ handkerchief฀/hændkertchi:f/฀ stockings฀/stókiηz/฀ briefs฀/bri:fs/฀ cap฀/kæp/฀ galoshes฀/gæloshiz/฀ sneakers฀/sní:kerz/฀ sandals฀/sændalz/฀ waistcoat฀/wéiskout/฀ slip฀/slip/฀ kerchief฀/ké:rtchi:f/฀ bracelet฀/bréislet/฀ wrist฀watch฀/rístwotch/฀ finger฀ring฀/fíηger฀riη/฀ parka฀/pá:rka฀/,฀anorak฀/ánorak/฀ leather฀jacket฀/léδer฀dllákit/฀ necklace฀/néklis/฀

vestido blusa falda impermeable chaleco฀de฀lana pañuelo medias calzoncillo gorra galochas zapatillas sandalias chaleco฀de฀terno enagua pañuelo brazalete reloj฀pulsera anillo parka chaqueta฀de฀cuero collar

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KEY฀TO฀ANSWERS

UNIT฀5 Part฀I Ex.฀2. Affirmative You฀work฀here฀every฀day Bill฀works฀here฀every฀day Ann฀works฀here฀every฀day We฀work฀here฀every฀day They฀work฀here฀every฀day

Negative You฀don´t฀work฀here... Bill฀doesn´t฀work฀here... Ann฀doesn´t฀work฀here... We฀don´t฀work฀here... They฀don´t฀work฀here...

Interrogative Do฀you฀work฀here...? Does฀Bill฀work฀here...? Does฀Ann฀work฀here...? Do฀we฀work฀here...? Do฀they฀work฀here...?

You฀watch฀TV฀after฀dinner Bill฀watches฀TV฀after฀dinner Ann฀watches฀TV฀after฀dinner We฀watch฀TV฀after฀dinner They฀watch฀TV฀after฀dinner

You฀don´t฀watch฀TV... Bill฀doesn´t฀watch฀TV... Ann฀doesn´t฀watch฀TV... We฀don´t฀watch฀TV... They฀don´t฀watch฀TV...

Do฀you฀watch฀TV...? Does฀Bill฀watch฀TV...? Does฀Ann฀watch฀TV...? Do฀we฀watch฀TV...? Do฀they฀watch฀TV...?

You฀go฀to฀the฀movies฀every.. Bill฀goes฀to฀the฀movies... Ann฀goes฀to฀the฀movies... We฀go฀to฀the฀movies... They฀go฀to฀the฀movies...

You฀don´t฀go฀to฀the฀movies...฀ Bill฀doesn´t฀go฀to฀the฀movies... Ann฀doesn´t฀go฀to฀the฀movies... We฀don´t฀go฀to฀the฀movies... They฀don´t฀go฀to฀the฀movies...

Do฀you฀go฀to฀the฀movies...? Does฀Bill฀go฀to฀the฀movies...? Does฀Ann฀go฀to฀the฀movies...? Do฀we฀go฀to฀the฀movies...? Do฀they฀go฀to฀the฀movies...?

You฀play฀tennis฀on฀Saturday Bill฀plays฀tennis... Ann฀plays฀tennis... We฀play฀tennis... They฀play฀tennis...

You฀don´t฀play฀tennis... Bill฀doesn´t฀play฀tennis... Ann฀doesn´t฀play฀tennis... We฀don´t฀play฀tennis... They฀don´t฀play฀tennis...

Do฀you฀play฀tennis...? Does฀Bill฀play฀tennis...? Does฀Ann฀play฀tennis...? Do฀we฀play฀tennis...? Do฀they฀play฀tennis...?

You฀study฀English฀every฀day Bill฀studies฀English... Ann฀studies฀English... We฀study฀English... They฀study฀English...

You฀don´t฀study฀English... Bill฀doesn´t฀study฀English... Ann฀doesn´t฀study฀English... We฀don´t฀study฀English... They฀don´t฀study฀English...

Do฀you฀study฀English...? Does฀Bill฀study฀English...? Does฀Ann฀study฀English...? Do฀we฀study฀English...? Do฀they฀study฀English...?

You฀have฀dinner฀at฀work... Bill฀has฀dinner฀at฀work... Ann฀has฀dinner฀at฀work... We฀have฀dinner฀at฀work... They฀have฀dinner฀at฀work...

You฀don´t฀have฀dinner... Bill฀doesn´t฀have฀dinner... Ann฀doesn´t฀have฀dinner... We฀don´t฀have฀dinner... They฀don´t฀have฀dinner...

Do฀you฀have฀dinner฀at฀work? Does฀Bill฀have฀dinner฀at฀work? Does฀Ann฀have฀dinner฀at฀work? Do฀we฀have฀dinner฀at฀work? Do฀they฀have฀dinner฀at฀work?

You฀do฀the฀exercises฀well Bill฀does฀the฀exercises฀well Ann฀does฀the฀exercises฀well We฀do฀the฀exercises฀well They฀do฀the฀exercises฀well

You฀don´t฀do฀the฀exercises... Bill฀doesn´t฀do฀the฀exercises... Ann฀doesn´t฀do฀the฀exercises... We฀don´t฀do฀the฀exercises... They฀don´t฀do฀the฀exercises...

Do฀you฀do฀the฀exercises฀well? Does฀Bill฀do฀the฀exercises฀well? Does฀Ann฀do฀the฀exercises฀well? Do฀we฀do฀the฀exercises฀well? Do฀they฀do฀the฀exercises฀well?

Ex.฀3.฀1.฀get฀up฀2.฀go฀3.฀have฀4.฀reads฀5.฀play฀6.฀plays฀7.฀arrives฀8.฀washes฀9.฀speak฀10.฀leaves฀11.eat฀12.watches Ex.฀4.฀1.฀Mary฀doesn´t฀like...฀/Does฀Mary฀like.../฀What฀does฀Mary฀like฀to฀drink?฀2.฀They฀don´t฀live...฀/Do฀they฀live฀..?/฀ Where฀do฀they฀live?฀3.฀Peter฀doesn´t฀watch...฀/Does฀Peter฀watch...?/฀What฀does฀Peter฀do฀every฀night?฀4.฀The฀bus฀ doesn´t฀leave...฀/Does฀the฀bus฀leave...?/฀What฀time฀does฀the฀bus฀leave?฀5.฀That฀man฀doesn´t฀speak...฀/Does฀that฀man฀ speak...?฀What฀language฀does฀that฀man฀speak?฀6.฀They฀don´t฀work฀out...฀/Do฀they฀work฀out...?/฀When฀do฀they฀work฀ out?฀7.฀Bob฀doesn´t฀always฀drink...฀/Does฀Bob฀always฀drink...?/฀What฀does฀Bob฀always฀drink?฀8.฀They฀don´t฀have...฀/Do฀ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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they฀have...?/฀How฀many฀cars฀do฀they฀have?฀9.฀Peter฀doesn´t฀do...฀/Does฀Peter฀do...?/฀How฀does฀Peter฀do฀everything?฀ 10.฀They฀don´t฀come...฀/Do฀they฀come...?/฀How฀often฀do฀they฀come฀here? Ex.฀5.฀1.฀Where฀does฀she฀live?฀2.฀How฀often฀do฀they฀play฀golf฀3.฀At฀what฀time฀do฀they฀get฀up฀every฀morning?฀4.฀What฀ do฀the฀students฀need?฀5.฀Where฀does฀John฀go฀in฀the฀summer?฀6.฀How฀does฀Mary฀come฀to฀work?฀7.฀When฀do฀you฀go฀ to฀the฀club?฀8.฀What฀do฀they฀do฀on฀Sunday?฀9.฀What฀does฀Mary฀do฀on฀Saturday?฀10.฀How฀much฀money฀do฀they฀need?฀ 11.฀How฀many฀cars฀do฀they฀have฀now?฀12.฀Why฀does฀he฀walk฀to฀work?฀13฀Why฀don´t฀they฀like฀the฀car?฀14.฀How฀many฀ hours฀does฀she฀usually฀sleep฀every฀night? Ex.฀6.฀1.฀There฀are฀fifty-two฀weeks฀in฀a฀year.฀2.฀He´s฀working฀3.฀It´s฀got฀four฀legs฀4.฀Yes,฀there฀are฀some฀trees/No,฀there฀ aren´t฀any฀trees฀5.฀They´re฀playing฀/running/฀etc.฀6.฀I฀usually฀watch฀TV฀/read฀a฀book/฀etc.฀7.฀There฀is฀very฀little฀free฀time฀ 8.฀He฀hardly฀ever/never฀uses฀it.฀9.฀I฀usually฀spend฀my฀summer฀vacation฀in...฀10.฀He/she฀goes฀to฀see฀a฀doctor฀when฀ he/she฀is฀sick Ex.฀7.฀1.฀speaks฀2.฀drink฀3.฀opens฀-฀closes฀4.฀causes฀5.฀live฀6.฀take฀place Ex.฀8.฀1.฀doesn´t฀drink฀2.฀do฀the฀banks฀close฀3.฀does฀Martin฀come฀4.฀do฀you฀do฀5.฀takes/does฀it฀take฀6.฀play฀-฀don´t฀ play฀7.฀does฀this฀word฀mean? Ex.฀9.฀1.฀goes฀2.฀doesn´t฀grow฀3.฀rises฀4.฀make฀5.฀don´t฀eat฀6.฀doesn´t฀believe฀7.฀translates฀8.฀doesn´t฀tell฀9.฀flows Ex.฀10.฀1.฀is฀working฀2.฀leaves฀3.฀is฀watching฀4.฀go฀5.฀is฀coming฀6.฀comes฀7.฀is฀working฀8.฀are-living฀9.฀do-go฀10.฀isdoing฀11.฀is฀beginning฀12.฀opens-closes฀13.฀are-doing/are-watching฀14.฀are-doing฀15.฀does-understand฀16.฀is฀playing฀ 17.฀do-like฀18.฀are-studying฀19.฀do-get฀20.฀is฀wearing Ex.฀11.฀1.฀is฀sleeping/sleeps฀2.฀am฀sitting/sit฀3.฀speaks/is฀speaking฀4.฀is฀not฀standing/is฀sitting฀5.฀is฀eating/eats฀6.฀is฀not฀ raining฀฀/฀is฀shining฀/฀฀is฀7.฀Does฀it฀rain฀8.฀Is฀it฀raining฀9.฀is฀sitting฀฀/฀is฀reading฀/฀reads฀/฀is฀pouring฀/฀drinks฀/฀goes฀/฀are฀ not฀watching฀/฀are฀playing฀/฀watch฀/฀are฀not฀paying฀/฀are฀not฀watching฀/฀don´t฀like฀10.฀does฀not฀take฀/฀walks฀/฀Do฀you฀ take฀/฀do฀you฀walk

Part฀II. A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀What฀does฀Susan฀look฀like?฀2.฀How฀much฀money฀do฀they฀need?฀3.฀What฀kind฀of฀fruit฀does฀Ann฀like?฀4.฀Where฀ do฀you฀go฀in฀the฀summer?฀5.฀At฀what฀time฀does฀Mr฀Jackson฀get฀up฀every฀morning?฀6.฀Where฀do฀your฀friends฀come฀ from?฀7.฀How฀often฀does฀Jack฀visit฀his฀parents?฀8.฀What฀do฀the฀boys฀usually฀talk฀about?฀9.฀Whose฀shoes฀does฀the฀boy฀ sometimes฀wear?฀10.฀How฀long฀does฀it฀take฀you฀to฀get฀there?฀11.฀How฀often฀do฀you฀go฀there?฀12.฀Who฀does฀Bob฀play฀ golf฀with฀on฀Sunday?฀13.฀What฀does฀Mr฀Jenkins฀write฀about?฀14.฀What฀do฀they฀look฀at฀with฀the฀telescope?฀15.฀What฀ do฀you฀take฀photographs฀with?฀16.฀Why฀do฀you฀like฀Mary?฀17.฀How฀does฀Mr฀Williamson฀usually฀travel?฀18.฀What฀kind฀ of฀stories฀does฀Ann฀write?฀19.฀Where฀do฀the฀students฀go฀after฀lunch?฀20.฀When฀does฀Bob฀go฀to฀bed฀early? B. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀The฀air฀2.฀History฀3.฀the฀history฀4.฀good฀light฀5.฀The฀light฀6.water฀7.฀The฀water฀8.฀The฀leather฀9.฀leather฀10.฀ fresh฀air฀11.฀The฀air฀12.฀animals฀13.฀The฀animals฀14.฀meat฀15.฀The฀fish฀16.฀Children฀17.฀stamps฀18.฀stamps฀-฀coins฀19.฀ The฀stamps฀-฀the฀coins฀20.฀English฀books฀/฀The฀magazines C. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀The฀girl฀who฀is฀with฀him฀is฀his฀sister฀2.฀The฀book฀which฀I฀want฀is฀on฀the฀table฀3.฀The฀man฀who฀is฀driving฀the฀ car฀is฀my฀father฀4.฀Is฀this฀the฀camera฀which฀you฀are฀planning฀to฀buy?฀5.฀Is฀that฀the฀bus฀which฀goes฀to฀the฀airport?฀ 6.฀The฀chair฀on฀which฀I฀am฀sitting฀is฀very฀comfortable฀7.฀John฀is฀the฀student฀who฀speaks฀English฀well.฀8.฀The฀books฀ which฀ are฀ listed฀ in฀ that฀ catalogue฀ are฀ in฀ English฀ 9.฀ Is฀ it฀ Mr฀ Williamson฀ who฀ wants฀ to฀ see฀ the฀ manager?฀ 10.฀ The฀ magazine฀which฀is฀on฀the฀sofa฀is฀a฀sports฀magazine฀11.฀The฀movie฀which฀is฀on฀at฀the฀Rex฀today฀is฀very฀good.฀12.฀Is฀ this฀the฀newspaper฀which฀you฀read฀every฀day?฀13.฀Are฀these฀the฀envelopes฀which฀you฀need?฀14.฀The฀people฀who฀ are฀described฀in฀the฀story฀are฀very฀interesting.฀15.The฀men฀who฀are฀working฀in฀that฀room฀are฀engineers.฀16.฀Are฀these฀ the฀boys฀who฀study฀with฀you?฀17.฀The฀man฀who฀is฀walking฀down฀the฀road฀is฀a฀postman฀18.฀Is฀this฀the฀computer฀ which฀you฀use฀every฀day?฀19.฀Do฀you฀know฀the฀woman฀who฀is฀coming฀over฀there?฀20.฀That฀is฀exactly฀the฀car฀which฀ I฀would฀like฀to฀have. 74

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Ex.฀2.฀1.฀La฀niña฀que฀está฀con฀él฀es฀su฀hermana฀2.฀El฀libro฀que฀quiero฀está฀sobre฀la฀mesa฀3.฀El฀hombre฀que฀está฀ conduciendo฀el฀auto฀es฀mi฀padre฀4.฀¿Es฀esta฀la฀cámara฀que฀estás฀planeando฀comprar?฀5.฀¿Es฀ese฀el฀bus฀que฀va฀al฀ aeropuerto?฀6.฀La฀silla฀sobre฀la฀que฀estoy฀sentado฀es฀muy฀comfortable฀7.฀John฀es฀el฀alumno฀que฀habla฀inglés฀bien.฀ 8.฀Los฀libros฀que฀están฀incluidos฀en฀ese฀catálogo฀están฀en฀inglés฀9.฀¿Es฀el฀Sr.฀Williamson฀quien฀quiere฀ver฀al฀gerente?฀ 10.฀La฀revista฀que฀está฀sobre฀el฀sofá฀es฀una฀revista฀deportiva฀11.฀La฀película฀que฀está฀en฀cartelera฀hoy฀día฀en฀el฀Rex฀ es฀muy฀buena.฀12.฀¿Es฀este฀el฀diario฀que฀ud.฀lee฀todos฀los฀días?฀13.฀¿Son฀estos฀los฀sobres฀que฀ud.฀necesita?฀14.฀ Las฀personas฀que฀están฀descritas฀en฀el฀cuento฀son฀muy฀interesantes.฀15.฀Los฀hombres฀que฀están฀trabajando฀en฀esa฀ sala฀son฀ingenieros.฀16.฀¿Son฀estos฀los฀niños฀que฀estudian฀contigo?฀17.฀El฀hombre฀que฀está฀bajando฀el฀camino฀es฀el฀ cartero.18.฀¿Es฀este฀el฀computador฀que฀ud.฀usa฀todos฀los฀días?฀19.฀¿Conoces฀a฀la฀mujar฀que฀viene฀allá?฀20.฀Ese฀es฀ exactamente฀el฀auto฀que฀me฀gustaría฀tener Ex.฀3.฀1.฀The฀girl฀with฀him฀is฀his฀sister฀2.฀The฀book฀I฀want฀is฀on฀the฀table฀3.฀The฀man฀driving฀the฀car฀is฀my฀father฀4.฀Is฀ this฀the฀camera฀you฀are฀planning฀to฀buy?฀5.฀Is฀that฀the฀bus฀which฀goes฀to฀the฀airport?฀6.฀The฀chair฀I฀am฀sitting฀on฀is฀very฀ comfortable฀7.฀John฀is฀the฀student฀who฀speaks฀English฀well.฀8.฀The฀books฀listed฀in฀that฀catalogue฀are฀in฀English฀9.฀Is฀it฀ Mr฀Williamson฀who฀wants฀to฀see฀the฀manager?฀10.฀The฀magazine฀on฀the฀sofa฀is฀a฀sports฀magazine฀11.฀The฀movie฀on฀at฀ the฀Rex฀today฀is฀very฀good.฀12.฀Is฀this฀the฀newspaper฀you฀read฀every฀day?฀13.฀Are฀these฀the฀envelopes฀you฀need?฀14.฀ The฀people฀described฀in฀the฀story฀are฀very฀interesting.฀15.The฀men฀working฀in฀that฀room฀are฀engineers.฀16.฀Are฀these฀ the฀boys฀who฀study฀with฀you?฀17.฀The฀man฀walking฀down฀the฀road฀is฀a฀postman฀18.฀Is฀this฀the฀computer฀you฀use฀every฀ day?฀19.฀Do฀you฀know฀the฀woman฀coming฀over฀there?฀20.฀That฀is฀exactly฀the฀car฀I฀would฀like฀to฀have. Ex.฀4.฀1.฀The฀man฀who฀is฀talking฀with฀Mary฀is฀Dr฀Smith.฀2.฀The฀books฀which฀are฀on฀that฀chair฀are฀mine.฀3.฀The฀book฀ about฀which฀they฀are฀talking฀is฀a฀best-seller฀/฀The฀book฀they฀are฀talking฀about฀is฀a฀best-seller฀4.The฀people฀who฀are฀ working฀in฀that฀office฀are฀engineers.฀5.฀She฀is฀the฀secretary฀who฀works฀with฀Professor฀Stephens฀6.฀This฀is฀the฀bus฀ which฀takes฀us฀to฀work฀every฀morning฀7.฀These฀are฀the฀books฀which฀we฀use฀in฀the฀English฀lessons฀8.฀¿Do฀you฀know฀ the฀man฀who฀is฀working฀in฀the฀language฀laboratory?฀9.฀The฀shoes฀which฀we฀make฀are฀of฀very฀good฀quality.฀10.฀Is฀this฀ the฀computer฀which฀you฀want฀to฀buy?

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UNIT฀6 PART฀I.฀EL฀TIEMPO฀PASADO฀SIMPLE฀(The฀Simple฀Past฀Tense) Este฀tiempo฀se฀usa฀para฀expresar฀una฀acción฀que฀se฀realizó฀o฀que฀ocurrió฀en฀el฀pasado.฀Las฀expresiones฀más฀usadas฀ en฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀son฀aquellas฀que฀llevan฀antepuesta฀la฀palabra฀LAST,฀como฀last฀week฀(la฀semana฀pasada),฀last฀ year฀(el฀año฀pasado),฀last฀weekend฀(el฀fin฀de฀semana฀pasado,฀last฀night฀(anoche),฀last฀Monday฀morning฀(el฀lunes฀ pasado฀en฀la฀mañana),etc.฀También฀se฀usan฀en฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀las฀expresiones฀que฀llevan฀la฀palabra฀AGO,฀como฀two฀ days฀ago฀(hace฀dos฀días),฀several฀weeks฀ago฀(hace฀varias฀semanas),฀a฀long฀time฀ago฀(hace฀mucho฀tiempo).฀Además฀ están฀las฀expresiones฀yesterday฀(ayer),฀the฀day฀before฀yesterday฀(anteayer),฀yesterday฀morning/afternoon/evening฀ (ayer฀en฀la฀mañana฀/฀tarde฀/฀noche),฀that฀day฀(ese฀día),฀o฀una฀hora฀o฀fecha฀pasada,฀como฀at฀10:15฀this฀morning฀(a฀las฀ 10:15฀de฀esta฀mañana),฀on฀September฀18th,฀1810฀(el฀18฀de฀Septiembre,฀1810) Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: (Yo฀compré฀el฀auto฀el฀año฀pasado) 1.฀ I฀bought฀the฀car฀last฀year฀/ai฀bó:t฀δe฀ká:r฀lá:st฀íar/฀ 2.฀ Peter฀came฀here฀three฀days฀ago.฀/pí:ter฀kéim฀híar฀θrí:฀déiz฀agóu/฀ (Peter฀vino฀acá฀hace฀tres฀días) 3.฀ They฀saw฀a฀good฀film฀yesterday.฀/δéi฀só:฀e฀gud฀fílm฀iésterdi/฀ (Ellos฀vieron฀una฀buena฀película฀ayer) 4.฀ Mary฀cleaned฀the฀house฀yesterday฀morning. ฀ /méri฀klí:nd฀δe฀háus฀iésterdi฀mó:rniη/฀ (Mary฀limpió฀la฀casa฀ayer฀en฀la฀mañana. 5.฀ We฀worked฀hard฀that฀day.฀/wí:฀wé:rkt฀há:rd฀δat฀déi/฀ (Nosotros฀trabajamos฀duro฀ese฀día) 6.฀ They฀stopped฀talking฀when฀the฀teacher฀arrived ฀ /δei฀stópt฀tó:kiη฀wen฀δe฀tí:tcher฀ rráivd/฀ (Ellos฀dejaron฀de฀conversar฀cuando฀el฀profesor฀llegó.) Como฀ud.฀pudo฀advertir฀a฀través฀de฀los฀ejemplos฀anteriores,฀el฀Tiempo฀Pasado฀Simple฀se฀expresa฀con฀el฀SUJETO฀ más฀el฀PASADO฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal.฀Al฀igual฀que฀en฀el฀tiempo฀Presente฀Simple,฀aquí฀el฀pasado฀del฀verbo฀modal฀Do฀ (DID)฀no฀se฀usa฀en฀la฀forma฀afirmativa฀(está฀tácito)฀Cuando฀decimos฀“I฀bought฀the฀car฀last฀year”฀estamos฀diciendo฀“I฀ did฀buy฀the฀car฀last฀year”,฀como฀comprobaremos฀al฀expresar฀las฀negaciones฀e฀interrogaciones:฀I฀did฀not฀buy฀the฀car฀ last฀year;฀Did฀I฀buy฀the฀car฀last฀year? Importante:฀Es฀necesario฀aquí฀aprender฀el฀pasado,฀tanto฀de฀los฀Verbos฀Regulares฀(aquellos฀que฀agregan฀-ed/-d฀para฀formar฀el฀Pasado฀y฀el฀Pasado฀ Participio)฀como฀de฀los฀Verbos฀Irregulares฀(aquellos฀verbos฀que฀no฀siguen฀dicha฀regla).฀En฀los฀Ejemplos฀1,2,3฀los฀tres฀pasados฀corresponden฀a฀ Verbos฀Irrregulares,฀mientras฀que฀los฀de฀los฀ejemplos฀4,฀5฀y฀6฀son฀de฀Verbos฀Regulares฀:฀1.To฀buy฀-฀bought฀-฀bought;฀2.฀To฀come฀-฀came฀-฀come;฀3.฀ To฀see฀-฀saw฀-฀seen;฀4.฀To฀clean฀-฀cleaned฀-฀cleaned;฀5.฀To฀work฀-฀worked฀-฀worked฀6.฀to฀stop฀-฀stopped฀-฀stopped La฀pronunciación฀del฀sufijo฀-d/-ed฀es฀/d/฀o฀/t/฀(nunca฀/ed/฀!!).฀Los฀verbos฀terminados฀en฀-t,฀-te,฀-d,-de,฀como฀to฀want,to฀complete,to฀need,to฀decide฀ también฀agregan฀-ed/-d,฀pero฀este฀sufijo฀debe฀ser฀pronunciado฀ /id/฀como฀en฀wanted฀ /wóntid/,฀completed฀ /komplí:tid/,฀needed฀ /ní:did/,฀decided฀ /disáidid/.฀ Los฀infinitivos฀que฀tienen฀cons+vocal+cons฀o฀cons+cons+voc+cons฀deben฀duplicar฀la฀última฀consonante:฀to฀stop฀-฀stopped฀(ver฀formación฀de฀ gerundios฀UNIT฀4).

La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀DID฀NOT฀/did฀nót/฀seguido฀del฀INFINITIVO฀(No฀el฀Pasado)฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal.฀ A฀menudo,฀en฀la฀conversación฀diaria,฀se฀usa฀la฀contracción฀DIDN´T฀/dídnt/. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: I฀didn´t฀buy฀the฀car฀last฀year.฀/ai฀dídnt฀bái.../ Peter฀didn´t฀come฀here฀three฀days฀ago.฀/pí:ter฀didnt฀kám.../ They฀didn´t฀see฀a฀good฀film฀yesterday.฀/δéi฀dídnt฀sí:.../ Mary฀didn´t฀clean฀the฀house฀yesterday฀morning.฀/méri฀didnt฀klí:n.../ We฀didn´t฀work฀hard฀that฀day.฀/wí:฀dídnt฀wé:rk.../ La฀forma฀interrogativa฀se฀expresa฀anteponiendo฀el฀verbo฀modal฀DID฀o฀DIDN´T฀al฀sujeto฀y฀el฀verbo฀principal,฀al฀igual฀ que฀en฀la฀forma฀negativa,฀va฀en฀INFINITIVO. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: Did฀you฀buy฀your฀car฀last฀year?฀/díd฀iú:฀bái.../ Did฀Peter฀come฀here฀three฀days฀ago?฀/díd฀pí:ter฀kám.../ Did฀they฀see฀a฀good฀film฀yesterday?฀/díd฀δéi฀sí:.../ Did฀Mary฀clean฀the฀house฀yesterday฀morning?฀/díd฀méri฀klí:n...฀/ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Did฀you฀work฀hard฀that฀day?฀/díd฀iú฀wé:rk.../ Didn´t฀you฀buy฀your฀car฀last฀year?฀/dídnt฀iú฀bái.../ Didn´t฀Peter฀come฀here฀three฀days฀ago?฀/dídnt฀pí:ter฀kám.../ Cuando฀se฀formula฀una฀pregunta฀introducida฀por฀una฀palabra฀interrogativa฀como฀WHAT,฀WHERE,฀WHEN,฀HOW,฀etc.,฀ se฀debe฀mantener฀el฀mismo฀orden฀de฀palabras฀de฀las฀interrogaciones฀simples: Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: When฀did฀you฀buy฀your฀car?฀/wén฀díd฀iú:฀bái.../ Why฀did฀Peter฀come฀here฀3฀days฀ago?฀/wái฀díd฀pí:ter฀kám.../ Where฀did฀they฀see฀a฀good฀film฀yesterday?฀/wéar฀díd฀δéi฀sí:.../ Why฀didn´t฀Mary฀clean฀the฀house฀yesterday฀morning?฀/wái฀dídnt฀méri฀klí:n.../ When฀did฀you฀work฀hard?฀/wén฀díd฀iú฀wé:rk.../ La฀pregunta฀más฀habitual฀de฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀es: WHAT฀DID฀YOU฀DO?฀/wót฀did฀iú฀dúu/฀(¿Qué฀hizo฀ud.?) ฀ EXERCISES: Ex.฀1.฀Study฀the฀Past฀Tense฀form฀of฀the฀following฀regular฀verbs฀which฀are฀most฀frequently฀used. INFINITIVE฀ To฀answer฀/á:nser/฀ To฀arrive฀/arráiv/฀ To฀ask฀/a:sk/฀ To฀carry฀/kærri/฀ To฀clean฀/kli:n/฀ To฀close฀/klóuz/฀ To฀dry฀/drái/฀ To฀enjoy฀/endllói/฀ To฀finish฀/fínish/฀ To฀hate฀/heit/฀ To฀help฀/hélp/฀ To฀hope฀/hóup/฀ To฀invite฀/inváit/฀ To฀listen฀/lísn/฀ To฀locate฀/loukéit/฀ To฀look฀/luk/฀ To฀love฀/láv/฀ To฀need฀/ni:d/฀ To฀prefer฀/priféar/฀ To฀rain฀/rein/฀ To฀receive฀/risí:v/฀ To฀remember฀/rimémber/฀ To฀repair฀/ripéar/฀ To฀repeat฀/ripí:t/฀ To฀request฀/rikwést/฀ To฀smoke฀/smóuk/฀ To฀start฀/sta:rt/฀ To฀stay฀/stéi/฀ To฀study฀/stádi/฀ To฀suggest฀/sadllést/฀ To฀talk฀/to:k/฀ To฀try฀/trái/฀ To฀use฀/iú:z/฀ To฀visit฀/vízit/฀ To฀wait฀/weit/฀ 78

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PAST฀TENSE฀ answered฀/á:nserd/฀ arrived฀/arráivd/฀ asked฀/a:skt/฀ carried฀/kærrid/฀ cleaned฀/kli:nd/฀ closed฀/klóuzd/฀ dried฀/dráid/฀ enjoyed฀/endllóid/฀ finished฀/fínisht/฀ hated฀/héitid/฀ helped฀/helpt/฀ hoped฀/hóupt/฀ invited฀/inváitid/฀ listened฀/lísnd/฀ located฀/loukéitid/฀ looked฀/lukt/฀ loved฀/lávd/฀ needed฀/ní:did/฀ preferred฀/priféard/฀ rained฀/réind/฀ received฀/risí:vd/฀ remembered฀/rimémberd/฀ repaired฀/ripéard/฀ repeated฀/ripí:tid/฀ requested฀/rikwéstid/฀ smoked฀/smóukt/฀ started฀/stá:rtid/฀ stayed฀/stéid/฀ studied฀/stádid/฀ suggested฀/sadlléstid/฀ talked฀/tó:kt/฀ tried฀/tráid/฀ used฀/iú:zd/฀ visited฀/vízitid/฀ waited฀/wéitid/฀

SPANISH contestar,฀responder llega preguntar,฀pedir transportar,฀llevar limpiar cerrar secar disfrutar,฀gustar terminar odiar,฀no฀gustar ayudar esperar,฀desear invitar escuchar ubicar,฀localizar mirar amar,฀gustar necesitar preferir llover recibir recordar reparar,฀arreglar repetir solicitar,฀pedir fumar comenzar,฀partir quedarse,฀permanecer estudiar sugerir conversar tratar,฀esforzarse usar,฀utilizar visitar esperar,฀atender

To฀walk฀/wo:k/฀ To฀want฀/wont/฀ To฀wash฀/wosh/฀ To฀watch฀/wotch/฀ To฀wish฀/wish/฀ To฀work฀/we:rk/฀

walked฀/wó:kt/฀ wanted฀/wóntid/฀ washed฀/wósht/฀ watched฀/wótcht/฀ wished฀/wísht/฀ worked฀/wé:rkt/฀

caminar querer lavar observar,฀mirar desear trabajar,฀funcionar

Ex.฀2.฀Study฀the฀Past฀Tense฀form฀of฀the฀following฀Irregular฀verbs฀which฀are฀most฀frequently฀used฀: INFINITIVE฀ To฀begin฀/bigín/฀ To฀bring฀/briη/฀ To฀build฀/bild/฀ To฀buy฀/bái/฀ To฀come฀/kam/฀ To฀cut฀/kat/฀ To฀do฀/du:/฀ To฀drink฀/driηk/฀ To฀drive฀/dráiv/฀ To฀eat฀/i:t/฀ To฀fall฀/fo:l/฀ To฀feel฀/fi:l/฀ To฀find฀/fáind/฀ To฀forget฀/forgét/฀ To฀get฀/get/฀ To฀give฀/giv/฀ To฀go฀/góu/฀ To฀have฀/hæv/฀ To฀hear฀/híar/฀ To฀keep฀/ki:p/฀ To฀know฀/nóu/฀ To฀learn฀/le:rn/฀ To฀leave฀/li:v/฀ To฀lend฀/lend/฀ To฀lose฀/lu:z/฀ To฀make฀/meik/฀ To฀meet฀/mi:t/฀ To฀pay฀/péi/฀ To฀put฀/put/฀ To฀read฀/ri:d/฀ To฀run฀/ran/฀ To฀say฀/séi/฀ To฀see฀/si:/฀ To฀sell฀/sel/฀ To฀send฀/send/฀ To฀shut฀/shat/฀ To฀sing฀/siη/฀ To฀sit฀/sit/฀ To฀sleep฀/sli:p/฀ To฀speak฀/spi:k/฀ To฀spend฀/spénd/฀ To฀stand฀up฀/stænd฀áp/฀ To฀swim฀/swim/฀ To฀take฀/téik/฀ To฀teach฀/ti:tch/฀ To฀tell฀/tel/฀ To฀think฀/θiηk/฀ To฀shine฀/sháin/฀ To฀understand฀/anderstænd/฀

PAST฀TENSE฀ began฀/bigæn/฀ brought฀/bro:t/฀ built฀/bilt/฀ bought฀/bo:t/฀ came฀/kéim/฀ cut฀/kat/฀ did฀/did/฀ drank฀/dræηk/฀ drove฀/dróuv/฀ ate฀/eit/฀ fell฀/fel/฀ felt฀/felt/฀ found฀/fáund/฀ forgot฀/forgót/฀ got฀/got/฀ gave฀/géiv/฀ went฀/wént/฀ had฀/hæd/฀ heard฀/he:rd/฀ kept฀/kept/฀ knew฀/niú:/฀ learnt฀/le:rnt/฀learned฀/le:rnd/฀ left฀/léft/฀ lent฀/lent/฀ lost฀/lost/฀ made฀/méid/฀ met฀/met/฀ paid฀/péid/฀ put฀/put/฀ read฀/red/฀ ฀ran฀/ræn/฀ said฀/sed/฀ saw฀/so:/฀ sold฀/sóuld/฀ sent฀/sént/฀ shut฀/shat/฀ sang฀/sæη/฀ sat฀/sæt/฀ slept฀/slépt/฀ spoke฀/spóuk/฀ spent฀/spént/฀ stood฀up฀/stu:d฀áp/฀ swam฀/swæm/฀ took฀/tuk/฀ taught฀/to:t/฀ told฀/tóuld/฀ thought฀/θo:t/฀ shone฀/shon/฀ understood฀/anderstúd/฀

SPANISH empezar,฀comenzar traer construir comprar venir cortar hacer beber manejar,฀conducir comer caer sentir(se) hallar,฀encontrar olvidar conseguir,฀obtener,฀(get฀to฀=฀llegar฀a฀un฀lugar) dar ir tener,฀comer,servirse oir guardar,฀mantener saber,฀conocer aprender,saber,฀enterarse partir,฀salir,฀dejar prestar perder,฀extraviar hacer,฀fabricar reunirse,conocer pagar poner,฀colocar leer correr,฀administrar decir ver vender enviar cerrar cantar sentarse dormir hablar gastar,pasar฀tiempo pararse nadar |tomar,฀llevar enseñar contar,฀narrar,฀decir฀ pensar,฀creer brillar entender,฀comprender A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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To฀wear฀/wéar/฀ To฀write฀/ráit/฀

wore฀/wo:r/฀ wrote฀/róut/฀

vestir,฀desgastar escribir

Ex.฀3.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀the฀Simple฀Past฀Tense.฀Remember฀that฀you฀have฀to฀use฀the฀word฀ LAST฀instead฀of฀EVERY฀in฀the฀expressions฀of฀time 1.฀Peter฀comes฀here฀every฀week.฀฀ 2.฀I฀buy฀the฀newspaper฀every฀Sunday.฀ 3.฀They฀go฀to฀Europe฀every฀year.฀ 4.฀Mary฀visits฀her฀parents฀every฀month.฀ 5.฀I฀write฀to฀Mary฀every฀week-end.฀ 6.฀They฀eat฀fish฀every฀Friday.฀ 7.฀Bob฀washes฀the฀car฀every฀Saturday.฀ 8.฀We฀watch฀TV฀every฀night.฀฀ 9.฀The฀postman฀brings฀a฀letter฀every฀Monday.฀ 10.฀We฀have฀a฀test฀every฀week.฀ 11.฀The฀boy฀reads฀a฀book฀every฀month.฀ 12.฀I฀give฀the฀boy฀a฀present฀every฀year.฀฀ 13.฀Peter฀drives฀to฀Baltimore฀every฀Sunday.฀ 14.฀We฀enjoy฀our฀vacation฀every฀summer.฀฀ 15.฀It฀rains฀a฀lot฀here฀every฀winter.฀฀ 16.฀They฀receive฀a฀letter฀every฀week.฀ 17.฀I฀sleep฀well฀every฀night.฀ 18.฀Father฀tells฀the฀boy฀a฀story฀every฀night.฀ 19.฀Mother฀makes฀an฀apple฀pie฀every฀Saturday.฀฀ 20.฀They฀sell฀lots฀of฀books฀every฀year.฀

฀ __________________________________________ last฀week. ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀4.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀a)฀negative,฀b)฀interrogative฀and฀c)฀Wh-questions: 1.฀We฀went฀to฀work฀by฀bus.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀Peter฀came฀here฀yesterday.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀I฀wanted฀to฀drink฀tea.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀They฀saw฀the฀car฀accident.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀John฀sold฀his฀house฀for฀120,000฀dollars.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀They฀bought฀the฀car฀in฀Paris.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀The฀boy฀did฀the฀exercise฀well.฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀We฀had฀dinner฀at฀the฀Club.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀We฀wrote฀the฀letter฀in฀Spanish.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀They฀studied฀English฀in฀London.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 80

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฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀฀__________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀฀__________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________?

Ex.฀5.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀question฀words฀like฀What,฀Where,฀When,฀How,฀How฀often,฀How฀much,฀etc.฀In฀each฀ case,฀the฀underlined฀part฀must฀be฀the฀answer฀of฀the฀question฀asked. 1.฀He฀went฀to฀the฀zoo฀yesterday.฀ 2.฀The฀children฀got฀up฀at฀6:30฀ 3.฀He฀went฀to฀the฀doctor฀because฀he฀was฀ill.฀ 4.฀Peter฀saw฀the฀film฀last฀week.฀ 5.฀They฀came฀here฀by฀taxi.฀ 6.฀The฀boy฀wanted฀to฀play.฀ 7.฀He฀didn´t฀go฀because฀he฀was฀tired.฀฀ 8.฀They฀stayed฀in฀Vancouver฀for฀a฀week.฀ 9.฀Bill฀spent฀one฀hundred฀dollars.฀฀ 10.฀Bob฀did฀the฀same฀exercise฀three฀times.฀฀

฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________? ฀ __________________________________________________?

Ex.฀6.฀Answer฀the฀following฀questions฀with฀complete฀sentences: 1.฀Where฀did฀you฀go฀last฀Saturday฀evening?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀When฀did฀you฀begin฀to฀study฀English?฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀How฀long฀did฀it฀take฀you฀to฀get฀here฀today?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀What฀did฀the฀teacher฀tell฀you฀to฀do?฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀What฀did฀you฀eat฀for฀dinner฀last฀night?.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6฀ Did฀you฀watch฀TV฀last฀night?฀If฀so,฀What฀did฀you฀watch?฀_________________________________________________ 7.฀What฀time฀did฀you฀get฀up฀this฀morning?฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Ex.฀7.฀Answer฀these฀questions฀using฀the฀information฀given฀in฀parentheses,฀as฀in฀the฀example: ฀ ฀

Did฀you฀go฀by฀bus?฀(taxi)฀

1.฀Did฀they฀watch฀TV฀last฀night?฀(listen฀to฀the฀radio)฀฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀Did฀John฀go฀out฀last฀night?฀(stay฀at฀home)฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀Did฀you฀eat฀fish฀for฀supper?฀(chicken)฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀Did฀Mary฀send฀you฀a฀fax?฀(a฀letter)฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀Did฀they฀walk฀to฀the฀park?฀(take฀a฀bus)฀฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀Did฀Peter฀say฀“yes”฀(“No”)฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀Did฀you฀read฀the฀book฀in฀English?฀(French)฀฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀Did฀they฀drink฀beer?฀(wine)฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀Did฀John฀write฀a฀poem?฀(฀a฀short฀story)฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀Did฀the฀woman฀buy฀a฀dress?฀(฀a฀jacket)฀ ฀ ฀ 11.฀Did฀you฀see฀Mary฀last฀Sunday?฀(yesterday)฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀Did฀Jack฀have฀lunch฀at฀home?฀(at฀work)฀ ฀ ฀ 13.฀Did฀the฀old฀man฀feel฀well?฀(weak฀and฀tired)฀ ฀ ฀ 14.฀Did฀the฀man฀speak฀to฀you฀in฀English?฀(French)฀ ฀ ฀ 15.฀Did฀Mr.฀Smith฀come฀in฀the฀morning?฀(at฀midday)฀ ฀ ฀

No,฀I฀didn´t฀(go฀by฀bus).฀I฀went฀by฀taxi. ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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16.฀Did฀you฀fly฀American฀Airlines?฀(United฀Airlines)฀฀ ฀ ฀ 17.฀Did฀you฀give฀the฀boy฀an฀apple?฀(some฀money)฀฀ ฀ ฀ 18.฀Did฀the฀secretary฀leave฀the฀office฀early?฀(late)฀ ฀ ฀ 19.฀Did฀Jane฀wear฀a฀short฀skirt?฀(a฀long฀one)฀ ฀ ฀ 20.฀Did฀he฀break฀his฀arm฀in฀the฀accident?฀(his฀leg)฀฀ ฀ ฀

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฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

PART฀II.฀“USED฀TO฀+฀INFINITIVE” Esta฀expresión฀se฀usa฀para฀referirse฀a฀actividades฀que฀antes฀se฀realizaban฀en฀forma฀regular฀y฀que฀se฀han฀dejado฀de฀ hacer.฀Equivale฀al฀la฀terminación฀-aba฀o฀-ía฀del฀español.฀En฀las฀oraciones฀negativas฀que฀siguen฀a฀una฀oración฀con฀USED฀ TO฀normalmente฀se฀usan฀las฀expresiones฀not...฀anymore,฀not...฀any฀longer฀o฀no฀longer฀(antes฀del฀verbo฀principal) Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: I฀used฀to฀play฀/ái฀iu:st฀tu฀plei/฀football฀well฀when฀I฀was฀young.฀I฀don´t฀play฀well฀now.฀(Yo฀jugaba฀fútbol฀bien฀cuando฀era฀ joven.฀Ahora฀no฀juego฀bien) They฀used฀to฀visit฀/δei฀iú:st฀tu฀vízit/฀us฀every฀summer.฀They฀don´t฀visit฀us฀in฀the฀summer฀anymore/any฀longer.฀(Ellos฀nos฀ visitaban฀todos฀los฀veranos.฀Ellos฀no฀nos฀visitan฀más฀en฀el฀verano. Bob฀used฀to฀love฀ /iú:st฀tu฀láv/฀her฀very฀much.฀He฀no฀longer฀loves฀her฀now.฀Bob฀la฀amaba฀mucho.฀Ahora฀ya฀no฀la฀ ama. Jim฀didn´t฀use฀to฀work฀/dídnt฀iú:s฀tu฀wé:rk/฀very฀hard฀at฀school,฀but฀he฀used฀to฀get฀/iú:st฀tu฀gét/฀very฀good฀grades฀anyway.฀ Jim฀no฀estudiaba฀mucho฀en฀el฀colegio,฀pero฀de฀todos฀modos฀obtenía฀buenas฀notas. Where฀did฀you฀use฀to฀spend฀/did฀iú฀iú:s฀tu฀spénd/฀your฀summer฀vacation฀when฀you฀were฀young?฀¿Dónde฀pasabas฀tus฀ vaciones฀de฀verano฀cuando฀eras฀joven? EXERCISES Ex฀ 1.฀ Introduce฀ USED฀ TO฀ by฀ changing฀ the฀ italicized฀ verbs.฀ Explain฀ the฀ change฀ in฀ meaning,฀ as฀ in฀ the฀ examples Bob฀worked฀in฀the฀car฀factory.฀

Bob฀used฀to฀work฀in฀the฀car฀factory.฀(He฀doesn´t฀work฀there฀ now) Mr.฀Scott฀smoked฀cigars.฀ Mr.฀Scott฀used฀to฀smoke฀cigars.฀(He฀doesn´t฀smoke฀cigars฀ anymore/He฀doesn´t฀smoke฀cigars฀any฀longer/He฀no฀longer฀ smokes฀cigars) 1.฀Uncle฀Paul฀lived฀in฀that฀house.฀(not...฀now)฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀Mary฀spoke฀Italian฀at฀home.฀(not...฀anymore)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀Ann฀came฀to฀class฀on฀time฀every฀day.฀(not...฀now)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀Peter฀was฀a฀good฀student.฀(no฀longer)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀I฀rode฀the฀subway฀to฀work.฀฀(not...฀any฀longer)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀Bill฀brought฀her฀flowers฀every฀Friday.฀(not...฀anymore)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀Mother฀played฀the฀piano฀well.฀(not...฀now)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀Bill฀helped฀me฀with฀my฀homework.฀(not...฀any฀longer)฀฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀John฀Kerry฀went฀to฀that฀school.฀(not...฀now)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 10.฀We฀exported฀shoes฀to฀the฀USA.฀฀(no฀longer)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________

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PART฀III. A.฀POSSESSIVE฀ADJECTIVES฀AND฀POSSESSIVE฀PRONOUNS Estudie฀la฀siguiente฀tabla: Subject฀Pronouns I฀/ai/ You฀/iú:/ He฀/hi:/ She฀/shi:/ It฀/it/ We฀/wi:/ You฀/iú:/ They฀/δéi/

Possessive฀Adjectives My฀/mái/=฀mi Your฀/ió:r/=฀su฀(de฀Ud.) His฀/hiz/=฀su฀(de฀él) Her฀/hé:r/=฀su฀(de฀ella) Its฀/its/=฀su฀(de฀un฀anim.฀o฀cosa) Our฀/áuar/=฀nuestro Your฀/ió:r/=฀vuestro Their฀/δéar/=฀su฀(de฀ellos)

Possessive฀Pronouns Mine฀/máin/=mío Yours฀/ió:rz/=฀suyo,฀de฀ud. His฀/hiz/=฀suyo,฀de฀él Hers฀/hé:rz/=฀suyo,฀de฀ella --------------------------

Ours฀/áuarz/=฀nuestro Yours฀/ió:rz/=฀vuestro Theirs฀/δéarz/=฀suyo฀(de฀ellos)

Un฀possessive฀adjective฀(adjetivo฀posesivo)฀siempre฀acompaña฀a฀un฀sustantivo฀para฀indicar฀posesión.฀Un฀possessive฀pronoun฀ (pronombre฀posesivo)฀reemplaza฀a฀un฀adjetivo฀posesivo฀y฀un฀sustantivo฀que฀ha฀sido฀mencionado฀con฀anterioridad. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: I´ve฀got฀a฀book.฀This฀is฀my฀book.฀(mi฀libro)฀The฀book฀is฀mine฀(mío) Mary฀bought฀this฀car฀last฀year.฀It฀is฀her฀car.(su฀auto).฀The฀car฀is฀hers.฀(de฀ella) They´ve฀got฀a฀house.฀This฀is฀their฀house฀(nuestra฀casa).฀The฀house฀is฀theirs.฀(de฀nosotros) La฀posesión฀tambien฀se฀expresa฀usando฀el฀Saxon฀genitive฀(genitivo฀sajón),฀es฀decir฀agregando฀un฀apóstrofe฀+฀S฀(´s)฀ a฀los฀nombres฀o฀sustantivos฀referidos฀a฀personas. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: This฀is฀the฀book฀of฀John.฀฀ The฀house฀of฀Mr฀Smith฀is฀very฀big.฀฀ That฀is฀the฀car฀of฀my฀brother.฀฀

This฀is฀John´s฀book. Mr.฀Smith´s฀house฀is฀very฀big. That´s฀my฀brother´s฀car.

Con฀ los฀ sustantivos฀ plurales฀ solamente฀ se฀ debe฀ agregar฀ un฀ apóstrofe,฀ salvo฀ que฀ sean฀ sustantivos฀ plurales฀ irregulares. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: The฀book฀of฀the฀student฀is฀new.฀ The฀books฀of฀the฀students฀are฀new.฀฀ This฀is฀the฀house฀of฀my฀parents.฀ The฀names฀of฀the฀children฀are฀Bob฀and฀Joe.฀

The฀student´s฀book฀is฀new. The฀students´฀books฀are฀new. This฀is฀my฀parents´฀house. The฀children´s฀names฀are฀Bob฀and฀Joe.

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Fill฀in฀the฀blanks฀with฀the฀correct฀possessive฀adjective. ฀ 1.฀I฀walk฀to฀______฀chair 2.฀John฀walks฀to______฀desk. 3.฀You฀walk฀to฀______฀school฀every฀morning. 4.฀Mrs.฀Clark฀goes฀to฀______฀office฀every฀day 5.฀They฀went฀back฀to฀______฀seats฀and฀began฀to฀write. 6.฀The฀teacher฀writes฀with฀______฀pen. 7.฀We฀moved฀to฀______฀new฀house฀last฀month.. 8.฀Mr฀and฀Mrs.฀Jones฀take฀______฀children฀to฀the฀park฀on฀Sunday. 84

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9.฀The฀dog฀wags฀______฀tail. 10.฀My฀brother฀drives฀______฀car฀every฀day.. Ex.2฀.฀Change฀the฀words฀in฀italics฀to฀Possessive฀form: 1.฀This฀is฀the฀book฀of฀John.฀฀ 2.฀This฀is฀the฀pen฀of฀Helen.฀ 3.฀The฀desk฀of฀the฀teacher฀is฀new.฀ 4.฀That’s฀the฀home฀of฀my฀teacher.฀ 5.฀The฀friend฀of฀my฀sister฀is฀very฀sick.฀ 6.฀The฀office฀of฀Mr.฀Smith฀is฀very฀large.฀ 7.฀This฀is฀the฀notebook฀of฀William.฀ 8.฀He’s฀the฀teacher฀of฀Helen฀ 9.฀He’s฀also฀the฀teacher฀of฀my฀friend.฀ 10.฀This฀is฀the฀wife฀of฀Mr฀Smith฀ 11.฀The฀house฀of฀my฀friends฀is฀beautiful฀ 12.฀That฀is฀the฀room฀of฀the฀teachers.฀ 13.฀What´s฀the฀name฀of฀that฀man?฀ 14.฀What฀are฀the฀names฀of฀those฀men?฀

(This฀is฀John’s฀book.) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Substitute฀possessive฀pronouns฀for฀the฀italicized฀words: 1.฀This฀(book)฀is฀my฀book.฀฀ 2.฀This฀(room)฀is฀her฀room.฀ 3.฀This฀(office)฀is฀John’s฀office.฀ 4.฀He฀took฀his฀book฀and฀left฀my฀book.฀ 5.฀These฀(newspapers฀)฀are฀their฀newspapers.฀ 6.฀These฀(cigarettes)฀are฀Peter´s฀cigarettes.฀ 7.฀That฀(notebook)฀is฀Helen’s฀notebook.฀ 8.฀This฀(notebook)฀is฀my฀notebook.฀ 9.฀Is฀this฀(pencil)฀your฀pencil?฀ 10.฀Is฀this฀(coat)฀your฀coat฀or฀her฀coat?฀ 11.฀These฀(seats)฀are฀our฀seats.฀ 12.฀This฀(desk)฀is฀the฀teacher’s฀desk.฀

(This฀book฀is฀mine.) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀4.฀Complete฀the฀following฀by฀adding฀the฀necessary฀possessive฀pronoun: 1.฀I฀have฀a฀dog;฀the฀dog฀is฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀mine฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀. 2.฀John฀has฀a฀dog;฀the฀dog฀is฀฀_______________. 3.฀Helen฀has฀a฀cat;฀the฀cat฀is฀฀_______________. 4.฀You฀have฀a฀pen;฀the฀pen฀is฀฀_______________. 5.฀Mr.฀Jones฀has฀a฀new฀car;฀the฀car฀is฀฀_______________. 6.฀Mary฀has฀a฀new฀pen;฀the฀pen฀is฀฀_______________. 7.฀We฀have฀two฀English฀books;฀the฀English฀books฀are฀฀_______________. 8.฀Helen฀and฀Mary฀have฀two฀English฀books;฀the฀English฀books฀are฀฀_______________. 9.฀I฀have฀a฀dog฀and฀a฀cat;฀the฀dog฀and฀the฀cat฀are฀฀_______________. 10.฀You฀have฀a฀dog฀and฀a฀cat;฀the฀dog฀and฀the฀cat฀are฀฀_______________.

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B.฀SUBJECT฀PRONOUNS฀AND฀OBJECT฀PRONOUNS Estudie฀la฀siguiente฀tabla. Subject฀Pronouns

Object฀Pronouns

I฀/ai/

Me฀/mi:/

You฀/iú:/

You฀/iú:/

He฀/hi:/

Him฀/him/

She฀/shi:/

Her฀/he:r/

It฀/it/

It฀/it/

We฀/uí:/

Us฀/az/

You฀/iú:/

You฀/iú:/

They฀/δei/

Them฀/δem/

Los฀SUBJECT฀PRONOUNS฀(pronombres฀nominativos)฀reemplazan฀al฀sujeto฀de฀una฀oración:฀Los฀OBJECT฀PRONOUNS฀ (pronombres฀complementarios)฀reemplazan฀a฀un฀direct฀object฀(complemento฀directo)฀o฀a฀un฀indirect฀object฀(complemento฀ indirecto)฀y,฀por฀lo฀tanto,฀siempre฀van฀ubicados฀después฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal฀o฀de฀una฀preposición. EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Substitute฀the฀correct฀pronoun฀for฀the฀italicized฀word฀or฀words: 1.฀John฀likes฀Mary.฀ 2.฀William฀studies฀the฀book฀ 3.฀She฀speaks฀with฀John.฀ 4.฀I฀understand฀the฀teacher฀very฀well.฀ 5.฀The฀teacher฀likes฀Mary฀and฀William.฀ 6.฀Bob฀studies฀his฀book฀every฀day.฀ 7.฀Jim฀goes฀with฀Mary฀and฀me฀to฀the฀lesson.฀ 8.฀I฀like฀this฀song฀very฀much.฀ 9.฀James฀goes฀with฀John฀and฀Alice฀to฀the฀club.฀ 10.฀Pedro฀speaks฀with฀Helen฀in฀English.฀ 11.฀I฀know฀William฀and฀his฀wife฀very฀well.฀ 12.฀Janet฀sent฀the฀invitations฀to฀Mary฀and฀me.฀ 13.฀They฀are฀talking฀about฀the฀accident.฀ 14.฀Is฀this฀letter฀for฀Mr.฀Jones฀or฀for฀his฀wife?฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Answer฀these฀questions฀using฀the฀expressions฀of฀time฀provided฀in฀parentheses.฀Use฀object฀pronouns฀ (me,฀you,฀him,฀her,฀it,฀us,฀them)฀instead฀of฀names ฀฀1.฀When฀did฀you฀see฀Peter?฀(2฀days฀ago)฀ 2.฀When฀did฀you฀buy฀the฀car?฀(5฀years฀ago)฀ 3.฀When฀did฀he฀visit฀Mary?฀(last฀Sunday฀afternoon)฀ 4.฀When฀did฀she฀send฀the฀letters?฀(last฀Monday)฀ 5.฀When฀did฀they฀wash฀the฀car?฀(2฀weeks฀ago)฀ 6.฀When฀did฀you฀visit฀your฀parents?฀(last฀weekend)฀฀ 7.฀When฀did฀he฀get฀his฀diploma?฀(a฀long฀time฀ago)฀฀ 8.฀When฀did฀she฀spend฀the฀money.฀(last฀summer)฀฀ 9.฀When฀did฀you฀speak฀to฀Tom?฀(yesterday฀morning)฀ 10.฀When฀did฀he฀invite฀you?฀(last฀month)฀ 11.฀When฀did฀they฀eat฀the฀apples?฀(this฀morning)฀ 12.฀When฀did฀she฀meet฀Robert?฀(last฀Friday฀morning)฀฀

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(I฀saw฀him฀2฀days฀ago). ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

BASIC฀VOCABULARY฀:฀Study฀these฀words PROFESSIONS฀AND฀OCCUPATIONS actor฀/(ktor/฀ actor฀ actress฀/(ktres/฀ actriz฀ architect฀/á:rkitekt/฀ arquitecto฀ artist฀/á:rtist/฀ artista฀ baker฀/béiker/฀ panadero฀ barber฀/bá:rber/฀ barbero,฀peluquero฀ butcher฀/bútcher/฀ carnicero฀ chemist฀/kémist/฀ farmacéutico,฀boticario฀ clergyman฀/klε´:rdlliman/฀ clérigo,฀sacerdote฀ vendedor฀ clerk฀/klε´:rk/฀ cook฀/kuk฀/฀ cocinero฀ conductor฀/kondáktor/฀ inspector฀(trenes)฀ doctor฀/dóktor/฀ doctor฀ dress-maker฀/drés฀méiker/฀modista฀ driver฀/dráiver/฀ chofer,฀conductor฀ electrician฀/elektríshn/฀ electricista฀ engineer฀/endlliníar/฀ ingeniero฀ farmer฀/fá:rmer฀/฀ granjero฀ firefighter฀/fáiarfáiter/฀ bombero฀ fireman฀/fáiarman/฀ bombero฀ florist฀/flórist/฀ florista฀ gardener฀/gá:rdner/฀ jardinero฀ greengrocer฀/gri:ngróuser/฀verdulero฀ grocer฀/gróuser/฀ almacenero฀ hair-dresser฀/héar฀dreser/฀ peinadora฀ hostess฀/hóustes/฀ azafata฀ janitor฀/dllánitor/฀ conserje฀ jeweller฀/dllúeler/฀ joyero฀ journalist฀/dllórnalist/฀ periodista฀ judge฀/dlládll/฀ juez฀

lawyer฀/ló:yer/฀ abogado manager฀/mænidller/฀ gerente฀ mechanic฀/mekænik/฀ mecánico newsagent฀/niuzéidllent/฀ agente฀de฀diarios newspaper฀boy฀/niu:zpéiper฀bói/฀suplementero painter฀/péinter/฀ pintor photographer฀/fotógrafer/฀ fotógrafo pilot฀/páilot/฀ piloto plumber฀/plámer/฀ plomero,฀gásfiter policeman฀/polísman/฀ policía postman฀/póustman/฀ cartero฀ priest฀/pri:st/฀ sacerdote,฀cura receptionist฀/risépshonist/฀ recepcionista salesman฀/séilzman/฀ vendedor secretary฀/sékretri/฀ secretaria shoe-maker฀/shu:méiker/฀ zapatero singer฀/si(ger/฀ cantante steward฀/stiú:ard/฀ sobrecargo stewardess฀/stiú:ardes/฀ azafata student฀/stiúdent/฀ alumno tailor฀/téilor/฀ sastre technician฀/teknishan/฀ técnico teacher฀/ti:tcher/฀ profesor telephonist฀/télifonist/฀ telefonista tourist฀guide฀/túrist฀gáid/฀ guía฀turístico vicar฀/víkar/฀ vicario,฀cura waiter฀/wéiter/฀ garzón waitress฀/wéitres/฀ garzona watch-maker฀/wotchméiker/฀ relojero writer฀/ráiter/฀ escritor

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A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

KEY฀TO฀ANSWERS

UNIT฀6 Part฀I Ex.฀1.฀&฀2.฀Study฀List฀of฀Regular฀and฀Irrgular฀Verbs Ex.฀3.฀1.฀Peter฀came฀here...฀2.฀I฀bought฀the...3.฀They฀went฀to฀.4.฀Mary฀visited฀her...฀5.฀I฀wrote฀to...฀6.฀They฀ate฀fish...฀7.฀ Bob฀washed฀the...฀8.฀We฀watched฀TV...฀9.฀The฀postman฀brought฀a...฀10.฀We฀had฀a...฀11.฀The฀boy฀read฀/฀red฀/฀a...฀12..฀ I฀gave฀the...13.฀Peter฀drove฀to...฀14.฀We฀enjoyed฀our...฀15.฀It฀rained฀a฀lot...฀16.฀They฀received฀a...17.฀I฀slept฀well...฀18.฀ Father฀told฀the...฀19.฀Mother฀made฀an...฀20.฀They฀sold฀lots฀of... Ex.฀4.฀(didn´t฀=฀did฀not)฀1.฀We฀didn´t฀go฀to...฀/฀Did฀we฀go฀to...?฀/฀How฀did฀we฀go฀to฀work?฀2.฀Peter฀didn´t฀come...฀/฀Did฀ Peter฀come...?฀/฀When฀did฀Peter฀come฀here?฀3.฀I฀didn´t฀want฀to฀drink...฀/฀Did฀I฀want฀to฀drink...?฀/฀What฀did฀I฀want฀to฀ drink?฀4.฀They฀didn´t฀see฀the...฀/฀Did฀they฀see฀the...?฀/฀What฀did฀they฀see?฀5.฀John฀didn´t฀sell฀his...฀/฀Did฀John฀sell฀his...?฀ /฀How฀much฀did฀John฀sell฀his฀house฀for?฀6.They฀didn´t฀buy฀the...฀/฀Did฀they฀buy฀the...?฀/฀Where฀did฀theybuy฀the฀car?฀7.฀ They฀boy฀didn´t฀do฀the...฀/฀Did฀the฀boy฀do฀the...?฀/฀How฀did฀the฀boy฀do฀the฀exercise?฀8.฀We฀didn´t฀have฀dinner...฀/฀Did฀ we฀have฀dinner...?฀/฀Where฀did฀we฀have฀dinner?฀9.฀We฀didn´t฀write฀the...฀/฀Did฀we฀write฀the...?฀/฀What฀language฀did฀we฀ write฀the฀letter฀in?฀10.฀They฀didn´t฀study...฀/฀Did฀they฀study...฀/฀Where฀did฀they฀study฀English? Ex.฀5.฀1.฀Where฀did฀he฀go฀yesterday?฀2.฀At฀what฀time฀did฀the฀children฀get฀up?฀3.฀Why฀did฀he฀go฀to฀the฀doctor?฀4.฀When฀ did฀Peter฀see฀the฀film?฀5.฀How฀did฀they฀come฀here?฀6.฀What฀did฀the฀boy฀want฀to฀do?฀7.฀Why฀didn´t฀he฀go?฀8.฀How฀long฀ did฀they฀stay฀in฀Vancouver?฀9.฀How฀much฀money฀did฀Bill฀spend?฀10.฀How฀many฀times฀did฀Bill฀do฀the฀same฀exercise? Ex.฀6.฀(open฀answers)฀1.฀I฀went฀to...฀2.฀I฀began฀to฀study฀English฀(...฀ago฀/฀last...฀/฀in...)฀3.฀It฀took฀me฀about...฀4.฀He฀/฀she฀ told฀me฀to...฀5.฀I฀ate...฀6.฀Yes,฀I฀did.฀I฀watched...฀/฀No,฀I฀didn´t.฀7.฀I฀got฀up฀at... Ex.฀7.฀1.฀No,฀they฀didn´t฀(watch฀TV).฀They฀listened฀to฀the฀radio.฀2.฀No,฀He฀didn´t฀(go฀out).฀He฀stayed฀at฀home.฀3.฀No,฀I฀ didn´t฀(eat฀fish).฀I฀ate฀chicken.฀4.฀No฀she฀didn´t฀(send฀me฀a฀fax)฀.฀She฀sent฀me฀a฀letter.฀5.฀No,฀they฀didn´t฀(walk฀)฀They฀took฀ a฀bus.฀6.฀No,฀he฀didn´t฀(say฀“yes”).฀He฀said฀“No”฀7.฀No,฀I฀didn´t฀(read฀it฀in฀English).฀I฀read฀it฀in฀French.฀8.฀No,฀they฀didn´t฀ (drink฀beer)฀.฀They฀drank฀wine.฀9.฀No,฀he฀didn´t฀(write฀a฀poem).฀He฀wrote฀a฀short฀story.฀10.฀No,฀she฀didn´t฀(buy฀a฀dress).฀ She฀bought฀a฀jacket.฀11.฀No,฀I฀didn´t฀(see฀her฀last฀week).฀I฀saw฀her฀yesterday.฀12.฀No,฀he฀didn´t฀(have฀lunch฀at฀home)฀ He฀had฀lunch฀at฀work.฀13.฀No,฀he฀didn´t฀(feel฀weel)฀.฀He฀felt฀weak฀and฀tired.฀14.฀No,฀he฀didn´t฀(฀speak฀to฀me฀in฀english)฀.฀ He฀spoke฀to฀me฀in฀French.฀15.฀No,฀he฀didn´t฀(come฀in฀the฀morning).฀He฀came฀at฀midday.฀16.฀No,฀I฀didn´t฀(fly฀American)฀I฀ flew฀United฀Airlines.฀17.฀No,฀I฀didn´t฀(give฀him฀an฀apple)฀.฀I฀gave฀him฀some฀money.฀18.฀No,฀she฀didn’t฀(leave฀early)฀She฀left฀ late.฀19.฀No,฀she฀didn´t฀(wear฀a฀short฀skirt).฀She฀wore฀a฀long฀one.฀20.฀No,฀he฀didn´t฀(break฀his฀arm).฀He฀broke฀his฀leg.

Part฀II Ex.฀1.฀1.฀Uncle฀Paul฀used฀to฀live฀in฀that฀house.฀He฀doesn´t฀live฀there฀now฀2.฀Mary฀used฀to฀speak฀Italian฀at฀home.฀She฀ doesn´t฀speak฀it฀at฀home฀anymore฀3.฀Ann฀used฀to฀come฀to฀class฀on฀time฀every฀day.฀She฀doesn´t฀come฀to฀class฀on฀ time฀฀every฀day฀now฀฀4.฀Peter฀used฀to฀be฀a฀good฀student.฀He฀no฀longer฀is฀a฀good฀student฀5.฀I฀used฀to฀ride฀the฀subway฀ to฀work.฀I฀don´t฀ride฀it฀to฀work฀any฀longer฀6.฀Bill฀used฀to฀bring฀her฀flowers฀every฀Friday.฀He฀doesn´t฀bring฀her฀flowers฀on฀ Friday฀any฀more฀7.฀Mother฀used฀to฀play฀the฀piano฀well.฀She฀doesn´t฀play฀it฀well฀now฀8.฀Bill฀used฀to฀help฀me฀with฀my฀ homework.฀He฀doesn´t฀help฀me฀with฀it฀any฀longer฀9.฀John฀Kerry฀used฀to฀go฀to฀that฀school.฀He฀doesn´t฀go฀to฀that฀school฀ now฀10.฀We฀used฀to฀export฀shoes฀to฀the฀USA.฀We฀no฀longer฀export฀shoes฀to฀the฀USA.฀

Part฀III. A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀my฀2..฀his฀3.฀your฀.4..฀her฀5.฀their฀.6.฀his฀/฀her฀.7.฀our฀.8.฀their฀.9.฀its฀10.฀his Ex.฀2.฀2.฀This฀is฀Helen´s฀pen.฀3.฀The฀teacher´s฀desk฀is฀new.฀4.฀That´s฀my฀teacher´s฀home฀5.฀My฀sister´s฀friend฀is฀very฀sick฀ 6.฀Mr฀Smith´s฀office฀is฀very฀large฀7.฀This฀is฀William´s฀notebook฀8.฀He´s฀Helen´s฀teacher฀9.฀He´s฀also฀my฀friend´s฀teacher฀10.฀ This฀is฀Mr฀Smith´s฀wife.฀11.฀My฀friends´฀house฀is฀beautiful฀12.฀That´s฀the฀teachers´฀room.฀13.฀What´s฀that฀man´s฀name?฀ 14.฀What฀are฀those฀men´s฀names? A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Ex.฀3.฀2.฀This฀room฀is฀hers.฀3.฀This฀office฀is฀John´s฀4.฀He฀took฀his฀book฀and฀left฀mine.฀5.฀These฀newspapers฀are฀theirs.฀ 6.฀These฀cigarettes฀are฀Peter´s.฀7.฀That฀notebook฀is฀Helen´s.฀8.฀This฀notebook฀is฀mine.฀9.฀Is฀this฀pencil฀yours?฀10.฀Is฀this฀ coat฀yours฀or฀hers?฀11.฀These฀seats฀are฀ours.฀12.฀This฀desk฀is฀the฀teacher´s. Ex.฀4.฀1.฀mine฀2.฀his฀3.฀hers฀4.฀yours฀5.฀his฀6.฀hers฀7.฀ours฀8.฀theirs฀9.฀mine฀10.฀yours B. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀her฀2.฀it฀3.฀him฀4.฀him฀/฀her฀5.฀them฀6.฀it฀7.฀us฀8.฀it฀9.฀them฀10.฀her฀11.฀them฀12.฀us฀13.฀it฀14.฀him฀or฀her?. Ex.฀2.฀2.฀I฀bought฀it฀5฀years฀ago.฀3.฀He฀visited฀her฀last฀Sunday฀afternoon.฀4.฀She฀sent฀them฀last฀Monday฀5.฀They฀washed฀ it฀2฀weeks฀ago฀6.฀I฀visited฀them฀last฀weekend.฀7.฀He฀got฀it฀a฀long฀time฀ago.฀8.฀She฀spent฀it฀last฀summer.฀9.฀I฀spoke฀to฀ him฀yesterday฀morning.฀10.฀He฀invited฀me฀last฀month.฀11.฀They฀ate฀them฀this฀morning.฀12.฀She฀met฀him฀last฀Friday฀ morning.

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UNIT฀7 PART฀1.฀EL฀TIEMPO฀PASADO฀CONTINUO฀O฀PROGRESIVO฀(THE฀PAST฀CONTINUOUS฀TENSE) Este฀tiempo฀verbal฀se฀usa฀para฀expresar฀una฀acción฀que฀se฀estaba฀realizando฀en฀un฀momento฀o฀en฀una฀fecha฀determinada฀ en฀el฀pasado.฀En฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀se฀debe฀usar฀el฀pasado฀del฀verbo฀To฀Be฀(WAS฀ /woz/,฀o฀WERE฀ /we:r/)฀más฀el฀ gerundio฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal.฀Las฀expresiones฀de฀tiempo฀que฀normalmente฀se฀usan฀con฀el฀pasado฀contínuo฀son฀ aquellas฀que฀indican฀una฀hora฀exacta฀en฀el฀pasado,฀como฀at฀10฀o´clock฀this฀morning฀/at฀tén฀oklók฀δis฀mó:niη/,฀at฀midday฀ last฀Sunday฀/at฀míddei฀lá:st฀sándi/,฀etc.฀ También฀son฀importantes฀las฀expresiones฀compuestas฀por฀When฀+฀SUBJECT฀+฀Past฀Tense฀como฀When฀I฀got฀home฀ last฀night฀/wen฀ai฀got฀hóum฀la:st฀náit/.฀ Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: I฀was฀driving฀to฀the฀airport฀at฀10฀o´clock฀this฀morning.฀/ai฀woz฀dráiviη฀tu฀δi฀éarpo:rt฀at฀ten฀oklók฀δis฀mó:niη/ (Yo฀iba฀conduciendo฀al฀aeropuerto฀a฀las฀10฀de฀esta฀mañana) They฀were฀playing฀football฀at฀midday฀last฀Sunday.฀/δéi฀we:r฀pléiη฀fútbol฀at฀míddei฀lá:st฀sándi/ (Ellos฀estaban฀jugando฀fútbol฀al฀mediodía฀el฀domingo฀pasado) He฀was฀visiting฀his฀parents฀in฀Detroit฀on฀the฀5th฀of฀June.฀/hí:฀woz฀vízitiη฀hiz฀péarents฀in฀ditróit฀on฀δe฀fifθ฀ov฀dllú:n/ (El฀estaba฀visitando฀a฀sus฀padres฀en฀Detroit฀el฀5฀de฀junio) I฀was฀sleeping฀when฀the฀telephone฀rang฀last฀night.฀/ái฀woz฀slí:piη฀wen฀de฀télifoun฀ræη฀la:st฀náit/ (Yo฀estaba฀durmiendo฀cuando฀sonó฀el฀teléfono฀anoche) We฀were฀having฀lunch฀when฀our฀friend฀Jack฀arrived฀last฀Sunday.฀/wí:฀we:r฀hæviη฀lantch฀wen฀áuer฀frénd฀dllæk฀arráivd฀lá:st฀sándi/ (Nosotros฀estábamos฀almorzando฀cuando฀nuestro฀amigo฀Jack฀llegó฀el฀Domingo฀pasado)) La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀la฀palabra฀NOT฀después฀de฀was/were.฀Normalmente฀se฀usan฀las฀contracciones฀ WASN´T฀/wóznt/฀o฀WEREN´T฀/wé:rent/: Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: I฀was฀not฀driving฀to฀the฀airport฀at฀10฀o´clock฀this฀morning.฀/ai฀wóznt฀dráiviη.../ They฀were฀not฀playing฀football฀at฀midday฀last฀Sunday.฀/dei฀wé:rent฀pléiiη.../ He฀wasn´t฀visiting฀his฀parents฀in฀Detroit฀on฀the฀5th฀of฀June.฀/hi:฀wóznt฀vízitiη.../ I฀wasn´t฀sleeping฀when฀the฀telephone฀rang฀last฀night.฀/ai฀wóznt฀sli:piη.../ We฀weren´t฀having฀lunch฀when฀our฀friend฀Jack฀arrived฀last฀Sunday.฀/wi:฀wé:rent฀hæviη฀lántch...฀/ La฀ forma฀ interrogativa฀ se฀ expresa฀ mediante฀ la฀ inversión฀ del฀ orden฀ del฀ sujeto฀ y฀ los฀ verbos฀WAS/WERE฀ (o฀ las฀ contracciones฀WASN´T/WEREN´T) Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: Was฀I฀driving฀to฀the฀airport฀at฀10฀o´clock฀this฀morning?฀/woz฀ái฀dráiviη.../ Were฀they฀playing฀football฀at฀midday฀last฀Sunday?฀/we:r฀δéi฀pléiiη.../ Wasn´t฀he฀visiting฀his฀parents฀in฀Detroit฀on฀the฀5th฀of฀June?฀/wóznt฀hi:฀vízitiη.../ Weren´t฀you฀sleeping฀when฀the฀telephone฀rang฀last฀night?฀/wé:rent฀iú฀slí:piη.../ Were฀we฀having฀lunch฀when฀our฀friend฀Jack฀arrived฀last฀Sunday?฀/we:r฀wí:฀hæviη฀lántch.../

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En฀las฀preguntas฀introducidas฀con฀palabras฀interrogativas฀como฀What,฀Where,฀Why,฀etc.฀se฀debe฀mantener฀el฀ mismo฀orden฀de฀las฀interrogaciones฀simples: Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: What฀were฀you฀reading฀when฀the฀teacher฀entered฀the฀room?฀/wót฀we:r฀iú฀rí:diη.../ Where฀were฀they฀playing฀football฀at฀midday฀last฀Sunday?฀/wéar฀we:r฀δei฀pléiiη฀fútbol.../ Why฀weren´t฀they฀having฀lunch฀when฀Jack฀arrived?฀/wái฀wé:rnt฀δei฀hæviη฀lántch.../ Why฀wasn´t฀he฀working฀at฀9฀o´clock฀this฀morning?฀/wái฀wóznt฀hí:฀wé:rkiη.../ La฀pregunta฀más฀frecuente฀en฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀es: What฀were฀you฀doing...?฀/wót฀we:r฀iú:฀dúiη.../฀(¿Qué฀estaba฀haciendo฀ud....?) EXERCISES Ex.฀ 1.฀ Complete฀ the฀ following฀ sentences฀ using฀ the฀ verbs฀ given฀ in฀ parentheses฀ in฀ the฀ Past฀ Continuous฀ Tense 1.฀The฀sun฀฀ _________________________ when฀Peter฀got฀up฀this฀morning.฀(shine) 2.฀Bill฀฀_________________________the฀report฀when฀Mr.฀Jenkins฀entered฀the฀room.฀(read) 3.฀The฀students฀฀___________________________ rugby฀when฀it฀began฀to฀rain.฀(play) 4.฀We฀฀ ________________________the฀road฀when฀the฀accident฀happened.฀(cross) 5.฀At฀that฀time,฀everyone฀฀ _________________________to฀go฀to฀work.฀(get฀ready) 6.฀I฀฀________________________to฀the฀coast฀when฀the฀car฀broke฀down.฀(drive) 7.฀We฀฀ ________________________near฀the฀river฀that฀evening.฀(camp) 8.฀Ann฀฀________________________in฀Germany฀when฀the฀war฀broke฀out.฀(live) 9.฀When฀we฀got฀to฀the฀station,฀the฀train฀฀________________________ .฀(leave) 10.฀We฀฀ ________________________when฀the฀lights฀went฀out฀last฀night.฀(have฀dinner) 11.฀Mrs.฀Brown฀฀ ____________________________ the฀shopping฀when฀she฀had฀the฀accident.฀(do) 12.฀Mary฀and฀John฀฀ _______________________________ in฀the฀park฀when฀we฀saw฀them฀yesterday.฀(walk) Ex.฀2.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀a)฀negative฀form,฀and฀b)฀interrogative฀form฀: 1.฀She฀was฀having฀a฀bath.฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀We฀were฀running฀down฀the฀road.฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀The฀soldiers฀were฀doing฀exercise฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀Alice฀was฀making฀the฀beds.฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀The฀children฀were฀watching฀TV.฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀The฀men฀were฀going฀to฀work.฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀The฀boys฀were฀studying฀for฀a฀test.฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀question฀words฀like฀Who,฀Where,฀What,฀How,฀etc.฀In฀each฀case,฀the฀underlined฀ part฀must฀be฀the฀answer฀to฀your฀question. 1.฀They฀were฀walking฀in฀the฀park฀at฀midday.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀Mary฀was฀eating฀a฀sandwich฀in฀her฀room.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀Peter฀wasn´t฀working฀because฀he฀was฀on฀vacation.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀The฀generals฀were฀working฀in฀the฀conference฀room.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀I฀was฀getting฀dressed฀when฀you฀called฀me฀up฀this฀morning.฀______________________________________________ 92

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6.฀Mrs.฀White฀was฀lying฀on฀the฀sofa฀because฀she฀was฀tired.฀_________________________________________________ 7.฀The฀soldiers฀were฀jogging฀when฀it฀began฀to฀rain.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀Bob฀was฀taking฀a฀shower฀when฀the฀fire฀started.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀When฀the฀war฀broke฀out,฀they฀were฀living฀in฀the฀north฀of฀France.฀ __________________________________________ 10.฀More฀than฀ten฀people฀were฀standing฀outside฀the฀building.฀_______________________________________________ Ex.฀4.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀English: 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀ 8.฀ 9.฀

Ellos฀estaban฀jugando฀bridge฀a฀esa฀hora.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Yo฀no฀estaba฀durmiendo฀cuando฀ellos฀llegaron฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Juan฀y฀sus฀amigos฀estaban฀mirando฀TV฀en฀ese฀momento฀.฀_______________________________________________ Cuando฀llegué,฀todos฀estaban฀conversando฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ¿Qué฀estaba฀haciendo฀ud.฀a฀esa฀hora?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________฀ ¿Por฀qué฀no฀estaban฀ellos฀trabajando฀ese฀día?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ¿Dónde฀estaban฀viviendo฀tus฀padres฀cuando฀se฀conocieron?฀฀____________________________________________ ¿Qué฀estabas฀haciendo฀a฀esta฀hora฀ayer?฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Yo฀estaba฀escuchando฀las฀noticias฀en฀ese฀momento.฀฀___________________________________________________

Ex.฀5.฀Answer฀the฀following฀questions฀in฀English.฀Give฀complete฀answers. 1.฀What฀were฀you฀doing฀at฀this฀time฀yesterday?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀Where฀were฀you฀working฀in฀December฀last฀year?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀Where฀were฀your฀parents฀living฀when฀they฀got฀married?฀__________________________________________________ 4.฀What฀were฀you฀doing฀when฀Jack฀phoned฀you฀last฀night?฀_________________________________________________ Ex.฀6.฀(Review)฀Fill฀in฀the฀blank฀spaces฀using฀the฀verbs฀provided฀in฀the฀appropriate฀verb฀tense.฀You฀must฀use฀ either฀the฀Past฀Simple฀or฀the฀Past฀Continuous฀Tenses฀only. 1.฀I฀฀___________________________ ฀very฀well฀last฀night.฀(sleep) 2.฀I฀฀___________________________ ฀soundly฀when฀you฀฀______________________________ ฀last฀night.฀(sleep...arrive) 3.฀They฀฀_______________________ ฀to฀the฀office฀when฀I฀฀__________________________ them฀this฀morning.฀(go..see) 4.฀Peter฀฀_______________________ ฀his฀wife฀Lynda฀when฀he฀฀__________________________ ฀in฀Chicago฀(meet...฀live) 5.฀We฀฀ ________________________ ฀golf฀when฀it฀฀ ______________________________ ฀to฀rain฀yesterday.฀(play...begin) 6.฀Bill฀฀________฀not฀฀_____________ ฀in฀the฀office฀when฀the฀boss฀฀____________________฀into฀the฀room.฀(work...walk) 7.฀When฀John฀฀ ______________________ ฀us฀last฀night,฀we฀฀____________________________ ฀(฀call฀on...have฀dinner) 8.฀Peter฀฀_______________________ ฀the฀accident฀while฀he฀฀_______________________________ ฀home.฀(have...drive) 9.฀What฀฀_______________________ ฀you฀฀______________________________________ ฀last฀Saturday฀afternoon?฀(do) 10.฀What฀฀_______________________ ฀you฀฀________________________________________ ฀at฀this฀time฀yesterday?฀(do) 11.฀Mr.฀Johnson฀฀______________________ ฀in฀New฀York฀when฀he฀฀_____________________ chairman฀of฀the฀company. ฀ (work...become) 12.฀He฀฀_________________________ ฀the฀newspaper฀while฀he฀ ______________________ the฀bus฀to฀work.฀(read...ride)

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PART฀II. A.฀ THE฀IMPERATIVE฀FORM฀(LA฀FORMA฀IMPERATIVA) La฀forma฀imperativa฀se฀usa฀para฀dar฀órdenes฀o฀para฀solicitar฀servicios.฀Las฀órdenes฀o฀solicitudes฀se฀expresan฀mediante฀el฀ uso฀del฀INFINITIVO฀sin฀sujeto฀(฀el฀pronombre฀you,฀esta฀implícito฀en฀la฀orden).฀Normalmente฀se฀usa฀la฀palabra฀PLEASE,฀ ya฀sea฀al฀inicio฀o฀al฀final฀de฀la฀orden฀o฀solicitud. Escuche฀lea฀y฀aprenda: (You)฀Come฀here฀/kám฀híar/฀ (You)฀Listen฀to฀me฀/lísn฀tu฀mí:/฀ Please,฀(you)฀open฀the฀window.฀/pli:z฀óupn฀δe฀wíndou/฀ (you)฀Speak฀more฀slowly,฀please฀/spí:k฀mó:r฀slóuli/฀฀

Venga฀para฀acá Escúchame Por฀favor,฀abra฀la฀ventana Hable฀más฀lento,฀por฀favor

Para฀expresar฀una฀orden฀negativa฀se฀debe฀usar฀la฀contracción฀DON´T฀/dóunt/฀antes฀del฀infinitivo Escuche฀lea฀y฀aprenda: Don´t฀come฀here฀฀ Don´t฀listen฀to฀me฀ Please,฀don´t฀open฀the฀window.฀ Don´t฀speak฀so฀fast,฀please฀

No฀venga฀para฀acá No฀me฀escuche. Por฀favor,฀no฀abra฀la฀ventana No฀hable฀tan฀rápido,฀por฀favor.฀(so฀/sou/=฀tan)

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀the฀imperative฀form:฀Add฀the฀word฀PLEASE฀at฀the฀end฀of฀your฀ sentence: ฀

You฀look฀at฀the฀map฀

1.฀You฀drink฀milk฀every฀morning.฀ 2.฀You฀spell฀your฀first฀name.฀ 3.฀You฀come฀here฀tomorrow฀morning.฀ 4.฀You฀call฀me฀up฀after฀9฀o´clock.฀ 5.฀You฀have฀another฀cup฀of฀coffee.฀ 6.฀You฀eat฀more฀slowly.฀ 7.฀You฀fill฀up฀the฀tank.฀ 8.฀You฀study฀hard฀every฀day.฀ 9.฀You฀write฀your฀answer฀on฀the฀whiteboard.฀ 10.฀You฀listen฀to฀the฀story฀carefully.฀

Look฀at฀the฀map,฀please ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Change฀the฀following฀imperative฀sentences฀into฀the฀negative฀form: ฀

Speak฀slowly,฀please.฀

1.฀Eat฀my฀bread฀and฀butter,฀please.฀ 2.฀Work฀hard,฀please฀฀ 3.฀Work฀slowly฀please.฀ 4.฀Listen฀to฀him฀please.฀ 5.฀Come฀again฀this฀afternoon,฀please฀ 6.฀Drive฀fast฀please.฀ 7.฀Drink฀black฀coffee.฀ 8.฀Take฀a฀taxi.฀ 9.฀Say฀that฀again,฀please.฀ 10.฀Give฀Mary฀my฀new฀address,฀please฀

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Don´t฀speak฀so฀slowly฀please.฀(so฀=฀tan) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

B.฀ ARTICLES฀(III) No฀se฀debe฀usar฀ningún฀artículo฀delante฀de฀los฀nombres฀de฀personas,฀ciudades,฀estados,฀países,฀continentes,฀montes,฀ calles฀cuando฀estos฀son฀usados฀como฀nombres฀propios.฀Tampoco฀se฀debe฀anteponer฀artículo฀a฀los฀nombres฀de฀ personas฀cuando฀éstos฀van฀precedidos฀de฀títulos฀(Mr.,฀Sir,,฀Lady,฀Mrs.,Ms.,฀Miss,฀Dr.,฀Prof.,฀President,฀Senator฀etc.)฀o฀ grados฀(Gen.,฀Cpt.฀Sgt.,etc.) Escuche฀lea฀y฀aprenda When฀did฀they฀go฀to฀Europe? Did฀you฀see฀Mary฀this฀morning? They฀lived฀in฀New฀York฀City฀for฀several฀years. He฀lives฀on฀Fifth฀Avenue. They฀are฀coming฀back฀from฀China.They´ve฀climbed฀Mount฀Everest. Lady฀Macbeth฀fainted฀when฀she฀saw฀the฀body฀of฀her฀husband฀lying฀on฀the฀floor. Mr฀De฀Ponti฀invited฀Dr.฀White฀to฀a฀famous฀Italian฀restaurant฀that฀evening. President฀Bush฀and฀Senator฀Payne฀will฀meet฀at฀10:15฀next฀Tuesday. Gen.฀Johnson฀ordered฀Sgt.฀Smith฀to฀send฀the฀message฀right฀away. Sin฀embargo฀se฀debe฀usar฀el฀artículo฀definido฀the฀delante฀de฀los฀nombres฀geográficos฀(ríos,฀mares,฀cordilleras,฀volcanes,฀ canales.฀etc.)฀y฀también฀delante฀de฀los฀nombres฀de฀países฀compuestos฀de฀Adj.+Sust.฀(excepto฀cuando฀el฀adjetivo฀es฀ un฀punto฀cardinal).฀No฀se฀usa฀the฀delante฀de฀los฀nombres฀de฀continentes. Escuche฀lea฀y฀aprenda The฀Mississippi฀and฀the฀Missouri฀rivers฀are฀in฀Central฀United฀States. The฀Pacific฀Ocean฀is฀much฀larger฀than฀the฀Atlantic฀Ocean. The฀United฀States฀and฀South฀Korea฀will฀sign฀a฀new฀free฀trade฀agreement. They฀are฀planning฀to฀spend฀a฀week฀in฀the฀West฀Indies. Cuando฀los฀nombres฀de฀ciudades฀o฀países฀cumplen฀la฀función฀de฀adjetivos฀estos฀van฀precedidos฀del฀artículo฀definido฀ the. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀compare: New฀York฀is฀a฀large฀city. The฀New฀York฀City฀subways฀go฀very฀fast. ฀ (adj.) Santiago฀is฀the฀capital฀of฀Chile. The฀Santiago฀newspapers฀are฀not฀very฀expensive. ฀ (adj.) EXERCISES ฀Ex.฀1.฀Supply฀the฀definite฀article฀the฀where฀necessary: ฀ 1.฀We฀plan฀to฀spend฀our฀vacation฀in฀__________฀Mexico฀and฀__________฀North฀Carolina.฀(We฀plan฀to฀spend฀our฀vacation฀ in฀Mexico฀and฀North฀Carolina.) 2.฀Later฀we฀want฀to฀visit฀__________฀Dominican฀Republic. 3.฀__________฀Hudson฀River฀lies฀west฀of฀__________฀New฀York฀City. 4.฀__________฀United฀States,฀__________฀China,฀__________฀United฀Kingdom฀and฀__________฀Soviet฀Union฀were฀ permanent฀members฀of฀the฀UN฀Security฀Committee.. 5.฀Some฀ships฀can฀cross฀__________฀Atlantic฀Ocean฀from฀__________฀France฀to฀__________฀Unites฀States. 6.฀You฀should฀take฀a฀trip฀sometime฀to฀__________฀West฀Indies. 7.฀__________฀Panama฀Canal฀joins฀__________฀Atlantic฀and฀__________฀Pacific฀Oceans. 8.฀The฀principal฀city฀of฀__________฀Germany฀is฀__________฀Berlin. 9.฀He฀spent฀several฀weeks฀in฀__________฀Italy฀and฀several฀weeks฀in฀__________฀Spain. 10.฀We฀live฀on฀__________฀Madison฀Avenue฀near฀__________฀Central฀Park฀Station. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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11.฀Lots฀of฀oil฀tankers฀go฀from฀_________฀Persian฀Gulf฀to฀_________฀Mediterranean฀Sea฀through฀_________฀Suez฀Canal. 12.฀They฀live฀on฀__________฀Clark฀Street฀in฀__________฀Salt฀Lake฀City,฀in฀__________฀Utah. Ex.฀2.฀Fill฀in฀the฀blanks฀with฀the฀correct฀articles฀where฀needed: 1.฀He฀lives฀in฀__________฀Mexico.฀(He฀lives฀in฀Mexico.) 2.฀__________฀Mexican฀climate฀is฀warm. 3.฀We฀walked฀along฀__________฀Broadway. 4.฀__________฀Broadway฀buses฀are฀slow. 5.฀__________฀New฀York฀city฀traffic฀is฀very฀slow. 6.฀__________.London฀and฀__________฀York฀are฀beautiful฀__________฀English฀cities. 7.฀__________฀England฀is฀a฀small฀country. 8.฀_________฀English฀language฀is฀easy. 9.฀__________฀Europe฀is฀a฀large฀continent. 10.฀Some฀__________฀European฀cities฀are฀very฀interesting฀to฀visit. 11.฀__________฀London฀School฀of฀Economics฀is฀very฀famous.

C.฀THE฀EXCLAMATORY฀FORM฀(LA฀FORMA฀EXCLAMATIVA) Las฀exclamaciones฀en฀inglés฀se฀expresan฀de฀la฀siguiente฀manera.฀Estudie฀el฀siguiente฀diagrama:

Structure What฀+฀a(n)฀+฀adj.฀+฀singular฀noun฀(+฀S฀+V)! What฀+฀adj.฀+฀plural฀noun฀(+S฀+฀V)! What฀+฀adj.฀+฀uncountable฀noun฀(+S฀+฀V)! How฀+฀adj.฀/฀adv.฀(+S฀+฀V)!

Examples What฀a฀beautiful฀woman฀(she฀is)! What฀an฀interesting฀book฀(you฀are฀reading)! What฀beautiful฀eyes฀(you฀have)! What฀nice฀people฀(we฀met฀at฀the฀party)! What฀nice฀music฀(this฀is)! What฀good฀coffee฀(they฀served)! What฀terrible฀weather฀(we฀are฀having)! How฀silly฀(I฀was)! How฀fast฀(you´re฀driving฀Tom)! How฀expensive฀(that฀book฀is)!

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Supply฀WHAT฀or฀WHAT฀A(N)฀in฀the฀following฀exclamatory฀sentences: 1.฀฀฀______________________ good฀idea! 2.฀฀฀______________________ beautiful฀day! 3.฀฀฀______________________ pretty฀eyes฀she฀has! 4.฀฀฀______________________ strange฀thing฀to฀say! 5.฀฀฀______________________ easy฀exercise! 6.฀฀฀______________________ difficult฀lesson! 7.฀฀฀______________________ funny฀name฀to฀give฀a฀dog! 8.฀฀฀______________________ good฀whisky! 9.฀฀฀______________________ happy฀child! 10.฀฀฀______________________ happy฀children! 11.฀฀฀______________________ beautiful฀music! 12.฀฀฀______________________ large฀room! 13.฀฀฀______________________ foolish฀mistake! 14฀ ฀______________________ hot฀day! 15.฀฀฀______________________ beautiful฀weather!,

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Ex.฀2.฀Make฀exclamations฀using฀What฀a(n)...!฀;฀What...!,฀or฀How...!,฀as฀in฀the฀example ฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Peter฀is฀a฀very฀tall฀man฀ ฀

What฀a฀tall฀man฀Peter฀is! How฀tall฀Peter฀is!

1.฀John฀is฀a฀very฀intelligent฀person.฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀They฀are฀very฀beautiful฀women.฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀This฀is฀a฀very฀incredible฀story.฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀I฀was฀a฀very฀stupid฀person.฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀This฀trip฀is฀very฀interesting.฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀Mr฀Johnson฀is฀a฀very฀pleasant฀man.฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀This฀music฀is฀very฀romantic.฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀These฀exercises฀are฀very฀difficult.฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀This฀whisky฀is฀very฀good฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀These฀photographs฀are฀very฀beautiful฀ ฀ ฀ 11,฀New฀York฀is฀a฀fascinating฀city.฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀Mary฀is฀a฀very฀friendly฀person฀ ฀ ฀ 13.฀These฀shoes฀are฀very฀expensive.฀ ฀ ฀ 14.฀The฀movie฀was฀very฀exciting.฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Supply฀HOW,฀WHAT,฀or฀WHAT฀A(N)฀in฀the฀following฀exclamatory฀sentences: 1.฀฀฀______________________ pretty฀girl! 2.฀฀฀______________________ pretty฀she฀is! 3.฀฀฀______________________ strange฀remark฀to฀make! 4.฀฀฀______________________ well฀she฀swims! 5.฀฀฀______________________ hot฀it฀is฀today! 6.฀฀฀______________________ hard฀sentences฀these฀are! 7.฀฀฀______________________ beautiful฀eyes฀she฀has! 8.฀฀฀______________________ beautifully฀she฀sings! 9.฀฀฀______________________ foolish฀thing฀to฀say! 10.฀ _____________________ ฀hot฀weather฀we฀are฀having! 11.฀ _____________________ ฀hot฀day฀it฀is฀today! 12.฀ _____________________ ฀quickly฀the฀time฀passes! 13.฀ _____________________ ฀well฀she฀speaks฀English! 14.฀ _____________________ ฀excellent฀student฀he฀is! Ex.฀4.฀Change฀these฀sentences฀to฀exclamatory฀form฀by฀using฀HOW฀or฀WHAT฀/฀WHAT฀A(N),฀as฀indicated: 1.฀She฀plays฀the฀piano฀well.฀ 2.฀She฀is฀an฀excellent฀pianist.฀ 3.฀It฀is฀a฀beautiful฀day.฀ 4.฀He฀runs฀very฀fast.฀ 5.฀She฀plays฀the฀violin฀beautifully.฀

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6.฀It฀is฀very฀cold฀today.฀ 7.฀It´s฀a฀cold฀day฀today.฀ 8.฀He฀is฀a฀very฀tall฀man.฀ 9.฀It฀was฀very฀cold฀last฀night.฀ 10.฀She฀is฀very฀pretty.฀ 11.฀He฀is฀a฀handsome฀fellow.฀ 12.฀She฀is฀wearing฀a฀beautiful฀dress.฀ 13.฀You฀have฀a฀beautiful฀new฀car.฀ 14.฀Grandfather฀told฀us฀a฀sad฀story.฀ 15.฀We฀were฀very฀tired฀after฀the฀walk.฀ 16.฀It฀was฀a฀very฀fast฀train.฀ 17.฀Ann฀was฀a฀generous฀woman.฀ 18.฀Bob฀acted฀very฀foolishly.฀

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฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

BASIC฀VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words THE฀HOUSE a)฀ Housing฀/háusiη/฀

Vivienda

apartment฀/apa:rment/฀ departamento฀(USA)฀ apartment฀building฀/apa:rmet฀bíldiη/฀edificio฀de฀dptos.(USA)฀ block฀of฀flats฀/blok฀ov฀flæts/฀ edificio฀de฀dptos.฀(BR)฀ bungalow฀/báηgalou/฀ bungalow฀ condominium฀/kondomínium/฀ condominio฀ cottage฀/kótidll/฀ casa฀de฀campo,quinta฀ detached฀house฀/ditηtætcht฀háus/฀ casa฀aislada฀

farm฀house฀/fá.rm฀háus/฀ casa฀de฀campo flat฀/flæt/฀ departamento฀(BR) house฀/háus/฀ casa hut฀/hat/฀ ฀choza,฀cabaña semi-detached฀house฀/sémi.../฀ casa฀pareada terrace฀house฀/téris฀háus/฀ casa฀en฀fila villa฀/vila/฀ casa฀de฀veraneo

b)฀ Parts฀of฀the฀House฀/parts฀ov฀(e฀háus/฀Partes฀de฀la฀Casa ceiling฀/síliη/฀ door฀/do:r/฀ floor฀/flo:r/฀ front฀door฀/fránt฀dó:r/฀ landing฀/lændiη/฀

cielo฀raso฀ puerta฀ piso฀ puerta฀de฀calle฀ descanso฀(de฀escaleras)

roof฀/ruf/฀ staircase฀/stéar฀kéis/฀ wall฀/wo:l/฀ window฀/wíndou/฀

฀techo escaleras muralla ventana

laundry฀room฀/ló:ndrirum/฀ library฀/láibreari/฀ lounge฀/láundll/฀ pantry฀/pæntri/฀ sitting฀room฀/sítiηrum/฀ study฀/stádi/฀ toilet฀/tóilet/฀

lavandería biblioteca salon฀(Br) despensa living estudio baño,฀excusado.w.c.

porcelain฀/pó:rselein/฀ radio฀set฀/réidiou฀set/฀ rug฀/rag/฀ sofa฀/sóufa/฀ table฀/téibl/฀ telephone฀/télifoun/฀ television฀set฀/télivilln฀set/฀ VCR฀/vi:฀si:฀a:r/฀

porcelana radio alfombra฀(USA) sofá mesa teléfono televisor video-grabadora

pillow฀case฀/pílou฀kéiz/฀ pillow฀/pílou/฀ pyjama฀/pidllámaz/฀ sheets฀/shi:ts/฀ slippers฀/slíperz/฀ wardrobe฀/wó:dróub/฀

funda almohada pijamas sábanas zapatillas ropero

mixer฀/mikser/฀ napkin฀/nápkin/฀

máquina฀licuadora servilleta

c)฀ Rooms฀of฀the฀House฀/ru:mz฀ov฀(e฀háus/฀Piezas฀de฀la฀Casa attic฀/ætik/฀ basement฀/béisment/฀ bathroom฀/bá:θrum/฀ bedroom฀/bédrum/฀ cellar฀/sélar/฀ dining-room฀/dáiniηrum฀/฀ kitchen฀/kítchin/฀

ático฀ subterráneo฀ sala฀de฀baño฀ dormitorio฀ bodega(vinos)฀ comedor฀ cocina฀

d)฀The฀Sitting-room฀/δe฀sítiηrum/฀El฀Living arm-chair฀/á:rm฀tchéar/฀ carpet฀/ká:pit/฀ CD฀player฀/sí:฀dí:฀pléier/฀ chair฀฀/tchéar/฀ china฀/tcháina/฀ clock฀/klok/฀ curtains฀/kértenz/฀ fireplace฀/faiarpléis/฀ picture฀/píktcher/฀

sillón฀ alfombra฀(BR)฀ reproductor฀de฀CD฀ silla฀ loza฀fina,฀ reloj฀ cortinas฀ chimenea฀ cuadro

e)฀ The฀Bedroom฀/δe฀bédrum/฀El฀Dormitorio alarm฀clock฀/alá:rm฀klók/฀ reloj฀despertador฀ bed฀/bédrum/฀ cama฀ bed฀spread฀/bédspred/฀ cubrecamas฀ frazada฀ blanket฀/blæηkit/฀ chest฀of฀drawers฀/tchést฀ov฀dró:erz/฀ cómoda,cajonera฀ night฀gown฀/náit฀gáoun/฀ bata฀de฀noche฀ night฀table฀/náit฀téibl/฀ velador f)฀ The฀Kitchen฀/δe฀kítchin/฀La฀Cocina broom฀/brú:m/฀ can฀opener฀/kæn฀óupner/฀

฀escoba฀ abrelatas฀(USA)฀

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cooker/stove/range฀/kúker/stóuv/réindll/฀cocina฀(artefacto)฀ cookery฀book฀/kúkri฀buk/฀ libro฀de฀recetas฀ corkscrew฀/korkskrú:/฀ sacacorchos฀ crockery฀/krókeri/฀ loza฀corriente฀ cup฀/kap/฀ taza฀ cupboard฀/kábord/฀ aparador฀ cutlery฀/kátleri/฀ cuchillería฀ dishwasher฀/dishwósher/฀ lavadora฀de฀vajilla฀ drier฀/dráier/฀ secadora฀ fork฀/fo:rk/฀ tenedor฀ freezer฀/frí:zer/฀ congeladora฀ fridge฀/frídll/฀ refrigerador฀ frying฀pan฀/fráiiη฀pæn/฀ sartén฀ garbage฀can฀/gá:rbidll฀kæn/฀ basurero฀(USA)฀ glass฀/glá:s/฀ vaso฀ glassware฀/glá:swear/฀ cristalería฀ kettle฀/kétl/฀ tetera฀ knife/knives฀/náif฀/náivz/฀ cuchillo฀/s฀ microwave฀oven฀/máikrouweiv฀ávn/฀ horno฀micro฀ondas฀ ฀ ฀ g)฀The฀Bathroom฀/δe฀bá:θrum/฀La฀Sala฀de฀Baño bath฀tub฀/bá:θ฀tab/฀ cold฀water฀tap฀/kóuld฀wó:ter฀tæp/฀ comb฀/kóum/฀ electric฀shaver฀/iléktrik฀shéiver/฀ faucet฀/fó:set/฀ hair฀brush฀/héar฀brash/฀ hair฀dryer฀/héar฀dráier/฀ hot฀water฀tap฀/hot฀wó:ter฀tæp/฀ lotion฀/lóushn/฀ mirror฀/míror/฀ safety฀razor฀/séifti฀réizor/฀

tina฀de฀baño฀ llave฀de฀agua฀fria฀ peineta฀ afeitadora฀ llave฀del฀agua฀(USA)฀ cepillo฀de฀pelo฀ secador฀de฀pelo฀ llave฀de฀agua฀caliente฀ loción฀ espejo฀ máquina฀de฀afeitar฀

oven฀/ávn/฀ horno pan฀/pæn/฀ olla plate฀/pléit/฀ plato pot฀/pot/฀ cacerola refrigerator฀/refridlleréitor/฀ refrigerador rubbish฀bin฀/rábish฀bin/฀ basurero฀(BR) saucer฀/só:ser/฀ platillo silverware฀/sílverwéar/฀ platería sink฀/siηk/฀ lavaplatos spoon฀/spú:n/฀ cuchara tea฀pot฀/tí:฀pot/฀ tetera฀para฀el฀té teaspoon฀/tí:spun/฀ cuchara฀de฀té tin฀opener฀/tin฀óupener/฀ abrelatas฀(BR) toaster฀/tóuster/฀ tostadora trash฀can฀/træsh฀kæn/฀ basurero฀(USA) tray฀/trei/฀ bandeja vacuum฀cleaner฀/vækium฀klí:ner/฀ aspiradora wall฀clock฀/wó:l฀klók/฀ reloj฀de฀pared washing฀machine฀/wóshiη฀mashí:n/฀lavadora฀de฀ropa

shaving฀brush฀/shéiviηbrash/฀ shaving฀cream฀/shéiviη฀krí:m/฀ shower฀/sháuer/฀ shower฀cap฀/sháuer฀kæp/฀ soap฀dish฀/sóup฀dish/฀ tap฀/tæp/฀ tooth฀brush฀/túθbrash/฀ tooth฀paste฀/tú:θpéist/฀ towel฀rack฀/táuel฀ræk/฀ towel฀/táuel/฀ wash฀basin฀/woshbéizin/฀

hisopo crema฀de฀afeitar ducha฀ gorra฀de฀baño jabonera llave฀del฀agua฀(Br) cepillo฀de฀dientes pasta฀dental pañera toalla lavamanos

repisa฀para฀libros฀ librero฀ silla฀ computador฀ escritorio฀ lámpara฀de฀escritorio฀ máquina฀fax฀ archivador฀ archivo฀

laptop฀/læp฀top/฀ notebook฀/nóutbuk/฀ note-pad฀/nóutpæd/฀ printer฀/prínter/฀ punch฀/pantch/฀ scanner฀/skæner/฀ stapler฀/stéipler/฀ telephone฀/télifoun/฀ typewriter฀/táipráiter/฀

PC฀portátil฀(US) PC฀portátil฀(Br.) block฀de฀borrador impresora perforadora escáner corchetera teléfono máquina฀de฀escribir

reja฀ garage฀ jardín฀ puerta฀(reja)฀ césped

orchard฀/ó:rtcha:rd/฀ huerto sendero path฀/pa:θ/฀ swimming฀pool฀/suimiη฀pú:l/฀ piscina vegetable฀garden฀/védlletabl฀gá:rdn/฀huerta

h)฀ The฀Studio฀/δe฀stúdiou/฀La฀Sala฀de฀Estudio book฀shelf฀/buk฀shelf/฀ bookcase฀/buk฀kéis/฀ chair฀/tchear/฀ computer฀/kompiúter/฀ desk฀/desk/฀ desk฀lamp฀/desk฀læmp/฀ fax฀machine฀/fæks฀mashí:n/฀ file฀/fail/฀ filing฀cabinet฀/fáiliη฀kábinet/฀ j)฀ Outdoors฀/áutdó:rz/฀El฀exterior fence฀/fens/฀ garage฀/gará:dll/฀ garden฀/gá:rdn/฀ gate฀/geit/฀ lawn฀/ló:n/฀

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UNIT฀7 Key฀to฀answers PART฀I Ex.฀1.฀1.฀was฀shining฀2.฀was฀reading฀3.were฀playing฀4.฀were฀crossing฀5.฀was฀getting฀ready฀6.฀was฀driving฀7.฀were฀camping฀ 8.฀was฀living฀9.฀was฀leaving฀10.฀were฀having฀dinner฀11.฀was฀doing฀12.฀were฀walking Ex.฀2.฀1.฀She฀wasn´t฀having...฀/฀Was฀she฀having...?฀2.฀We฀weren´t฀running...฀/฀Were฀we฀running...?฀3.฀The฀soldiers฀weren´t฀ doing...฀/฀Were฀the฀soldiers฀doing...?฀4.฀Alice฀wasn´t฀making...฀/฀Was฀Alice฀making...?฀5.฀The฀children฀weren´t฀watching...฀ /฀Were฀the฀children฀watching...?฀6.฀The฀men฀weren´t฀going...฀/฀were฀the฀men฀going...?฀7.฀The฀boys฀weren´t฀studying...฀ /฀Were฀the฀boys฀studying...? Ex.฀3.฀1.What฀were฀they฀doing฀in฀the฀park฀at฀midday?฀2.฀What฀was฀Mary฀eating฀in฀her฀room?฀3.฀Why฀wasn´t฀Peter฀working?฀ 4.฀Where฀were฀the฀generals฀working?฀5.฀What฀were฀you฀doing฀when฀I฀called฀you฀up฀this฀morning?฀6.฀Why฀was฀Mrs.฀ White฀lying฀on฀the฀sofa?฀7.฀What฀were฀the฀soldiers฀doing฀when฀it฀began฀to฀rain?฀8.฀What฀was฀Bob฀doing฀when฀the฀fire฀ started?฀9.฀Where฀were฀they฀living฀when฀the฀war฀broke฀out?฀10.฀How฀many฀people฀were฀standing฀outside฀the฀building? Ex.฀4.฀1.They฀were฀playing฀bridge฀at฀that฀time.฀2.฀I฀wasn´t฀sleeping฀when฀they฀arrived.฀3.฀John฀and฀his฀friends฀were฀ watching฀TV฀at฀that฀moment.฀4.฀When฀I฀arrived,฀everyone฀was฀talking.฀5.฀What฀were฀you฀doing฀at฀that฀time?฀6.฀Why฀ weren´t฀they฀working฀that฀day?฀7.฀Where฀were฀your฀parents฀living฀when฀they฀met?฀8.฀What฀were฀you฀doing฀at฀this฀time฀ yesterday?฀9.฀I฀was฀listening฀to฀the฀news฀at฀that฀moment. Ex.฀5.฀(Open฀answers)฀1.฀I฀was...฀(at฀this฀time฀yesterday.)฀2.฀I฀was฀working...฀(in฀December฀last฀year).฀3.฀They฀were฀living฀ in...฀(when฀they฀got฀married฀/฀then).฀4.฀I฀was...฀(when฀he฀phoned฀me฀last฀night) Ex.฀6.฀1.฀slept฀2.฀was฀sleeping฀/฀arrived.฀3.฀were฀going฀/฀saw฀4.฀met฀/฀was฀living฀5.฀were฀playing฀/฀began 6.฀was฀-฀working฀/฀walked฀7.฀called฀on฀/฀were฀having฀dinner฀8.฀had฀/฀was฀driving฀9.฀did฀-฀do฀10.฀were฀-฀doing฀11.฀was฀ working฀/฀became฀12.฀read฀/฀was฀riding

PART฀II A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀Drink฀milk฀every฀morning,฀please฀2.฀Spell฀your฀first฀name฀please.฀3.฀Come฀here฀tomorrow฀morning฀please.฀4.฀Call฀ me฀up฀after฀9฀o´clock฀please฀5.฀Have฀another฀cup฀of฀coffee฀please.฀6.฀Eat฀more฀slowly฀please฀7.฀Fill฀up฀the฀tank฀please.฀ 8.฀Study฀hard฀every฀day฀please.฀9.฀Write฀your฀answer฀on฀the฀whiteboard฀please.฀10.฀Listen฀to฀the฀story฀carefully฀please. Ex.฀2.฀1.฀Don´t฀eat฀my฀bread฀and฀butter฀please.฀2.฀Don´t฀work฀so฀hard฀please.฀3.฀Don´t฀work฀so฀slowly฀please.฀4.฀Don´t฀ listen฀to฀him฀please฀5.฀Don´t฀come฀again฀this฀afternoon฀please.฀6.Don´t฀drive฀so฀fast฀please.฀7.฀Don´t฀drink฀black฀coffee฀ please.฀8.฀Don´t฀take฀a฀taxi฀please.฀9.฀Don´t฀say฀that฀again฀please.฀10.฀Don´t฀give฀Mary฀my฀new฀address฀please. B. Ex.฀1.฀2....the฀Dominican฀Republic฀3.฀The฀Hudson฀River฀/฀New฀York฀City฀4.฀The฀United฀States,฀China,฀the฀United฀Kingdom฀ and฀the฀Soviet฀Union฀5.฀The฀Atlantic฀Ocean...France...฀the฀United฀States฀6.฀The฀West฀Indies฀7.The฀Panama฀Canal...the฀ Atlantic฀and฀the฀Pacific฀oceans฀8.฀Germany...Berlin฀9.฀Italy...฀Spain฀10.฀Madison฀Avenue...฀Central฀Park฀Station฀11.... the฀Persian฀Gulf...the฀Mediterranean฀Sea...฀the฀Suez฀Canal฀12....Clark฀Street...฀Salt฀Lake฀City...Utah Ex.฀2.฀2.฀The฀Mexican฀climate...฀3....Broadway.฀4.฀The฀Broadway฀buses...฀5.฀The฀New฀York฀City฀traffic...฀6.฀London...฀ York...English฀cities฀7.฀England...฀8.฀The฀English฀language...฀9.฀Europe...฀10.฀European฀cities...฀11.฀The฀London฀School฀ of฀Economics... C. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀What฀a...฀2.฀What฀a...฀3.฀What...฀4.฀What฀a...฀5.฀What฀an...฀6.฀What฀a...฀7.฀What฀a...฀8.฀What...฀9.฀What฀a...฀10.฀ What...฀11.฀What...฀12.฀What฀a...฀13.฀What฀a...฀14.฀What฀a...฀15.฀What... A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Ex.฀2.฀1.฀What฀an฀intelligent฀person฀John฀is!฀/฀How฀intelligent฀John฀is!฀2.฀What฀beautiful฀women฀they฀are!฀/฀How฀beautiful฀ they฀are!฀/฀How฀beautiful฀those฀women฀are!฀3.฀What฀an฀incredible฀story฀this฀is!฀/฀How฀incredible฀this฀story฀is!฀4.฀What฀a฀ stupid฀person฀I฀was!฀/฀How฀stupid฀I฀was!฀5.What฀an฀interesting฀trip฀this฀is฀!฀/฀How฀interesting฀this฀trip฀is!฀6.฀What฀a฀pleasant฀ man฀Mr.฀Johnson฀is!฀/฀How฀pleasant฀Mr.฀Johnson฀is!.฀7.฀What฀romantic฀music฀this฀is!฀/฀How฀romantic฀this฀music฀is!฀8.฀ What฀difficult฀exercises฀these฀are!฀/฀How฀difficult฀these฀exercises฀are!฀9.฀What฀good฀whisky฀this฀is!฀/฀How฀good฀this฀whisky฀ is!฀10.฀What฀beautiful฀photographs฀these฀are!฀/฀How฀beautiful฀these฀photographs฀are!฀11.฀What฀a฀fascinating฀city฀New฀ York฀is!฀/฀How฀fascinating฀New฀York฀is!฀12.฀What฀a฀friendly฀person฀Mary฀is!฀/฀How฀friendly฀Mary฀is!฀13.฀What฀expensive฀ shoes฀these฀are!฀/฀How฀expensive฀these฀shoes฀are!฀14.฀What฀an฀exciting฀movie฀it฀was!฀/฀How฀exciting฀the฀movie฀was! Ex.฀3.฀1.What฀a...฀2.฀How...฀3.฀What฀a...฀4.฀How...฀5.฀How...฀6.฀What...7.฀What...฀8.฀How...฀9.฀What฀a...฀10.฀What...฀11.฀ What฀a...฀12.฀How...฀13.฀How...฀14.฀What฀an... Ex.฀4.฀1.฀How฀well฀she฀plays฀the฀piano!฀2.฀What฀an฀excellent฀pianist฀she฀is!฀3.฀What฀a฀beautiful฀day฀it฀is฀today!฀4.฀How฀ fast฀she฀runs!฀5.฀How฀beautifully฀she฀plays฀the฀violin!฀6.฀How฀cold฀it฀is฀today!฀7.฀What฀a฀cold฀day฀it฀is฀today!฀8.฀What฀a฀tall฀ man฀he฀is!฀9.฀How฀cold฀it฀was฀last฀night!฀10.฀How฀pretty฀she฀is!฀11.฀What฀a฀handsome฀fellow฀he฀is!฀12.฀What฀a฀beautiful฀ dress฀she฀is฀wearing!฀13.฀What฀a฀beautiful฀new฀car฀you฀have!฀14.฀What฀a฀sad฀story฀grandfather฀told฀us!฀15.฀How฀tire฀we฀ were฀after฀the฀walk!฀16.฀What฀a฀fast฀train฀it฀was!฀17.฀What฀a฀generous฀woman฀Ann฀was!฀18.฀How฀foolishly฀Bob฀acted!

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UNIT฀8 PART฀1.฀EL฀TIEMPO฀FUTURO฀SIMPLE฀฀฀฀฀THE฀SIMPLE฀FUTURE฀TENSE฀ Este฀tiempo฀verbal฀se฀usa฀para฀referirse฀a฀acciones฀que฀ocurrirán฀en฀el฀futuro.฀Las฀expresiones฀de฀tiempo฀frecuentes฀en฀ este฀tiempo฀verbal฀son฀tomorrow฀/tumórou/฀mañana,฀the฀day฀after฀tomorrow฀/δe฀déi฀áfter฀tumórou/฀pasado฀mañana,฀next฀ week฀/nékst฀wí:k/฀la฀próxima฀semana,฀next฀month฀/nékst฀manθ/฀el฀próximo฀mes,฀next฀year฀/nekst฀yíar/฀el฀próximo฀año,฀in฀three฀ months฀/in฀θrí:฀mánθs/฀dentro฀de฀tres฀meses,฀by฀the฀end฀of฀this฀year฀/bai฀δi฀énd฀ov฀δis฀yíar/฀hacia฀fines฀de฀este฀año,฀etc El฀Futuro฀Simple฀se฀puede฀expresar฀de฀tres฀maneras,฀según฀la฀idea฀que฀se฀desee฀transmitir: 1.฀ SUBJECT฀+฀WILL฀+฀INFINITIVE฀para฀referirse฀a฀decisiones,฀promesas฀o฀determinaciones. Peter฀will฀come฀to฀Chile฀next฀month.฀/pí:ter฀wil฀kám฀tu฀tchile฀nekst฀mánδ/฀Peter฀vendrá฀a฀Chile฀el฀próximo฀mes 2.฀ SUBJECT฀+฀AM฀/฀IS฀/฀ARE+฀GOING฀TO฀+฀INFINITIVE฀para฀referirse฀a฀planes,฀intenciones,฀o฀sucesos฀que฀ evidentemente฀o฀muy฀probablemente฀ocurrirán. Peter฀is฀going฀to฀come฀to฀Chile฀next฀month.฀/pí:ter฀iz฀góuiδ฀tu฀kám฀tu฀tchíle฀nékst฀manδ/฀Peter฀va฀a฀venir฀a฀Chile฀el฀próximo฀ mes. 3.฀ SUBJECT฀+฀AM฀/฀IS฀/฀ARE฀+ING฀(Present฀Continuous)฀para฀referirse฀a฀actividades฀agendadas,฀acordadas฀o฀ previstas฀con฀antelación. Peter฀is฀coming฀to฀Chile฀next฀month.฀ /pí:ter฀iz฀kámiδ฀tu฀tchíle฀nekst฀mánδ/฀Peter฀viene฀(tiene฀previsto฀venir)฀a฀Chile฀el฀ próximo฀mes EL฀FUTURO฀SIMPLE฀CON฀WILL Esta฀construcción฀generalmente฀se฀usa฀para฀expresar฀el฀Futuro฀Simple,฀y฀sugiere฀la฀idea฀de฀decisión,฀promesa฀o฀ determinación.฀En฀la฀conversación฀diaria฀WILL฀forma฀la฀contracción฀´LL. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: They฀will฀visit฀us฀next฀week-end.฀/δéi฀wil฀vízit฀as฀nékst฀wí:kénd/฀Ellos฀nos฀visitarán฀el฀proximo฀fin฀de฀semana Mary´ll฀come฀to฀work฀tomorrow.฀/méril฀kám฀tu฀wé:rk฀tumórou/฀Mary฀vendrá฀a฀trabajar฀mañana I´ll฀be฀at฀home฀all฀day฀next฀Sunday.฀/áil฀bí:฀at฀hóun฀ó:l฀dei฀nekst฀sándi/฀Estaré฀en฀casa฀todo฀el฀día฀el฀próx.฀Dgo. En฀la฀forma฀negativa฀se฀usa฀la฀palabra฀NOT฀entre฀el฀verbo฀modal฀WILL฀y฀el฀Infinitivo.฀En฀la฀conversación฀diaria฀se฀ prefiere฀usar฀la฀contracción฀WON´T฀/฀wóunt฀/ Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: They฀will฀not฀visit฀us฀next฀weekend.฀They฀won´t฀visit฀us฀next฀weekend.฀/δei฀wóunt฀vízit฀as฀nékst฀wí:kénd/ Mary฀will฀not฀come฀to฀work฀tomorrow.฀Mary฀won´t฀come฀to฀work฀tomorrow.฀/méri฀wóunt฀kám.฀Tu฀wé:rk฀tumórou/ I฀will฀not฀be฀at฀home฀all฀day฀next฀Sunday.฀I฀won´t฀be฀at฀home...฀/ai฀wóunt฀bí:฀at฀hóum฀ó:l฀dei฀nékst฀sándi/. En฀la฀interrogación,฀se฀debe฀anteponer฀el฀verbo฀modal฀WILL฀(o฀la฀contracción฀WON¨T)฀al฀sujeto.฀Si฀se฀desea฀formular฀ una฀pregunta฀introducida฀por฀What,฀When,฀Where,฀etc.,฀se฀debe฀mantener฀el฀mismo฀orden฀de฀palabras฀usado฀en฀las฀ preguntas฀simples: Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: ฀ ฀ Will฀they฀visit฀us฀next฀week-end?฀/wil฀δei฀vízit.../฀Won´t฀they฀visit฀us฀next฀week-end?฀/wóunt฀δei฀vízit.../ Will฀Mary฀come฀to฀work฀tomorrow?฀/wil฀méri฀kám.../฀Won´t฀Mary฀come฀to฀work?฀/wóunt฀méri฀kám.../ Will฀you฀be฀at฀home฀all฀day฀next฀Sunday?฀/wil฀iu:฀bí:฀at฀hóum฀o:l฀déi฀nekst฀sándi/ When฀will฀they฀visit฀us?฀/wén฀wil฀δei฀vízit฀ás/ Why฀won´t฀Mary฀come฀to฀work฀tomorrow?฀/wái฀wóunt฀méri฀kám฀tu฀wé:rk฀tumórou/ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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La฀pregunta฀habitual฀con฀esta฀construcción฀verbal฀es: What฀will฀you฀do?฀/wót฀wil฀iu:฀dú:/฀฀

฀¿Qué฀hará฀ud.?

EXERCISES: Ex.฀1.฀Use฀the฀verbs฀given฀in฀parentheses฀in฀the฀future฀simple฀tense,฀using฀WILL ฀ 1.฀The฀soldiers฀________________________฀to฀the฀top฀of฀that฀hill฀tomorrow.฀(march) 2.฀I฀________________________฀you฀a฀post฀card฀from฀Washington฀DC.฀(send) 3.฀My฀little฀brother฀________________________฀a฀hard฀test฀next฀Monday.฀(have) 4.฀Mr฀Jackson฀________________________฀his฀old฀car.฀(sell) 5.฀The฀instructor฀________________________฀the฀overhead฀projector.฀(use) 6.฀The฀gardener฀________________________฀a฀deep฀hole฀in฀the฀ground฀to฀plant฀the฀tree.฀(dig) 7.฀NASA฀________________________฀a฀space฀ship฀to฀Mars฀next฀week.฀(launch) 8.฀Professor฀Lee________________________฀a฀conference฀in฀Paris฀next฀month.฀(attend) 9.฀I฀________________________฀busy฀all฀day฀tomorrow.฀(be) 10.฀We฀________________________฀a฀new฀house฀soon.฀(buy) 11.฀Mr฀Jackson฀________________________฀a฀limousine฀to฀take฀his฀guests฀to฀the฀airport.฀(hire) 12.฀The฀Smiths฀________________________฀to฀a฀new฀house฀in฀the฀Spring.฀(move) Ex.2฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀a)฀negative,฀and฀b)฀interrogative. 1.฀Mary฀will฀go฀out฀this฀evening.฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀You฀will฀send฀them฀a฀fax.฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀The฀train฀will฀arrive฀soon.฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀John฀will฀accept฀the฀offer.฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀They´ll฀get฀married฀in฀May฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀Mr฀Smith฀will฀see฀you฀tomorrow.฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀question฀words฀like฀When,฀Where,฀What,฀How,฀How฀long,฀etc.฀In฀each฀case,฀the฀ underlined฀part฀of฀the฀sentence฀must฀be฀the฀answer฀for฀the฀question฀asked. 1.฀They´ll฀go฀to฀the฀north฀in฀the฀summer.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀John฀will฀give฀the฀answer฀next฀week.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀Bob฀will฀sell฀the฀car฀because฀it´s฀old.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀The฀soldiers฀will฀wait฀there฀until฀dawn.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀Mr฀Smith฀will฀send฀them฀another฀catalog฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀Sue฀will฀not฀buy฀the฀dress฀because฀it´s฀too฀expensive.฀___________________________________________________ 7.฀They´ll฀stay฀in฀Toronto฀for฀three฀days฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀We´ll฀wait฀for฀you฀in฀the฀cafeteria฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀They´ll฀need฀five฀volunteers.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 10.฀They´ll฀talk฀about฀many฀things฀tomorrow฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________

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PART฀II. A.฀ USE฀OF฀SAY฀AND฀TELL Los฀verbos฀SAY฀y฀TELL฀tienen฀el฀mismo฀significado฀(DECIR),฀pero฀difieren฀en฀cuanto฀a฀su฀uso. El฀verbo฀SAY฀se฀usa฀en฀los฀siguientes฀casos: 1.฀ Antes฀o฀después฀de฀una฀cita฀textual John฀said฀(to฀Helen),฀“I฀love฀you,฀Helen” Mary฀said,฀“I฀am฀very฀tired฀after฀the฀long฀walk” Mr.฀Jackson฀said฀(to฀his฀students),฀“Please฀sit฀down฀and฀look฀at฀the฀map” “I฀love฀you฀very฀much”,฀he฀said. “I฀am฀very฀tired฀after฀the฀long฀walk”,฀said฀Mary. 2.฀ Antes฀de฀la฀conjunción฀that John฀said฀that฀he฀loved฀Helen Mary฀said฀that฀she฀was฀very฀tired฀after฀the฀long฀walk. 3.฀ En฀posición฀final I฀didn´t฀understand฀what฀she฀said. Sorry,฀what฀did฀you฀say? What฀are฀you฀going฀to฀say? El฀verbo฀TELL฀se฀usa฀cuando฀se฀menciona฀al฀interlocutor,฀es฀decir,฀la฀persona฀a฀quien฀se฀le฀habló. John฀told฀Helen฀that฀he฀loved฀her. Mary฀told฀me฀that฀she฀was฀very฀tired฀after฀the฀long฀walk. Mr.฀Jackson฀told฀his฀students฀to฀sit฀down฀and฀look฀at฀the฀map. (You)฀Tell฀Mary฀that฀I฀want฀to฀speak฀with฀her,฀please. EXERCISES Ex.1.฀Fill฀in฀the฀blanks฀with฀SAY฀or฀TELL 1.฀John฀________________________฀that฀he฀is฀very฀busy฀at฀the฀moment. 2.฀Yesterday฀I฀________________________฀my฀teacher฀that฀I฀liked฀my฀lessons. 3.฀John฀________________________฀yesterday,฀“I´m฀going฀to฀phone฀you฀as฀soon฀as฀I฀get฀home” 4.฀Yesterday,฀Mr฀Jackson฀________________________฀us฀all฀about฀his฀trip฀to฀Nepal. 5.฀The฀boy฀________________________฀that฀he฀likes฀geography฀very฀much. 6.฀Mary฀________________________฀her฀teacher฀that฀her฀mother฀was฀sick. 7.฀Miss฀Brown฀________________________฀that฀she฀loves฀spring. 8.฀“I฀will฀be฀back฀at฀about฀10:30”,฀________________________฀Mr฀Jones฀before฀leaving฀the฀house. 9.฀“This฀book฀is฀very฀interesting฀“,฀she฀________________________ 10.฀Bob฀________________________฀that฀he฀doesn´t฀like฀hot฀weather. 11.฀Can฀you฀________________________฀me฀where฀the฀office฀is,฀please? 12.฀Please฀________________________฀John฀that฀I´ll฀send฀him฀the฀money฀tomorrow. 13.฀Yesterday฀John฀________________________฀his฀friends฀that฀he฀was฀planning฀to฀get฀married. 14.฀Did฀you฀hear฀what฀she฀________________________? Ex.฀2฀Change฀SAY฀to฀TELL.฀Then฀make฀whatever฀other฀changes฀are฀necessary. 1.฀ ฀ 2.฀ ฀ 3.฀ ฀

She฀said฀(to฀me)฀that฀she฀was฀sick. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Mr฀Smith฀said฀(to฀Peter)฀that฀he฀was฀too฀busy฀to฀go฀with฀us. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ John฀said฀(to฀his฀friends)฀that฀he฀could฀not฀go฀with฀them฀to฀the฀park. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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4.฀ ฀ 5.฀ ฀ 6.฀ ฀ 7.฀ ฀ 8.฀ ฀ 9.฀ ฀

Ann฀said฀(to฀the฀officer)฀that฀she฀did฀not฀speak฀French. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ William฀said฀(to฀the฀doctor)฀that฀he฀had฀a฀terrible฀headache. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Helen฀said฀(to฀the฀travel฀agent)฀that฀she฀was฀travelling฀alone. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ The฀boy฀said฀(to฀us)฀that฀he฀liked฀to฀swim฀in฀the฀river. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ The฀teacher฀said฀(to฀Paul´s฀parents)฀that฀Paul฀was฀a฀good฀student. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ The฀man฀says฀(to฀me)฀that฀he฀wants฀to฀see฀the฀manager฀immediately. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Change฀TELL฀to฀SAY.Then฀make฀whatever฀other฀changes฀are฀necessary. 1.฀ ฀ 2.฀ ฀ 3.฀ ฀ 4.฀ ฀ 5.฀ ฀ 6.฀ ฀ 7.฀ ฀ 8.฀ ฀

Bob฀told฀me฀that฀he฀could฀speak฀French฀well. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ I฀told฀my฀girlfriend฀that฀I฀wanted฀to฀go฀for฀a฀walk฀in฀the฀park. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ The฀teacher฀told฀John฀that฀our฀compositions฀were฀very฀good. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Mr฀Smith฀told฀his฀friends฀that฀he฀knew฀how฀to฀play฀tennis. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ I฀told฀Mr฀Smith฀that฀I฀knew฀how฀to฀play,฀too. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ John฀told฀the฀police฀officer฀that฀he฀lived฀near฀the฀church. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ The฀boy฀tells฀me฀that฀he฀wants฀to฀drink฀some฀water. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ He฀tells฀me฀that฀she฀doesn´t฀want฀to฀participate฀in฀the฀game. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

B.฀ RELATIVE฀PRONOUNS฀WHO,฀WHOM,฀WHOSE Habíamos฀visto฀que฀la฀palabra฀WHO?฀significa฀¿quién?฀Y฀que฀además฀es฀un฀pronombre฀relativo฀y฀que฀se฀debe฀traducir฀ con฀la฀palabra฀QUE฀para฀especificar฀acerca฀de฀quién฀estamos฀hablando฀(Revisar฀el฀uso฀de฀los฀pronombres฀relativos฀ who฀y฀which,฀en฀BEGS฀&฀VOC฀Unit฀5) Who฀is฀that฀man? The฀man฀who฀is฀in฀the฀car฀is฀a฀policeman. The฀car฀which฀is฀outside฀is฀a฀police฀car. ฀La฀palabra฀WHO฀se฀tranforma฀en฀WHOM฀ /hu:m/฀después฀de฀las฀preposiciones฀y฀cuando฀actúa฀como฀complemento฀ directo฀de฀un฀verbo,฀y฀por฀lo฀tanto฀va฀seguido฀de฀un฀pronombre฀o฀un฀nombre.฀. With฀whom฀will฀you฀go฀to฀the฀party?฀(Who฀will฀you฀go฀to฀the฀party฀with?) I฀met฀a฀man฀in฀the฀street.฀The฀man฀whom฀I฀met฀was฀John´s฀father. Jim฀was฀talking฀about฀a฀woman.฀The฀woman฀about฀whom฀Jim฀was฀talking฀was฀his฀wife. La฀palabra฀WHOSE฀/hu:z/฀(posesivo฀de฀who)฀se฀puede฀traducir฀como฀¿de฀quién?฀en฀interrogaciones,฀pero฀también฀es฀ el฀pronombre฀relativo฀cuyo(s)/cuya(s). a)฀ Whose?฀=฀¿De฀quién? Whose฀is฀this฀hat?฀o฀Whose฀hat฀is฀this?฀(el฀sustantivo฀hat฀puede฀ir฀al฀final฀o฀junto฀a฀whose) Whose฀are฀these฀cigarettes?฀/฀Whose฀cigarettes฀are฀these?฀(el฀sustantivo฀hat฀puede฀ir฀al฀final฀o฀junto฀a฀whose) Whose฀is฀that฀yellow฀sweater?฀(aquí฀el฀sustantivo฀está฀modificado฀por฀un฀adjetivo) 106

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Whose฀is฀that฀book฀on฀the฀desk?฀(aquí฀el฀sustantivo฀va฀seguido฀de฀una฀frase฀adjetiva) b)฀ whose฀=฀cuyo(s)฀/฀cuya(s) A฀man฀wants฀to฀see฀you,฀Mr฀Clark.฀His฀daughter฀called฀you฀this฀morning The฀man฀whose฀daughter฀called฀you฀this฀morning฀wants฀to฀see฀you,฀Mr฀Clark. The฀man฀is฀a฀doctor.฀His฀car฀is฀parked฀outside฀the฀building. The฀man฀whose฀car฀is฀parked฀outside฀the฀building฀is฀a฀doctor. EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Choose฀the฀correct฀form. 1.฀To฀(who,whom)฀did฀you฀write฀a฀letter฀last฀night? 2.฀With฀(who,฀whom)฀does฀he฀want฀to฀speak? 3.฀(Who,฀whom)฀is฀the฀best฀student฀in฀your฀class? 4.฀(Who,฀whom)฀did฀you฀meet฀at฀the฀party? 5.฀The฀man฀(who,฀whom)฀telephoned฀you฀is฀my฀brother. 6.฀The฀woman฀(who,฀whom)฀you฀saw฀is฀my฀new฀teacher. 7.฀About฀(who,฀whom฀)฀are฀they฀talking? 8.฀The฀girl฀with฀(who,฀whom)฀I฀danced฀was฀very฀beautiful. 9.฀From฀(who,฀whom)฀did฀you฀get฀the฀money? 10.฀The฀boy฀(who,฀whom)฀the฀policemen฀rescued฀from฀the฀boat฀was฀terrified. Ex.฀2.฀Fill฀in฀the฀blank฀spaces฀with฀Who,฀Which,฀Whom,฀Whose 1.฀__________________฀jacket฀do฀you฀like฀best,฀the฀blue฀one฀or฀the฀brown฀one? 2.฀__________________฀pen-knife฀is฀this?฀I฀think฀it´s฀Peter´s,฀but฀I´m฀not฀quite฀sure. 3.฀With฀__________________฀will฀you฀go฀to฀the฀theater฀tomorrow? 4.฀He฀is฀the฀man฀__________________฀daughter฀will฀participate฀in฀the฀competition. 5.฀This฀isn´t฀the฀dictionary฀__________________฀we฀generally฀use฀in฀class. 6.฀The฀man฀about฀__________________฀they฀are฀talking฀is฀a฀well-known฀football฀player 7.฀__________________฀will฀you฀ask฀for฀help? 8.฀__________________฀are฀those฀cigarettes฀on฀the฀small฀table?฀Are฀they฀yours? 9.฀The฀man฀with฀__________________฀John฀is฀speaking฀is฀an฀Australian฀pilot. 10.฀The฀woman฀__________________฀we฀met฀at฀the฀party฀was฀a฀friend฀of฀Peter´s. 11.฀The฀train฀__________________฀leaves฀at฀10:25฀is฀an฀express฀train. 12.฀__________________฀are฀they฀talking฀about? 13.฀The฀man฀__________________฀Prof.฀Clark฀mentioned฀in฀his฀lecture฀is฀a฀famous฀American฀writer. 14.฀The฀boy฀__________________฀father฀died฀in฀the฀accident฀is฀still฀in฀hospital. 15.฀__________________฀are฀those฀brown฀shoes฀__________________฀are฀under฀the฀chair? 16.฀__________________฀are฀you฀talking฀to? 17.฀The฀children฀with฀__________________฀my฀son฀is฀playing฀are฀not฀Chilean.฀They฀are฀American. 18.฀__________________฀was฀working฀in฀the฀office฀at฀9฀o´clock฀this฀morning? 19.฀With฀__________________฀will฀you฀work฀on฀the฀thesis? 20.฀I฀don´t฀know฀__________________฀watch฀this฀is.฀Is฀it฀yours? 21.฀The฀children฀__________________฀are฀in฀Room฀B฀are฀2nd฀grade฀students. 22.฀Everyone฀liked฀the฀poem฀__________________฀Prof.฀Smith฀read฀in฀class฀yesterday.. 23.฀Is฀that฀the฀bus฀__________________฀we฀must฀take? 24.฀She฀is฀the฀woman฀__________________฀I฀really฀love. Ex.฀3.฀Combine฀the฀two฀sentences฀to฀make฀one฀single฀sentence,using฀WHO,฀WHOM฀or฀WHOSE 1.฀ I฀met฀a฀man฀yesterday.฀He฀wrote฀detective฀stories. I฀met฀a฀man฀_______________________________________________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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2.฀ I฀met฀a฀woman฀yesterday.฀Her฀husband฀died฀in฀a฀car฀accident. I฀met฀a฀woman฀฀ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀ Peter฀came฀to฀the฀party฀with฀a฀young฀woman.฀This฀is฀the฀young฀woman. This฀is฀the฀young฀฀__________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀ The฀policemen฀interrogated฀the฀old฀man.฀His฀car฀was฀parked฀outside฀the฀school. The฀policemen฀interrogated฀฀_________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀ There´s฀a฀man฀in฀the฀lobby.฀He฀wants฀to฀speak฀with฀you. There´s฀a฀man฀฀____________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀ They฀contacted฀a฀man.฀They฀found฀his฀wallet฀in฀the฀street. They฀contacted฀the฀man฀฀ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀ You฀were฀talking฀to฀a฀man฀in฀the฀lobby.฀Where฀is฀he? Where฀is฀the฀man฀________________________________________________________________________________ ?. Exercise฀4.฀Ask฀questions฀with฀whose,฀as฀in฀the฀example. ฀ ฀ 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀

To฀whom฀does฀this฀pen฀belong?฀(belong฀=฀pertenecer)฀Whose฀pen฀is฀this?฀/฀Whose฀is฀this฀pen? To฀whom฀does฀that฀old฀blue฀jacket฀belong?฀Whose฀is฀that฀old฀blue฀jacket? To฀whom฀does฀this฀car฀belong?฀ ฀ _________________________________________________ To฀whom฀do฀these฀books฀belong?฀ ฀ _________________________________________________ To฀whom฀does฀this฀brand฀new฀car฀belong?฀ ฀ _________________________________________________ To฀whom฀does฀that฀coat฀belong’฀ ฀ _________________________________________________ To฀whom฀does฀this฀gold฀ring฀belong?฀ ฀ _________________________________________________ To฀whom฀do฀the฀cigarettes฀on฀that฀table฀belong?฀฀ ฀ _________________________________________________ To฀whom฀does฀this฀camera฀belong?฀฀ ฀ _________________________________________________

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Ex.฀5.฀Make฀synonymous฀sentences฀using฀the฀verb฀belong฀instead฀of฀the฀possessives. 1.฀This฀pen฀is฀mine฀฀ 2.฀That฀house฀is฀ours.฀฀ 3.฀That´s฀not฀your฀leather฀jacket.฀ 4.฀Those฀keys฀are฀mine.฀ 5.฀Is฀that฀car฀yours?฀ 6.฀That฀is฀not฀John´s฀bicycle..฀ 7.฀These฀aren´t฀Mary´s฀shoes.฀ 8.฀Are฀these฀cigarettes฀yours?฀ 9.฀Whose฀is฀this฀watch?฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀Whose฀glasses฀are฀these?฀ ฀ ฀ 11.฀I฀think฀that฀this฀wallet฀is฀yours.฀ 12.฀I´m฀sure฀that฀that฀house฀isn´t฀theirs.฀฀ 13.฀This฀house฀is฀ours.฀It฀isn´t฀theirs.฀ ฀ ฀ 14.฀That฀car฀isn´t฀his.฀It´s฀hers.฀ ฀ ฀ 15.฀This฀sweater฀isn´t฀my฀sister´s.฀It´s฀my฀brother´s฀฀ ฀ ฀

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฀฀This฀pen฀_________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ? ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ? ฀฀To฀ ______________________________________________ ? ฀ _________________________________________________ ? ฀฀To฀ ______________________________________________ ? ฀ _________________________________________________ ? ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀฀I´m฀sure฀__________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________

C.฀ SOMEBODY,฀SOMETHING,฀SOMEWHERE฀AND฀DERIVED฀WORDS Study฀the฀following฀chart Afirmative Negative

Interrogative

Some

Somebody/someone

Something

Somewhere

Not...any

Not...฀Anybody Not...anyone

Not...anything

Not...anywhere

No

Nobody฀No฀One

Nothing

Nowhere

Any

Anybody฀/฀Anyone

Anything

Anywhere

En฀la฀BEGS฀&฀VOC฀UNIT฀2,฀habíamos฀aprendido฀que฀la฀palabra฀SOME฀solamente฀se฀usaba฀en฀oraciones฀afirmativas,฀ y฀que฀en฀las฀interrogaciones฀se฀debía฀usar฀ANY.฀En฀las฀oraciones฀negativas฀había฀dos฀alternativas:฀se฀podía฀usar฀ NOT...฀ANY฀o฀NO.฀Esta฀misma฀regla฀se฀debe฀seguir฀al฀usar฀las฀palabras฀derivadas,฀es฀decir฀con฀Somebody฀/฀Someone฀ (alguien)฀Something฀(algo,฀alguna฀cosa).฀Somewhere฀(algun฀lugar,฀alguna฀parte),฀etc. Estudie฀los฀siguientes฀ejemplos: 1.฀ I฀´ve฀got฀some฀friends฀in฀Atlanta I฀haven´t฀got฀any฀friends฀in฀Atlanta฀/฀I´ve฀got฀no฀friends฀in฀Atlanta Have฀you฀got฀any฀friends฀in฀Atlanta? ฀2.฀I฀saw฀somebody฀in฀the฀car I฀didn´t฀see฀anybody฀in฀the฀car฀/฀I฀saw฀nobody฀in฀the฀car Did฀you฀see฀anybody฀in฀the฀car? ฀3.฀They฀need฀something฀now. They฀don´t฀need฀anything฀now.฀/฀They฀need฀nothing฀now Do฀they฀need฀anything฀now? ฀4.฀They฀will฀go฀somewhere฀after฀the฀lesson They฀won´t฀go฀anywhere฀after฀the฀lesson฀/฀They฀will฀go฀nowhere฀after฀the฀lesson Will฀they฀go฀anywhere฀after฀the฀lesson? EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Change฀to฀negative฀form฀Use฀฀a)฀NOT...฀ANY฀฀฀b)฀NO 1.฀There฀is฀someone฀in฀the฀room฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀I฀saw฀somebody฀in฀the฀corridor.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀Please฀put฀it฀somewhere฀in฀this฀room.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀There฀is฀someone฀at฀the฀door.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀He฀lives฀somewhere฀in฀New฀York.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀He฀told฀somebody฀about฀it.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀He฀gave฀the฀book฀to฀somebody.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀I฀put฀the฀money฀somewhere฀in฀this฀drawer฀yesterday.฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀Tell฀somebody฀about฀Peter´s฀problems.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 10.฀He฀said฀something฀to฀her.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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11.฀He฀has฀something฀to฀do.฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀He´s฀going฀to฀do฀something฀now.฀ ฀ ฀ 13.฀They฀found฀the฀money฀somewhere.฀ ฀ ฀ 14.฀They฀will฀send฀the฀goods฀to฀someone.฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Change฀to฀question฀form 1.฀I฀saw฀somebody฀at฀the฀desk.฀ 2.฀He฀went฀somewhere฀last฀night.฀ 3.฀She฀has฀something฀to฀do.฀ 4.฀He฀told฀somebody฀about฀it.฀ 5.฀She฀put฀it฀somewhere.฀ 6.฀There฀is฀someone฀in฀the฀next฀room.฀ 7.฀Somebody฀wants฀to฀speak฀to฀him.฀ 8.฀1฀saw฀somebody฀I฀knew.฀ 9.฀He฀brought฀something฀with฀him.฀ 10.฀He฀gave฀it฀to฀someone.฀ 11.฀He฀took฀them฀somewhere฀on฀Long฀Island.฀ 12.฀I฀liked฀something฀about฀her.฀

฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Ex.฀3.฀Rewrite฀the฀following฀“NO”฀sentences฀in฀the฀more฀common฀“NOT฀...฀ANY”฀negative฀form: 1.฀They฀found฀nobody฀at฀home.฀ 2.฀There฀is฀no฀more฀coffee.฀ 3.฀They฀want฀nothing฀to฀drink.฀ 4.฀There฀is฀nowhere฀for฀him฀to฀sit.฀ 5.฀She฀spoke฀to฀no฀one฀about฀it.฀ 6.฀1฀want฀no฀more,฀thank฀you.฀ 7.฀He฀can฀see฀nothing฀without฀his฀glasses.฀ 8.฀We฀saw฀nobody฀at฀all฀in฀the฀park.฀ 9.฀They฀gave฀us฀nothing฀to฀eat.฀ 10.฀We฀went฀nowhere฀after฀the฀dance.฀

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฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

BASIC฀VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words THE฀CITY airport฀/éarport/฀ aeropuerto฀ all-you-can-eat฀restaurant฀/ó:l฀iu฀kn฀í:t฀réstrant/฀ ฀ restaurant฀tenedor฀libre฀ art฀gallery฀/á:rt฀gæleri/฀ galería฀de฀arte฀ baker’s฀/béikerz/฀ panadería฀ book฀shop฀/buk฀shop/฀ librería฀ police฀station฀/polís฀stéishn/฀ cuartel฀de฀policia฀ edificio฀ building฀/bíldiη/฀ bus฀/bás/฀ bus฀฀ bus฀stop฀/bas฀stop/฀ paradero฀de฀buses฀ bus฀terminal฀/bas฀té:rminl/฀ terminal฀de฀buses฀ butcher’s฀/bútcherz/฀ carnicería฀ cab฀/kæb/฀ taxi฀(USA)฀ café฀/kæfei/฀ café฀ cafetería฀/kafitíria/฀ fuente฀de฀soda,casino฀ car฀/ka:r/฀ automóvil฀ casino฀/kazínou/฀ casino฀de฀juegos฀ chemist’s฀/kémists/฀ farmacia฀ church฀/tchértch/฀ iglesia฀ cinema฀/sínema/฀ sala฀de฀cine฀ coach฀/kóutch/฀ bus฀interurbano฀ coffee฀shop฀/kófishop/฀ cafetería฀ college฀/kólidll/฀ escuela฀(univ.)฀ corner฀/kó:rner/฀ esquina฀ crossroads฀/krósroudz/฀ cruce฀ department฀store฀/dipá:rment฀stóar/฀tienda฀de฀depart.฀ disco฀/dískou/฀ discoteca฀ dry-cleaner’s฀/drái฀klí:nerz/฀ lavaseco,฀tintorería฀ estate฀car฀/estéit฀ká:r/฀ ranchera฀(BR)฀ fire฀brigade฀/fáiar฀brigéid/฀ cuartel฀de฀bomberos฀ flower฀shop฀/fláuer฀shop/฀ florería฀ greengrocer’s฀/gri:ngróuserz/฀ verdulería฀ grocer’s฀/gróuserz/฀ almacén฀(BR)฀ grocery฀store฀/gróuseri฀stóar/฀ almacén฀(USA)฀ hardware฀store฀/hárdwear฀stóar/฀ ferretería฀ hospital฀/hóspitl/฀ hospital฀ hostel฀/hóstel/฀ hostal฀ hotel฀/houtél/฀ hotel฀ jeweller´s฀/dllúelerz/฀ joyería฀ cruce฀FFCC฀(BR)฀ level฀crossing฀/lével฀krósiη/฀ lorry฀/lorri/฀ camión฀(BR)฀ museum฀/miuzíam/฀ museo฀ news-stand฀/niuz฀stænd/฀ puesto฀de฀diarios฀ night-club฀/náit฀klab/฀ boite

park฀/pa:rk/฀ parque pavement฀/péivment/฀ vereda฀(BR) pedestrian฀/pedéstrian/฀ peatón pick฀up฀/pik฀áp/฀ camioneta฀(USA) planetarium฀/planetærium/฀ planetario bridge฀/bridll/฀ puente post฀office฀/póust฀ófis/฀ oficina฀de฀correos public฀library฀/páblik฀láibreari/฀ biblioteca฀pública railway฀station฀/réilwei฀stéishn/฀ estación฀de฀trenes restaurant฀/réstorant/฀ restaurant road฀/róud/฀ camino,฀calzada roundabout฀/ráundabáut/฀ rotonda school฀/skú:l/฀ colegio,฀escuela shoe฀shop฀/shu:฀shop/฀ zapatería shop฀/shop/฀ tienda฀(BR) sidewalk฀/sáidwo:k/฀ vereda฀(USA) snack฀bar฀/snæk฀bá:r/฀ fuente฀de฀soda station฀wagon฀/stéishn฀wágon/฀ ranchera฀(USA) stationer’s฀/stéishonerz/฀ librería฀(art.escrit.) store฀/stóar/฀ tienda฀(USA) street฀/stri:t/฀ calle street-car฀/strí:t฀ká:r/฀ tranvía subway฀/sábwei/฀ paso฀bajo฀nivel฀(BR) subway฀/sábwei/฀ tren฀subterráneo฀(USA) supermarket฀/supermá:rkit/฀ supermercado tailor’s฀/téilorz/฀ sastrería take-away฀restaurant฀/téikawei฀réstrant/฀฀restaurante฀de ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀platos฀preparados฀para฀llevar taxi฀/tæksi/฀ taxi tea฀shop฀/ti:shop/฀ salón฀de฀té theatre฀/θíater/฀ teatro town฀hall฀/táun฀hó:l/฀ municipalidad traffic฀lights฀/træfik฀laits/฀ semáforo traffic฀sign฀/træfik฀sáin/฀ señalización train฀/tréin/฀ tren travel฀agent´s฀/trævel฀éidllents/฀ agencia฀de฀viajes truck฀/trak/฀ camióm฀(USA) tunnel฀/tánel/฀ tunnel underground฀/andergráund/฀ tren฀subterráneo฀(BR) university฀/iunivérsiti/฀ universidad van฀/væn/฀ camioneta฀(BR) zebra฀crossing฀/zibra฀krósiη/฀ cruce฀de฀zebra zoo฀/zu:/฀ zoológico

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UNIT฀8 Key฀to฀answers PART฀I A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀will฀march฀2.฀will฀send฀3.฀will฀have฀4.฀will฀sell฀5.฀will฀use฀6.฀will฀dig฀7.฀will฀launch฀8฀will฀attend฀9.฀will฀be฀10.฀will฀ buy฀11.฀will฀hire฀12.฀will฀move Ex.฀2.฀1.฀Mary฀will฀not฀go฀out...฀/฀Will฀Mary฀go฀out...?฀2.฀You฀won`t฀send...฀/฀Will฀you฀send...?฀3.฀The฀train฀won´t฀arrive...฀/฀ Will฀the฀train฀arrive...?฀4.฀John฀will฀not฀accept...฀/฀Will฀John฀accept...?฀5.฀They฀won`t฀get฀married...฀/฀Will฀they฀get฀married?฀ 6.฀Mr฀Smith฀won`t฀see...฀/฀Will฀Mr฀Smith฀see...? Ex.฀3.฀1.฀Where฀will฀they฀go฀in฀the฀summer?฀2.฀When฀will฀John฀give฀the฀answer?฀3.฀Why฀will฀Bob฀sell฀the฀car?฀4.฀How฀ long฀will฀the฀soldiers฀wait฀there?฀5.฀What฀will฀Mr฀Smith฀send฀them?฀6.฀Why฀won`t฀Sue฀buy฀the฀dress?฀7.฀How฀long฀will฀ they฀stay฀in฀Toronto?฀8.฀Where฀will฀you฀wait฀for฀me฀/฀us?฀9.฀How฀many฀volunteers฀will฀they฀need?฀10.฀What฀will฀they฀ talk฀about฀tomorrow?

PART฀II. A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀says฀2.฀told฀3.฀said฀4.฀told฀5.฀says฀6.฀told฀7.฀says฀8.฀said฀9.฀said฀10.฀says฀11.฀tell฀12.฀tell 13.฀told฀14.฀said Ex.฀2.฀1.฀She฀told฀me฀that...฀2.฀Mr฀Smith฀told฀Peter฀that...฀3.฀John฀told฀his฀friends฀that...฀4.฀Ann฀told฀the฀office฀that...฀5.฀ William฀told฀the฀doctor฀that...฀6.฀Helen฀told฀the฀travel฀agent฀that...฀7.฀the฀boy฀told฀us฀that...฀8.฀The฀teacher฀told฀Paul`s฀ parents฀that...฀9.฀The฀man฀tells฀me฀that... Ex.฀3.฀1.฀Bob฀said฀that฀he...฀2.฀I฀said฀that...฀3.฀The฀teacher฀said฀that...฀4.฀Mr฀Smith฀said฀that...5.฀I฀said฀that...฀6.฀John฀ said฀that...฀7.฀The฀boy฀says฀that...฀8.฀He฀says฀that฀she... B. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀whom฀2.฀whom฀3.฀Who฀4.฀Whom฀5.฀who฀6.฀whom฀7.฀whom฀8.฀whom฀9.whom฀10.฀whom Ex.฀2.฀1.฀Which฀2.฀Whose฀3.฀whom฀4.฀whose฀5.฀which฀6.฀whom฀7.฀Who(m)฀8.฀Whose฀9.฀whom฀10.฀whom฀11.฀which฀ 12.฀Who฀13.฀whom฀14.฀whose฀15.฀Whose฀-฀which฀16.฀Who฀17.฀whom฀18.฀Who 19.฀whom฀20.฀whose฀21.฀who฀22.฀which฀23.฀which฀24.฀whom Ex.฀3.฀1....who฀wrote฀detective฀stories.฀2....whose฀husband฀died฀in฀a฀car฀accident฀3....woman฀with฀whom฀Peter฀came฀ to฀the฀party.฀4...the฀old฀man฀whose฀car฀was฀parked฀outside฀the฀school.฀5...who฀wants฀to฀speak฀with฀you.฀6.฀whose฀ wallet฀they฀found฀in฀the฀street.฀7....to฀whom฀you฀were฀talking฀in฀the฀lobby? Ex.฀4.฀1.฀Whose฀car฀is฀this?฀Whose฀is฀this฀car?฀2.฀Whose฀books฀are฀these?฀Whose฀are฀these฀books?฀3.฀Whose฀is฀this฀ brand฀new฀car?฀4.฀Whose฀coat฀is฀that?฀Whose฀is฀that฀coat?฀5.฀Whose฀is฀this฀gold฀ring?฀6.฀Whose฀are฀the฀cigarettes฀on฀ that฀table?฀7.฀Whose฀camera฀is฀this?฀Whose฀is฀this฀camera Ex.฀5.฀1.฀belongs฀to฀me฀2.฀That฀house฀belongs฀to฀us฀3.฀That฀leather฀jacket฀doesn`t฀belong฀to฀you?฀4.฀Those฀keys฀ belong฀to฀me฀5.฀Does฀that฀car฀belong฀to฀you?฀6.฀That฀bicycle฀doesn`t฀belong฀to฀John.฀7.฀Those฀shoes฀don´t฀belong฀ to฀Mary฀8.฀Do฀these฀cigarettes฀belong฀to฀you?฀9....whom฀does฀this฀watch฀belong?฀/฀Who฀does฀this฀watch฀belong฀ to?฀10....whom฀do฀these฀glasses฀belong?฀/฀Who฀do฀these฀glasses฀belong฀to?฀11.฀I฀think฀(that)฀this฀wallet฀belongs฀ to฀you.฀12.฀I´m฀sure฀(that)฀that฀house฀doesn´t฀belong฀to฀them฀.฀13.฀This฀house฀belongs฀to฀us.฀It฀doesn`t฀belong฀to฀ them.฀14.฀That฀car฀doesn´t฀belong฀to฀him.฀It฀belongs฀to฀her.฀15.฀This฀sweater฀doesn´t฀belong฀to฀my฀sister.฀It฀belongs฀ to฀my฀brother.

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C. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀There฀isn`t฀anyone฀in...฀/฀There´s฀no฀one฀in...฀2.฀I฀didn´t฀see฀anybody฀in...฀/฀I฀saw฀nobody฀in...3.฀Please,฀don´t฀ put฀it฀anywhere฀in...฀/฀Please,฀put฀it฀nowhere฀in...฀4.฀There฀isn`t฀anyone฀at...฀/฀There`s฀no฀one฀at...฀5.฀He฀doesn´t฀live฀ anywhere฀in...฀/฀He฀lives฀nowhere฀in...฀6.฀He฀didn´t฀tell฀anybody...฀/฀He฀told฀nobody...฀7.฀He฀didn`t฀give฀the฀book฀to฀ anybody฀/฀He฀gave฀the฀book฀to฀nobody฀8.฀I฀didn`t฀put฀the฀money฀anywhere...฀/฀I฀put฀the฀money฀nowhere...฀9.฀Don`t฀tell฀ anybody฀about...฀/฀Tell฀nobody฀about...฀10.฀He฀didn´t฀say฀anything...฀/฀He฀said฀nothing...฀11.฀He฀doesn`t฀have฀anything฀ to฀do฀/฀He฀has฀nothing฀to฀do฀12.฀He฀isn´t฀going฀to฀do฀anything฀now฀/฀He`s฀going฀to฀do฀nothing฀now฀13.฀They฀didn´t฀find฀ the฀money฀anywhere฀/฀They฀found฀the฀money฀nowhere฀14.฀They฀won´t฀send฀the฀goods฀to฀anyone฀/฀They´ll฀send฀the฀ goods฀to฀no฀one. Ex.฀2.฀1.฀Did฀I฀see฀anybody฀at฀the฀desk.?฀2.฀Did฀he฀go฀anywhere฀last฀night?฀3.฀Does฀she฀have฀anything฀to฀do?฀4.฀Did฀ he฀tell฀anybody฀about฀it?฀5.฀Did฀she฀put฀it฀anywhere?฀6.฀Is฀there฀anyone฀in฀the฀next฀room?฀7.฀Does฀anybody฀want฀to฀ speak฀to฀him?฀8.฀Did฀I฀see฀anybody฀I฀knew?฀9.฀Did฀he฀bring฀anything฀with฀him?฀10.฀Did฀he฀give฀it฀to฀anyone?฀11.฀Did฀ he฀take฀them฀anywhere฀on฀Long฀Island?฀14.฀Did฀I฀like฀anything฀about฀her? Ex.฀3.฀1.฀They฀didn´t฀find฀anybody฀at฀home฀2.฀There฀isn´t฀any฀more฀coffee.฀3.฀They฀don´t฀want฀anything฀to฀drink฀4.฀There฀ isn´t฀anywhere฀for฀him฀to฀sit฀5.฀She฀didn`´t฀speak฀to฀anyone฀about฀it฀6.฀I฀don´t฀want฀any฀more,฀thank฀you.฀7.฀He฀can´t฀see฀ anything฀without฀his฀glasses.฀8.฀We฀didn´t฀see฀anybody฀at฀all฀in฀the฀park฀9.฀They฀didn´t฀give฀us฀anything฀to฀eat฀.฀10.฀We฀ didn´t฀go฀anywhere฀after฀the฀dance

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UNIT฀9 PART฀1.฀EL฀FUTURO฀SIMPLE฀II฀(THE฀SIMPLE฀FUTURE฀TENSE฀II) EL฀FUTURO฀SIMPLE฀CON฀AM/IS/ARE฀+฀GOING฀TO฀ ฀Esta฀construcción฀gramatical฀se฀usa฀para฀expresar฀intenciones฀o฀planes฀que฀probablemente฀se฀llevaran฀a฀cabo฀en฀el฀ futuro฀cercano.฀Equivale฀a฀la฀expresión฀“Yo฀voy฀a฀...”,฀“Tú฀vas฀a฀...”,฀“Él฀va฀a฀...”,฀etc.฀ Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: They฀are฀going฀to฀visit฀us฀next฀week-end.฀ /δéi฀a:r฀góuiη฀tu฀vízit฀as฀nékst฀wí:kénd/฀Ellos฀van฀a฀visitarnos฀el฀próximo฀fin฀de฀ semana. Mary฀is฀going฀to฀come฀to฀work฀tomorrow฀/mériz฀góuiη฀tu฀kám฀tu฀wé:rk฀tumórou/.฀Mary฀va฀a฀venir฀a฀trabajar฀mañana En฀la฀negación฀y฀en฀la฀interrogación฀se฀aplican฀las฀mismas฀reglas฀dadas฀en฀el฀Presente฀Continuo. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: They฀aren´t฀going฀to฀visit฀us฀next฀week-end.฀/δéi฀á:rent฀góuiη฀tu฀vízit฀as฀nékst฀wí:kénd/ Mary฀isn´t฀going฀to฀come฀to฀work฀tomorrow.฀/méri฀íznt฀góuiη฀tu฀kám฀tu฀wé:rk฀tumórou/. Are฀they฀going฀to฀visit฀us฀next฀week-end?฀/á:r฀δéi฀góuiη฀tu฀vízit฀as฀nékst฀wí:kénd/ Is฀Mary฀going฀to฀come฀to฀work฀tomorrow?฀/iz฀méri฀góuiη฀tu฀kám฀tu฀wé:rk฀tumórou/. When฀are฀they฀going฀to฀visit฀us?฀/wén฀a:r฀δéi฀góuiη฀tu฀vízit฀as/. Why฀isn´t฀Mary฀going฀to฀come฀to฀work฀tomorrow?฀/wái฀iznt฀méri฀góuiη฀tu฀kám฀tu฀wé:rk฀tumórou/. La฀pregunta฀habitual฀en฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀es: ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀What฀are฀you฀going฀to฀do?฀/wót฀a:r฀iú฀góuiη฀tu฀dú:/฀¿Qué฀va฀ha฀hacer฀ud.? EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀using฀AM฀/฀IS฀/฀ARE฀+฀GOING฀TO฀instead฀of฀WILL: 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀ 8.฀

Tom฀will฀come฀to฀Chile฀next฀year.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ They´ll฀travel฀to฀Mexico฀in฀March.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Mr.฀Jackson฀will฀play฀tennis฀tomorrow฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Jane฀will฀buy฀a฀bilingual฀dictionary.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ The฀instructor฀will฀use฀a฀video.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Paul฀will฀go฀to฀Germany฀and฀France.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ The฀Johnsons฀will฀spend฀their฀vacation฀in฀Acapulco.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ I฀will฀send฀Mary฀a฀post-card฀from฀L.A.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Change฀the฀sentences฀you฀wrote฀in฀the฀previous฀exercise฀into฀a)฀negative฀and฀b)฀interrogative 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀ 8.฀

฀ Tom฀isn´t฀going฀to฀come฀to฀Chile฀next฀year.฀฀ ฀_____________________________________________฀ ฀_____________________________________________฀ ฀_____________________________________________฀ ฀_____________________________________________฀ ฀_____________________________________________฀ ฀_____________________________________________฀ ฀_____________________________________________฀

Is฀Tom฀going฀to฀come฀to฀Chile฀next฀year? ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________ ฀_______________________________________________

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? ? ? ? ? ? ?

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Ex.฀3.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀question฀words฀like฀When,฀Where,฀How฀long,฀etc.฀In฀each฀case฀the฀underlined฀part฀ of฀the฀sentence฀will฀be฀the฀answer฀to฀the฀question฀asked. 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀

Bill฀is฀going฀to฀travel฀by฀plane.฀ Bob฀and฀Jim฀are฀going฀to฀swim.฀฀ We´re฀going฀to฀buy฀fruit฀and฀drinks.฀฀ I´m฀going฀to฀get฀back฀from฀work฀at฀6:30.฀฀ They´re฀going฀to฀fix฀the฀engine.฀฀ She´s฀not฀going฀to฀go฀because฀she´s฀tired.฀฀ Bill฀is฀going฀to฀answer฀the฀question.฀฀

฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________ ฀ _________________________________________________

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Ex.฀4.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentnces฀into฀English 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀

Ellos฀no฀van฀a฀venir฀a฀la฀fiesta฀esta฀noche.฀฀ Ella฀va฀a฀comprar฀otro฀par฀de฀zapatos.฀ ¿Qué฀vas฀ha฀hacer฀mañana฀en฀la฀mañana?฀ ¿Van฀a฀estar฀uds.฀en฀casa฀esta฀tarde?฀ Yo฀voy฀a฀visitar฀a฀Mary฀este฀fin฀de฀semana.฀฀ ¿Cuándo฀vas฀a฀vender฀tu฀auto?฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

PART฀II. A.฀ LA฀EXPRESION฀IDIOMATICA฀IT฀TAKES...฀/IT฀TOOK.../฀IT฀WILL฀TAKE... Esta฀expresión฀idiomática฀se฀usa฀para฀expresar฀la฀idea฀de฀“demorar”,฀“฀tomar฀tiempo” Study฀the฀following฀chart:

PRESENT It฀takes

PAST It฀took

FUTURE It฀will฀take

Whom?

How฀long?

To฀do฀what?

Mr฀Clark฀the฀students฀ us฀________________

about฀20฀minutes about฀15฀minutes about฀one฀hour about฀2฀hours

to฀drive฀to฀his฀office to฀run฀to฀the฀stadium to฀walk฀that฀distance to฀drive฀to฀Viña฀del฀Mar

the฀students฀the฀men me฀________________

about฀1฀hour six฀months more฀than฀a฀year a฀long฀time

to฀answer฀the฀questions to฀build฀the฀bridge. to฀learn฀English to฀build฀the฀pyramids

you฀the฀men ____________________

at฀least฀an฀hour฀ two฀years฀ about฀10฀hours

to฀type฀the฀report to฀build฀the฀new฀highway. to฀fly฀from฀London฀to฀Chicago

Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: It฀takes฀Mr฀Clark฀about฀twenty฀minutes฀to฀drive฀to฀his฀office฀/it฀téiks฀míster฀klá:rk฀abáut฀twénti฀mínits฀tu฀dráiv฀tu฀hiz฀ófis/฀El฀ Sr.฀Clark฀demora฀cerca฀de฀20฀minutos฀en฀conducir฀a฀su฀oficina. It฀took฀the฀students฀about฀an฀hour฀to฀answer฀the฀questions.฀ /it฀tuk฀ δe฀stiú:dents฀abáut฀an฀áuar฀tu฀á:nser฀ δe฀kwéstchonz/฀ Los฀alumnos฀demoraron฀más฀o฀menos฀una฀hora฀en฀contestar฀las฀preguntas. It฀will฀take฀you฀at฀least฀an฀hour฀to฀type฀the฀report.฀ /it฀wil฀téik฀iú:฀at฀lí:st฀an฀áuar฀tu฀táip฀ δe฀ripó:rt/฀Ud.฀demorará฀por฀lo฀ menos฀una฀hora฀en฀tipear฀el฀informe La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀mediante฀el฀uso฀de฀“It฀doesn´t฀take...”,฀“It฀didn´t฀take...”,฀o฀“It฀won´t฀take...”.฀La฀ forma฀interrogativa฀se฀expresa฀con฀“Does฀it฀take...?”,฀“Did฀it฀take...?”,฀o฀“Will฀it฀take...?” 116

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Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: It฀doesn´t฀take฀Mr฀Clark฀more฀than฀twenty฀minutes฀to฀drive฀to฀his฀office. Does฀it฀take฀Mr฀Clark฀more฀than฀twenty฀minutes฀to฀drive฀to฀his฀office? It฀didn´t฀take฀the฀students฀much฀time฀to฀answer฀the฀questions. Did฀it฀take฀the฀students฀much฀time฀to฀answer฀the฀questions? It฀won´t฀take฀you฀more฀than฀an฀hour฀to฀type฀the฀report. Will฀it฀take฀you฀more฀than฀an฀hour฀to฀type฀the฀report?฀. La฀pregunta฀habitual฀con฀esta฀expresión฀idiomática฀es฀: How฀long฀does฀it฀take฀you฀to...?฀฀ How฀long฀did฀it฀take฀you฀to...?฀฀ How฀long฀will฀it฀take฀you฀to...?฀฀

¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀se฀demora฀Ud.฀en...? ¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀se฀demoró฀Ud.฀en...? ¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀se฀demorará฀Ud.฀en...?

Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: How฀long฀does฀it฀take฀Mr฀Clark฀to฀drive฀to฀his฀office฀every฀morning? How฀long฀did฀it฀take฀the฀students฀to฀answer฀the฀questions? How฀long฀will฀it฀take฀you฀to฀type฀this฀report? EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Change฀the฀following฀to฀introduce฀IT฀TAKES...,฀IT฀TOOK...฀or฀IT฀WIL฀TAKE...: 1.฀I฀come฀to฀work฀on฀the฀bus฀in฀ten฀minutes.฀(It฀takes฀me฀ten฀minutes฀to฀come฀to฀work฀on฀the฀bus.) 2.฀I฀did฀my฀exercise฀in฀one฀hour.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀I฀walked฀to฀the฀station฀in฀fifteen฀minutes.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀We฀drove฀to฀Philadelphia฀in฀one฀hour.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀I฀found฀my฀mistake฀in฀a฀few฀minutes.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀I฀do฀my฀homework฀every฀night฀in฀a฀short฀time.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀They฀will฀build฀the฀bridge฀in฀two฀years.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀She฀learned฀to฀speak฀English฀in฀only฀one฀year.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀I฀finished฀the฀work฀in฀an฀hour.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 10.฀I฀wrote฀the฀letter฀in฀a฀few฀minutes.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 11.฀They฀will฀complete฀the฀work฀in฀six฀years.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 12.฀He฀does฀his฀homework฀every฀day฀in฀one฀hour.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Ex.฀2.฀Change฀to฀negative฀and฀to฀interrogative฀form.฀Then฀ask฀a฀Wh-question฀with฀HOW฀LONG? 1.฀It฀took฀Herbert฀a฀long฀time฀to฀walk฀there.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀It฀takes฀me฀seven฀minutes฀to฀walk฀there.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀It฀took฀them฀many฀years฀to฀build฀the฀road.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀It฀takes฀me฀ten฀minutes฀to฀get฀there฀by฀subway.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀It฀took฀him฀several฀hours฀to฀finish฀it.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

฀฀It฀didn’t฀take฀Herbert฀a฀long฀time฀to฀walk฀there. ฀฀Did฀it฀take฀Herbert฀a฀long฀time฀to฀walk฀there? ฀฀How฀long฀did฀it฀take฀Herbert฀to฀walk฀there? ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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6.฀It฀took฀a฀month฀to฀complete฀the฀work.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀It฀will฀take฀a฀long฀time฀to฀get฀there.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀It฀will฀take฀you฀a฀week฀to฀read฀this฀book.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀It฀took฀them฀two฀days฀to฀find฀him.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀It฀takes฀an฀hour฀to฀do฀this฀exercise.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 11.฀It฀takes฀much฀time฀to฀learn฀English.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀It฀took฀an฀hour฀to฀discover฀the฀mistake.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀English 1.฀ ฀ 2.฀ ฀ 3.฀ ฀ 4.฀ ฀ 5.฀ ฀ 6.฀ ฀ 7.฀ ฀ 8.฀ ฀ 9.฀ ฀

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Yo฀generalmente฀demoro฀diez฀minutos฀en฀caminar฀a฀casa฀desde฀la฀oficina. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Los฀alumnos฀demoraron฀más฀de฀dos฀horas฀en฀contestar฀todas฀las฀preguntas. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Uds.฀demorarán฀por฀lo฀menos฀tres฀meses฀en฀preparar฀el฀informe. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ ¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀demoró฀Ud.฀en฀aprender฀a฀conducir฀un฀auto? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ ¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀demoraremos฀nosotros฀en฀aprender฀a฀hablar฀inglés฀bien? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ ¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀demora฀Ud.฀usualmente฀en฀ducharse฀todas฀las฀mañanas? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ella฀no฀demoró฀mucho฀tiempo฀en฀aprender฀a฀usar฀el฀computador. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Uno฀no฀demora฀más฀de฀dos฀horas฀en฀viajar฀de฀Santiago฀aPuerto฀Montt฀en฀avión. ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ud.฀no฀demorará฀mucho฀tiempo฀en฀leer฀ese฀artículo ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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B.฀ GRADOS฀DE฀COMPARACION฀DE฀LOS฀ADJETIVOS Cuando฀usamos฀un฀adjetivo฀calificativo฀como฀beautiful,฀old,฀big,฀intelligent฀estamos฀haciendo฀comparaciones.฀Cuando฀ decimos฀que฀“Mary฀is฀a฀beautiful฀girl”฀estamos฀comparándola฀con฀otras฀niñas฀que฀hemos฀visto฀anteriormente. Los฀adjetivos฀tienen฀cuatro฀grados฀de฀comparación:฀Grado฀Positivo,฀Grado฀Comparativo,฀Grado฀Superlativo฀y฀ Grado฀de฀Igualdad. 1.฀ EL฀ GRADO฀ POSITIVO฀ es฀ aquel฀ que฀ usamos฀ cuando฀ no฀ especificamos฀ con฀ qué฀ persona฀ o฀ cosa฀ estamos฀ comparando. Mary฀is฀a฀beautiful฀girl.฀(Mary฀es฀una฀niña฀hermosa)฀฀ Bob฀is฀an฀intelligent฀person.฀(Bob฀es฀una฀persona฀inteligente) Our฀house฀is฀very฀big.฀(Nuestra฀casa฀es฀muy฀grande)฀ This฀car฀is฀very฀old.฀(Este฀auto฀es฀muy฀viejo) 2.฀ Nosotros฀usamos฀el฀GRADO฀COMPARATIVO฀cuando฀especificamos฀con฀qué฀persona฀o฀cosa฀estamos฀comparando: Mary฀is฀more฀beautiful฀than฀her฀sister฀Alice.฀(Mary฀es฀más฀hermosa฀que฀su฀hermana฀Alaice) Bob฀is฀more฀intelligent฀than฀George.฀(Bob฀es฀más฀inteligente฀que฀George) Our฀house฀is฀bigger฀than฀your฀house.฀(Nuestra฀casa฀es฀más฀grande฀que฀vuestra฀casa) This฀car฀is฀older฀than฀that฀one.฀(Este฀auto฀es฀más฀viejo฀que฀ese) 3.฀ Cuando฀usamos฀el฀GRADO฀SUPERLATIVO฀estamos฀comparando฀una฀persona฀o฀cosa฀con฀todas฀las฀demás฀de฀ su฀especie. Mary฀is฀the฀most฀beautiful฀girl฀in฀the฀group.฀(Mary฀es฀la฀niña฀más฀hermosa฀en฀el฀grupo) Bob฀is฀the฀most฀intelligent฀person฀I฀know.฀(Bob฀es฀la฀persona฀más฀inteligente฀que฀conozco) Our฀house฀is฀the฀biggest฀house฀in฀the฀neighborhood.฀(Nuestra฀casa฀es฀la฀casa฀más฀grande฀en฀el฀barrio) This฀is฀the฀oldest฀car฀in฀this฀town฀(Este฀es฀el฀auto฀más฀viejo฀en฀este฀pueblo) 4.฀ Cuando฀usamos฀el฀GRADO฀DE฀IGUALDAD฀estamos฀diciendo฀que฀dos฀personas฀o฀cosas฀tienen฀la฀misma฀característica,฀ es฀decir฀son฀iguales. Mary฀is฀as฀beautiful฀as฀her฀sister฀Alice.฀(Mary฀es฀tan฀hermosa฀como฀su฀hermana฀Alice) Bob฀is฀as฀intelligent฀as฀George.฀(Bob฀es฀tan฀inteligente฀como฀George) Our฀house฀is฀as฀big฀as฀your฀house.฀(Nuestra฀casa฀es฀tan฀grande฀como฀vuestra฀casa) This฀car฀is฀as฀old฀as฀that฀one.฀(Este฀auto฀es฀tan฀viejo฀como฀ese). GRADO฀COMPARATIVO Al฀usar฀el฀Grado฀Comparativo฀debemos฀observar฀las฀siguientes฀reglas: a.฀ A฀los฀adjetivos฀de฀una฀sílaba฀debemos฀agregar฀el฀sufijo฀-er: small฀-฀smaller;฀฀฀฀฀tall฀-฀taller;฀฀฀฀฀short฀-฀shorter b.฀ Si฀el฀adjetivo฀está฀formado฀por฀cons.+vocal+cons฀o฀cons+cons+vocal+cons฀debemos฀duplicar฀la฀última฀consonante: big฀-฀bigger;฀฀฀฀฀hot฀-฀hotter;฀฀฀฀฀thin฀-฀thinner c.฀ Si฀el฀adjetivo฀tiene฀tres฀o฀más฀sílabas฀se฀debe฀anteponer฀la฀palabra฀more: intelligent฀-฀more฀intelligent฀important฀-฀more฀important A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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d.฀ A฀los฀adjetivos฀de฀dos฀sílabas฀de฀origen฀sajón฀(que฀no฀se฀parecen฀al฀español)฀se฀le฀agrega฀el฀sufijo฀-er฀;฀si฀es฀de฀ origen฀latino฀o฀griego฀se฀le฀antepone฀la฀palabra฀more. pretty฀ -฀ prettier฀ common฀ -฀ more฀common฀

clever฀ -฀ cleverer modern฀ -฀ more฀modern

e.฀ Existen฀algunos฀adjetiivos฀que฀tienen฀una฀forma฀excepcional฀en฀el฀grado฀comparativo: good฀ bad฀ far฀

-฀ better฀ -฀ worse฀ -฀ farther฀

little฀ many฀ much฀

-฀ less -฀ more -฀ more

GRADO฀SUPERLATIVO Al฀usar฀el฀Grado฀Superlativo฀debemos฀observar฀las฀siguientes฀reglas: a.฀ A฀los฀adjetivos฀de฀una฀sílaba฀debemos฀agregar฀el฀sufijo฀-est: small฀-฀smallest฀

tall฀-฀tallest;฀

short฀-฀shortest

b.฀ Si฀el฀adjetivo฀está฀formado฀por฀cons.+vocal+cons฀o฀cons+cons+vo฀cal+cons฀debemos฀duplicar฀la฀última฀consonante big฀-฀biggest;฀

hot฀-฀hottest;฀

thin฀-฀thinnest

c.฀ Si฀el฀adjetivo฀tiene฀tres฀o฀más฀sílabas฀se฀debe฀anteponer฀la฀palabra฀most: intelligent฀-฀most฀

intelligent฀important฀-฀most฀important

d.฀A฀los฀adjetivos฀de฀dos฀sílabas฀de฀origen฀sajón฀(que฀no฀se฀parecen฀al฀español)฀se฀le฀agrega฀el฀sufijo฀-est;฀si฀es฀de฀ origen฀latino฀o฀griego฀se฀le฀antepone฀la฀palabra฀most. pretty฀-฀prettiest฀ common฀-฀most฀common฀฀

clever฀-฀cleverest modern฀-฀most฀modern

e.฀Existen฀algunos฀adjetivos฀que฀tienen฀una฀forma฀excepcional฀en฀el฀grado฀comparativo: good฀-฀best฀ bad฀-฀worst฀ far฀-฀farthest฀฀

little฀-฀least many฀-฀most much฀-฀most

GRADO฀DE฀IGUALDAD Estas฀oraciones฀se฀expresan฀usando฀as฀+฀adj.฀+฀as.฀En฀las฀oraciones฀negativas฀el฀grado฀de฀igualdad฀puede฀ser฀ expresado฀con฀not฀as...as฀o฀not฀so...as,฀dependiendo฀del฀grado฀de฀diferencia฀existente He฀is฀as฀tall฀as฀his฀brother. He฀is฀not฀as฀tall฀as฀his฀brother.฀(El฀no฀es฀tan฀alto฀como฀su฀hermano)฀(su฀hermano฀es฀ligeramente฀más฀alto) He฀is฀not฀so฀tall฀as฀his฀brother.฀(El฀no฀es฀TAN฀alto฀como฀su฀hermano)฀(su฀hermano฀es฀mucho฀más฀alto) EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Supply฀the฀comparative฀form฀of฀the฀adjectives฀in฀parentheses 1.฀Philadelphia฀is...(larger฀than)...Washington฀(large) 2.฀John฀is฀____________________________฀William฀(short) 3.฀Henry฀is฀____________________________฀I฀(tall) 4.฀This฀book฀is฀____________________________฀that฀book฀.฀(old) 5.฀The฀weather฀today฀is฀____________________________฀yesterday฀(bad) 6.฀This฀summer฀is฀____________________________฀last฀summer฀(hot) 7.฀This฀article฀is฀____________________________฀that฀one.฀(interesting) 120

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8.฀Is฀this฀exercise฀____________________________฀the฀last฀one?฀(difficult) 9.฀These฀apples฀are฀____________________________฀those.฀(good) 10.฀Some฀people฀are฀____________________________฀others.฀(healthy) 11.฀This฀room฀is฀____________________________฀that฀one.฀(light) 12.฀Is฀this฀exercise฀____________________________฀the฀last฀one?฀(important) Ex.฀2.฀Complete฀these฀sentences฀by฀using฀the฀adjective฀which฀is฀the฀opposite฀of฀the฀one฀in฀italics: 1.฀Henry฀is฀not฀taller฀than฀I.฀Henry฀is฀฀____________________________________________________________________ 2.฀New฀York฀is฀not฀smaller฀than฀Chicago.฀New฀York฀is฀฀_____________________________________________________ 3.฀Helen฀is฀not฀younger฀than฀her฀sister.฀Helen฀is฀฀__________________________________________________________ 4.฀This฀street฀is฀not฀wider฀than฀that฀street.฀This฀street฀is฀฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀This฀exercise฀is฀not฀more฀difficult฀than฀the฀last฀one.฀This฀exercise฀is฀฀ _______________________________________ 6.฀This฀book฀is฀not฀thicker฀than฀my฀French฀book.฀This฀book฀is฀฀______________________________________________ 7.฀This฀book฀was฀not฀more฀expensive฀than฀my฀French฀book.฀This฀book฀was฀฀__________________________________ 8.฀The฀weather฀today฀is฀not฀better฀than฀it฀was฀yesterday.฀The฀weather฀today฀is฀ ________________________________ 9.฀The฀weather฀today฀is฀not฀colder฀than฀it฀was฀yesterday,.The฀weather฀today฀is฀________________________________ Ex.฀3.฀In฀the฀following,฀introduce฀the฀superlative฀form฀or฀the฀adjective฀in฀parentheses: 1.฀John฀is฀____________________________฀boy฀in฀the฀class฀(tall). 2.฀Today฀is฀____________________________฀day฀of฀the฀year.(hot) 3.฀New฀York฀is฀____________________________฀city฀in฀the฀United฀States.฀(interesting) 4.฀New฀York฀is฀also฀____________________________฀city฀in฀the฀United฀States.฀(large) 5.฀This฀is฀____________________________฀apple฀of฀all.฀(sweet) 6.฀This฀is฀____________________________฀park฀in฀the฀city.฀(beautiful) 7.฀John฀is฀____________________________฀boy฀in฀the฀class.฀(intelligent) 8.฀He฀is฀also฀____________________________฀student฀in฀the฀class.฀(good) 9.฀Henry฀is฀____________________________฀dancer฀in฀the฀school.฀(bad) 10.฀Which฀is฀____________________________฀city฀in฀this฀country?฀(large) 11.฀This฀is฀____________________________฀room฀in฀the฀whole฀building.฀(light) 12.฀Which฀student฀in฀your฀class฀knows฀____________________________฀English฀words?฀(many) 13.฀Which฀man฀in฀the฀group฀has฀____________________________฀money?฀(much) 14.฀That฀city฀has฀____________________________฀parks฀in฀the฀region.฀(few) 15.฀John฀has฀____________________________฀experience฀in฀computers฀in฀the฀group.฀(little) Ex.฀4.฀State฀the฀adjectives฀in฀parentheses,฀first฀in฀comparative฀form,฀and฀second฀in฀superlative฀form.฀Use฀words฀ of฀your฀choosing฀to฀complete฀each฀sentence: 1.฀Henry฀is.........(tall)฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀Grace฀is.........(pretty)฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀Bill฀is.........(intelligent)฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀This฀book฀is.........(interesting)฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀Frank฀is.........฀(young)฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀The฀Empire฀State฀Bldg.฀is.........(tall)฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀The฀Mississippi฀River฀is.........(long)฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀This฀street฀is.........(wide)฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀John฀is฀a.........฀(good)฀student฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

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10.฀This฀exercise฀is.........฀(easy)฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀5.฀Rewrite฀each฀sentence฀to฀show฀equality฀of฀comparison.฀State฀each฀sentence฀first฀in฀positive฀form฀and฀ then฀in฀negative฀form: 1.฀ John฀is฀taller฀than฀his฀brother.฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀ This฀street฀is฀wider฀than฀that฀one.฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀ This฀exercise฀is฀longer฀than฀the฀last.฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀ Helen฀is฀more฀beautiful฀than฀Mary.฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀New฀York฀is฀more฀important฀than฀Washington฀D.C.฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀ Our฀apartment฀is฀larger฀than฀yours.฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀ This฀corridor฀is฀larger฀than฀the฀room.฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀ The฀sky฀is฀darker฀than฀it฀was฀yesterday.฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀ This฀book฀is฀better฀than฀the฀other.฀ ฀ ฀ 10.The฀weather฀today฀is฀worse฀than฀it฀was฀yesterday.฀ ฀ ฀ 11.John฀makes฀more฀mistakes฀than฀Henry.฀ ฀ ฀ 12.There฀are฀more฀people฀today฀than฀yesterday฀ ฀ ฀ 13.฀Peter฀has฀more฀money฀than฀Henry฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 14.฀John฀has฀less฀experience฀in฀computers฀than฀I.฀ ฀ ฀

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฀฀John฀is฀as฀tall฀as฀his฀brother. ฀฀John฀isn’t฀as฀/฀so฀tall฀as฀his฀brother.) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

BASIC฀VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words FOOD฀/fu:d/฀Los฀alimentos 1.฀ Provisions฀/províllnz/฀Abarrotes bread฀/bred/฀ biscuit฀/biskit/฀ butter฀/báter/฀ cake฀/keik/฀ candies฀/kændiz/฀ coffee฀/kófi/฀ cookie฀/kúki/฀ cracker฀/kræker/฀ cream฀/kri:m/฀ cheese฀/tchi:z/฀ chips฀/tchips/฀ egg฀/eg/฀ french฀fries฀/frénch฀fráiz฀/฀ jam฀/dllæm/฀ lard฀/la:rd฀/฀ margarine฀/má:rdllari:n/฀ marmalade฀/má:rmeléid฀/฀

pan฀ galleta฀(Br)฀ mantequilla฀ torta฀ calugas฀ café฀ galleta฀(USA)฀ galleta฀de฀agua฀ crema฀ queso฀ papas฀fritas฀(Br)฀ huevo฀ papas฀fritas฀(USA)฀ mermelada,฀dulce฀ manteca฀ margarina mermelada฀cítrica

mashed฀potatoes฀/mæsht฀potéitouz/฀puré฀de฀papas noodles฀/nú:dlz/฀ fideos oil฀/oil/฀ aceite pepper฀/péper/฀ pimienta rice฀/ráis/฀ arroz salad฀dressing฀/sælad฀drésiη/฀ aliño฀para฀ensaladas salt฀/sólt/฀ sal sauce฀/so:s/฀ salsa soup฀/su:p/฀ sopa Spaghetti฀/spagéti/฀ tallarines sugar฀/shúgar/฀ azúcar sweets฀/suits/฀ dulces,฀pastillas tea฀/ti:/฀ té toast฀/tóust/฀ tostada(s) vinegar฀/vínegar/฀ vinagre

desayuno฀ desayuno-almuerzo฀ almuerzo฀ cena฀(informal)฀ cena฀(formal)฀ aperitivo

hors-dóeuvres฀/o:dévre/฀ starter฀/stá:rter/฀ first฀course฀/fé:rst฀kó:rz/฀ main฀course฀/méin฀kó:rz/฀ dessert฀/dizé:rt/฀

entremeses entrada primer฀plato plato฀de฀fondo postre

vacuno฀ pechuga฀ pollo฀ chuleta฀ pato฀ filete฀ cordero฀lechón฀ pata,฀pié฀ cordero฀

pheasant฀/féznt/฀ pork฀/po:rk/฀ rib฀/rib/฀ sirloin฀/se:rloin/฀ T-bone฀/tí:฀bóun/฀ turkey฀/té:rki/฀ veal฀/vi:l/฀ venison฀/vénison/฀ wing฀/wiη/฀

faisán cerdo costilla lomo entrecot pavo ternera ciervo ala

mackerel฀/mækerel/฀ mussel฀/mázl/฀ oyster฀/óister/฀ prawns฀/pro:nz/฀ salmon฀/sá:mon/฀ scallop฀/skálop/฀ shellfish฀/shelfish/฀ shrimps฀/shrimps/฀ sole฀/soul฀/,฀plaice฀/pléis/฀ squid฀/skuid/฀ swordfish฀/sórdfish/฀

caballa cholga,฀mejillón ostra gamba,camarones salmón ostión mariscos langostinos lenguado calamar albacora฀/pez฀espada

2.฀ Meals฀/mi:lz/฀Las฀comidas breakfast฀/brékfast/฀ brunch฀/brantch/฀ lunch฀/lantch/฀ supper฀/sáper/฀ dinner฀/díner/฀ appetizer฀/apetáizer/฀ 3.฀ Meats฀/mi:ts/฀Carnes beef฀/bi:f/฀ breast฀/brest/฀ chicken฀/tchikin/฀ chop฀/tchop/฀ duck฀/dak/฀ fillet฀/filét/฀ lamb฀/læm/฀ leg฀/leg/฀ mutton฀/mátn/฀

4.฀ Sea฀Food฀/sí:฀fu:d/฀Pescados฀y฀mariscos abalone฀/abalouni/฀ clam฀/klæm/฀ cockle฀/kókl/฀ cod฀/kod/฀ conger฀eel฀/kónger฀i:l/฀ crab฀/kræb/฀ eel฀/í:l/฀ fish฀/fish/฀ haddock฀/hædok/฀ hake฀/heik/฀ herring฀/hérriη/฀

loco฀ almeja฀ caracol,฀berberecho฀ bacalao฀ congrio฀ jaiva฀ anguila฀ pescado฀ abadejo,merlango฀ merluza฀ arenque฀

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king฀crab฀/kiη฀kræb/฀ lobster฀/lóbster/฀ ฀

centolla฀ langosta฀ ฀

trout฀/traut/฀ tuna฀fish฀/tuna฀fish/฀ urchin฀/é:rchin/฀

trucha atún erizo

manzana฀ damasco฀ plátano฀ mora฀ arándano฀ cerezas฀ coco฀ arándano฀agrio฀ dátiles฀ grosella฀ pomelo฀ uvas฀ nueces

melon฀/mélon/฀ orange฀/órindll/฀ peach฀/pi:tch/฀ peanut฀/pí:nats/฀ pineapple฀/páinápl/฀ plum฀/plam/฀ prunes฀/prú:nz/฀ quince฀/kuins/฀ raisins฀/réizinz/฀ raspberry฀/ræzberi/฀ strawberry฀/stró:beri/฀ watermelon฀/wotermélon/฀

melón naranja durazno฀ maní piña ciruela ciruelas฀secas membrillo pasas frambuesa frutilla sandía

garlic฀/gá:rlik/฀ lemon฀/lémon/฀ lettuce฀/létis/฀ onion฀/ánion/฀ pea(s)฀/pi:(z)/฀ potato(es)฀/potéitou(z)/฀ pumkin฀/pámkin/฀ raddish฀/rædish/฀ red฀/green฀pepper฀/péper/฀ spinach฀/spínidll/฀ tomato(es)฀/toméitou(z)/฀

ajo limón lechuga cebolla arveja(s) papa(s) zapallo rábano pimentón฀/morrón espinaca tomate(s)

red฀wine฀/réd฀wáin/฀ soda฀water฀/sóuda฀wó:ter/฀ soft฀drink฀/sóft฀driηk/฀ tea฀/ti:/฀ water฀/wó:ter/฀ white฀wine฀/wáit฀wáin/฀ wine฀/wáin/฀

vino฀tinto agua฀de฀soda refresco té agua vino฀blanco vino

5.฀ Fruits฀/fru:ts/฀Frutas apple฀/æpl/฀ apricot฀/éiprikot/฀ banana฀/banana/฀ blackberry฀/blækberi/฀ blueberry฀/blú:beri/฀ cherry/cherries฀/tchérriz/฀ coconut฀/kókounat/฀ cranberry฀/krænberi/฀ dates฀/déits/฀ gooseberry฀/gú:zberi/฀ grapefruit฀/gréifru:t/฀ grapes฀/greips/฀ hazel฀nuts฀/héizl฀nats/฀

6.฀ Vegetables฀/védlletablz/฀Verduras celery฀/séleri/฀ artichoke฀/á:rtitchouk/฀ asparragus฀/aspáragaz/฀ bean(s)฀/bi:n(z)฀ beetroot฀/bí:trut/฀ broad฀bean฀/broud฀bí:n/฀ cabbage฀/kæbidll/฀ carrot฀/károt/฀ chicory฀/tchíkori/฀ corn฀/kó:rn/฀ cucumber฀/kiukámber/฀

apio฀ alcachofa฀ espárrago฀ poroto(s)฀ betarraga฀ haba฀ repollo฀ zanahoria฀ chicoria฀ maíz,choclo฀ pepino฀

7.฀ Beverages฀/bívridlliz/฀Bebestibles beer฀/bíar/฀ coffee฀/kófi:/฀ drink฀/driηk/฀ herbal฀tea฀/hérbal฀tí:/฀ juice฀/dllu:s/฀ lemonade฀/lémoneid/฀ milk฀/milk/฀

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cerveza฀ café฀ trago฀ aguita฀de฀hierbas฀ jugo฀ limonada฀ leche฀

UNIT฀9 Key฀to฀answers PART฀I Ex.฀1.฀1.฀Tom฀is฀going฀to฀come฀to...฀2.฀They฀are฀going฀to฀travel฀to...฀3.฀Mr฀Jackson´s฀going฀to฀play...฀4.฀Jane´s฀going฀to฀ buy...฀5.฀The฀instructor´s฀going฀to฀use... 6.฀Paul`s฀going฀to฀go฀to...฀7.฀The฀Johnsons฀are฀going฀to฀spend...฀8.฀I´m฀going฀to฀send฀Mary... Ex.฀2.฀1.฀Tom฀isn´t฀going฀to฀come฀to...฀/฀Is฀Tom฀going฀to฀come฀to...?฀2.฀They฀aren´t฀going฀to฀travel฀to...฀/฀Are฀they฀going฀ to฀travel฀to...?฀3.฀Mr฀Jackson฀isn´t฀going฀to฀play...฀/฀Is฀Mr฀Jackson฀going฀to฀play...?฀4.฀Jane฀isn´t฀going฀to฀buy...฀/฀Is฀Jane฀ going฀to฀buy...?฀5.฀The฀instructor฀isn´t฀going฀to฀use...฀/฀Is฀the฀instructor฀going฀to฀use...? 6.฀Paul฀isn´t฀going฀to฀go฀to...฀/฀Is฀Paul฀going฀to฀go฀to...?฀7.฀The฀Johnsons฀aren´t฀going฀to฀spend...฀/฀Are฀the฀Johnsons฀ going฀to฀spend...?฀8.฀I´m฀not฀going฀to฀send฀Mary...฀/฀Am฀I฀going฀to฀send฀Mary...? Ex.฀3.฀1฀How฀is฀Bill฀going฀to฀travel?฀2.฀What฀are฀Bob฀and฀Jim฀going฀to฀do?฀3.฀What฀are฀you฀/฀we฀going฀to฀buy?฀4.฀What฀ time฀/฀When฀are฀you฀going฀to฀get฀back฀from฀work?฀5.฀What฀are฀they฀going฀to฀do?฀6.฀Why฀isn´t฀she฀going฀to฀go?฀7.฀Who฀ is฀going฀to฀answer฀the฀question? Ex.฀4.฀1.They฀aren´t฀going฀to฀come฀to฀the฀party฀tonight.฀2.฀She´s฀going฀to฀buy฀another฀pair฀of฀shoes.฀3.฀What฀are฀you฀ going฀to฀do฀tomorrow฀morning?฀4.฀Are฀you฀going฀to฀be฀at฀home฀this฀evening?฀5.฀I´m฀going฀to฀visit฀Mary฀this฀weekend?฀ 6.฀When฀are฀you฀going฀to฀sell฀your฀car?

PART฀II A. Ex.฀1.฀2..฀It฀took฀me฀an฀hour฀to฀do฀my฀exercise฀3.฀It฀took฀me฀fifteen฀minutes฀to฀walk฀to฀the฀station฀.฀4.฀It฀took฀us฀one฀hour฀ to฀drive฀to฀Philadelphia.฀5.฀It฀took฀me฀a฀few฀minutes฀to฀find฀my฀mistake.฀6.฀It฀takes฀me฀a฀short฀time฀to฀do฀my฀homework฀ every฀night฀7.฀It฀will฀take฀them฀two฀years฀to฀build฀the฀bridge.฀8.฀It฀took฀her฀only฀one฀year฀to฀learn฀to฀speak฀English.฀9.฀ It฀took฀me฀an฀hour฀to฀finish฀the฀work฀10.฀It฀took฀me฀a฀few฀minutes฀to฀write฀the฀letter.฀11.฀It฀will฀take฀them฀six฀years฀to฀ complete฀the฀work.฀12.฀It฀takes฀him฀one฀hour฀to฀do฀his฀homework฀every฀day. Ex.฀2.฀2.฀It฀doesn´t฀take฀me฀seven฀minutes฀to...฀/฀Does฀it฀take฀me฀seven฀minutes฀to...?฀/฀How฀long฀does฀it฀take฀me฀to...?฀ 3.฀It฀didn´t฀take฀them฀many฀years฀to฀build...฀/฀Did฀it฀take฀them฀many฀years฀to฀build...?฀/฀How฀long฀did฀it฀take฀them฀to฀ build...?฀4.฀It฀doesn´t฀take฀me฀ten฀minutes฀to฀get...฀/฀Does฀it฀take฀me฀ten฀minutes฀to฀get...?฀/฀How฀long฀does฀it฀take฀me฀ to฀get...?฀5.฀It฀didn´t฀take฀him฀several฀hours฀to...฀/฀Did฀it฀take฀him฀several฀hours฀to...฀/฀How฀long฀did฀it฀take฀him฀to...?฀6.฀ It฀didn´t฀take฀a฀month฀to...฀/฀Did฀it฀take฀a฀month฀to...?฀/฀How฀long฀did฀it฀take฀to...?฀7.฀It฀won´t฀take฀a฀long฀time฀to...฀/฀Will฀ it฀take฀a฀long฀time฀to...?฀/฀How฀long฀will฀it฀take฀to...?฀8.฀It฀won´t฀take฀you฀a฀week฀to...฀/฀Will฀it฀take฀you฀a฀week฀to...?฀/฀ How฀long฀will฀it฀take฀you฀to...?฀9.฀It฀didn´t฀take฀them฀two฀days฀to...฀/฀Did฀it฀take฀them฀two฀days฀to...?฀/฀How฀long฀did฀it฀ take฀them฀to...?฀10.฀It฀doesn´t฀take฀an฀hour฀to...฀/฀Does฀it฀take฀an฀hour฀to...?฀/฀How฀long฀does฀it฀take฀to...?฀11.฀It฀doesn`t฀ take฀much฀time฀to...฀/฀Does฀it฀take฀much฀time฀to...?฀/฀How฀long฀does฀it฀take฀to...?฀12.฀It฀didn´t฀take฀an฀hour฀to...฀/฀Did฀it฀ take฀an฀hour฀to...?฀/฀How฀long฀did฀it฀take฀to...? Ex.3.฀1.฀It฀generally฀takes฀me฀ten฀minutes฀to฀walk฀home฀from฀the฀office.฀2.฀It฀took฀the฀students฀more฀than฀two฀hours฀ to฀answer฀all฀the฀questions.฀3.฀It฀will฀take฀you฀at฀least฀three฀months฀to฀prepare฀the฀report.฀4.฀How฀long฀did฀it฀take฀you฀ to฀learn฀to฀drive฀a฀car?฀5.฀How฀long฀will฀it฀take฀us฀to฀learn฀to฀speak฀English฀well?฀6.฀How฀long฀does฀it฀usually฀take฀you฀ to฀take฀a฀shower฀every฀morning?฀7.฀It฀didn´t฀take฀her฀very฀long฀/฀much฀time฀to฀learn฀how฀to฀use฀the฀computer.฀8.฀It฀ doesn´t฀take฀more฀than฀two฀hours฀to฀travel฀from฀Santiago฀to฀Puerto฀Montt฀by฀plane.฀9.฀It฀won´t฀take฀you฀very฀long฀to฀ read฀that฀article. B. Ex.฀1.฀2.฀shorter฀than฀3.฀taller฀than฀4.฀older฀than฀5.฀worse฀than฀6.฀hotter฀than฀7.฀more฀interesting฀than฀8.฀more฀difficult฀ than฀9.฀better฀than฀10.฀healthier฀than฀11.฀lighter฀than 12.฀more฀important฀than

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Ex.฀2.฀1.฀shorter฀than฀I฀2.฀bigger฀than฀Chicago฀3.฀older฀than฀her฀sister.฀4.฀narrower฀than฀5.฀easier฀than฀6.฀thinner฀than฀ my฀French฀book฀7.฀cheaper฀than฀my฀French฀book฀8.฀worse฀than฀it฀was฀yesterday.฀9.฀warmer฀/฀hotter฀than฀it฀was฀ yesterday. Ex.฀3.฀1.฀the฀tallest฀2.฀the฀hottest฀3.฀the฀most฀interesting฀4.฀the฀largest฀5.฀the฀sweetest 6.฀the฀most฀beautiful฀7.฀the฀most฀intelligent฀8.฀the฀best฀9.฀the฀worst฀10.฀the฀largest฀11.฀the฀lightest฀12.฀the฀most฀13.฀the฀ most฀14.฀the฀fewest฀15.฀the฀least Ex.฀4.฀(Open฀answers)฀1.฀Henry฀is฀taller฀than฀Bill฀/฀Henry฀is฀the฀tallest฀person฀in฀the฀group.฀2.฀Grace฀is฀prettier฀than฀her฀ sister.฀/฀Grace฀is฀the฀prettiest฀girl฀(whom)฀I฀know.฀3.฀Bill฀is฀more฀intelligent฀than฀James.฀/฀Bill฀is฀the฀most฀intelligent฀person฀ in฀my฀class.฀4.฀This฀book฀is฀more฀interesting฀than฀that฀one.฀/฀This฀is฀the฀most฀interesting฀book฀(that)฀I฀have฀ever฀read฀5.฀ Frank฀is฀younger฀than฀his฀sister฀/฀Frank฀is฀the฀youngest฀person฀in฀the family฀6.฀The฀Empire฀State฀Building฀is฀taller฀than฀the฀RCA฀Building.฀/฀The฀Empire฀State฀(Building)฀is฀the฀tallest฀building฀ in฀New฀York.฀7.฀The฀Mississippi฀River฀is฀longer฀than฀the฀Colorado฀River฀/฀The฀Mississippi฀River฀is฀the฀longest฀river฀in฀the฀ USA฀8.฀This฀street฀is฀wider฀than฀my฀street.฀/฀This฀is฀the฀widest฀street฀in฀this฀town.฀9.฀John฀is฀a฀better฀student฀than฀Peter฀ /฀John฀is฀the฀best฀student฀in฀my฀class.฀10.฀This฀exercise฀is฀easier฀than฀the฀previous฀one.฀/฀This฀is฀the฀easiest฀exercise฀ in฀this฀unit. Ex.฀5.฀2.฀This฀street฀is฀as฀wide฀as฀that฀one.฀This฀street฀isn´t฀as฀/฀so฀wide฀as฀that฀one.฀3.฀This฀exercise฀is฀as฀long฀as฀the฀last.฀ This฀exercise฀isn´t฀as฀/฀so฀long฀as฀the฀last.฀4.฀Helen฀is฀as฀beautiful฀as฀Mary.฀Helen฀isn´t฀as฀/฀so฀beautiful฀as฀Mary.5.New฀ York฀is฀as฀important฀as฀Washington.฀/฀New฀York฀isn´t฀as฀/฀so฀important฀as฀Washington.฀6.฀Our฀apartment฀is฀as฀large฀as฀ yours.฀Our฀apartment฀isn´t฀as฀/฀so฀large฀as฀yours.฀7.This฀corridor฀is฀as฀large฀as฀the฀room.฀ This฀corridor฀isn´t฀as฀/฀so฀large฀ as฀the฀room.฀8.฀The฀sky฀is฀as฀dark฀as฀it฀was฀yesterday.฀The฀sky฀isn´t฀as฀/฀so฀dark฀as฀it฀was฀yesterday.฀9.฀This฀book฀is฀as฀ good฀as฀the฀other.฀This฀book฀isn´t฀as฀/฀so฀good฀as฀the฀other.฀10.฀The฀weather฀today฀is฀as฀bad฀as฀it฀was฀yesterday.฀The฀ weather฀today฀isn´t฀as฀/฀so฀bad฀as฀it฀was฀yesterday.฀11.฀John฀makes฀as฀many฀mistakes฀as฀Henry.฀John฀doesn´t฀make฀ as฀/฀so฀many฀mistakes฀as฀Henry.฀12.฀There฀are฀as฀many฀people฀today฀as฀yesterday.฀There฀aren´t฀as฀/฀so฀many฀people฀ today฀as฀yesterday.฀13.฀Peter฀has฀as฀much฀money฀as฀Henry.฀Peter฀doesn´t฀have฀as฀/฀so฀much฀money฀as฀Henry.฀14.฀ John฀has฀as฀little฀experience฀in฀computers฀as฀I.฀John฀doesn´t฀have฀as฀/฀so฀little฀experience฀in฀computers฀as฀I..฀

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UNIT฀10 PART฀1.฀EL฀FUTURO฀SIMPLE฀III฀(THE฀SIMPLE฀FUTURE฀TENSE฀III) EL฀FUTURO฀SIMPLE฀CON฀AM/IS/ARE฀+฀GERUNDIO Como฀probablemente฀ud.฀ha฀advertido,฀en฀esta฀variante฀se฀usa฀la฀misma฀estructura฀del฀Presente฀Contínuo฀(S+AM/IS/ ARE+ING/.฀Esta฀construcción฀gramatical฀se฀usa฀para฀referirse฀a฀actividades฀que฀han฀sido฀acordadas,฀agendadas,฀ previstas฀o฀fijadas฀con฀anticipación฀para฀una฀fecha฀próxima. ฀ Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: ฀ They฀are฀visiting฀us฀next฀week-end.฀/δéi฀a:r฀vízitiη฀as฀nékst฀wí:kénd/฀฀฀(They฀accepted฀our฀invitation) Mary´s฀coming฀to฀work฀tomorrow.฀/mériz฀kámiη฀tu฀wé:rk฀tumórou/฀฀฀฀฀(She฀confirmed฀this฀morning) Los฀verbos฀más฀comúnmente฀usados฀en฀esta฀variante฀son฀aquellos฀que฀indican฀movimiento฀o฀desplazamiento฀de฀uno฀a฀ otro฀lugar,฀por฀ejemplo:฀to฀go,฀to฀come,฀to฀visit,฀to฀travel,฀to฀fly,฀to฀drive,฀to฀attend,฀to฀have฀lunch/dinner,฀to฀leave,฀ to฀arrive,฀to฀come฀back,฀to฀stay,฀etc. Las฀forma฀negativa฀e฀interrogativa฀se฀expresa฀en฀la฀misma฀forma฀que฀se฀hizo฀con฀el฀Presente฀Contínuo Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda:

They฀aren´t฀visiting฀us฀next฀week-end.฀/δéi฀á:rent฀vízitiη฀as฀nékst฀wí:kénd/ Mary฀isn´t฀coming฀to฀work฀tomorrow.฀/méri฀íznt฀kámiη฀tu฀wé:rk฀tumórou/ Are฀they฀visiting฀us฀next฀week-end?฀/á:r฀δéi฀vízitiη฀as฀nékst฀wí:kénd/ Is฀Mary฀coming฀to฀work฀tomorrow?฀/iz฀méri฀kámiη฀tu฀wé:rk฀tumórou/ When฀are฀they฀visiting฀us?฀/wén฀a:r฀δéi฀vízitiη฀ás/ Why฀isn´t฀Mary฀coming฀to฀work฀tomorrow?฀/wái฀íznt฀méri฀kámiη฀tu฀wé:rk฀tumórou/ La฀pregunta฀más฀frecuente฀en฀este฀tiempo฀es: What฀are฀you฀doing฀tomorrow฀morning/on฀Sunday/฀etc?฀฀฀฀/wót฀á:r฀iu฀dú:iη฀tumórou฀mó:rniη/on฀sándi/฀etc. (Qué฀tienes฀previsto฀/฀planificado฀hacer฀mañana฀en฀la฀mañana฀/฀el฀domingo฀/฀etc.)

EXERCISES Ex.฀1฀Practice฀these฀questions฀and฀answers฀with฀a฀friend: What฀are฀you฀doing฀on฀Friday฀night?฀ What฀are฀you฀doing฀next฀week-end?฀ What´s฀the฀boss฀doing฀this฀afternoon?฀฀

I´m฀going฀to฀a฀disco฀with฀some฀friends. I´m฀visiting฀my฀sister฀in฀New฀Jersey. He´s฀attending฀a฀meeting.

What฀are฀you฀and฀your฀wife฀doing฀next฀summer?฀ How฀are฀you฀getting฀there?฀฀ When฀are฀you฀leaving?฀ How฀long฀are฀you฀staying฀there฀this฀time?฀฀

We´re฀going฀to฀Cancun฀again. We´re฀flying฀/฀We´re฀going฀by฀plane. We´re฀leaving฀on฀January฀21st. We´re฀staying฀there฀for฀10฀days.

Ex.฀2.฀Make฀sentences฀using฀the฀Present฀Continuous฀to฀refer฀to฀future฀activities,฀like฀in฀the฀example: The฀Johnsons฀invited฀me฀for฀dinner฀next฀Friday฀evening.฀I฀accepted฀their฀invitation.฀(have฀dinner) I´m฀having฀dinner฀with฀the฀Johnsons฀next฀Friday฀evening. 1.฀ ฀ 2.฀ ฀

Mr฀Mitchell฀wants฀to฀visit฀Sydney฀next฀week.฀He฀went฀to฀his฀travel฀agent฀this฀morning฀and฀bought฀an฀air฀ticket฀(fly). Mr฀Mitchell฀_____________________________________________________________________________________ John฀wrote฀in฀his฀diary:฀“Monday฀10:30฀Conference฀at฀YMCA฀Auditorium”฀(attend) John฀__________________________________________________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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3.฀ ฀ 4.฀ ฀ 5.฀ ฀ 6.฀

I฀want฀to฀play฀tennis฀tomorrow.฀I฀asked฀Bob฀if฀he฀wanted฀to฀play฀with฀me฀and฀he฀said,฀“฀Yes,฀of฀course!”฀(play) I฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ Jim:฀“Why฀don´t฀we฀go฀to฀a฀disco฀tonight,฀Mary?”.฀Mary:฀“Yes,฀let´s฀go”!฀(go) Jim฀and฀Mary฀ __________________________________________________________________________________ We฀just฀got฀a฀telegram฀from฀our฀daughter.฀It฀says,฀“Arriving฀on฀8:15฀train฀Saturday฀morning”฀(arrive) Our฀daughter฀___________________________________________________________________________________ Mr.฀Brown฀said฀to฀us,฀“I´m฀afraid,฀I฀can´t฀come฀to฀your฀wedding฀party฀on฀Friday.฀I´ll฀be฀away฀on฀a฀business฀trip”.฀ (not฀attend) ฀ Mr฀Brown฀______________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀ It´s฀8:15฀now.฀The฀departure฀of฀our฀train฀is฀at฀8:25.฀We฀must฀hurry฀up.฀(leave) ฀ Our฀train฀_____________________________________________________________ in฀ten฀minutes.฀Let´s฀hurry฀up. Ex.฀3.฀Dr.฀Novoa฀is฀going฀to฀the฀USA฀next฀week.฀First฀he฀is฀visiting฀Washington฀DC฀and฀then฀he฀is฀attending฀a฀ Conference฀in฀Houston,฀Texas.฀Write฀sentences฀indicating฀Dr.฀Novoa´s฀activities฀in฀Washington฀and฀in฀ Houston.฀Use฀the฀information฀given฀below: Dr.฀Novoa´s฀Schedule Mon.฀ 10:30฀ Meeting฀at฀the฀US฀Medical฀Assn.฀ ฀ 19:30฀ Reception฀at฀the฀White฀House฀฀

Thurs.฀ 07:40฀ Fly฀to฀Houston,Texas ฀ 14:00฀ Conference฀at฀Houston฀Medical฀Center

Tues.฀ 09:30฀ Play฀tennis฀with฀Dr.฀Brown฀฀ ฀ 11:30฀ Ceremony฀at฀Lincoln฀Memorial฀ ฀ 20:00฀ Dinner฀party฀at฀US.฀Surgeons฀Club฀

Fri.฀ ฀ ฀

08:00฀ Conference,฀Nasa฀Space฀Center 12:45฀ Lunch฀with฀friends฀at฀Waldorf฀Hotel 16:00฀ Fly฀back฀to฀Washington,฀DC

Wed.฀ 10:00฀ Visit฀Bethesda฀Medical฀Center฀฀ ฀ 19:45฀ Concert,฀at฀Kennedy฀Center฀

Sat.฀ ฀

10:15฀ Fly฀back฀to฀Chile.฀United฀Airlines฀Flight฀908 ฀ from฀National฀Airport.

Now฀complete฀the฀sentences฀using฀the฀information฀given฀in฀the฀chart.฀As฀you฀can฀see,฀Dr.฀Novoa฀will฀have฀a฀ very฀busy฀week฀next฀week. 1.฀On฀Monday฀morning,฀he´s฀attending฀a฀meeting฀at฀the฀US฀Medical฀Association. 2.฀On฀Monday฀evening,฀he´s฀________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀He´s฀_______________________________________________________________________ on฀Tuesday฀morning. 4.฀After฀that,฀he฀___________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀In฀the฀evening,฀ _________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀On฀Wednesday฀morning,฀_________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀After฀dinner,฀____________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀At฀7:40฀AM฀on฀Thursday,฀he฀______________________________________________________________________ 9.฀On฀Thursday฀afternoon,฀he฀_______________________________________________________________________ 10.฀On฀Friday฀morning,฀he฀_______________________________________________________ at฀Nasa฀Space฀Center 11.฀At฀midday,฀he´s฀_______________________________________________________________ at฀the฀Waldorf฀Hotel. 12.฀Right฀after฀lunch,฀at฀16:00,฀he฀ ____________________________________________________________________ 13.฀He฀is฀arriving฀in฀Washington฀DC.,฀late฀in฀the฀evening. 14.฀At฀10:15฀on฀Saturday,฀Dr.฀Novoa฀____________________________back฀to฀Chile.฀He฀is฀arriving฀at฀Arturo฀Merino฀ ฀ Airport฀at฀about฀21:15. Ex.฀4.฀Answer฀these฀questions฀in฀English.฀Make฀complete฀sentences: 1.฀What฀are฀you฀doing฀this฀evening?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀Where฀are฀you฀going฀on฀vacation฀this฀year?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀What฀are฀you฀doing฀next฀Friday฀evening?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀When฀are฀your฀friends฀from฀New฀York฀coming฀to฀visit฀you?฀____________________________________________ 5.฀How฀is฀Mr฀Jackson฀travelling฀to฀Japan,฀by฀boat฀or฀plane?฀_____________________________________________ 6.฀What฀are฀you฀doing฀on฀Saturday?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀What฀time฀are฀you฀getting฀home฀tonight?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________

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Ex.฀5.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀English 1.฀Mary฀vendrá฀a฀vernos฀la฀próxima฀semana.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀Ellos฀van฀a฀estar฀con฀nosotros฀varios฀días.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀Esta฀noche฀tenemos฀previsto฀cenar฀con฀Mr.฀Jones฀___________________________________________________ 4.฀Yo฀no฀voy฀a฀salir฀de฀Stgo.฀este฀fin฀de฀semana.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀Te฀prometo฀que฀no฀haré฀eso฀nuevamente.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀Creo฀que฀ella฀no฀va฀a฀aceptar฀nuestra฀invitación.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀¿Qué฀harán฀ellos฀con฀el฀dinero฀que฀recibieron?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀¿Cuando฀tienen฀ellos฀previsto฀viajar฀a฀los฀EEUU?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀¿A฀que฀hora฀vas฀a฀llegar฀del฀trabajo฀esta฀tarde?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 10.฀Según฀el฀itinerario,฀¿a฀que฀hora฀vamos฀a฀llegar฀allá?฀__________________________________________________

PART฀II.฀MODAL฀VERBS฀(I) A.฀ CAN,฀MUST,฀MAY,฀SHOULD/OUGHT฀TO Estos฀Verbos฀Modales฀(también฀llamados฀defectivos฀o฀especiales)฀tienen฀los฀siguientes฀significados: Spanish

Synonym

Example

CAN

1.฀PODER฀=฀ ser฀capaz฀de. 2.฀PODER฀=฀ ser฀posible 3.฀PODER฀=฀ tener฀permiso฀para฀ (Informal)

1.฀Be฀able฀to 2.฀Be฀possible฀to 3.฀Be฀allowed฀to

1.฀ Bob฀can฀swim฀well. ฀ =฀Bob฀is฀able฀to฀swim฀well 2.฀ You฀can฀see฀the฀lake฀from฀here. ฀ =฀It´s฀possible฀(for฀you)฀to฀see฀ the฀lake฀from฀here 3.฀ You฀can฀use฀my฀computer,฀Bob ฀ =฀You฀are฀allowed฀to฀use฀my฀ computer

MUST

1.฀DEBER฀=฀ tener฀que฀(obligación/ necesidadad) 2.฀DEBER฀=฀ tener฀que฀(deducción/ conclusión)

1.฀have฀to

1.฀ You฀must฀obey฀orders. ฀ =฀You฀have฀to฀obey฀orders. 2.฀ He฀must฀be฀over฀70฀years฀old. ฀ =฀I฀think฀/฀assume฀he฀is฀over...

1.฀PODER฀=฀ tener฀permiso฀(formal) 2.฀PODER฀=฀ ser฀posible฀o฀probable

1.฀be฀allowed฀to

MAY

2.฀I฀think...฀/฀I฀assume...

2.฀be฀likely฀to;฀probably

SHOULD OUGHT฀TO

1.฀DEBERÍA฀=฀ consejo,฀ recomendación

1.฀be฀advisable฀to฀/฀ convenient฀/฀had฀better

1.฀ You฀may฀leave฀now ฀ =฀You฀are฀allowed฀to฀leave฀ now. 2.฀ It฀may฀rain฀tomorrow. ฀ =฀It฀is฀likely฀to฀rain฀tomorrow. ฀ It´ll฀probably฀rain฀tomorrow. 1.฀ You฀should฀study฀every฀day.฀/ ฀ You฀ought฀to฀study฀every฀day ฀ =฀It฀is฀convenient฀for฀you฀to฀ study฀every฀day. ฀ You฀had฀better฀study฀every฀day

Estos฀verbos฀modales฀o฀especiales฀acompañan฀a฀un฀verbo฀principal฀y฀tienen฀las฀siguientes฀características: •฀ ฀ •฀ ฀ •฀ ฀ •฀ ฀ •฀

Van฀seguidos฀de฀un฀infinitivo฀sin฀TO฀(excepto,฀OUGHT฀TO...) Ej.฀He฀can฀swim฀well.฀(No฀se฀debe฀decir,฀“He฀can฀to฀swim”) No฀agregan฀-s฀en฀la฀tercera฀persona฀singular฀en฀el฀tiempo฀presente. Ej.฀He฀can฀swim฀well.฀(No฀se฀debe฀decir,฀“He฀cans฀swim฀well”) Niegan฀agregando฀la฀palabra฀NOT฀(formando฀en฀algunos฀casos฀una฀contracción) Ej.฀He฀cannot฀/฀can´t฀swim฀well฀(cannot฀es฀el฀único฀caso฀en฀que฀el฀verbo฀modal฀y฀not฀van฀unidos) Interrogan฀mediante฀simple฀inversión฀con฀el฀sujeto. Ej.฀Can฀he฀swim฀well? Rara฀vez฀se฀usa฀el฀verbo฀modal฀OUGHT฀TO฀en฀oraciones฀negativas฀o฀interrogativas. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Estos฀verbos฀tienen฀los฀siguientes฀significados฀y฀usos฀: Can (Poder)

1.฀ Para฀ indicar฀ capacidad,฀ habilidad฀ o฀ John฀can฀swim฀very฀well.฀(John฀puede฀nadar฀bien) destreza. Mary฀can´t฀play฀the฀guitar.(Mary฀no฀puede฀tocar฀la฀guitarra) Can฀you฀speak฀English?฀(¿Puede฀Ud.฀hablar฀Inglés?) 2.฀ Para฀ indicar฀ que฀ la฀ posibilidad฀ para฀ You฀can฀see฀the฀lake฀from฀this฀window.฀(Ud.฀puede฀ver฀el฀lago฀desde฀ hacer฀algo. esta฀ventana) We฀can´t฀use฀the฀elevator฀now฀.฀It´s฀out฀of฀order.(No฀podemos฀usar฀ el฀ascensor฀ahora.฀Está฀descompuesto) 3.฀(Informal)฀Para฀dar฀o฀pedir฀permiso฀o฀ You฀can฀leave฀now,฀Peter.฀(Puedes฀retirarte฀ahora,฀Peter) autorización. Can฀I฀turn฀on฀the฀TV,฀dad?฀(¿Puedo฀encender฀el฀televisor,฀papá?) 4.฀(Negative).฀Para฀indicar฀incredulidad฀o฀ That฀can´t฀be฀true!฀(Eso฀no฀puede฀ser฀cierto!) asombro. I฀can´t฀believe฀my฀eyes!฀(No฀puedo฀creer฀lo฀que฀estoy฀viendo!)

Must (Deber)

1.฀Para฀indicar฀obligación.

You฀must฀obey฀all฀traffic฀regulations.฀(Ud.฀debe฀obedecer฀las฀leyes฀ del฀tránsito) Students฀mustn´t฀smoke฀in฀the฀laboratory.฀(Los฀alumnos฀no฀deben฀ fumar฀en฀el฀laboratorio)

2.฀ (Positive)฀ Para฀ indicar฀ suposición฀ o฀ He´s฀wearing฀a฀green฀uniform.฀He฀must฀be฀a฀policeman. deducción. (El฀está฀usando฀un฀uniforme฀verde.฀Debe฀ser฀un฀policía) Ask฀the฀secretary.฀She฀must฀know฀where฀Mr฀Jackson฀is฀now.฀(Pregúntele฀ a฀la฀secretaria.฀Ella฀debe฀saber฀dónde฀está฀el฀Sr฀Kackson฀ahora) 3.฀Para฀expresar฀incredulidad฀o฀asombro May (Poder)

You฀must฀be฀joking!฀(Debes฀estar฀bromeando!) It฀must฀be฀a฀mistake!฀(Debe฀ser฀un฀error!)

1.฀ (formal).฀ Para฀ pedir฀ o฀ dar฀ permiso฀ o฀ You฀may฀leave฀now,฀if฀you฀wish.฀(Ud.฀puede฀retirarse,฀si฀lo฀desea) autorización. You฀may฀not฀use฀this฀telephone฀at฀any฀time.฀(Uds.฀No฀pueden฀usar฀ este฀teléfono฀a฀ninguna฀hora) May฀I฀smoke฀here,฀Sir?฀(¿Puedo฀fumar฀aquí,฀Sr.?) 2.฀Para฀indicar฀posibilidad฀o฀probabilidad

It´s฀getting฀cloudy.฀It฀may฀rain฀tomorrow.฀(Se฀está฀nublando.฀Puede฀ que฀llueva฀mañana) Don´t฀get฀on฀that฀chair,฀Tommy.฀You฀ may฀fall฀down฀and฀break฀an฀ arm.฀(No฀te฀subas฀a฀esa฀silla,฀Tommy.฀Te฀puedes฀caer฀y฀quebrar฀un฀ brazo) Cigarette฀ smoking฀ may฀ cause฀ cancer!฀ (Fumar฀ cigarrillos฀ puede฀ producir฀cancer)

Should฀/ Ought฀To (Debería)

1.฀Para฀dar฀consejos,฀reprochar฀o฀indicar฀ You฀don´t฀look฀well.฀I฀think฀that฀you฀should฀see฀a฀doctor฀/...you฀ought฀ to฀see฀a฀doctor฀/฀iu:฀ó:t฀tu฀sí:฀e฀dóktor฀/฀(No฀te฀ves฀bien.฀Creo฀que฀ un฀deber฀moral deberías฀ver฀un฀médico) You฀should฀not฀smoke฀so฀much,฀Joe.฀It´s฀not฀good฀for฀your฀health.฀ (No฀debería฀fumar฀tanto.฀No฀es฀bueno฀para฀tu฀salud) You฀should฀feel฀proud฀of฀being฀a฀Chilean.฀(Deberías฀sentirte฀orgulloso฀ de฀ser฀chileno)

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Complete฀the฀blanks฀with฀CAN,฀MUST,฀MAY฀o฀SHOULD,฀según฀corresponda. 1.฀Gentlemen,฀you฀____________฀ask฀questions฀at฀the฀end฀of฀the฀presentation,฀if฀you฀like. 2.฀He฀is฀a฀retired฀civil฀servant.฀He฀____________฀be฀over฀65฀years฀old฀now. 3.฀You฀____________฀study฀harder฀if฀you฀want฀to฀get฀better฀grades. 4.฀I฀just฀put฀on฀my฀glasses.฀Now฀I฀____________฀read฀better. 5.฀You฀____________฀have฀a฀passport฀and฀a฀visa฀to฀enter฀the฀United฀States. 6.฀You฀____________฀take฀your฀umbrella฀in฀case฀it฀rains฀this฀afternoon,฀John. 7.฀____________฀I฀use฀your฀pen฀please,฀Sir? 8.฀____________฀I฀have฀another฀piece฀of฀cake,฀mother? 9.฀You฀____________฀not฀do฀that฀again.฀It´s฀dangerous.฀You฀____________฀easily฀fall฀and฀break฀your฀leg. 130

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10.฀You฀____________฀be฀punctual฀for฀the฀meeting.฀The฀boss฀gets฀very฀angry฀when฀people฀are฀late. 11.฀The฀man฀is฀very฀strong.฀He฀____________฀lift฀that฀heavy฀box฀easily. 12.฀He฀____________n´t฀be฀an฀engineer.฀He฀is฀only฀18฀years฀old! 13.฀Miss฀Clark฀____________฀type฀fast฀but฀she฀____________n´t฀use฀a฀computer. 14.฀The฀little฀bird฀____________n´t฀fly฀yet.฀It´s฀too฀young. 15.฀You฀____________฀come฀and฀visit฀us฀any฀day,฀John.฀You´ll฀be฀welcome฀to฀our฀home. 16.฀Why฀don´t฀you฀phone฀at฀his฀home.฀He฀____________฀be฀there.฀He฀sometimes฀goes฀home฀for฀lunch. 17.฀Why฀don´t฀you฀give฀them฀some฀more฀money?฀You฀____________฀be฀more฀generous.฀They´re฀very฀poor. 18.฀What฀____________฀I฀do฀in฀order฀to฀improve฀my฀pronunciation,฀professor? 19.฀You฀____________฀pay฀by฀credit฀card฀or฀by฀cheque.We฀don´t฀accept฀cash. 20.฀You฀are฀too฀fat,฀Billy฀.฀I฀think฀you฀____________฀go฀on฀a฀diet. 21.฀It´s฀almost฀midnight฀now.฀They฀____________฀be฀sleeping฀at฀this฀time. 22.฀You฀____________฀insert฀two฀coins฀in฀the฀slot฀if฀you฀want฀to฀use฀the฀telephone. 23.฀I฀don´t฀know฀why฀they´re฀talking.฀They฀____________฀be฀working฀instead. 24.฀He฀____________n´t฀be฀driving฀the฀car!฀He฀doesn´t฀know฀how฀to฀start฀a฀car. Ex.฀2฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀a)฀negative,฀b)฀interrogative฀and฀c)฀Wh-question฀: ฀ 1.฀Bob฀can฀speak฀three฀languages.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀They฀should฀take฀a฀taxi.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀We฀must฀go฀because฀it´s฀late.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀They฀may฀use฀Room฀203.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________ ฀____________________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀English 1.฀Uds.฀pueden฀fumar฀aquí.฀ ฀____________________________________________________________ 2.฀El฀puede฀correr฀muy฀rápido.฀ ฀____________________________________________________________ 3.฀Ud.฀debe฀venir฀mañana฀nuevamente.฀ ฀____________________________________________________________ 4.฀Puede฀que฀ellos฀nos฀visiten฀mañana.฀ ฀____________________________________________________________ 5.฀El฀no฀puede฀hablar฀español฀bién.฀฀ ฀____________________________________________________________ 6.฀¿Qué฀debería฀hacer฀yo฀ahora?฀฀ ฀____________________________________________________________ 7.฀¿Puedes฀tú฀ayudarme฀esta฀tarde?฀฀ ฀____________________________________________________________ 8.฀¿Puedo฀sentarme฀aquí,฀señor?฀฀ ฀____________________________________________________________ 9.฀Eso฀puede฀suceder฀nuevamente.฀ ฀____________________________________________________________ 10.฀El฀trabajó฀muy฀duro.฀Debe฀estar฀cansado.฀฀____________________________________________________________ B.฀ HAVE฀TO฀=฀TENER฀QUE El฀verbo฀modal฀MUST฀(deber)฀tiene฀un฀sinónimo:฀la฀expresión฀idiomática฀HAVE฀TO฀.฀A฀pesar฀de฀ser฀sinónimos,฀en฀el฀ uso฀díario฀HAVE฀TO฀se฀utiliza฀frecuentemente฀para฀expresar฀idea฀de฀necesidad,฀mientras฀que฀MUST฀enfatiza฀más฀la฀ idea฀de฀obligación. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: I฀must฀go฀to฀the฀hospital฀to฀see฀a฀friend.฀(Yo฀debo฀ir฀al฀hospital฀a฀ver฀a฀un฀amigo) I฀have฀to฀go฀to฀the฀hospital฀to฀see฀a฀friend.฀(Yo฀tengo฀que฀ir฀al฀hospital฀a฀ver฀a฀un฀amigo) Peter฀must฀work฀until฀late฀this฀evening.฀(Peter฀debe฀trabajar฀hasta฀tarde฀esta฀noche) Peter฀has฀to฀work฀until฀late฀this฀evening.฀(Peter฀tiene฀que฀trabajar฀hasta฀tarde฀esta฀noche) A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Debido฀a฀que฀el฀verbo฀modal฀MUST฀no฀tiene฀una฀forma฀para฀expresar฀el฀pasado,฀ni฀tampoco฀se฀puede฀usar฀en฀otros฀ tiempos฀verbales,฀es฀necesario฀recurrir฀a฀la฀forma฀correspondiente฀de฀HAVE฀TO. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: (Present)฀ I฀must฀go฀to฀the฀hospital฀to฀see฀a฀friend฀ ฀ (Yo฀debo฀ir฀al฀hospital฀a฀ver฀a฀un฀amigo)฀ (Past)฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ (Future)฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

=฀I฀have฀to฀go฀to฀the฀hospital฀to฀see฀a฀friend ฀ (Yo฀tengo฀que฀ir฀al฀hospital฀a฀ver฀a฀un฀amigo) =฀I฀had฀to฀go฀to฀the฀hospital฀to฀see฀a฀friend. ฀ (Yo฀tuve฀que฀ir฀al฀hospital฀a฀ver฀a฀un฀amigo) =฀I฀will฀have฀to฀go฀to฀the฀hospital฀to฀see฀a฀friend. ฀ (Yo฀tendré฀que฀ir฀al฀hospital฀a฀ver฀a฀un฀amigo)

(Present)฀ Peter฀must฀work฀until฀late฀this฀evening.฀ =฀Peter฀has฀to฀work฀until฀late฀every฀evening. ฀ (Peter฀debe฀trabajar฀hasta฀tarde฀esta฀noche)฀฀ (Peter฀tiene฀que฀trabajar฀hasta฀tarde฀todas฀las฀noches) (Past)฀ ฀ =฀Peter฀had฀to฀work฀until฀late฀yesterday฀evening. ฀ ฀ ฀ (Peter฀tuvo฀que฀trabajar฀hasta฀tarde฀ayer)฀ (Future)฀฀ ฀ =฀Peter฀will฀have฀to฀work฀until฀late฀this฀evening. ฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀Peter฀tendrá฀que฀trabajar฀hasta฀tarde฀esta฀noche) En฀la฀forma฀negativa฀de฀HAVE฀TO฀se฀deben฀usar,฀al฀igual฀que฀con฀los฀verbos฀principales,฀los฀verbos฀modales฀DO฀/฀ DOES,฀DID,฀WILL฀+฀NOT฀o฀las฀contracciones฀DON´T฀/฀DOESN´T,฀DIDN´T,฀WON´T. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: Peter฀doesn´t฀have฀to฀work฀until฀late฀every฀evening Peter฀didn´t฀have฀to฀work฀until฀late฀yesterday฀evening Peter฀won´t฀have฀to฀work฀until฀late฀this฀evening En฀las฀interrogaciones฀debemos฀anteponer฀los฀verbos฀modales฀do/does/did/will฀al฀sujeto Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: Does฀Peter฀have฀to฀work฀until฀late฀every฀evening? Did฀Peter฀have฀to฀work฀until฀late฀yesterday฀evening? Will฀Peter฀have฀to฀work฀until฀late฀this฀evening? EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Substitute฀the฀correct฀form฀of฀HAVE฀To฀for฀MUST฀in฀the฀following: 1.฀I฀must฀work฀tonight.฀฀ 2.฀John฀must฀go฀out฀of฀town฀this฀afternoon.฀ 3.฀You฀must฀read฀this฀article.฀฀ 4.฀Mary฀and฀John฀must฀fly฀to฀Paris฀today.฀฀ 5.฀They฀must฀stay฀there฀at฀least฀an฀hour.฀ 6.฀I฀must฀get฀up฀early฀every฀day.฀ 7.฀We฀must฀write฀a฀composition฀each฀night.฀ 8.฀1฀must฀write฀many฀letters.฀ 9.฀We฀must฀prepare฀our฀lessons฀every฀night.฀ 10.฀Mary฀must฀study฀French฀next฀year.฀ 11.฀John฀must฀also฀take฀another฀language.฀ 12.฀We฀must฀learn฀many฀new฀words฀every฀day.฀

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฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Read฀the฀following฀with฀MUST.฀Then.฀change฀to฀past฀and฀future฀time: 1.฀1฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀must฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀must฀leave฀at฀once.฀฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀He฀ __________ go฀to฀the฀hospital฀right฀away.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀We฀__________ make฀reservations฀at฀once.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀He฀ __________ learn฀all฀the฀new฀words.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀We฀__________ hurry฀in฀order฀to฀get฀there฀early.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀He฀ __________ spend฀more฀time฀on฀his฀English.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀She฀__________ attend฀class฀every฀day.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀I฀฀____________ answer฀this฀letter฀at฀once.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀We฀__________ ฀telephone฀her฀right฀away.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀He฀ __________ stay฀at฀home฀and฀rest.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

I฀ had฀ to฀ leave฀ at฀ once.฀ (at฀ once฀ =฀ right฀ away=฀ =฀ immediately) I฀will฀have฀to฀leave฀at฀once. ฀ ___________________________________________________฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Change฀to฀past฀and฀future฀time: 1.฀I฀have฀to฀work฀today.฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀John฀has฀to฀be฀here฀at฀two฀o’clock.฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀Mary฀has฀to฀come฀with฀him.฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀We฀have฀to฀study฀tonight.฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀They฀have฀to฀write฀many฀letters.฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀You฀have฀to฀wait฀a฀few฀minutes.฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀They฀have฀to฀come฀back฀later.฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀We฀all฀have฀to฀write฀a฀short฀story.฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀We฀have฀to฀go฀to฀the฀hospital฀this฀afternoon.฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀He฀has฀to฀see฀a฀doctor.฀ ฀ ฀ 11.฀John฀has฀to฀stop฀his฀English฀lessons.฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀I฀have฀to฀get฀up฀early.฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀4.฀Change฀to฀negative฀form: 1.฀They฀have฀to฀study฀very฀hard.฀฀ 2.฀He฀had฀to฀be฀there฀at฀two฀o’clock.฀ 3.฀We฀have฀to฀get฀up฀early.฀ 4.฀We฀have฀to฀write฀a฀composition฀tonight.฀ 5.฀We฀had฀to฀meet฀him฀at฀noon.฀ 6.฀Mr.฀Smith฀has฀to฀go฀out฀of฀town.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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7.฀They฀had฀to฀leave฀early.฀ 8.฀I฀have฀to฀buy฀a฀new฀pen.฀ 9.฀We฀have฀to฀work฀on฀Sunday.฀ 10.฀John฀had฀to฀go฀to฀the฀hospital.฀ 11.฀We฀have฀to฀prepare฀our฀homework฀every฀day.฀ 12.฀We฀will฀have฀to฀learn฀many฀new฀words.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

฀Ex.฀5.฀Change฀to฀interrogative฀form.฀Then,฀ask฀questions฀with฀WHEN,฀WHERE,฀WHAT฀TIME,฀WHY,฀etc. 1.฀ He฀had฀to฀leave฀at฀noon.฀฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

2.฀ We฀have฀to฀get฀up฀at฀6.00฀every฀morning.฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀ They฀have฀to฀study฀every฀day.฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀ They฀have฀to฀rent฀an฀apartment฀soon.฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀ He฀had฀to฀buy฀several฀new฀books.฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀ He฀had฀to฀leave฀a฀tip฀for฀the฀waiter.฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀ He฀had฀to฀return฀yesterday.฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀ He฀will฀have฀to฀wait฀a฀few฀minutes.฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀ They฀will฀have฀to฀come฀back฀later.฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀He฀has฀to฀wear฀a฀coat฀because฀it´s฀cold..฀ ฀ ฀ 11.฀She฀has฀to฀rest฀a฀while฀because฀she´s฀tired฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀He฀has฀to฀take฀more฀exercise.฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

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BASIC฀VOCABULARY:฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

PARTS฀OF฀THE฀BODY฀/pá:rts฀ov฀δe฀bódi/฀Las฀Partes฀del฀Cuerpo

1.฀ The฀Head฀/(e฀hed/฀La฀cabeza beard฀/bíard/฀ brains฀/breinz/฀ cheek฀/tchi:k/฀ chin฀/tchin/฀ ear฀/iar/฀ eye฀/ai/฀ eyebrow฀/aibrau/฀ eyelash฀/áilæsh/฀ eyelid฀/áilid/฀ face฀/feis/฀ forehead฀/fo:red/฀ hair฀/héar/฀ Head฀/héd/฀ jaw฀/dllo:/฀ 2.฀ The฀Trunk฀/(e฀truηk/฀El฀tronco ฀ back฀/bæk/฀ backbone฀/bækboun/฀ bladder฀/bláder/฀ bowels฀/báuelz/฀ breast฀/brest/฀ buttocks฀/bátoks/฀ chest฀/tchést/฀ gall฀bladder฀/golbláder/฀ heart฀/ha:rt/฀ hip฀/hip/฀

barba฀ cerebro฀ mejilla฀ mentón฀ oreja฀ ojo฀ ceja฀ pestaña฀ párpado฀ cara฀ frente฀ cabello฀ cabeza฀ mandíbula

lip฀/lip/฀ moustache฀/mustá:sh/฀ mouth฀/mauθ/฀ neck฀/nek/฀ nose฀/nouz/฀ nostrils฀/nóstrilz/฀ pupil฀/piu:pl/฀ sideburns฀/sáidbernz/฀ skull฀/skal/฀ temple฀/témpl/฀ throat฀/θrout/฀ tongue฀/táη/฀ tooth฀/teeth฀/tu:θ,฀ti:θ/฀

labio bigote boca cuello nariz fosas฀nasales pupila patillas cráneo sien garganta lengua diente(s)

espalda฀ espina฀dorsal฀ vejiga฀ vientre,฀entrañas฀ pecho,mamas฀ nalgas฀ pecho,฀torax฀ vesícula฀ corazón฀ cadera

intestines฀/intéstinz/฀ kidney฀/kídni/฀ liver฀/líver/฀ lung฀/laη/฀ navel฀/néivl/฀ ribs฀/ribz/฀ spleen฀/spli:n/฀ stomach฀/stómak/฀ waist฀/weist/฀

intestinos riñón hígado pulmón ombligo costillas฀ bazo estómago cintura

3.฀ The฀Limbs฀/(e฀limz/฀Las฀extremidades ฀ ankle฀/æηkl/฀ tobillo฀ limbs฀/limz/฀ arm฀/a:rm/฀ brazo฀ little฀finger฀/lítl฀fiηger/฀ armpit฀/á:rmpit/฀ axila฀ middle฀finger฀/mídl฀fiηger/฀ calf฀/ka:f/฀ pantorrilla฀ nail฀/neil/฀ elbow฀/élbou/฀ codo฀ palm฀/pa:m/฀ dedo(mano)฀ ring฀finger฀/riη฀fiηger/฀ finger฀/fíηger/฀ foot฀/฀feet฀/fu:t,฀fi:t/฀ pie฀/s฀ shin฀/shin/฀ hand฀/hænd/฀ mano฀ shoulder฀/shóulder/฀ heel฀/hi:l/฀ talón฀ sole฀/soul/฀ index฀finger฀/índeks฀fiηger/฀ índice฀ thigh฀/θai/฀ knee฀/ni:/฀ rodilla฀ thumb฀/θam฀/฀ kneecap฀/ni:kap/฀ rótula฀ toe฀/tou/฀ knuckle฀/nákl/฀ nudillo฀ wrist฀/rist/฀ leg฀/leg/฀ pierna ฀ 4.฀ Related฀Words฀/riléitid฀we:rdz/฀Palabras฀relacionadas ฀ corn฀/ko:rn/฀ callo฀ sigh฀/sai/฀ cough฀/kof/฀ tos฀ sneeze฀/sni:z/฀ freckle฀/frékl/฀ peca฀ wart฀/wo:rt/฀ hiccough฀/híkap/฀ hipo฀ wrinkle฀/rínkl/฀ mole฀/moul/฀ lunar฀ yawn฀/io:n/฀ Pins฀and฀needles฀/pinz฀an฀ní:dlz/฀calambres

extremidades meñique cordial uña palma anular canilla฀ hombro฀ planta฀(del฀pie) ฀muslo pulgar dedo(del฀pie) ฀muñeca

suspiro estornudo verruga arruga bostezo

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TIME฀EXPRESSIONS฀/táim฀iksprésh now฀/náu/฀ at฀this฀moment฀/at฀δe฀móument/฀ at฀present฀/at฀prézent/฀ for฀the฀time฀being฀/for฀δe฀táim฀bi:iη/฀ right฀now฀/rait฀náu/฀ today฀/tudéi/฀ yesterday฀/yésterdi/฀ tomorrow฀/tumórou/฀ this฀morning฀/δis฀mó:rniη/฀ this฀afternoon฀/δis฀a:fternú:n/฀ this฀evening฀/δis฀í:vniη/฀ tonight฀/tunáit/฀ tomorrow฀morning฀/tumórou฀mó:niη/฀ yesterday฀afternoon฀/yésterdi฀a:fternú:n/฀ last฀night฀/la:st฀náit/฀ last฀week฀/la:st฀wí:k/฀ next฀Monday฀/nekst฀mándi/฀ last฀Tuesday฀morning฀/la:st฀tíuzdi฀mó:rniη/฀ next฀Sunday฀afternoon฀/nekst฀sándi฀a:fternú:n/฀ the฀day฀after฀tomorrow฀/δe฀déi฀a:fter฀tumórou/฀ the฀day฀before฀yesterday฀/δe฀déi฀bifó:r฀iésterdi/฀ in฀the฀morning฀/in฀δe฀mó:rniη/฀ in฀the฀afternoon฀/in฀δi฀a:fternú:n/฀ in฀the฀evening฀/in฀δi฀í:vniη/฀ at฀night฀/at฀náit/฀ a฀week฀next฀Monday฀/e฀wí:k฀neks฀mándi/฀ a฀week฀last฀Sunday฀/e฀wí:k฀la:st฀sándi/฀ in฀December฀last฀year฀/in฀disémber฀la:st฀yíar/฀ in฀the฀summer฀of฀1976฀/in฀δe฀sámer฀ov฀náintin฀séventi฀síks/฀ every฀day฀/évri฀déi/฀ every฀week฀/évri฀wí:k/฀ every฀month฀/évri฀mánθ/฀ every฀year฀/évri฀yíar/฀ every฀Monday฀morning฀/évri฀mándi฀mó:niη/฀ every฀other฀day฀/évri฀áδer฀déi/฀ every฀other฀three฀days฀/évri฀áδer฀θrí:฀déiz/฀ once฀a฀day฀/wans฀e฀déi/฀ twice฀a฀week฀/twáis฀e฀wí:k/฀ several฀times฀a฀month฀/sévral฀táimz฀e฀mánθ/฀ many฀times฀a฀year฀/méni฀táimz฀e฀yíar/฀ a฀long฀time฀ago฀/e฀lóη฀táim฀agóu/฀ many฀years฀ago฀/méni฀yíarz฀agóu/฀ ten฀minutes฀ago฀/tén฀mínits฀agóu/฀ not฀very฀long฀ago฀/nót฀véri฀loη฀agóu/฀ ages฀ago฀/éidlliz฀agóu/฀ a฀short฀while฀ago฀/e฀short฀wáil฀agóu/฀ immediately฀/immídlliatli/฀ at฀once฀/at฀wáns/฀ right฀away฀/ráit฀ewéi/฀ as฀soon฀as฀possible฀/as฀sú:n฀as฀pósibl/฀ always฀/ó:lweiz/฀ generally฀/dllénerali/฀ usually฀/iúshuali/฀ frequently฀/fríkwentli/฀ often฀/ó:fn/฀ occasionally฀/okéillonali/฀ 136

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nz/฀Expresiones฀de฀Tiempo

ahora en฀este฀momento en฀la฀actualidad transitoriamente,฀por฀ahora ahora฀mismo hoy฀día ayer mañana esta฀mañana esta฀tarde esta฀tarde esta฀noche mañana฀en฀la฀mañana ayer฀en฀la฀tarde anoche la฀semana฀pasada el฀próximo฀lunes el฀martes฀pasado฀en฀la฀mañana el฀próximo฀domingo฀en฀la฀tarde pasado฀mañana anteayer en฀la฀mañana en฀la฀tarde en฀la฀tarde por฀/durante฀la฀noche el฀lunes฀subsiguiente el฀domingo฀antepasado en฀diciembre฀del฀año฀pasado en฀el฀verano฀de฀1976 todos฀los฀días todas฀las฀semanas todos฀los฀meses todos฀los฀años todos฀los฀lunes฀en฀la฀mañana día฀por฀medio cada฀tres฀días una฀vez฀al฀día dos฀veces฀a฀la฀semana varias฀veces฀al฀mes muchas฀veces฀al฀año hace฀mucho฀tiempo฀/mucho฀tiempo฀atrás hace฀muchos฀años hace฀diez฀minutos no฀hace฀mucho฀tiempo hace฀muchísimo฀tiempo hace฀un฀rato,฀un฀rato฀atrás inmediatamente de฀inmediato al฀instante,฀“al฀tiro” lo฀antes฀posible,฀lo฀más฀pronto฀posible siempre generalmente usualmente frecuentemente a฀menudo ocasionalmente

sometimes฀/sámtaimz/฀ rarely฀/réarli/฀ seldom฀/séldom/฀ hardly฀ever฀/ha:dli฀éver/฀ never฀/néver/฀ from฀time฀to฀time฀/from฀táim฀tu฀táim/฀ once฀in฀a฀while฀/wáns฀in฀e฀wáil/฀ now฀and฀then฀/náu฀an฀δén/฀

a฀veces raramente rara฀vez casi฀nunca nunca de฀vez฀en฀cuando de฀vez฀en฀cuando. de฀vez฀en฀cuando.

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Key฀to฀answers

UNIT฀10 PART฀I. Ex.฀2.฀1.฀Mr฀Mitchell฀is฀flying฀to฀Sydney฀next฀week.฀2.฀John฀is฀attending฀a฀conference฀at฀YMCA฀at฀10:30฀on฀Monday.฀3.฀ I´m฀playing฀tennis฀with฀Bob฀tomorrow.฀4.฀Jim฀and฀Mary฀are฀going฀to฀a฀disco฀tonight.฀5.฀Our฀daughter฀is฀arriving฀on฀the฀ 8:15฀train฀on฀Saturday฀morning.฀6.฀Mr฀Brown฀isn´t฀attending฀our฀wedding฀party฀on฀Friday. Ex.฀3.฀2.฀Attending฀a฀reception฀at฀the฀White฀House฀3.฀Playing฀tennis฀with฀Dr฀Brown฀4.฀Is฀attending฀a฀ceremony฀at฀Lincoln฀ Memorial.฀5.฀He´s฀attending฀a฀dinner฀party฀at฀the฀US฀Surgeons฀Club฀6.He´s฀visiting฀Bethesda฀Medical฀Center.฀7.฀He´s฀ attendding฀a฀concert฀at฀the฀Kennedy฀Center.฀8.฀He´s฀flying฀to฀Texas.฀9.฀He´s฀attending฀a฀conference฀at฀houston฀Medical฀ Center.฀10.฀He´s฀attending฀a฀conference฀at฀Nasa฀Space฀Center.฀11.฀He´s฀having฀lunch฀with฀some฀friends฀at฀the฀Waldorf฀ Hotel.฀12.฀He´s฀flying฀back฀to฀Washington฀DC.฀14.฀He´s฀flying฀back฀to฀Chile฀from฀National฀Airport. Ex.฀4.฀Open฀answers Ex.฀5.฀1.฀Mary฀will฀come฀to฀see฀us฀next฀week.฀2.฀They´re฀going฀to฀stay฀several฀days฀with฀us.฀3.฀We´re฀having฀dinner฀with฀ Mr฀Jones฀this฀evening.฀4.฀I´m฀not฀going฀out฀of฀Santiago฀this฀weekend.฀5.฀I฀promise฀you฀I฀will฀never฀do฀that฀again.฀6.฀I฀ think฀/฀believe฀she´s฀not฀going฀to฀accept฀our฀invitation฀7.฀What฀will฀they฀do฀with฀the฀money฀they฀received?฀8.฀When฀are฀ they฀traveling฀to฀the฀USA?฀9.฀At฀what฀time฀are฀you฀going฀to฀arrive฀/฀get฀back฀from฀work฀this฀evening?฀10.฀According฀to฀ the฀schedule,฀at฀what฀time฀are฀we฀getting฀there?

PART฀II. A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀May฀2.฀Must฀3.฀Should฀/฀ought฀to฀4.฀Can฀5.฀Must฀6.฀Should฀/฀ought฀to฀7.฀May฀8.฀Can฀9.฀Must฀/฀should฀-฀can฀ /฀may฀10.฀Must฀11.฀Can฀12.฀Can´t฀13.฀Can฀-฀can´t฀14.฀Can´t฀15.฀Can฀/฀must฀16.฀May฀17.฀Should฀/฀ought฀to฀18.฀Should฀ 19.฀Must฀20.฀Should฀/฀ought฀to฀21.฀Must฀22.฀Must฀23.฀Should฀/฀ought฀to฀24.฀Can´t Ex.฀2.฀1.฀Bob฀can´t฀speak...฀/฀Can฀Bob฀speak...?฀/฀How฀many฀languages฀can฀Bob฀speak?฀2.฀They฀shouldn´t฀take...฀/฀ Should฀they฀take...?฀/฀What฀should฀they฀do?฀3.฀We฀must฀not฀go...฀/฀Must฀we฀go...?฀/฀Why฀must฀we฀go?฀4.฀They฀may฀ not฀use...฀/฀May฀they฀use...?฀/฀Which฀room฀may฀they฀use? Ex.฀3.฀1.฀You฀can฀/฀may฀smoke฀here.฀2.฀He฀can฀run฀very฀fast.฀3.You฀must฀come฀again฀tomorrow.฀4.฀They฀may฀visit฀us฀ tomorrow฀5.฀He฀can´t฀speak฀Spanish฀well.฀6.฀What฀should฀I฀do฀now?฀7.฀Can฀you฀help฀me฀this฀afternoon?฀8.฀May฀I฀sit฀ here,฀Sir?฀9.฀That฀may฀/฀can฀happen฀again.฀10.฀He฀worked฀very฀hard.฀He฀must฀be฀tired. B. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀I฀have฀to฀work..฀2.฀John฀has฀to฀go฀out...฀3.฀You฀have฀to฀read...฀4.฀Mary฀and฀John฀have฀to฀fly...5.฀They฀have฀to฀ stay...฀6.฀I฀have฀to฀get฀up...฀7.฀We฀have฀to฀write...8.฀I฀have฀to฀write...฀9.฀We฀have฀to฀prepare...10.฀Mary฀has฀to฀study...฀ 11.฀John฀also฀has฀to฀take...12.We฀have฀to฀learn Ex.฀2.฀2.฀He฀had฀to฀go...฀/฀He´ll฀have฀to฀go...฀3.฀We฀had฀to฀make...฀/฀We´ll฀have฀to฀make...฀4.฀He฀had฀to฀learn...฀/฀He´ll฀ have฀to฀learn...฀5.฀We฀had฀to฀hurry...฀/฀We´ll฀have฀to฀hurry...฀6.฀He฀had฀to฀spend...฀/฀He´ll฀have฀to฀spend฀7.฀She฀had฀to฀ attend...฀/฀She´ll฀have฀to฀attend...฀8.฀I฀had฀to฀answer...฀/฀I´ll฀have฀to฀answer...฀9.฀We฀had฀to฀telephone...฀/฀We´ll฀have฀to฀ telephone...฀10.฀He฀had฀to฀stay...฀/฀He´ll฀have฀to฀stay... Ex.฀3.฀1.฀I฀had฀to฀work...฀/฀I´ll฀have฀to฀work...฀2.฀John฀had฀to฀be...฀/฀John฀will฀have฀to฀be...฀3.฀Mary฀had฀to฀come...฀/฀Mary฀ will฀have฀to฀come...฀4.฀We฀had฀to฀study...฀/฀We´ll฀have฀to฀study...฀5.฀They฀had฀to฀write...฀/฀They´ll฀have฀to฀write...฀6.฀You฀ had฀to฀wait...฀/฀You´ll฀have฀to฀wait...฀7.฀They฀had฀to฀come฀back...฀/฀They´ll฀have฀to฀come฀back...8.฀We฀all฀had฀to฀write...฀ /฀We´ll฀have฀to฀write...฀9.฀We฀had฀to฀go...฀/฀We´ll฀have฀to฀go...฀10.฀He฀had฀to฀see...฀/฀He´ll฀have฀to฀see...11.฀John฀had฀to฀ stop...฀/฀John´ll฀have฀to฀stop.฀12.฀-I฀had฀to฀get฀up...฀/฀I´ll฀have฀to฀get฀up... Ex.฀4.฀1.฀They฀don´t฀have฀to฀study...฀2.฀He฀didn´t฀have฀to฀be...฀3.฀We฀don´t฀have฀to฀get฀up...฀4.฀We฀don´t฀have฀to฀write...฀ 5.฀We฀didn´t฀have฀to฀meet...฀6.฀Mr฀Smith฀doesn´t฀have฀to฀go...฀7.฀They฀didn´t฀have฀to฀leave...฀8.฀I฀don´t฀have฀to฀buy...฀9.฀ We฀don´t฀have฀to฀work...฀10.฀John฀didn´t฀have฀to฀go...11.฀We฀don´t฀have฀to฀prepare...฀12.฀We฀won´t฀have฀to฀learn... A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Ex.฀5.฀1.฀When฀/฀What฀time฀did฀he฀have฀to฀leave?฀2.฀What฀time฀do฀we฀/฀you฀have฀to฀get฀up฀every฀morning?฀3.฀What฀ do฀they฀have฀to฀do฀every฀day?฀4.฀When฀do฀they฀have฀to฀rent฀an฀apartment?฀5.฀What฀did฀he฀have฀to฀buy?฀6.฀What฀did฀ he฀have฀to฀leave฀for฀the฀waiter?฀7.฀When฀did฀he฀have฀to฀return?฀8.฀How฀long฀will฀he฀have฀to฀wait?฀9.฀When฀will฀they฀ have฀to฀come฀back?฀10.฀Why฀does฀he฀have฀to฀wear฀a฀coat?฀11.฀Why฀does฀she฀have฀to฀rest฀a฀while?฀12.฀What฀does฀ she฀have฀to฀do?

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UNIT฀11 PART฀I.฀EL฀TIEMPO฀FUTURO฀CONTINUO฀(THE฀FUTURE฀CONTINUOUS฀TENSE) Este฀tiempo฀verbal฀se฀expresa฀con฀el฀futuro฀del฀verbo฀BE฀(WILL฀BE)฀más฀el฀GERUNDIO฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal฀y฀se฀usa฀ para฀referirse฀a฀acciones฀que฀estarán฀realizándose฀a฀una฀hora฀o฀fecha฀determinada฀en฀el฀futuro,฀cuando฀otra฀acción฀ ocurra.฀Por฀lo฀tanto฀son฀frecuentes฀las฀expresiones฀de฀tiempo฀compuestas฀por฀WHEN฀+฀SUBJECT฀+฀PRESENT฀+฀ TOMORROW/฀NEXT฀MONDAY,฀etc,฀como฀when฀you฀come฀home฀this฀evening฀ /wen฀iú:฀kam฀hóum฀ δis฀í:vniη/฀(cuando฀ tú฀vengas฀a฀casa฀esta฀tarde),฀o฀when฀the฀program฀starts฀tonight฀ /wen฀ δe฀próugram฀stá:rts฀tunáit/฀(cuando฀el฀programa฀ comience฀esta฀noche).฀También฀se฀usan฀expresiones฀de฀tiempo฀como,฀at฀ten฀o´clock฀tomorrow฀ /at฀tén฀oklók฀tumórou/฀ (mañana฀a฀las฀10:00),฀at฀midday฀next฀Saturday฀ /at฀míddei฀nékst฀sæ´terdi/฀(al฀mediodía฀el฀próximo฀sábado),฀at฀this฀time฀ tomorrow฀/at฀δis฀táim฀tumórou/”฀(a฀esta฀hora฀mañana). Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: 1.฀ We฀will฀be฀having฀lunch฀at฀1฀o´clock฀tomorrow.฀/wi:฀wil฀bí:฀hæviη฀/lántch฀at฀wán฀oklók฀tumórou/฀Nosotros฀estaremos฀almorzando฀ a฀la฀una฀mañana. 2.฀ They฀will฀be฀working฀in฀the฀laboratory฀at฀this฀time฀next฀Monday.฀/δéi฀wil฀bí:฀wé:rkiη฀in฀δe฀labóratri฀at฀δis฀táim฀nékst฀mándi฀/฀Ellos฀ estarán฀trabajando฀en฀el฀laboratorio฀a฀esta฀hora฀el฀próximo฀lunes. 3.฀ Lynda฀will฀be฀travelling฀in฀Europe฀at฀this฀time฀next฀month.฀/línda฀wil฀bí:฀tráveliη฀in฀iúrop฀at฀δis฀táim฀nékst฀mánθ/฀Lynda฀estará฀ viajando฀en฀Europa฀en฀esta฀fecha฀el฀próximo฀mes. 4.฀ The฀children฀will฀be฀sleeping฀when฀the฀program฀starts฀tonight.฀/δe฀tchíldren฀wil฀bí:฀slí:piη฀wen฀δe฀próugram฀stá:rts฀tunáit/฀Los฀ niños฀estarán฀durmiendo฀cuando฀el฀programa฀comience฀esta฀noche 5.฀ The฀President฀will฀be฀flying฀to฀Tokyo฀at฀this฀time฀on฀Tuesday฀/δe฀prézident฀wil฀bí:฀fláiiη฀tu฀tókiou฀at฀δis฀táim฀on฀tiú:zdi/฀El฀Presidente฀ estará฀volando฀hacia฀Tokio฀a฀esta฀hora฀el฀martes La฀forma฀negativa฀y฀la฀forma฀interrogativa฀se฀expresa฀como฀en฀el฀tiempo฀futuro฀simple,฀es฀decir,฀con฀WILL฀NOT฀/฀ WON´T฀en฀las฀negaciones฀e฀invirtiendo฀el฀orden฀del฀sujeto฀con฀el฀modal฀WILL฀en฀las฀interrogaciones: Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀

They฀won´t฀be฀working฀in฀the฀laboratory฀at฀this฀time฀next฀Monday.฀/δéi฀wóunt฀bí:฀wé:rkiη฀in฀δe฀labóratri฀at฀δis฀táim฀nékst฀mándi/ The฀children฀will฀not฀be฀sleeping฀when฀the฀program฀starts฀tonight.฀/δe฀tchíldren฀wil฀nót฀bí:฀slí:piη฀wen฀δe฀próugram฀stá:rts฀tunáit/ Will฀they฀be฀travelling฀in฀Europe฀at฀this฀time฀next฀month?฀/wíl฀δéi฀bí:฀tráveliη฀in฀iú:rop฀at฀δis฀táim฀nékst฀mánθ/ What฀will฀the฀President฀be฀doing฀at฀this฀time฀on฀Tuesday?฀/wót฀wil฀δe฀prézident฀bí:฀dú:iη฀at฀δis฀táim฀on฀tíu:zdi/

La฀pregunta฀habitual฀en฀este฀tiempo฀es฀: WHAT฀WILL฀YOU฀BE฀DOING?฀/wót฀wil฀iú:฀bí:฀dú:iη/฀(¿Qué฀estará฀haciendo฀ud.?) EXERCISES: Ex.฀1.฀Complete฀the฀following฀sentences฀using฀the฀verbs฀given฀in฀parentheses,฀in฀the฀Future฀Continuous฀Tense: 1.฀At฀10฀o´clock฀tomorrow฀morning,฀I฀________________________฀here.฀(work) 2.฀At฀this฀time฀next฀month,฀we฀________________________฀in฀the฀USA.฀(travel) 3.฀I฀________________________฀to฀work฀at฀this฀time฀tomorrow฀morning.฀(drive) 4.฀The฀Browns฀________________________฀some฀friends฀at฀9฀this฀evening฀(entertain) 5.฀Mr฀Scott฀and฀his฀friends฀________________________Toronto฀next฀weekend.฀(visit) 6.฀Jane฀________________________฀the฀shopping฀at฀midday฀today.฀(do) 7.฀We________________________฀soccer฀at฀this฀time฀next฀Saturday.฀(play) 8.฀The฀students฀________________________฀in฀the฀gym฀after฀7฀this฀evening.฀(work฀out) 9.฀I฀________________________฀television฀when฀you฀come฀home฀tonight.฀(watch) 10.฀What฀_____________฀you฀________________________฀at฀this฀time฀tomorrow?฀(do)

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Ex.2.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀a)฀negative฀and฀b)฀interrogative: 1.฀They´ll฀be฀running฀up฀the฀hill฀at฀midday.฀฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀Hans฀will฀be฀working฀all฀morning฀tomorrow.฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀The฀students฀will฀be฀taking฀a฀test฀at฀10.฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀Mike฀will฀be฀washing฀his฀car฀in฀the฀morning.฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀question฀words฀like฀What,฀Where,฀How฀long,฀etc. 1.฀They´ll฀be฀having฀dinner฀at฀8฀this฀evening.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀Janet฀will฀be฀travelling฀in฀Asia฀for฀2฀weeks.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀I´ll฀be฀working฀in฀the฀lab฀tomorrow฀morning.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀Jim฀won´t฀be฀working฀tomorrow฀because฀it´s฀a฀holiday.฀___________________________________________________ 5.฀I´ll฀be฀staying฀at฀the฀Carlton฀Hotel฀in฀London.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀The฀train฀will฀be฀arriving฀at฀12:30฀tomorrow.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀Mr.฀Jackson฀will฀be฀attending฀a฀meeting฀at฀this฀time฀on฀Thursday.฀__________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀My฀friends฀will฀be฀taking฀their฀final฀exams฀by฀this฀time฀next฀month.฀ _________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Ex.฀4.฀Use฀the฀verbs฀provided฀in฀the฀Simple฀Future฀or฀the฀Future฀Contínuous฀Tense: 1.฀They฀________________________฀dinner฀at฀8:45฀this฀evening.฀(have) 2.฀They฀________________________฀Brazil฀next฀month.฀(visit) 3.฀At฀this฀time฀tomorrow,฀we฀________________________,฀of฀course.฀(work) 4.฀Mr.฀Smith฀________฀not฀__________________฀home฀for฀dinner฀tonight.฀(come) 5.฀They฀________________________฀in฀Boston฀at฀this฀time฀next฀year.฀(live) 6.฀They฀________________________฀at฀a฀Chinese฀restaurant฀tonight.฀(have฀dinner) 7.฀Mary฀________________________฀dinner฀when฀John฀gets฀home฀tonight.฀(cook) 8.฀Where฀_________฀they฀________________________฀when฀they฀visit฀Paris฀in฀June?฀(stay) 9.฀What฀_______________฀you฀________________________฀at฀midday฀on฀Sunday?฀(do) 10.฀___________฀they฀________________________฀their฀holidays฀in฀Chile฀again฀next฀year?฀(spend) Ex.฀5.฀Review฀Practice.฀Use฀the฀proper฀verb฀tense฀of฀the฀verbs฀provided.฀Use฀the฀Present,฀the฀Past฀or฀the฀Future฀ tenses,฀in฀their฀Simple฀or฀Contínuous฀forms: 1.฀Listen!฀Mary฀______________________________฀the฀piano฀now.฀(play) 2.฀We฀________________________฀our฀vacation฀in฀Majorca฀next฀year.฀(spend) 3.฀At฀10:30฀last฀night,฀we฀______________________________฀television.฀(watch) 4.฀John฀usually฀______________________________฀here฀on฀Tuesday.฀(come) 5.฀Mr.฀Helms฀________________________฀a฀very฀good฀movie฀last฀night.฀(see) 6.฀They฀_________฀not฀________________________฀English฀very฀often.฀(practise) 7.฀What฀___________฀you฀________________________฀at฀this฀time฀yesterday?฀(do) 8.฀They฀____________฀not฀________________________฀the฀story฀at฀the฀moment.฀(read) 9.฀What฀_____________฀the฀Johnsons฀________________________฀last฀Saturday?฀(do) 10.฀W___________฀Mary฀________________________฀at฀this฀time฀tomorrow?฀(do 11.฀____________฀n´t฀you฀________________________฀the฀newspaper฀this฀morning?฀(buy) 12.฀Jane฀__________฀n´t฀__________________________฀to฀see฀me฀every฀day.฀(come) 13.฀____________฀you฀always฀________________________฀home฀at฀midday?฀(phone) 14.฀_________฀your฀friends฀__________________you฀when฀you฀arrived฀at฀their฀home฀yesterday?฀(expect) 15.฀Where฀_______________฀they฀__________________฀when฀World฀War฀II฀started?฀(live) 16.฀How฀often฀________฀your฀friend฀________________________to฀you?฀(write) 17.฀What฀time฀__________________฀you฀__________________฀this฀morning?฀(get฀up) 18.฀What฀time฀__________________฀you฀__________________here฀tomorrow?฀(be) 142

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19.฀They฀______________n´t฀________________________฀out฀tonight฀because฀it´s฀too฀cold.฀(go) 20.฀When฀_____________the฀Johnsons________________________,฀today฀or฀tomorrow?฀(arrive) 21.฀How฀long฀__________฀you฀________________________฀at฀the฀hotel฀this฀time,฀two฀or฀three฀nights?฀(stay) 22.฀Walter฀never฀______________________________฀in฀bed,฀as฀a฀rule.฀(smoke) 23.฀A:฀Why________฀you฀________________________฀your฀sweater฀yesterday?฀(put฀on) ฀ B:฀Because฀it฀was฀too฀cold. 24.฀A:฀Why฀________n´t฀Helen฀_____________________฀abroad฀on฀her฀vacation฀last฀summer?฀(travel) ฀ B:฀Because฀she฀hates฀flying.

PART฀II A.฀ MAKING฀REQUESTS฀-฀(SOLICITANDO฀SERVICIOS฀O฀FAVORES) Para฀solicitar฀que฀una฀persona฀haga฀algún฀servicio฀o฀favor,฀generalmente฀se฀usan฀las฀siguientes฀fórmulas: •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

Can฀you.+฀infinitive...please?฀(Informal)฀ Will฀you฀+฀infinitive...,฀please?฀(Informal)฀ Imperative,฀please฀+฀will฀you?฀(Informal)฀฀ Could฀you฀+฀infinitive...,฀please?฀(Formal)฀ Would฀you฀+฀infinitive...,฀please?฀(Formal)฀฀ Would฀you฀mind฀+...ing...฀please?฀(Muy฀formal)฀฀

Can฀you฀open฀the฀door฀please? Will฀you฀help฀me฀please? Listen฀to฀me฀please,฀will฀you? Could฀you฀speak฀more฀slowly,฀please? Would฀you฀sign฀your฀name฀here,฀please? Would฀you฀mind฀waiting฀outside,฀please?

Normalmente฀estas฀solicitudes฀se฀responden฀con฀expresiones฀como฀las฀siguientes: ฀ •฀ With฀pleasure฀/wiδ฀pléllar/฀Con฀mucho฀gusto •฀ Sure฀/shúar/฀seguro •฀ Certainly฀/sé:rtenli/฀Por฀cierto •฀ Of฀course฀/ov฀kó:rz/฀Por฀supuesto Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: 1.฀ A:฀Could฀you฀help฀me,฀please?฀ ฀ B:฀With฀pleasure฀

฀2.฀A:฀Will฀you฀lend฀me฀your฀pen,฀please? ฀฀ B:฀Sure

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Ask฀somebody฀to฀do฀the฀following฀things,฀using฀Can฀you...,฀please?,฀or฀Will฀you...please?,฀instead฀of฀ the฀simple฀imperative฀form.฀(instead฀of฀=฀en฀vez฀de) 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀

Speak฀more฀slowly.฀ Help฀me฀open฀the฀suitcase.฀ Open฀the฀window.฀ Come฀back฀this฀afternoon..฀ Pay฀attention,..฀ Be฀quiet..฀ Sit฀on฀this฀chair.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Ask฀somebody฀to฀do฀the฀following฀things,฀using฀Could฀you...please?฀or฀Would฀you...฀please? 1.฀Speak฀more฀slowly.฀ 2.฀Wait฀for฀me฀in฀the฀lobby.฀ 3.฀Repeat฀your฀question.฀ 4.฀Sign฀your฀name฀here.฀ 5.฀Turn฀the฀radio฀down.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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6.฀Take฀off฀your฀hat.฀ 7.฀Use฀the฀other฀elevator.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Repeat฀the฀previous฀exercise฀using฀the฀polite฀form฀Would฀you฀mind...ing,฀please? 1฀Speak฀more฀slowly.฀ 2.฀Wait฀for฀me฀in฀the฀lobby.฀ 3.฀Repeat฀your฀question.฀ 4.฀Sign฀your฀name฀here.฀ 5.฀Turn฀the฀radio฀down.฀ 6.฀Take฀off฀your฀hat.฀ 7.฀Use฀the฀other฀elevator.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀4.฀Make฀requests.฀Follow฀the฀instructions฀carefully. 1.฀ You฀want฀Sr.฀Perez฀to฀help฀you฀translate฀this฀letter฀into฀Spanish.฀Ask฀him. ฀ You:฀฀_________________________________________________________________ ? ฀฀ Peter:฀With฀Pleasure 2.฀ You฀want฀a฀friend฀to฀give฀you฀a฀hand฀(=฀help฀you).฀Ask฀him. ฀ You฀:฀฀__________________________________________________________ ,฀John? ฀ John฀:฀Certainly. 3.฀ You฀want฀somebody฀to฀spell฀his/her฀surname฀for฀you.฀Ask฀him/her฀politely. ฀฀ You:฀฀_________________________________________________________________ ? ฀฀ He/She:฀Yes,฀of฀course.฀S-M-I-T-H,฀Smith 4.฀ You฀want฀María฀to฀call฀you฀up฀tomorrow฀morning.฀Ask฀her฀to฀do฀that฀informally. ฀฀ You฀:฀María,฀฀__________________________________________________________ ? ฀฀ María:฀Yes,฀certainly.฀At฀what฀time฀do฀you฀want฀me฀to฀call฀you฀up? 5.฀ You฀want฀your฀brother฀Tom฀to฀turn฀down฀the฀radio.฀Ask฀him. ฀฀ You:฀฀____________________________________________________________ ,฀Tom? ฀฀ Tom::฀Of฀course.฀I฀didn´t฀know฀you฀were฀studying. 6.฀ You฀want฀a฀stranger฀to฀show฀you฀the฀way฀to฀the฀railway฀station.฀Ask฀him. ฀฀ You฀:฀฀_________________________________________________________ ,฀please? ฀฀ Stranger:฀Sure,฀Walk฀along฀this฀street฀as฀far฀as฀the฀traffic฀lights฀and฀then฀turn฀left. B.฀ ASKING฀FOR฀PERMISSION฀(SOLICITANDO฀PERMISO) Para฀solicitar฀permiso฀para฀hacer฀algo฀debemos฀usar฀las฀siguientes฀fórmulas: •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

Can฀I฀+฀Infinitive?฀(Informal)฀฀ May฀I฀+฀Infinitive?฀(Formal)฀฀ Do฀you฀mind฀if฀I฀+฀Infinitive?฀(Formal)฀฀ Would฀you฀allow฀me฀to฀+฀Infinitive?฀(Formal)฀

Can฀I฀open฀the฀door? May฀I฀ask฀a฀question? Do฀you฀mind฀if฀I฀smoke? Would฀you฀allow฀me฀to฀use฀the฀phone?

Normalmente฀estas฀solicitudes฀se฀responden฀con฀expresiones฀como: •฀ Sure,฀go฀ahead. •฀ Please฀do. •฀ Please฀don´t. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: A:฀Can฀I฀use฀your฀computer,฀John?฀ B:฀Sure,฀go฀ahead.฀

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A:฀Do฀you฀mind฀if฀I฀open฀the฀window? B:฀Please฀don´t.฀It´s฀too฀cold.

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Ask฀permission฀to฀do฀things.฀Follow฀the฀instructions฀carefully. 1.฀ You฀want฀to฀turn฀on฀the฀TV.฀Ask฀your฀mother´s฀permission. ฀ You:฀฀ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ,฀mum? ฀ Your฀mother:฀Yes,฀but฀keep฀the฀volume฀down,฀please.฀I´m฀working. 2.฀ You฀are฀a฀visitor฀and฀you฀want฀to฀use฀the฀telephone.฀Ask฀your฀host´s฀permission. ฀ You฀:฀฀____________________________________________________________________________________________ ฀ Host:฀Sure,฀go฀ahead. 3.฀ You´re฀at฀a฀conference.฀You฀want฀to฀ask฀a฀question.฀Ask฀the฀speaker´s฀permission. ฀ You:฀฀ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ฀ Speaker:฀Certainly.฀Please฀use฀the฀microphone฀so฀everyone฀can฀hear฀your฀question,฀please. 4.฀ You฀want฀to฀use฀your฀friend´s฀lighter.฀Ask฀his฀permission. ฀ You฀:฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________ ,฀Bob? ฀ Bob:฀Sure,฀here฀you฀are. 5.฀ You´re฀sitting฀next฀to฀an฀old฀man฀on฀the฀bus.฀You฀want฀to฀open฀the฀window.฀Ask฀his฀permission. ฀ You:฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________________,Sir? Old฀man:฀Please฀don´t฀open฀it.฀I´ve฀got฀a฀bad฀cold. 6.฀ You฀are฀at฀a฀friend´s฀house.฀You฀want฀to฀take฀a฀look฀at฀his฀newspaper.฀Ask฀his฀permission. ฀ You:฀฀ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ,฀Jack? ฀ Jack.฀It´s฀all฀yours.฀I฀don´t฀need฀it฀now.฀I฀read฀it฀this฀morning. 7.฀ Mr฀Jackson฀is฀working฀in฀his฀office.฀You฀want฀to฀go฀in฀.฀Ask฀his฀permission. ฀ You:฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________ ,฀Mr฀Jackson. ฀ Mr.฀Jackson:฀Sure,฀come฀in฀please. C.฀ OFFERING฀TO฀DO฀SOMETHING.฀(OFRECIENDOSE฀A฀HACER฀ALGO) Cuando฀nos฀ofrecemos฀a฀hacer฀algo฀por฀alguien฀podemos฀usar฀las฀siguientes฀estructuras: •฀ Shall฀I฀+฀Infinitive?฀ •฀ Do฀you฀want฀me฀to฀+฀Infinitive?฀ •฀ Would฀you฀like฀me฀to฀+฀Infinitive?฀฀

Shall฀I฀help฀you? Do฀you฀want฀me฀to฀get฀you฀a฀taxi? Would฀you฀like฀me฀to฀carry฀your฀bags฀to฀the฀room,฀Sir?

฀Normalmente฀estos฀ofrecimientos฀se฀responden฀con฀expresiones฀como: •฀ Yes,฀please •฀ No,฀thank฀you.฀I฀can฀do฀it฀myself฀/฀I฀can฀manage฀it฀myself EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Offer฀yourself฀to฀do฀these฀things฀: 1.฀ to฀turn฀the฀light฀on.฀ ฀ ฀

Shall฀I฀฀____________________________________________ ? Yes,฀please.฀It´s฀getting฀dark

2.฀ to฀spell฀your฀last฀name.฀ ฀ ฀

Do฀you฀want฀me฀to฀฀_________________________________ ? Yes,฀please฀do.฀My฀Spanish฀is฀not฀very฀good

3.฀ to฀shut฀the฀window.฀฀ ฀ ฀

Shall฀I฀฀____________________________________________ ? Yes,฀please.฀It´s฀too฀cold฀outside. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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4.฀ to฀get฀me฀some฀coffee฀and฀a฀sandwich.฀ ฀ ฀

Would฀you฀like฀me฀to฀฀_______________________________ ? Yes,฀please.฀I´m฀a฀little฀hungry.

5.฀ to฀repeat฀your฀question.฀ ฀ ฀

Do฀you฀want฀me฀to฀฀_________________________________ ? No,฀thanks.฀It´s฀not฀necessary

6.฀ to฀speak฀more฀slowly.฀ ฀ ฀

Would฀you฀like฀me฀to฀฀_______________________________ ? Yes,฀please.฀I฀don´t฀understand฀English฀very฀well฀yet.

7.฀ to฀call฀back฀later฀today.฀ ฀ ฀

Shall฀I฀฀____________________________________________ ? Please฀do.฀I´m฀a฀bit฀busy฀right฀now.

8.฀ to฀help฀me฀complete฀the฀application฀form.฀ ฀ ฀

Do฀you฀want฀me฀to฀฀_________________________________ ? No,฀thanks.฀I฀can฀manage฀myself.

9.฀to฀tell฀Mary฀that฀I฀want฀to฀see฀her.฀ ฀ ฀

Shall฀I฀฀____________________________________________ ? Yes,฀please.฀I฀need฀to฀tell฀her฀something

10.฀to฀translate฀this฀letter฀into฀English฀ ฀ ฀

Would฀you฀like฀me฀to฀฀_______________________________ ? Yes,฀please.฀I฀don´t฀understand฀French.

D.฀ INVITING฀OR฀SUGGESTING฀TO฀DO฀SOMETHING฀TOGETHER.฀(INVITANDO฀O฀SUGIRIENDO฀HACER฀ALGO฀EN฀ CONJUNTO) Para฀invitar฀o฀sugerir฀una฀acción฀conjunta฀normalmente฀se฀usan฀expresiones฀como฀estas: •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

Shall฀we฀+฀infinitive?฀ Do฀you฀want฀to฀+฀Infinitive฀฀ Would฀you฀like฀to฀+฀infinitive?฀ Why฀don´t฀we฀+฀Infinitive?฀ How฀about฀+...ing?฀ Let´s฀+฀infinitive฀

Shall฀we฀go฀to฀a฀disco฀this฀evening? Do฀you฀want฀to฀play฀cards฀now? Would฀you฀like฀to฀have฀dinner฀with฀us฀tonight? Why฀don´t฀we฀sit฀down฀and฀talk฀for฀a฀while? How฀about฀going฀out฀for฀a฀walk? Let´s฀take฀a฀walk฀after฀dinner.

Las฀invitaciones฀o฀sugerencias฀de฀este฀tipo฀se฀responden฀con฀expresiones฀como฀las฀siguientes: •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

Good฀idea!฀Let´s฀do฀that. Sure,฀Why฀not? Yes,฀certainly฀/฀Yes,฀of฀course. Sorry฀I฀can´t.฀I´m฀too฀busy฀/฀It´s฀too฀late฀/฀I฀have฀to฀study฀for฀a฀test,฀etc.

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Invite฀or฀suggest฀your฀friends฀to฀do฀the฀following฀activities฀together: 1.฀To฀go฀to฀the฀movies฀after฀dinner฀tonight.฀ ฀ ฀

฀Why฀฀_____________________________________________ ? Good฀idea.฀Let´s฀do฀that.

2.฀To฀go฀to฀the฀seaside฀next฀weekend.฀ ฀ ฀

Let´s฀฀_______________________________________________ Yes,฀that´s฀a฀good฀idea.

3.฀To฀sit฀on฀the฀grass฀and฀rest฀for฀a฀while.฀ ฀ ฀

How฀about฀฀ _______________________________________ ? I฀don´t฀think฀we฀should.฀It´s฀getting฀late.

4.฀To฀spend฀the฀summer฀holidays฀with฀us.฀ ฀ ฀

Would฀you฀฀________________________________________ ? Of฀course!฀We´d฀love฀to.

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5.฀To฀invite฀the฀Smiths฀to฀dinner฀one฀evening.฀ ฀ ฀

Why฀฀_____________________________________________ ? Sure.฀Why฀not.฀They´re฀very฀nice฀people.

6.฀To฀play฀tennis฀tomorrow฀morning.฀ ฀ ฀

Let´s฀฀_______________________________________________ Yes,฀let´s฀do฀that.฀I´ll฀be฀free฀all฀morning฀tomorrow.

7.฀To฀travel฀by฀boat฀instead฀of฀by฀plane฀ ฀ ฀

฀ _________________________________________________ ? I฀think฀we฀should฀travel฀by฀plane.฀It´s฀much฀cheaper.

8.฀To฀stay฀at฀home฀and฀watch฀TV฀.฀ ฀ ฀

How฀about฀฀ _______________________________________ ? I´d฀rather฀(preferiría)฀go฀out฀for฀a฀walk.฀It´s฀a฀pleasant฀evening.

9.฀To฀go฀to฀the฀arts฀exhibition.฀ ฀ ฀

Would฀you฀฀________________________________________ ? Yes,฀I´d฀love฀to.฀It´s฀a฀very฀interesting฀exhibition.

10.฀To฀take฀a฀taxi฀to฀the฀airport฀ ฀ ฀

Why฀฀_____________________________________________ ? Yes,฀let´s฀do฀that,฀or฀else฀we´ll฀miss฀our฀plane

PART฀III. A.฀ ALSO,TOO,฀AS฀WELL฀AND฀SO฀(TAMBIÉN);฀NOT...฀EITHER฀AND฀NEITHER฀/฀NOR฀(TAMPOCO);฀BUT฀(PERO) Study฀the฀following฀chart

+ ฀

+

- ฀

-

+ ฀

-

- ฀

+

Also Too As฀well

John฀went฀to฀the฀party.฀Peter฀also฀went฀to฀the฀party. John฀went฀to฀the฀party.฀Peter฀went฀to฀the฀party,too. John฀went฀to฀the฀party.฀Peter฀went฀to฀the฀party฀as฀well.

SO+MV+S

John฀went฀to฀the฀party฀and฀so฀did฀Peter.

Not...฀either

John฀didn´t฀go฀to฀the฀party.฀Peter฀didn´t฀go฀to฀the฀party฀either.

NEITHER฀+MV+S฀/฀NOR฀+MV+S

John฀didn´t฀go฀to฀the฀party฀and฀neither฀did฀Peter Or John฀didn´t฀go฀to฀the฀party฀and฀nor฀did฀Peter.

But

John฀went฀to฀the฀party,฀but฀peter฀didn´t฀go฀to฀the฀party. John฀didn´t฀like฀the฀party,฀but฀peter฀liked฀the฀party.

BUT฀+S+฀Contr.฀/ BUT฀+S+฀MV

John฀went฀to฀the฀party,฀but฀peter฀didn´t. John฀didn´t฀like฀the฀party,฀but฀peter฀did.

1.฀ Las฀palabras฀ALSO,฀TOO฀y฀AS฀WELL฀significan฀TAMBIEN.฀Also฀se฀usa฀antes฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal,฀mientras฀que฀ las฀palabras฀too฀y฀as฀well฀se฀usan฀al฀final฀de฀las฀oraciones. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda. 1)฀ ฀ ฀ 3)฀ ฀

Mary:฀ I฀really฀like฀that฀dress.฀ ฀ Jane:฀I฀also฀like฀it฀very฀much.฀฀ ฀ ฀ Mike:฀ John฀was฀sleeping฀at฀the฀time. Tom:฀ And฀his฀brother฀was฀sleeping฀as฀well.

2)฀ John:฀ Mary฀will฀come฀to฀the฀party฀tonight. ฀ Peter:฀And฀Janet฀will฀come฀too!

2.฀ La฀palabra฀SO฀es฀un฀sinónimo฀de฀ALSO,฀TOO฀y฀AS฀WELL฀y฀se฀usa฀para฀abreviar฀y฀hacer฀más฀fluída฀la฀conversación.฀ SO฀va฀seguida฀de฀un฀Verbo฀Modal฀+฀Sujeto฀฀ ฀ 1)฀ Mary:฀I฀really฀like฀that฀dress.฀ ฀ Jane:฀So฀do฀I฀.฀฀

2)฀ John.฀Mary฀will฀come฀to฀the฀party฀tonight. ฀฀ Peter:฀And฀so฀will฀Janet! A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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3)฀ Mike:฀ John฀was฀sleeping฀at฀the฀time. ฀ Tom:฀ And฀so฀was฀his฀brother฀. 3.฀ Las฀palabras฀NOT...EITHER฀(tampoco)฀pueden฀ser฀reemplazadas฀por฀NEITHER฀(o฀NOR)฀para฀abreviar฀y฀hacer฀más฀ fluida฀la฀conversación. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda. 1a)฀Peter:฀I฀don´t฀like฀classical฀music.฀ ฀ Mary:฀ I฀don´t฀like฀it฀either.฀฀

2a)฀John:฀ I฀didn´t฀see฀you฀at฀the฀meeting฀yesterday. ฀ ฀Ann:฀ I฀didn´t฀see฀you฀either.

1b)฀Peter:฀I฀don´t฀like฀classical฀music.฀ ฀ Mary:฀ Neither฀do฀I.฀฀

2b)฀John:฀ I฀didn´t฀see฀you฀at฀the฀meeting฀yesterday. ฀ ฀Ann:฀ Nor฀did฀I!

4.฀ La฀palabra฀BUT฀se฀usa฀tanto฀en฀la฀forma฀completa฀como฀en฀la฀forma฀abreviada. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda. 1a)฀Ruth฀didn´t฀see฀the฀accident฀BUT฀Jane฀saw฀it.฀ 2a)฀John฀will฀go฀to฀the฀meeting฀BUT฀Mary฀won´t฀go. 2b)฀Ruth฀didn´t฀see฀the฀accident฀BUT฀Jane฀did.฀ 2b)฀John฀will฀go฀to฀the฀meeting฀BUT฀Mary฀won´t. EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Use฀ALSO฀/฀TOO฀/฀AS฀WELL,฀EITHER,฀or฀BUT 1.฀Peter฀likes฀dogs฀very฀much฀and฀his฀sister฀likes฀them฀very฀much฀___________________ 2.฀Mr฀Johnson฀isn´t฀going฀to฀attend฀the฀meeting,฀___________________฀Mr฀Clark฀is฀(going฀to฀attend฀the฀meeting). 3.฀The฀boys฀didn´t฀go฀to฀the฀lab฀and฀the฀girls฀didn´t฀go฀___________________ 4.฀We´ve฀got฀a฀big฀house.฀They´ve฀___________________฀got฀a฀big฀one. 5.฀Peter฀doesn´t฀understand฀Italian.฀I฀don´t฀understand฀it฀___________________ 6.฀I฀can´t฀drive฀a฀car,฀___________________฀my฀husband฀can. 7.฀John฀is฀going฀to฀travel฀to฀Europe฀and฀we´re฀going฀to฀travel฀there฀___________________ 8.฀Mary฀is฀going฀to฀go฀to฀Spain,฀___________________฀John฀is฀not฀going฀to฀go฀there.฀He´s฀going฀to฀go฀to฀France. 9.฀Do฀you฀___________________฀speak฀Spanish,฀or฀do฀you฀speak฀another฀language? 10.฀So฀you฀don´t฀speak฀Spanish฀and฀you฀don´t฀speak฀Italian฀________________.฀What฀language฀do฀you฀speak,฀then? Ex.฀2a.฀First฀use฀ALSO฀/฀TOO฀/฀AS฀WELL฀and฀then฀use฀SO,฀as฀in฀the฀examples: ฀ ฀

Bob฀likes฀coffee.฀(Jane)฀ ฀ 1.฀Mary฀can฀speak฀Italian฀well.฀(Carmen)฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀1฀eat฀lunch฀in฀the฀cafeteria.฀(the฀secretary)฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀John฀walks฀to฀school.฀(I)฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀She฀comes฀here฀every฀day.฀(he)฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀John฀went฀to฀the฀movies฀with฀us฀(Peter)฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀He฀liked฀the฀picture.฀(We)฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀1฀watch฀TV฀after฀dinner.฀(my฀wife)฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀Mary฀likes฀pie฀for฀dessert.฀(the฀children)฀ ฀ ฀

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฀฀Bob฀likes฀coffee฀and฀Jane฀also฀likes฀coffee. ฀฀Bob฀likes฀coffee฀and฀SO฀does฀JANE. ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

9.฀1฀ate฀there฀yesterday฀(my฀friends)฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀We฀will฀go฀by฀train.฀(they)฀ ฀ ฀ 11.฀My฀car฀is฀very฀old.฀(my฀wife’s฀car)฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀They฀were฀very฀busy.฀(I)฀ ฀ 13.฀Mary฀should฀work฀harder.฀(you)฀ ฀ ฀ 14.฀They฀must฀pay฀more.฀(we)฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2b.฀Now,฀first฀use฀NOT...EITHER.฀Then฀use฀NEITHER฀(or฀NOR),฀as฀in฀the฀example ฀ ฀

Bob฀doesn’t฀like฀coffee฀and฀Jane฀doesn’t฀like฀coffee฀either. Bob฀doesn´t฀like฀coffee฀and฀NEITHER฀DOES฀JANE.

1.฀Mary฀can´t฀speak฀Italian฀well.฀(Carmen)฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀I฀don´t฀eat฀lunch฀in฀the฀cafeteria.฀(the฀secretary)฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀John฀doesn´t฀go฀to฀school฀.฀(I)฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀She฀doesn´t฀come฀here฀every฀day.฀(he)฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀John฀didn´t฀go฀to฀the฀movies.฀(Peter)฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀He฀didn´t฀like฀the฀picture฀(We)฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀I฀don´t฀watch฀TV฀after฀dinner฀(My฀wife)฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀Mary฀doesn´t฀like฀pie฀for฀dessert.฀(The฀children)฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀I฀didn´t฀eat฀there฀yesterday.฀(My฀friends)฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀We฀won´t฀go฀by฀train.฀(They)฀ ฀ ฀ 11.฀My฀car฀isn´t฀very฀old.(My฀wife´s฀car)฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀They฀weren´t฀very฀busy.฀(I)฀ ฀ ฀ 13.฀Mary฀shouldn´t฀work฀harder.฀(you)฀ ฀ ฀ 14.฀They฀mustn´t฀pay฀more.฀(we)฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Complete฀these฀sentences฀with฀BUT,฀as฀in฀the฀examples ฀ ฀ Bob฀likes฀coffee.฀(Jane)฀ ฀฀Bob฀likes฀coffee,฀but฀Jane฀doesn´t. ฀ ฀ ฀฀Bob฀doesn´t฀like฀coffee,฀but฀Jane฀does. 1.฀Mary฀can฀speak฀Italian฀well.฀(Carmen)฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀1฀eat฀lunch฀in฀the฀cafeteria.฀(the฀secretary)฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀John฀walks฀to฀school.฀(I)฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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4.฀She฀comes฀here฀every฀day.฀(he)฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀John฀went฀to฀the฀movies฀with฀us.฀(Peter)฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀He฀liked฀the฀picture.฀(We)฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀1฀watch฀TV฀after฀dinner.฀(my฀wife)฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀Mary฀likes฀pie฀for฀dessert.฀(the฀children)฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀1฀ate฀there฀yesterday.฀(my฀friends)฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀We฀will฀go฀by฀train.฀(they)฀ ฀ ฀ 11.฀My฀car฀is฀very฀old.฀(my฀wife’s฀car)฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀They฀were฀very฀busy.฀(I)฀ ฀ ฀ 13.฀Mary฀shouldn´t฀work฀harder.฀(you)฀ ฀ ฀ 14.฀They฀must฀pay฀more.฀(we)฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

B.฀ POSITION฀OF฀INDIRECT฀OBJECT฀(posición฀del฀complemento฀indirecto) Son฀Verbos฀Transitivos฀aquellos฀que฀van฀seguidos฀de฀un฀Complemento฀Directo฀(Direct฀Object).Los฀verbos฀To฀send฀ y฀To฀buy฀son฀verbos฀transitivos฀porque฀van฀seguidos฀de฀un฀complemento฀directo.฀El฀complemento฀directo฀responde฀ a฀la฀pregunta฀What?฀En฀la฀oración,”Peter฀sent฀a฀letter฀yesterday”฀el฀complemento฀directo฀es฀la฀frase฀“a฀letter”฀porque฀ responde฀a฀la฀pregunta,฀“What฀did฀Peter฀send฀yesterday”.฀Del฀mismo฀modo,฀en฀la฀oración฀“Mary฀bought฀a฀pair฀of฀shoes”,฀ la฀frase฀“a฀pair฀of฀shoes”฀es฀el฀complemento฀directo฀porque฀responde฀a฀la฀pregunta,฀“What฀did฀Mary฀buy?. A฀su฀vez,฀el฀complemento฀directo฀puede฀ir฀seguido฀por฀un฀Complemento฀Indirecto฀(Indirect฀Object).฀En฀la฀oración฀ “Peter฀sent฀a฀letter฀to฀Mr฀Smith฀yesterday”฀el฀complemento฀indirecto฀es฀“Mr฀Smith”฀y฀en฀la฀oración฀“Mary฀bought฀a฀pair฀ of฀shoes฀for฀her฀son”,฀el฀complemento฀indirecto฀es฀“her฀son”.฀Como฀ud.฀habrá฀advertido฀los฀complementos฀directos฀ e฀indirectos฀van฀unidos฀por฀las฀preposiciones฀to฀o฀for฀El฀complemento฀indirecto฀se฀reconoce฀porque฀responde฀a฀las฀ preguntas฀to฀whom?฀(¿a฀quién?)฀o฀for฀whom?฀(¿Para฀quién?)฀:฀“To฀whom฀did฀Peter฀send฀a฀letter฀yesterday”?฀“For฀ whom฀did฀Mary฀buy฀a฀pair฀of฀shoes”? El฀orden฀de฀los฀complementos฀directo฀e฀indirecto฀puede฀ser฀invertido,฀pero฀en฀ese฀caso฀se฀deben฀omitir฀las฀preposiciones฀ to฀o฀for.฀La฀inversión฀del฀orden฀de฀los฀complementos฀directo฀e฀indirecto฀es฀muy฀común฀cuando฀el฀complemento฀indirecto฀ es฀un฀pronombre฀complementario฀(object฀pronoun) Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda. Peter฀sent฀a฀letter฀to฀Mr฀Smith฀yesterday Peter฀sent฀Mr฀Smith฀a฀letter฀yesterday=฀

Peter฀sent฀him฀a฀letter฀yesterday.

Mary฀bought฀a฀pair฀of฀shoes฀for฀her฀son. Mary฀bought฀her฀son฀a฀pair฀of฀shoes=฀

Mary฀bought฀him฀a฀pair฀of฀shoes.

Ex.฀1.฀Place฀the฀indirect฀object฀before฀the฀direct฀object: 1.฀He฀gave฀the฀money฀to฀me.฀ 2.฀She฀brought฀the฀book฀to฀me.฀ 3.฀He฀sent฀a฀letter฀to฀me.฀ 4.฀He฀told฀the฀story฀to฀us.฀ 5.฀The฀teacher฀gave฀some฀dictation฀to฀us.฀ 6.฀He฀sent฀some฀candy฀to฀his฀sister.฀ 150

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฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

7.฀He฀bought฀some฀flowers฀for฀his฀wife฀ 8.฀He฀gave฀a฀ring฀to฀(=phoned)฀his฀friend.฀ 9.฀They฀sent฀an฀invitation฀to฀us.฀ 10.฀John฀lent฀some฀money฀to฀his฀friends.฀ 11.฀Will฀you฀lend฀your฀pen฀to฀me?฀ 12.฀He฀gave฀some฀excellent฀advice฀to฀all฀of฀us.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2,฀Place฀the฀indirect฀object฀after฀the฀direct฀object: 1.฀He฀gave฀me฀some฀books.฀ 2.฀They฀gave฀us฀some฀magazines.฀ 3.฀He฀sent฀his฀mother฀several฀letters.฀ 4.฀They฀brought฀us฀many฀presents฀from฀abroad.฀ 5.฀1฀gave฀him฀the฀note฀which฀you฀sent.฀ 6.฀Please฀give฀us฀some฀dictation฀today.฀ 7.฀They฀sent฀us฀an฀invitation฀to฀the฀party.฀ 8.฀Henry฀told฀us฀the฀story฀of฀his฀trip.฀ 9.฀John฀gladly฀lent฀me฀the฀money.฀ 10.฀Please฀lend฀me฀your฀pencil฀for฀a฀few฀minutes.฀ 11.฀They฀sent฀us฀the฀material฀right฀away.฀ 12.฀Please฀hand฀me฀that฀book.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

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BASIC฀VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words OUR฀HEALTH฀/áuar฀hél(/฀La฀salud arthritis฀/a:rθráitis/฀ blister฀/blíster/฀ chicken-pox฀/tchíkin฀poks/฀ chilblain฀/tchilblein/฀ chills฀/tchilz/฀ cold฀/kóuld/฀ colic฀/kólik/฀ constipation฀/konstipéishn/฀ diarrhea฀/daiaría/฀ disease฀/disí:z/฀ earache฀/iar฀eik/฀ fever฀/fí:ver/฀ flu฀/flu:/฀ hay฀fever฀/héi฀fí:ver/฀ headache฀/héd฀eik/฀ health฀/hélθ/฀ heart฀attack฀/ha:ræt฀atæ´฀k/฀

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artritis฀ ampolla฀ alfombrilla฀ sabañón฀ escalofríos฀ resfrío฀ cólico฀ estitiquez฀ colitis฀ enfermedad฀ dolor฀de฀oídos฀ fiebre฀ gripe฀ fiebre฀del฀heno฀ dolor฀de฀cabeza฀ salud฀ paro฀cardiaco฀

illness฀/ílnis/฀ enfermedad insomnia฀/insómnia/฀ insomnio mumps฀/mamps/฀ parotiditis nervous฀breakdown฀/né:rvas฀bréikdaun/฀depresión pain฀/pein/฀ dolor rheumatism฀/rúmatizm/฀ reumatismo runny฀nose฀/ráni฀nouz/฀ romadizo sickness฀/síknis/฀ mareo smallpox฀/smol฀poks/฀ viruela faringitis sore฀throat฀/só:r฀θróut/฀ stomach-ache฀/stómak฀eik/฀ dolor฀de฀estómago stroke฀/stróuk/฀ trombosis tonsilítis฀/tonsiláitis/฀ amigdalitis toothache฀/tuθ฀eik/฀ dolor฀de฀muelas typhus฀/táifus/฀ tifus whooping฀cough฀/hú:piη฀kof/฀ tos฀convulsiva.

KEY฀TO฀ANSWERS

UNIT฀11 PART฀I Ex.฀1.฀1.฀will฀be฀working฀2.฀will฀be฀travelling฀3.฀will฀be฀driving฀4.฀will฀be฀entertaining฀5.฀will฀be฀visiting.฀6.฀will฀be฀doing฀7.฀ will฀be฀playing฀8.฀will฀be฀working฀out฀9.฀will฀be฀watching฀10.฀will฀-฀be฀doing Ex.฀2.฀1฀They฀won´t฀be฀running...฀/฀Will฀they฀be฀running...?฀2.฀Hans฀won´t฀be฀working...฀/฀Will฀Hans฀be฀working...?฀ 3.฀ The฀ students฀ won´t฀ be฀ taking...฀ /฀ Will฀ the฀ students฀ be฀ taking...?฀ 4.฀ Mike฀ won´t฀ be฀ washing...฀ /฀ Will฀ Mike฀ be฀ washing...? Ex.฀3.฀1฀What฀will฀they฀be฀doing฀at฀8฀this฀evening?฀2.฀How฀long฀will฀Janet฀be฀travelling฀in฀Asia?฀3.฀Where฀will฀you฀be฀ working฀tomorrow฀morning?฀4.Why฀won´t฀Jim฀be฀working฀tomorrow?฀5.฀Where฀/฀In฀which฀hotel฀will฀you฀be฀staying฀in฀ London?฀6.฀At฀what฀time฀will฀the฀train฀be฀arriving฀tomorrow?฀7.฀What฀will฀Mr฀Jackson฀be฀doing฀at฀this฀time฀on฀Thursday?฀ 8.฀What฀will฀your฀friends฀be฀doing฀by฀this฀time฀next฀month? Ex.฀4.฀1.฀will฀be฀having฀2.฀will฀visit฀3.฀will฀be฀working฀4.฀will฀-฀come฀5.฀will฀be฀living฀6.฀will฀have฀dinner฀7.฀will฀be฀cooking฀ 8.฀will฀-฀stay฀9.฀Will฀-฀be฀doing฀10.฀Will฀-฀spend฀. Ex.5.฀1.฀is฀playing฀2.฀will฀spend฀/฀are฀going฀to฀spend฀/฀are฀spending฀3.฀were฀watching฀4.฀comes฀5.฀saw฀6.฀do฀-฀practice฀ 7.฀were฀-฀doing฀8.฀are฀-฀reading฀9.฀did฀-฀do฀10.฀will฀-฀be฀doing฀11.฀Did฀-฀buy฀12.฀does฀-฀come฀13.฀Do฀-฀phone฀14.฀Were฀ -฀expecting฀15.฀were฀-฀living฀16.฀does฀-฀write฀17.฀did฀-฀get฀up฀18.฀will฀-฀be฀/฀are฀-฀going฀to฀be฀19.฀will฀-฀go฀/฀are฀-฀going฀ to฀go฀/฀are฀-฀going฀20.฀will฀-฀arrive฀/฀are฀-฀going฀to฀arrive฀/฀are฀-฀arriving฀21.฀will-฀stay฀/฀are฀-฀going฀to฀stay฀/฀are฀-฀staying฀ 22.฀smokes฀23.฀did฀-฀put฀on฀24.฀did฀-฀travel

PART฀II A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀Can฀you฀/฀Will฀you฀speak...please?฀2.฀Can฀you฀/฀Will฀you฀help...please?฀3฀Can฀you฀/฀Will฀you฀open฀..please?฀ 4.฀Can฀you฀/฀Will฀you฀come...please?฀5.฀Can฀you฀/฀Will฀you฀pay...฀please?฀6.฀Can฀you฀/฀Will฀you฀be...please?฀7.฀Can฀you฀ /฀Will฀you฀sit...฀please? Ex.฀2.฀1.฀Could฀you฀/฀Would฀you฀speak...,฀please?฀2฀Could฀you฀/฀Would฀you฀wait...,฀please?฀3.฀Could฀you฀/฀Would฀you฀ repeat...,฀please?฀4.฀Could฀you฀/฀Would฀you฀sign...,฀please?฀5.฀Could฀you฀/฀Would฀you฀turn...,฀please?฀6.฀Could฀you฀/฀ Would฀you฀take...,฀please?฀7.฀Could฀you฀/฀Would฀you฀use...,฀please? Ex.฀3.฀1.Would฀you฀mind฀speaking...,฀please?฀2.฀Would฀you฀mind฀waiting...,฀please?฀3.฀Would฀you฀mind฀repeating...,฀ please?฀4.฀Would฀you฀mind฀signing...,฀please?฀5.฀Would฀you฀mind฀turning...,฀please?฀6.฀Would฀you฀mind฀taking...,฀ please?฀7.฀Would฀you฀mind฀using...,฀please? Ex.฀4.฀1.฀Could฀you฀/฀Would฀you฀help฀me...,฀Mr฀Perez?฀Would฀you฀mind฀helping฀me...฀Mr฀Perez?฀2.฀Can฀you฀/฀Will฀you฀ give฀me...?฀3.฀Could฀you฀/฀Would฀you฀spell...฀please?฀/฀Would฀you฀mind฀spelling...,฀please?฀4.฀Can฀you฀/฀Will฀you฀call฀ me฀up...?฀5.฀Can฀you฀/฀Will฀you฀turn฀down...?฀6.฀Could฀you฀/฀Would฀you฀show฀me...,฀please?฀/฀Would฀you฀mind฀showing฀ me...,฀please? B. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀Can฀I฀turn...?฀2.฀May฀I฀/฀Do฀you฀mind฀if฀I฀use...?฀3.฀May฀I฀/฀Do฀you฀mind฀if฀I฀ask...?฀4.฀Can฀I฀use฀your...?฀5.฀May฀ I฀/฀Do฀you฀mind฀if฀I฀open...?฀6.฀Can฀I฀take...?฀7.฀May฀I฀/฀Do฀you฀mind฀if฀I฀go฀in...? C. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀turn...฀2.฀to฀spell฀my...3.฀shut...฀4.฀me฀to฀get฀you...฀5.฀me฀to฀repeat฀my...฀6.฀me฀to฀speak...฀7.฀call฀back...฀8.฀me฀ to฀help฀you...฀9.฀tell฀Mary฀that฀you...฀10.฀me฀to฀translate... D. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀don´t฀we฀go...?฀2.฀go...฀3.฀sitting...฀and฀resting...฀4.฀like฀to฀spend...฀5.฀don´t฀we฀invite... 6.฀play...฀7.฀don´t฀we฀travel...฀8.฀staying...and฀watching...฀9.฀like฀to฀go...฀10.฀don´t฀we฀take... A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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PART฀III A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀too฀/฀as฀well฀2.฀but฀3.฀either฀4.฀also฀5.฀either฀6.฀but฀7.฀too฀/฀as฀well฀8.฀but฀9.฀also฀10.฀either Ex.฀2a.฀1.฀Mary฀can...฀and฀Carmen฀can...,฀too฀/฀Mary฀can...฀and฀so฀can฀Carmen฀2.฀I฀eat...฀and฀the฀secreatry฀also฀eats...฀ /฀I฀eat...฀and฀so฀does฀the฀secretary.฀3.฀John฀walks...฀and฀I฀walk...฀as฀well฀/฀John฀walks...฀and฀so฀do฀I฀4.฀She฀comes...฀and฀ he฀comes...฀too฀/฀She฀comes...and฀so฀does฀he฀5.฀John฀went...฀and฀Peter฀also฀went...฀/฀John฀went...and฀so฀did฀Peter.฀6.฀ He฀liked...฀and฀we฀liked...฀as฀well฀/฀He฀liked...฀and฀so฀did฀we฀7.฀I฀watch...฀and฀my฀wife฀also฀watches...฀/฀I฀watch...฀and฀so฀ does฀my฀wife฀8.฀Mary฀likes...฀and฀the฀children฀also฀like...฀/฀Mary฀likes...฀and฀so฀do฀the฀children฀9.฀I฀ate...฀and฀my฀friends฀ also฀ate...฀/฀I฀ate...฀and฀so฀did฀my฀friends.฀10.฀We฀will฀go...฀and฀they฀will฀also฀go...฀/฀We´ll฀go...฀and฀so฀will฀they.฀11.฀My฀ car฀is...฀and฀my฀wife´s฀car฀is...,฀too.฀/฀My฀car´s฀very฀old฀and฀so฀is฀my฀wife´s฀(car)12.฀They฀were...฀and฀I฀was...฀as฀well฀/฀ They฀were...฀and฀so฀was฀I฀13.฀Mary฀should฀work...฀and฀you฀should฀work...too฀/฀Mary฀should฀work...฀and฀so฀should฀you.฀ 14.฀They฀must฀pay฀and฀we฀must฀pay...฀as฀well.฀/฀They฀must฀pay...฀and฀so฀must฀we Ex.฀2b.฀1.฀Mary฀can´t...฀and฀Carmen฀can´t...฀either฀/฀Mary฀can´t...฀and฀neither฀/฀nor฀can฀Carmen฀2.฀I฀don´t฀eat...฀and฀the฀ secretary฀doesn´t฀eat...฀either฀/฀I฀don´t฀eat...฀and฀neither฀/฀nor฀does฀the฀secretary.฀3.฀John฀doesn´t฀walk...฀and฀I฀don´t฀ walk...฀either฀/฀John฀doesn´t฀walk...฀and฀neither฀/฀nor฀do฀I฀4.฀She฀doesn´t฀come...฀and฀he฀doesn´t฀come...either฀/฀She฀ doesn´t฀come...and฀neither฀/฀nor฀does฀he฀5.฀John฀didn´t฀go...฀and฀Peter฀didin´t฀go...฀/฀John฀didn´t฀go...and฀neither฀/฀nor฀ did฀Peter.฀6.฀He฀didn´t฀like...฀and฀we฀didn´t฀like...฀either฀/฀He฀didn´t฀like...฀and฀neither฀/฀nor฀did฀we฀7.฀I฀don´t฀watch...฀and฀ my฀wife฀doesn´t฀watch...either.฀/฀I฀don´t฀watch...฀and฀neither฀/฀nor฀does฀my฀wife฀8.฀Mary฀doesn´t฀like...฀and฀the฀children฀ don´t฀like...either฀/฀Mary฀doesn´t฀like...฀and฀neither฀/฀nor฀do฀the฀children฀9.฀I฀diidn´t฀eat...฀and฀my฀friends฀didn´t฀eat...either฀ /฀I฀didn´t฀eat...฀and฀neither฀/฀nor฀did฀my฀friends.฀10.฀We฀won´t฀go...฀and฀they฀won´t฀go...either฀/฀We฀won´t฀go...฀and฀neither฀ /฀nor฀will฀they.฀11.฀My฀car฀isn´t...฀and฀my฀wife´s฀car฀isn´t...either฀/฀My฀car฀isn´t฀very฀old฀and฀neither฀/฀nor฀is฀my฀wife´s฀(car)฀ 12.฀They฀weren´t...฀and฀I฀wasn´t...฀either฀/฀They฀weren´t...฀and฀neither฀/฀nor฀was฀I.฀13.฀Mary฀shouldn´t฀work...฀and฀you฀ shouldn´t฀work...either฀/฀Mary฀should฀work...฀and฀neither฀/฀nor฀should฀you.฀14.฀They฀mustn´t฀pay...฀and฀we฀mustn´t฀pay...฀ either฀/฀They฀must฀pay...฀and฀neither฀/฀nor฀must฀we Ex.฀3.฀1.฀Mary฀can฀speak...฀but฀Carmen฀can´t฀/฀Mary฀can´t฀speak...฀but฀Carmen฀can฀2.฀I฀eat...but฀the฀secretary฀doesn´t฀ /฀I฀don´t฀eat...฀but฀the฀secretary฀does฀3.฀John฀walks...฀but฀I฀don´t.฀/฀John฀doesn´t฀walk...฀but฀I฀do.฀4.฀She฀comes...฀but฀ he฀doesn´t฀/฀She฀doesn´t฀come...฀but฀he฀does.฀5.฀John฀went...฀but฀Peter฀didn´t฀/฀John฀didn´t฀go...฀but฀Peter฀did.฀6.฀He฀ liked...฀but฀we฀didn´t฀/฀He฀didn´t฀like...฀but฀we฀did.฀7.฀I฀watch...฀but฀my฀wife฀doesn´t.฀/฀I฀don´t฀watch...฀but฀my฀wife฀does.฀ 8.฀Mary฀likes...฀but฀the฀children฀don´t.฀/฀Mary฀doesn´t฀like...฀but฀the฀children฀do.฀9.฀I฀ate...฀but฀my฀friends฀didn´t฀/฀I฀didn´t฀ eat...฀but฀my฀friends฀did.฀10.฀We´ll฀go...฀but฀they฀won´t.฀/฀We฀won´t฀go...฀but฀they฀will.฀11.฀My฀wife´s฀car฀is...฀but฀my฀wife´s฀ car฀isn´t฀/฀My฀car฀isn´t...฀but฀my฀wife´s฀car฀is.฀12.฀They฀were...฀but฀I฀wasn´t.฀/฀They฀weren´t...฀but฀I฀was.฀13.฀Mary฀should฀ work...฀but฀you฀shouldn´t฀/฀Mary฀shouldn´t฀work...฀but฀you฀should฀.฀14.฀They฀must฀pay...฀but฀we฀mustn´t฀/฀They฀mustn´t฀ pay...฀but฀we฀must B. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀He฀gave฀me฀the฀money฀2.฀She฀brought฀me฀the฀book.฀3฀He฀sent฀me฀a฀letter฀4.฀He฀told฀us฀the฀story฀5.฀The฀ teacher฀gave฀us฀some฀dictation฀6.฀He฀sent฀his฀sister฀some฀candy.฀7.฀He฀bought฀his฀wife฀some฀flowers.฀8.฀He฀gave฀his฀ friend฀a฀ring.฀9.฀They฀sent฀us฀an฀invitation.฀10.฀John฀lent฀his฀friends฀some฀money฀11.฀Will฀you฀lend฀me฀your฀pen?฀12.฀ He฀gave฀all฀of฀us฀some฀excellent฀advice Ex.฀2.฀1.฀He฀gave฀some฀books฀to฀me.฀2.฀They฀gave฀some฀magazines฀to฀us.฀3.฀He฀sent฀several฀letters฀to฀his฀mother.฀ 4.They฀brought฀many฀presents฀to฀us฀from฀abroad.5.฀1฀gave฀the฀note฀which฀you฀sent฀to฀him.฀6.฀Please฀give฀some฀ dictation฀to฀us฀today.7.฀They฀sent฀an฀invitation฀to฀the฀party฀to฀us.8.฀Henry฀told฀the฀story฀of฀his฀trip฀to฀us.9.฀John฀gladly฀ lent฀the฀money฀to฀me.฀10.฀Please฀lend฀your฀pencil฀to฀me฀for฀a฀few฀minutes.11.฀They฀sent฀the฀material฀to฀us฀right฀away.12.฀ Please฀hand฀that฀book฀to

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BASIC฀ENGLISH฀GRAMMAR฀ STRUCTURES฀AND฀VOCABULARY฀

PART฀TWO

INTERMEDIATE฀LEVEL A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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UNIT฀12 PART฀I฀฀฀EL฀TIEMPO฀PRESENTE฀PERFECTO฀(THE฀PRESENT฀PERFECT฀TENSE) INTRODUCCIÓN Son฀TIEMPOS฀PERFECTOS฀todos฀los฀tiempos฀verbales฀compuestos฀por฀una฀forma฀del฀verbo฀modal฀o฀auxiliar฀HAVE฀ (haber)฀más฀un฀PARTICIPIO฀PASADO฀(3ra.฀forma)฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal.฀Como฀Ud.฀puede฀ver,฀ahora฀deberá฀aprender฀la฀ 3ra.฀forma฀o฀Participio฀Pasado฀de฀los฀verbos฀regulares฀e฀irregulares฀de฀uso฀más฀frecuente.฀Recuerde฀que฀son฀VERBOS฀ REGULARES฀todos฀aquellos฀verbos฀que฀forman฀el฀Pasado฀y฀el฀Pasado฀Participio฀agregando฀el฀sufijo฀-d฀o฀-ed฀al฀ infinitivo฀del฀verbo.฀Ej.฀To฀work฀-฀worked฀-฀worked;฀To฀decide฀-฀decided฀-฀decided;฀To฀study฀-฀studied฀-฀studied.฀Son฀ VERBOS฀IRREGULARES฀todos฀aquellos฀verbos฀que฀forman฀el฀Pasado฀y฀el฀Pasado฀Participio฀en฀forma฀diferente,฀ y฀por฀lo฀tanto฀Ud.฀debe฀aprenderlos฀y฀memorizarlos.฀Curiosamente,฀la฀mayoría฀de฀nuestras฀acciones฀o฀actividades฀ cotidianas฀se฀expresan฀con฀verbos฀irregulares. También฀es฀importante฀recordar฀aquí฀que฀el฀verbo฀HAVE฀en฀inglés฀y฀HABER฀en฀español฀tienen฀las฀siguientes฀formas฀ en฀los฀tiempos฀presente,฀pasado฀y฀futuro: Presente

฀Pasado

฀Futuro

Inglés

Español

Inglés

Español

Inglés

Español

I฀have You฀have He฀has She฀has฀ It฀has We฀have You฀have They฀have

Yo฀he Tú฀has El฀ha Ella฀ha El฀/฀Ella฀ha Nos.฀hemos Uds.฀han Ellos฀han

I฀had You฀had He฀had She฀had It฀had We฀had You฀had They฀had

Yo฀había Tú฀habías El฀había Ella฀había El฀/฀Ella฀había Nos.฀Habíamos Uds.฀habían Ellos฀habían

I฀will฀have You฀will฀have He฀will฀have She฀will฀have It฀will฀have We฀will฀have You฀will฀have They฀will฀have

Yo฀habré Tú฀habrás El฀habrá Ella฀habrá El฀/฀Ella฀habrá Nos.฀habremos Uds.฀habrán Ellos฀habrán

Ejemplos:฀ I฀have฀seen฀ =฀ Yo฀he฀visto฀ ฀ I฀had฀seen฀฀ =฀ Yo฀había฀visto฀ ฀ I฀will฀have฀seen฀ =฀ Yo฀habré฀visto฀

Mary฀has฀been฀ =฀ Mary฀ha฀estado Mary฀had฀been฀ =฀ Mary฀había฀estado Mary฀will฀have฀been฀ =฀ Mary฀habrá฀estado

They฀have฀worked฀ =฀ Ellos฀han฀trabajado They฀had฀worked฀ =฀ Ellos฀habían฀trabajado They฀will฀have฀worked฀ =฀ Ellos฀habrán฀trabajado EL฀TIEMPO฀PRESENTE฀PERFECTO฀(THE฀PRESENT฀PERFECT฀TENSE) El฀Presente฀Perfecto฀se฀forma฀con฀el฀presente฀del฀verbo฀modal฀HAVE฀(have฀ /hæv/฀o฀HAS฀ /h_฀z/฀)฀más฀el฀PASADO฀ PARTICIPIO฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal.฀Recuerde฀que฀se฀pueden฀formar฀contracciones,฀como฀por฀ejemplo:฀I´ve...฀ /aiv/,฀ You´ve...฀/iu:v/,฀He´s...฀/hí:z/,฀She´s฀/shí:z,฀etc. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: I฀have฀seen฀that฀movie฀twice.฀/ái฀hav฀sí:n฀δæt฀múvi฀twáis/฀ I฀´ve฀been฀there฀before.฀/áiv฀bí:n฀δéar฀bifó:r/฀ Mary฀has฀written฀another฀novel.฀/méri฀haz฀ríten฀anáδer฀nóvel/฀ Peter฀´s฀bought฀a฀new฀car.฀/pí:tez฀bó:t฀a฀niú:฀ká:r/฀ We฀have฀finished฀our฀job.฀/wí:฀hav฀fínisht฀áuar฀dllób/฀ They´ve฀answered฀the฀letter.฀/δéiv฀á:nserd฀δe฀léter/฀

Yo฀he฀visto฀esa฀película฀dos฀veces Yo฀he฀estado฀allí฀antes. María฀ha฀escrito฀otra฀novela Peter฀ha฀comprado฀un฀auto฀nuevo Nosotros฀hemos฀terminado฀nuestro฀trabajo. Ellos฀han฀contestado฀la฀carta. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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฀El฀Presente฀Perfecto฀se฀usa฀en฀los฀siguientes฀casos: •฀ Para฀describir฀una฀acción฀que฀acaba฀de฀suceder.฀Es฀frecuente฀aquí฀el฀uso฀de฀la฀palabra฀JUST฀ /dllást/฀antes฀del฀ pasado฀participio. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: The฀train฀has฀just฀arrived.฀/δe฀tréin฀haz฀dllást฀arráivd/฀El฀tren฀acaba฀de฀llegar They´ve฀just฀left.฀/δéiv฀dllást฀léft/฀Ellos฀acaban฀de฀retirarse/irse •฀ Para฀referirse฀a฀una฀acción฀que฀ha฀ocurrido฀antes฀(BEFORE฀/bifó:r/)฀o฀últimamente฀(LATELY฀/léitli/),฀฀sin฀especificar฀ cuándo฀exactamente฀ella฀ocurrió. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: I฀am฀sure฀that฀I´ve฀seen฀that฀film฀before.฀ /áim฀shó:r฀ δat฀áiv฀sí:n฀ δt฀fílm฀bifó:r/฀Estoy฀seguro฀de฀que฀he฀visto฀esa฀película฀ antes She฀´s฀been฀here฀lately.฀/shiz฀bí:n฀híar฀léitli/฀Ella฀ha฀estado฀aquí฀últimamente •฀ Para฀indicar฀que฀la฀acción฀expresada฀por฀el฀verbo฀ha฀sido฀realizada฀varias฀veces฀a฀la฀fecha฀de฀hoy.฀Las฀expresiones฀ de฀tiempo฀más฀usadas฀en฀este฀caso฀son:฀once฀/wáns/,฀twice฀ /twáis/,฀several฀times฀ /sévral฀támiz/,฀many฀times฀ /méni฀ támiz/,฀three฀or฀four฀times฀/θrí:฀or฀fó:r฀támiz/,฀etc. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: I´ve฀seen฀that฀documentary฀twice.฀/áiv฀sí:n฀δat฀dokiuméntri฀twáis/฀Yo฀he฀visto฀ese฀documental฀dos฀veces We´ve฀been฀in฀New฀York฀several฀times.฀/wí:v฀bí:n฀in฀niú:฀ió:rk฀sévral฀tamiz/฀Nosotros฀hemos฀estado฀en฀Nueva฀York฀varias฀ veces •฀ Para฀referirse฀a฀una฀acción฀que฀comenzó฀en฀el฀pasado฀y฀ha฀continuado฀hasta฀el฀día฀de฀hoy,฀hasta฀este฀ momento.฀Las฀expresiones฀de฀tiempo฀más฀usadas฀en฀este฀caso฀son฀SINCE฀/síns/฀(desde)฀y฀FOR฀/for/฀(por,฀durante).฀ Mientras฀since฀va฀seguido฀de฀una฀fecha฀u฀hora,฀la฀palabra฀for฀va฀seguida฀de฀un฀período:฀since฀last฀Monday฀/sins฀lá: st฀mándi/;฀since฀1978฀/ins฀náintin฀séventi฀éit/,฀since฀10:30฀/sins฀tén฀θé:rti/;฀for฀2฀weeks฀/for฀tú:฀wí:ks/;฀for฀ten฀years฀/for฀tén฀yíarz/. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: Tom฀has฀worked฀here฀since฀1992.฀/tóm฀haz฀wé:rkt฀híar฀sins฀náintin฀náinti฀tú:/฀Tom฀ha฀trabajado฀aquí฀desde฀1992 We฀have฀lived฀here฀for฀several฀years.฀/wí:฀hav฀lívd฀híar฀for฀sévral฀yíarz/฀Hemos฀vivido฀aqui฀por฀varios฀años •฀Son฀frecuentes,฀tambien,฀las฀preguntas฀que฀comienzan฀con฀HAVE฀YOU฀EVER...?฀ /hav฀iú฀éver.../฀ Ha฀Ud...฀alguna฀ vez...? Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: A:฀ Have฀you฀ever฀drunk฀tequila?฀/hav฀iú:฀éver฀dræηk฀tekíla/฀¿Has฀tomado฀tequila฀alguna฀vez? B:฀ No,฀never฀/nóu/néver/฀No,฀nunca A:฀ Have฀they฀ever฀visited฀you฀in฀the฀winter?฀ /háv฀ δéi฀éver฀vízitid฀iú:฀in฀ δe฀wínter/฀¿Te฀han฀visitado฀ellos฀alguna฀vez฀en฀el฀ invierno? B.฀ Yes,฀once.฀They฀visited฀me฀in฀the฀winter฀of฀1995.฀/yés฀wáns฀δéi฀vízitid฀mi฀in฀δe฀wínter฀ v฀náintin฀náiti฀fáiv/฀Sí,฀una฀vez.฀Ellos฀ me฀visitaron฀en฀el฀invierno฀de฀1995 •฀ También฀se฀debe฀usar฀el฀Presente฀Perfecto฀con฀las฀expresiones฀ALREADY฀/฀olrédi฀/฀(ya)฀y฀YET฀/฀yét฀/฀(aún).฀Already฀ siempre฀se฀usa฀en฀oraciones฀afirmativas;฀en฀las฀negaciones฀de฀debe฀usar฀yet.฀En฀las฀interrogaciones฀se฀puede฀usar฀ indistintamente฀already฀o฀yet.

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Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: I´ve฀already฀seen฀that฀movie.฀/áiv฀olrédi฀sí:n฀θæt฀mú:vi/฀Yo฀ya฀he฀visto฀esa฀película. We฀haven´t฀had฀breakfast฀yet.฀/wí:฀hævent฀hæd฀brékfast฀yet/฀No฀hemos฀tomado฀desayuno฀aún. Has฀the฀train฀arrived฀already/yet?฀/haz฀δe฀tréin฀arráivd฀olrédi/฀yet/¿Ha฀llegado฀ya฀el฀tren? En฀la฀forma฀negativa฀se฀usa฀la฀palabra฀NOT฀entre฀HAVE/HAS฀y฀el฀pasado฀participio฀del฀verbo฀principal.฀Generalmente฀ se฀prefiere฀usar฀las฀contracciones฀HAVEN´T฀ /hævnt/฀HASN´T฀ /hæznt/).฀En฀las฀interrogaciones฀se฀debe฀invertir฀el฀orden฀ de฀have/has฀con฀el฀sujeto: Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: They฀have฀seen฀that฀documentary.฀/δéi฀hav฀sí:n฀θt฀dokiuméntri/฀Ellos฀han฀visto฀ese฀documental They฀haven´t฀seen฀that฀documentary.฀/δéi฀hævent฀sí:n฀θæt฀dokiuméntri/ Have฀they฀seen฀that฀documentary?฀/hav฀δéi฀sí:n฀θt฀dokiuméntri/ How฀many฀times฀have฀they฀seen฀that฀documentary?฀/háu฀méni฀táimz฀hav฀δéi฀sí:n฀θæt฀dokiuméntri/ Mary฀has฀sold฀her฀car.฀/méri฀haz฀sóuld฀he:r฀ká:r/฀Mary฀ha฀vendido฀su฀auto. Mary฀hasn´t฀sold฀her฀car.฀/méri฀hæznt฀sóuld฀he:r฀ká:r/ Has฀Mary฀sold฀her฀car?฀/haz฀méri฀sóuld฀he:r฀ká:r/ Why฀has฀Mary฀sold฀her฀car?฀/wái฀haz฀méri฀sóuld฀he:r฀ká:r/ La฀pregunta฀habitual฀en฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀es: What฀have฀you฀done?฀/wót฀hav฀iú:฀dán/฀¿Qué฀ha฀hecho฀Ud.? EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Estudie฀el฀Pasado฀Participio฀de฀los฀siguientes฀verbos฀irregulares: Infinitive฀

Past฀Tense฀

Past฀Participle฀

Spanish

To฀begin฀/bigín/฀ To฀bring฀/briη/฀ To฀build฀/bild/฀ To฀buy฀/bái/฀ To฀come฀/kam/฀ To฀cut฀/kat/฀ To฀do฀/du:/฀ To฀drink฀/driηk/฀ To฀drive฀/dráiv/฀ To฀eat฀/i:t/฀ To฀fall฀/fo:l/฀ To฀feel฀/fi:l/฀ To฀find฀/fáind/฀ To฀forget฀/forgét/฀ To฀get฀/get/฀ To฀give฀/giv/฀ To฀go฀/góu/฀ ฀ To฀have฀/hæv/฀ To฀hear฀/híar/฀ To฀keep฀/ki:p/฀ To฀know฀/nóu/฀ To฀learn฀/le:rn/฀ To฀leave฀/li:v/฀ To฀lend฀/lend/฀ To฀lose฀/lú:z/฀

began฀/bigán/฀ begun฀/bigán/฀ brought฀/bro:t/฀ brought฀/bro:t/฀ built฀/bilt/฀ built฀/bilt/฀ bought฀/bo:t/฀ bought฀/bo:t/฀ came฀/kéim/฀ come฀/kam/฀ cut฀/kat/฀ cut฀/kat/฀ did฀/did/฀ done฀/dan/฀ drank฀/dræηk/฀ drunk฀/draηk/฀ drove฀/dróuv/฀ driven฀/drívn/฀ ate฀/eit/฀ eaten฀/í:tn/฀ fell฀/fel/฀ fallen฀/fó:len/฀ felt฀/felt/฀ felt฀/felt/฀ found฀/fáund/฀ found฀/fáund/฀ forgot฀/forgót/฀ forgotten฀/forgótn/฀ got฀/got/฀ got/gotten฀/got฀/gótn/฀ gave฀/géiv/฀ given฀/gívn/฀ went฀/went/฀ gone฀/gon/฀ ฀ been฀to฀/bi:n฀tu/฀ had฀/hæd/฀ had฀/hæd/฀ heard฀/hé:rd/฀ heard฀/hé:rd/฀ kept฀/kept/฀ kept฀/kept/฀ knew฀/niú:/฀ known฀/nóun/฀ learnt฀/le:rnt/,฀learned฀/lé:rnd/฀learnt฀/le:rnt/฀learned฀/lé:rnd/฀ left฀/léft/฀ left฀/left/฀ lent฀/lent/฀ lent฀/lent/฀ lost฀/lost/฀ lost฀/lost/฀

empezar,฀comenzar traer construir comprar venir cortar hacer beber manejar,฀conducir comer caer sentir(se) hallar,฀encontrar olvidar conseguir,฀obtener dar ir ir฀(y฀volver) tener,฀servirse,฀haber oir guardar,฀mantener saber,฀conocer aprender,฀enterarse partir,฀salir,฀dejar prestar perder,฀extraviar

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To฀make฀/meik/฀ ฀ To฀meet฀/mi:t/฀ To฀pay฀/péi/฀ To฀put฀/put/฀ To฀read฀/ri:d/฀ To฀run฀/ran/฀ To฀say฀/séi/฀ To฀see฀/si:/฀ To฀sell฀/sel/฀ To฀send฀/send/฀ To฀shut฀/shat/฀ To฀sing฀/siη/฀ To฀sit฀/sit/฀ To฀sleep฀/sli:p/฀ To฀speak฀/spi:k/฀ To฀spend฀/spénd/฀ To฀stand฀up฀/stæ´฀nd฀ap/฀ To฀swim฀/swim/฀ To฀take฀/téik/฀ To฀teach฀/ti:tch/฀ To฀tell฀/tel/฀ To฀think฀/θiηk/฀ To฀understand฀/anderstæ´฀nd/฀ To฀wear฀/wéar/฀ To฀write฀/ráit/฀

made฀/méid/฀ ฀ met฀/met/฀ paid฀/péid/฀ put฀/put/฀ read฀/red/฀ ran฀/ræn/฀ said฀/sed/฀ saw฀/so:/฀ sold฀/sóuld/฀ sent฀/sént/฀ shut฀/shat/฀ sang฀/sæη/฀ sat฀/sæt/฀ slept฀/slept/฀ spoke฀/spóuk/฀ spent฀/spént/฀ stood฀up฀/stu:d฀ap/฀ swam฀/swæm/฀ took฀/tuk/฀ taught฀/to:t/฀ told฀/tóuld/฀ thought฀/θo:t/฀ understood฀/anderstú:d/฀ wore฀/wo:r/฀ wrote฀/rout/฀

made฀/méid/฀ ฀ met฀/met/฀ paid฀/péid/฀ put฀/put/฀ read฀/red/฀ run฀/ran/฀ said฀/sed/฀ seen฀/si:n/฀ sold฀/sóuld/฀ sent฀/sént/฀ shut฀/shat/฀ sung฀/saη/฀ sat฀/sæt/฀ slept฀/slept/฀ spoken฀/spóukn/฀ spent฀/spént/฀ stood฀up฀/stu:d฀ap/฀ swum฀/swam/฀ taken฀/téikn/฀ taught฀/to:t/฀ told฀/tóuld/฀ thought฀/θo:t/฀ understood฀/anderstú:d/฀ worn฀/wo:rn/฀ written฀/rítn/฀

hacer,฀fabricar,฀ confeccionar reunirse,conocer pagar poner,฀colocar leer correr,฀administrar decir ver vender enviar cerrar cantar sentarse dormir hablar gastar,฀pasar฀tiempo pararse฀ nadar tomar,฀llevar enseñar decir฀ pensar,฀creer entender,฀comprender usar฀(ropa),฀vestir escribir

Ex.฀2.฀Complete฀las฀siguientes฀oraciones฀usando฀el฀verbo฀dado฀en฀el฀tiempo฀Presente฀Perfecto: 1.฀The฀tennis฀game________________฀just฀________________.฀Hurry฀up!฀(start) 2.฀Bill฀________________฀in฀Tokyo฀several฀times.฀He฀knows฀it฀well.฀(be) 3.฀Your฀train฀________________฀already฀________________,฀Sir.฀You´ll฀have฀to฀take฀the฀8:15฀train฀which฀leaves฀from฀ Victoria฀Station.฀(leave) 4.฀I´m฀quite฀sure฀that฀I฀________________฀that฀woman฀before.฀(see) 5.฀My฀friends฀________________฀in฀this฀house฀for฀over฀10฀years.฀(live) 6.฀Peter฀________________฀just฀________________฀a฀letter.฀He´s฀reading฀it฀now.฀(receive) 7.฀He฀isn´t฀in฀Chile.฀He________________฀to฀America.฀(go) 8.฀John฀________________฀for฀that฀company฀since฀1987.฀(work) 9.฀Bob฀________________to฀San฀Francisco฀several฀times.฀He฀can฀tell฀you฀where฀to฀go฀and฀what฀to฀do฀there.฀(go) 10.฀The฀students฀________________฀already฀________________฀that฀book฀(read) 11.฀Mary฀________________฀to฀him฀about฀it฀twice฀already.฀(speak) 12.฀I฀________________฀that฀man฀before.฀I฀don´t฀remember฀when,฀but฀I´m฀sure฀I฀know฀him.฀(meet) Ex.฀3.฀Cambie฀las฀siguientes฀oraciones฀a)฀al฀negativo฀y฀b)฀al฀interrogativo. 1.฀The฀soccer฀game฀has฀already฀finished.฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀Peter฀has฀had฀dinner฀already.฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀They฀have฀studied฀the฀report.฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀The฀plane฀has฀already฀left.฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀John฀has฀sent฀them฀a฀fax.฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀They´ve฀given฀her฀Tom´s฀new฀address.฀฀ ฀ ฀

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฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀4.฀Formule฀preguntas฀usando฀palabras฀interrogativas฀como฀What,฀Where,฀When,฀How,฀How฀long,฀etc. 1.฀ Tom´s฀seen฀that฀same฀movie฀three฀times.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀ They´ve฀bought฀a฀new฀house.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀ He´s฀gone฀to฀bed฀because฀he´s฀ill.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀ Tom´s฀lived฀in฀Pakistan฀for฀over฀a฀year.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀ They´ve฀sold฀ten฀books฀today.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀ Paul´s฀worked฀for฀our฀company฀since฀1989.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀ I´ve฀eaten฀a฀ham฀sandwich.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀ John฀has฀been฀in฀Chicago฀and฀Boston.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀ Ann฀hasn´t฀answered฀the฀letters฀because฀she´s฀been฀too฀busy.฀ ___________________________________________ 10.฀The฀boys฀have฀done฀nothing฀today.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 11.฀We´ve฀waited฀for฀them฀for฀more฀than฀two฀hours.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 12.฀The฀students฀have฀done฀the฀same฀exercise฀three฀times.฀ _________________________________________________ Ex.฀5.฀Conteste฀las฀siguientes฀preguntas฀usando฀las฀expresiones฀dadas฀después฀de฀cada฀pregunta: 1.฀ 2.฀ ฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀

Have฀you฀ever฀been฀to฀Japan?฀(never).฀฀ Has฀Maria฀ever฀visited฀the฀USA?฀(twice)฀ ฀ Have฀they฀ever฀seen฀a฀UFO?฀(Never)฀ Have฀you฀ever฀driven฀a฀Mercedes?฀(Once฀or฀twice)฀ Has฀your฀father฀ever฀lived฀abroad?฀(several฀times)฀ Have฀you฀seen฀the฀President฀in฀person?฀(never)฀ Has฀Susan฀ever฀come฀to฀Chile?฀(a฀couple฀of฀times)฀

฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀฀Yes,฀She฀฀ __________________________________________ ฀฀In฀1991฀and฀in฀1997 ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀฀Yes,฀_______________________________________________ ฀฀Yes,฀฀______________________________________________ ฀฀No,฀ _______________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀6.฀Traduzca฀las฀siguientes฀oraciones฀al฀inglés.฀ 1.฀Yo฀no฀he฀leído฀ese฀libro฀todavía.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀El฀General฀ya฀se฀ha฀ido฀a฀la฀reunión.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀Ellos฀han฀estado฀aquí฀varias฀veces฀antes.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀¿Has฀mirado฀televisión฀esta฀tarde,฀John?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀Mi฀suegro฀ha฀vivido฀en฀esta฀ciudad฀toda฀su฀vida.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀¿Qué฀te฀ha฀contado฀Mary฀acerca฀de฀ello?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀Ellos฀han฀estudiado฀Inglés฀por฀más฀de฀dos฀años.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀¿Por฀qué฀no฀han฀visitado฀California฀Uds.฀todavía?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀ha฀trabajado฀Ud.฀en฀el฀Ejército?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 10.฀¿Dónde฀han฀estado฀ellos฀desde฀las฀ocho฀de฀esta฀mañana?฀______________________________________________

PART฀II A.฀ PLURALIZATION฀OF฀NOUNS฀(LA฀PLURALIZACIÓN฀DE฀LOS฀SUSTANTIVOS) 1.฀ En฀Inglés฀los฀sustantivos฀normalmente฀se฀pluralizan฀agregando฀una฀-s฀al฀singular.฀Este฀sufijo฀se฀pronuncia฀/s/฀cuando฀ se฀agrega฀a฀los฀sustantivos฀singulares฀que฀terminan฀en฀una฀consonante฀sorda,฀es฀decir฀sin฀vibración฀de฀las฀cuerdas฀ vocales,฀como฀/k/,฀/p/,฀/t/,฀etc.;฀pero฀se฀debe฀pronunciar฀/z/฀cuando฀se฀agrega฀a฀los฀sustantivos฀singulares฀que฀ terminan฀en฀una฀consonante฀sonora,฀es฀decir฀con฀vibración฀de฀las฀cuerdas฀vocales,฀como฀/m/,฀/b/,฀/d/,฀/g/,฀/l/,฀etc.฀ Esta฀regla฀también฀se฀aplica฀a฀los฀sustantivos฀terminados฀en฀-e฀“muda” Ejemplos: one฀book฀/buk/฀ one฀hat฀/hæt/฀฀

two฀books฀/buks/฀฀ ฀six฀hats฀/hæts/

฀฀one฀top฀/top/฀฀

฀three฀tops฀/tops/

one฀dam฀/dæm/฀ one฀pad฀/pæd/฀

two฀dams฀/dæmz/฀ ten฀pads฀/pædz/฀

one฀bag฀/bæg/฀ one฀club฀/klab/฀

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one฀gate฀/géit/฀ one฀note฀/nóut/฀

two฀gates฀/geits/฀ ten฀notes฀/nóuts/

one฀lake฀/léik/฀

several฀lakes฀/léiks/

one฀name฀/néim/฀ one฀tone฀/tóun/฀

two฀names฀/néimz/฀ two฀tones฀/tóunz/

one฀cave฀/kéiv/฀

two฀caves฀/kéivz/

2.฀ Los฀sustantivos฀que฀terminan฀en฀-s,฀-sh,฀-ch,฀-x,฀o฀-z฀forman฀el฀plural฀agregando฀-es฀/iz/฀;฀también฀se฀incluyen฀aquí฀ los฀sustantivos฀terminados฀en฀-se,฀-ce,฀-ge,฀los฀que฀solamente฀agregan฀-s฀pero฀en฀este฀caso฀la฀pronunciación฀ tambien฀es฀/iz/฀ Ejemplos: One฀bus฀/bás/฀฀ One฀watch฀/wótch/฀ One฀case฀/keis/฀ One฀page฀/péidll/฀

two฀buses฀/básiz/฀ three฀watches฀/wótchiz/฀ two฀cases฀/kéisiz/฀ ten฀pages฀/péidlliz/

one฀brush฀/brash/฀ one฀box฀/boks/฀ one฀face฀/féis/฀

four฀brushes฀/bráshiz/ ten฀boxes฀/bóksiz/ three฀faces฀/féisiz/

3.฀ Los฀sustantivos฀terminados฀en฀-y฀precedida฀por฀una฀vocal฀agregan฀-s฀para฀formar฀su฀plural,฀pero฀aquellas฀que฀ terminan฀en฀-y฀precedida฀por฀una฀consonante฀cambian฀la฀-y฀por฀-i฀y฀enseguida฀agregan฀-es Ejemplos: one฀day฀/dei/฀ one฀key฀/ki:/฀ one฀boy฀/boi/฀

two฀days฀/deiz/฀฀ five฀keys฀/ki:z/฀ three฀boys฀/boiz/฀

one฀lily฀/líli/฀ one฀baby฀/béibi/฀ one฀fly฀/flái/฀

three฀lilies฀/líliz/ two฀babies฀/béibiz/ several฀flies฀/fláiz/

4.฀ Los฀sustantivos฀terminados฀en฀-f฀o฀-fe,฀forman฀su฀plural฀cambiando฀la฀-f฀o฀-fe฀en฀-ves. Ejemplos: one฀leaf฀/li:f/฀฀ one฀wolf฀/wulf/฀ one฀wife฀/waif/฀

two฀leaves฀/li:vz/฀฀ five฀wolves฀/wulvz/฀ three฀wives฀/wáivz/

one฀loaf฀/lóuf/฀฀ one฀knife฀/naïf/฀

three฀loaves฀/lóuvz/ ten฀knives฀/náivz/

Algunos฀sustantivos฀terminados฀en฀-ief,฀-ff,฀-oof,฀no฀siguen฀la฀regla฀anterior,฀sino฀que฀simplemente฀agregan฀-s฀para฀ formar฀el฀plural. Ejemplos: one฀handkerchief฀/hænke:rtchi:f/,฀two฀handkerchiefs฀/hænke:rtchi:fs/฀ a฀belief฀/bilí:f/,฀several฀beliefs฀/bilí:fs/฀ ฀

one฀cliff฀/klif/,฀some฀cliffs฀/klifs/ a฀roof฀/ru:f/,฀two฀roofs฀/ru:fs/

5.฀ Los฀sustantivos฀terminados฀en฀-o฀precedida฀por฀una฀consonante฀normalmente฀agregan฀-es฀para฀formar฀el฀ plural฀(excepto฀las฀palabras฀relacionadas฀con฀música฀(generalmente฀de฀origen฀italiano)฀como,฀solo,฀piano,฀ soprano,฀banjo,฀etc).฀Los฀sustantivos฀terminadas฀en฀-o฀precedida฀por฀una฀vocal฀normalmente฀agregan฀una฀ -s Ejemplos:

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one฀tomato฀/toméitou/฀ one฀hero฀/híarou/฀฀

two฀tomatoes฀/toméitouz/฀ one฀potato฀/potéitou/฀ two฀heroes฀/híarouz/

two฀potatoes฀/potéitouz/

one฀radio฀/réidiou/฀฀ one฀video฀/vídiou/฀ one฀studio฀/stúdiou/฀

two฀radios฀/réidiouz/฀ three฀videos฀/vídiouz/฀ two฀studios฀/stúdiouz/

two฀folios฀/fóuliouz/ several฀zoos฀/zu:z/

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

one฀folio฀/fóuliou/฀ one฀zoo฀/zu:/฀

Excepciones one฀piano฀/pianou/฀ one฀kilo฀/kílou/฀ one฀photo฀/fóutou/฀

two฀pianos฀/pianouz/฀ two฀kilos฀/kílouz/฀ several฀photos฀/fóutouz/

one฀banjo฀/bæ´฀ndllou/฀ one฀memo฀/mémou/฀

two฀banjos฀/bæ´฀ndllouz/ three฀memos฀/mémouz/

Los฀sustantivos฀mosquito฀/moskitou/,฀tornado฀/฀to:rnéidou฀/,฀volcano฀/฀volkéinou฀/฀y฀zero฀/฀zíarou฀/฀forman฀el฀plural฀agregando฀ indistintamente฀-s฀o฀-es,:฀mosquitos/mosquitoes฀/moskitouz/฀;฀tornados/tornadoes฀/to:rnéidouz/฀;฀volcanos/volcanoes฀ /volkéinouz/฀;฀zeros/zeroes฀/zíarouz/ 6.฀ Existen฀ algunos฀ plurales฀ irregulares฀ que฀ no฀ siguen฀ ninguna฀ de฀ las฀ reglas฀ anteriores฀ y฀ que฀ debemos฀ memorizar: Ejemplos: one฀man฀/mæn/฀ one฀woman฀/wúman/฀ one฀child฀/tcháild/฀ one฀tooth฀/tu:θ/฀ one฀foot฀/฀fu:t฀/฀฀ one฀goose฀/gu:z/฀฀ one฀louse฀/láus/฀ one฀mouse฀/máus/฀฀ one฀ox฀/oks/฀฀

two฀men฀/men/฀ three฀women฀/wímin/ five฀several฀children฀/tchíldren/ two฀teeth฀/tí:θ/ two฀feet฀/fi:t/ ten฀geese฀/gí:z/ several฀lice฀/láis/ three฀mice฀/máis/ four฀oxen฀/óksen/

7.฀ Existen฀algunos฀sustantivos฀que฀mantienen฀la฀misma฀forma฀en฀el฀plural: Ejemplos: one/several฀fish฀/fish/฀ ฀one/ten฀deer฀/díar/฀ one/two฀series฀/siariz/฀ ฀one/ten฀sheep฀/shi:p/฀ one/several฀aircraft฀/éarkrá:ft/

฀one/several฀means฀/mí:nz/฀ one/two฀species฀/spíshiz/

8.฀ Existen฀algunos฀sustantivos฀de฀origen฀latín฀o฀griego฀que฀tienen฀plurales฀especiales฀o฀irregulares: Ejemplos: criterion฀/kraitérion/฀ analysis฀/anæ´฀lisis/฀฀ crisis฀/kráisis/฀฀ oasis฀/ouéisis/฀฀ thesis฀/θí:sis/฀฀ curriculum฀/karíkiulam/฀ medium฀/mí:diam/฀ stimulus฀/stímiulas/฀ cactus฀/kæ´฀ktas/฀ syllabus฀/sílabas/฀ formula฀/fó฀:rmiula/฀ vertebra฀/vértibra/฀ appendix฀/apéndiks/฀ index฀/índeks/฀฀

criteria฀/kraitíaria/฀฀ analyses฀/anæ´฀lisi:z/฀฀ crises฀/kráisi:z/฀฀ oases฀/ouéisiz/฀฀ theses฀/δí:siz/฀ curricula฀/karíkiula/฀ media฀/mí:dia/฀ stimuli฀/stímiulai/฀฀ cacti฀/kæ´฀ktai/฀ syllabi฀/sílabai/฀ formulae฀/fó฀:rmiuli:/฀ vertebrae฀/vértibri:/฀ appendices฀/apéndisi:z/฀ indices฀/indisi:z/฀

phenomenon฀/fenómenon/฀฀ basis฀/béisis/฀฀ hypothesis฀/haipóθesis/฀฀ parenthesis฀/parénθesis/฀฀ bacterium฀/bæktí:ariam/฀ datum฀/déitam/฀ memorandum฀/memoræ´฀dam/฀

phenomena฀/fenómena/ bases฀/béisi:z/ hypotheses฀/haipóθesi:z/ parentheses฀/parénθesi:z/ bacteria฀/bæktía:ria/ data฀/déita/ memoranda฀/memorδda/

cactuses฀/kæ´฀ktasi:z/ syllabuses฀/sílabasiz/ formulas฀/fó฀:rmiulaz/ appendixes฀/apéndiksi:z/ indexes฀/índeksiz/

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B.฀ USE฀OF฀INFINITIVES฀AND฀GERUNDS.฀(Uso฀de฀los฀infinitivos฀y฀los฀gerundios) Se฀denomina฀Infinitivo฀a฀la฀palabra฀To฀+฀la฀forma฀simple฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal:฀to฀go,฀to฀speak,฀to฀write,฀etc.฀El฀gerundio฀ es฀la฀forma฀simple฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal฀+฀el฀sufijo฀-ING:฀going,฀speaking,฀writing.฀(ver฀reglas฀dadas฀en฀la฀Unit฀4) Un฀gerundio฀puede฀actuar฀como: a)฀ b)฀ c)฀ d)฀

Sujeto฀de฀una฀oración:฀฀ Complemento฀directo฀de฀un฀verbo:฀฀ Complemento฀de฀una฀preposición:฀฀ Adjetivo:฀฀

Playing฀tennis฀is฀fun. I฀enjoy฀playing฀tennis. After฀playing฀tennis,฀they฀went฀to฀the฀library. I฀heard฀some฀surprising฀news.

Además,฀como฀ud.฀seguramente฀recordará,฀el฀gerundio฀(en฀este฀caso฀el฀presente฀participio)฀se฀usa฀con฀el฀verbo฀TO฀ BE฀para฀expresar฀los฀tiempos฀continuos฀o฀progresivos:฀I฀am฀playing฀tennis฀now,฀I฀was฀playing฀tennis฀at฀this฀time฀ yesterday,฀etc. Existen฀algunos฀verbos฀que฀van฀seguidos฀normalmente฀por฀un฀GERUNDIO,฀como฀To฀enjoy฀(I฀enjoy฀reading)฀y฀otros฀verbos฀ que฀normalmente฀van฀seguidos฀de฀TO฀+฀INFINITIVO,฀como฀To฀want฀(I฀want฀to฀read฀the฀newspaper),฀o฀de฀un฀BARE฀ INFINITIVE฀(infinitivo฀sin฀To),฀como฀To฀make฀(He฀made฀us฀do฀the฀exercise฀again).฀También฀existe฀un฀grupo฀de฀verbos฀que฀ pueden฀ir฀seguidos฀indistinatamente฀de฀TO฀+฀INFINITIVO฀o฀de฀un฀GERUNDIO฀(I฀like฀to฀swim฀/฀I฀like฀swimming). 1.฀ VERB฀+฀GERUND Los฀siguientes฀verbos฀van฀normalmente฀seguidos฀de฀un฀gerundio: To฀admit฀/admit/฀admitir,฀aceptar฀como฀cierto To฀avoid฀/avóid/฀evitar To฀consider฀/konsíder/฀considerar,฀pensar฀en To฀delay฀/diléi/฀retrasar To฀deny฀/dinái/฀negar,฀no฀aceptar฀como฀cierto To฀enjoy฀/endllói/฀disfrutar,฀gustar To฀fancy฀/f(nsi/฀agradar,฀gustar To฀finish฀/fínish/฀terminar To฀imagine฀/imádllin/฀imaginar(se) To฀involve฀/invóulv/฀involucrar,฀comprender

To฀keep฀/kí:p/฀mantener(se),฀continuar,฀seguir To฀mind฀/máind/฀importar,฀molestar To฀miss฀/mis/฀echar฀de฀menos,฀recordar฀con฀nostalgia To฀postpone฀/pospóun/฀postergar To฀appreciate฀/áprishieit/฀agradecer To฀risk฀/risk/฀arriesgar,฀correr฀el฀riesgo฀de To฀quit฀/kuit/฀dejar,฀salir,฀abandonar To฀suggest฀/sadllést/฀sugerir To฀practise฀/práktis/฀practicar

Ejemplos:฀Would฀you฀mind฀closing฀the฀door? ฀ I฀enjoy฀walking฀in฀the฀park฀in฀the฀morning. ฀ Ann฀will฀soon฀finish฀typing฀the฀letter. El฀verbo฀TO฀GO฀va฀seguido฀de฀un฀gerundio฀en฀expresiones฀que฀se฀refieren฀a฀actividades฀deportivas฀como฀las฀ siguientes: To฀go฀boating฀/góu฀bóutiη/฀ir฀a฀andar฀en฀bote To฀go฀bowling฀/góu฀bóuliη/฀ir฀a฀jugar฀a฀los฀bolos To฀go฀camping฀/góu฀kæmpiη/฀ir฀a฀acampar To฀go฀dancing฀/góu฀dænsiη/฀ir฀a฀bailar To฀go฀fishing฀/góu฀físhiη/฀ir฀a฀pescar To฀go฀hang฀gliding฀/góu฀hænd฀gláidiη/฀ir฀a฀planear฀(delta) To฀go฀hiking฀/góu฀háikiη/฀ir฀a฀excursionar To฀go฀jogging฀/góu฀dllógiη/฀ir฀a฀trotar To฀go฀running฀/góu฀rániη/฀ir฀a฀correr To฀go฀sailing฀/góu฀séiliη/฀ir฀a฀andar฀en฀yate

To฀go฀shopping฀/góu฀shópiη/฀ir฀de฀compras To฀go฀sightseeing฀/góu฀sáitsí:iη/฀ir฀en฀un฀tour To฀go฀skating฀/góu฀skéitiη/฀ir฀a฀patinar To฀go฀skiing฀/góu฀skí:iη/฀ir฀a฀esquiar To฀go฀skydiving฀/góu฀skáidáiviη/฀ir฀a฀hacer฀salto฀libre To฀go฀swimming฀/góu฀swímiη/฀ir฀a฀nadar To฀go฀trekking฀/góu฀trékiη/฀ir฀de฀excursión To฀go฀water-skiing฀/góu฀wó:terskí:iη/฀ir฀a฀esquiar฀(acuat.) To฀go฀window-shopping฀/góu฀wíndow฀shópiη/฀ir฀a฀vitrinear

Ejemplos:฀ I฀usually฀go฀jogging฀in฀the฀evening. ฀ Mrs฀Brown฀goes฀shopping฀every฀Saturday฀morning. ฀ They฀went฀sightseeing฀in฀the฀morning. 164

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Todas฀las฀preposiciones฀(excepto฀la฀preposición฀to)฀van฀seguidas฀de฀un฀gerundio.฀Por฀lo฀tanto,฀las฀siguientes฀ expresiones฀ van฀ seguidas฀ de฀ un฀ gerundio:฀ Hay฀ algunas฀ expresiones฀ idiomáticas฀ que฀ a฀ pesar฀ de฀ contener฀ la฀ preposición฀to฀van฀seguidas฀de฀un฀gerundio To฀accuse฀someone฀of฀/akiú:z฀sámwane฀ v/฀ To฀apologize฀for฀/apólodlláiz฀for/฀ To฀be฀accustomed฀to฀/bí:฀akástomd฀tu/฀ To฀be฀afraid฀of฀/bí:฀afréid฀ v/฀ To฀be฀capable฀of฀/bí:฀kéipabl฀ v/฀ To฀be฀fond฀of฀/bí:฀fond฀ v/฀ To฀be฀tired฀of฀/bí:฀táiard฀ v/฀ To฀be฀used฀to฀/bí:฀iu:st฀tu/฀ To฀carry฀on฀/kæ´฀ri฀on/฀ To฀dream฀of/about฀/drí:m฀ v,฀abáut/฀ To฀feel฀like฀/fí:l฀láik/฀ To฀forgive฀somebody฀for฀/forgív฀sámbodi฀for/฀ To฀get฀through฀/get฀θru:/฀ To฀get฀used฀to฀/get฀iu:st฀tu/฀ To฀give฀up฀/giv฀áp/฀ To฀go฀on฀/gou฀ón/฀ To฀insist฀on฀/insíst฀ón/฀ To฀keep฀on฀/kí:p฀ón/฀ To฀look฀forward฀to฀/luk฀fórward฀tu/฀ To฀prevent฀somebody฀from฀/privént฀sámbodi฀from/฀ To฀put฀off฀/put฀óf/฀ To฀succeed฀in฀/saksí:d฀in/฀ To฀talk฀about฀/to:k฀abáut/฀

acusar฀a฀alguien฀de disculparse฀por estar฀acostumbrado฀a tener฀miedo฀a ser฀capaz฀de ser฀aficionado฀a estar฀cansado฀de estar฀acostumbrado฀a continuar,฀seguir,฀mantenerse soñar฀con,฀soñar฀que sentir฀o฀tener฀ganas฀de perdonar฀a฀alguien฀por terminar acostumbrarse฀a dejar฀de,฀rendirse continuar,฀seguir insistir฀en continuar,฀seguir,฀mantenerse esperar฀con฀ansia,฀desear evitar฀o฀impedir฀que฀alguien postergar,฀dejar฀para฀más฀tarde฀o฀después lograr฀exitosamente conversar,฀discutir

Ejemplos:฀ John´s฀given฀up฀smoking฀at฀last. They฀kept฀on฀talking฀for฀hours. Ann฀is฀fond฀of฀gardening. I฀look฀forward฀to฀seeing฀you฀soon. Bob฀will฀soon฀get฀used฀to฀living฀in฀this฀country. Las฀siguientes฀expresiones฀idiomáticas฀también฀van฀seguidas฀de฀un฀gerundio: There´s฀no฀use฀/δeaz฀nóu฀iu:s/฀No฀vale฀la฀pena.฀ It´s฀no฀use฀/its฀nóu฀iu:s/฀ There´s฀not฀much฀point฀in฀/δeaz฀nót฀match฀póint฀in/฀No฀sirve฀de฀mucho฀ Is฀this...฀worth฀/iz฀δis...we:rθ/฀¿Vale฀la฀pena...esta/e...?฀ Is฀it฀worthwhile฀/iz฀it฀we:rθwail/฀¿Vale฀la฀pena...?)฀

There´s฀no฀use฀waiting฀any฀longer. Es฀inutil฀It´s฀no฀use฀insisting There´s฀not฀much฀point฀in฀doing฀that. Is฀this฀book฀worth฀reading? Is฀it฀worthwhile฀going฀there฀now?

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Use฀the฀correct฀preposition฀in฀the฀blank฀space฀and฀the฀gerund฀of฀the฀verbs฀in฀parentheses. 1.฀He฀left฀the฀house฀______________________________฀good฀bye.฀(say) 2.฀The฀girl฀washed฀the฀apple฀______________________________฀it.฀(eat) 3.฀Bob฀left฀the฀restaurant฀______________________________฀the฀check.฀(pay) 4.฀1฀can฀increase฀my฀salary฀______________________________฀overtime.฀(work) 5.฀We’re฀thinking฀______________________________฀a฀trip฀to฀Europe.฀(take) 6.฀He฀put฀on฀his฀coat฀______________________________฀the฀house.฀(leave) 7.฀______________________________฀to฀bed,฀the฀old฀woman฀locked฀all฀the฀doors.฀(go) Ex.฀2.฀Supply฀the฀gerund฀form฀of฀the฀verb฀in฀parentheses 1.฀Would฀you฀mind฀______________________________฀(wait)฀a฀few฀minutes? 2.฀They´ve฀stopped฀______________________________฀(speak)฀to฀each฀other. 3.฀Have฀you฀fínished฀______________________________฀(read)฀the฀book฀yet? 4.฀We’re฀considering฀______________________________฀(take)฀a฀new฀course. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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5.฀The฀boy’s฀finished฀______________________________฀(eat)฀his฀supper. 6.฀1฀dislike฀______________________________฀(ride)฀on฀the฀subway. 7.฀They฀can’t฀risk฀______________________________฀(be)฀seen. 8.฀The฀driver฀couldn’t฀avoid฀______________________________฀(hit)฀the฀pedestrian. 9.฀1฀don’t฀mind฀______________________________฀(have)฀to฀work฀till฀late฀on฀Fridays. 10.฀1฀aIways฀enjoy฀______________________________฀(visit)฀new฀places. Ex.฀3.฀Complete฀each฀sentence฀with฀one฀of฀these฀verbs: answer฀฀฀฀฀฀apply฀฀฀฀฀฀be฀฀฀฀฀฀be฀฀฀฀฀฀listen฀฀฀฀฀฀make฀฀฀฀฀฀see฀฀฀฀฀฀try฀฀฀฀฀฀use฀฀฀฀฀฀wash฀฀฀฀฀฀work฀฀฀฀฀฀write 1.฀He฀tried฀to฀avoid฀answering฀my฀question. 2.฀Could฀you฀please฀stop฀_______________________฀so฀much฀noise? 3.฀I฀enjoy฀_______________________฀to฀music. 4.฀I฀considered฀_______________________฀for฀the฀job฀but฀in฀the฀end฀I฀decided฀against฀it. 5.฀Have฀you฀finished฀_______________________฀your฀hair฀yet? 6.฀If฀you฀walk฀ínto฀the฀road฀without฀looking,฀you฀risk฀_______________________฀knocked฀down฀by฀a฀passing฀car. 7.฀Jim฀is฀65฀but฀he฀isn’t฀going฀to฀retire฀yet.฀He฀wants฀to฀carry฀on฀_______________________. 8.฀I฀don’t฀mind฀you฀_______________________฀the฀phone฀as฀long฀as฀you฀pay฀for฀all฀your฀calls. 9.฀Hello!฀Fancy฀_______________________฀you฀here!฀What฀a฀surprise! 10.฀I’ve฀put฀off฀_______________________฀the฀letter฀so฀many฀times.฀I฀really฀must฀do฀it฀today. 11.฀What฀a฀stupid฀thing฀to฀do!฀Can฀you฀imagine฀anybody฀_______________________฀so฀stupid? 12.฀Sarah฀gave฀up฀_______________________฀to฀find฀a฀job฀in฀this฀country฀and฀decided฀to฀go฀abroad. Ex.฀4.฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀for฀each฀situation฀using฀-ing. 1.฀ Ann:฀What฀shall฀we฀do?฀ ฀ Bob฀suggested฀going฀to฀the฀cinema.

Bob:฀We฀could฀go฀the฀cinema.

2.฀ Ann:฀Do฀you฀want฀to฀play฀tennis฀ Bob:฀No,฀not฀really. ฀ Bob฀didn’t฀fancy฀฀ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀ Ann:฀You฀were฀driving฀so฀fast!฀ Bob:฀Yes,฀it’s฀true.฀Sorry! ฀ Bob฀admitted.฀฀_________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀ Ann:฀Why฀don’t฀we฀go฀for฀a฀swim?฀ Bob:฀Good฀idea! ฀ Ann฀suggested฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀ Ann:฀You฀broke฀into฀the฀shop.฀ Bob:฀No,฀1฀didn’t! ฀ Bob฀denied฀฀ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀ Ann:฀Can฀you฀wait฀a฀few฀minutes?฀ Bob:฀Sure,฀no฀problem. ฀ Bob฀didn’t฀mind฀฀________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀5.฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀so฀that฀they฀mean฀the฀same฀as฀the฀first฀sentence.฀Use฀-ING. 1.฀ I฀can฀do฀what฀I฀want฀and฀you฀can´t฀stop฀me. ฀ You฀can´t฀stop฀me฀doing฀what฀I฀want. 2.฀ It´s฀not฀a฀good.฀idea฀to฀travel฀during฀the฀rush฀hour. ฀ It´s฀better฀to฀avoid฀฀______________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀ Shall฀we฀go฀away฀tomorrow฀instead฀of฀today? ฀ Shall฀we฀postpone฀฀________________________________ ฀until.฀_______________________________________? 4.฀ The฀driver฀of฀the฀car฀said฀it฀was฀true฀that฀he฀didn´t฀have฀a฀licence. ฀ The฀driver฀of฀the฀car฀admitted฀฀____________________________________________________________________

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5.฀ Could฀you฀turn฀the฀radio฀down,฀please? ฀ Would฀you฀mind฀฀ ______________________________________________________________________________? 6.฀ Please฀don´t฀interrupt฀me฀all฀the฀time. ฀ Would฀you฀mind฀฀ ______________________________________________________________________________? Ex.฀6.฀Use฀your฀own฀ideas฀to฀complete฀these฀sentences.฀Use฀gerunds. 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀

She’s฀a฀very฀interesting฀person.฀I฀aIways฀enjoy฀talking฀to฀her. l’m฀not฀feeling฀very฀well.฀I฀don’t฀fancy฀฀______________________________________________________________ l’m฀afraid฀there฀aren’t฀any฀more฀chairs.฀I฀hope฀you฀don`t฀mind฀฀_________________________________________ It฀was฀a฀lovely฀day,฀so฀I฀suggested฀฀________________________________________________________________ It฀was฀very฀funny.฀I฀couldn´t฀stop฀฀__________________________________________________________________ My฀car฀isn´t฀very฀reliable.฀It฀keeps฀฀_________________________________________________________________

Ex.฀7.฀Supply฀the฀correct฀preposition฀and฀the฀gerund฀form฀of฀the฀verb฀in฀parentheses: 1.฀Mary฀is฀very฀fond฀_______________________฀in฀the฀river฀(swim) 2.฀John฀insisted฀_______________________฀to฀the฀stadium฀with฀us.฀(go) 3.฀Henry฀needs฀much฀more฀practice฀_______________________฀(speak) 4.฀We฀look฀forward฀_______________________฀you฀soon.฀(see) 5.฀The฀seat฀belt฀prevented฀me฀_______________________฀my฀head฀against฀the฀windshield.฀(hit) 6.฀There฀is฀little฀chance฀_______________________฀her฀again.฀(see) 7.฀lt’s฀a฀question฀_______________________฀it฀at฀once.฀(do) 8.฀We฀are฀thinking฀_______________________฀French.฀(study) 9.฀Bob฀has฀very฀little฀experience฀_______________________฀trucks.฀(drive) 10.฀John฀got฀tired฀_______________________฀for฀us.฀(wait) 11.฀Bill฀has฀no฀intention฀_______________________฀part฀in฀the฀game.฀(take) 12.฀There´s฀no฀possibility฀_______________________฀the฀work฀today.฀(finish) Ex.฀8.฀Join฀the฀following฀pairs฀of฀sentences฀by฀using฀INSTEAD฀OF฀/instéd฀ov/฀(en฀vez฀de) 1.฀I฀will฀play฀tennis.฀I฀won’t฀work฀in฀the฀garden฀today ฀ I฀will฀play฀tennis฀instead฀of฀working฀in฀the฀garden฀today. ฀

2.฀She฀will฀study฀music.฀She฀won’t฀go฀to฀the฀university. ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________

3.฀They฀will฀stay฀home฀this฀summer.฀They฀won’t฀go฀abroad. ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________

4.฀We’re฀going฀to฀the฀movie฀tonight.฀We฀will฀not฀visit฀the฀Smiths. ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________

5.฀John฀will฀study฀to฀be฀an฀engineer.฀He฀will฀not฀work฀in฀his฀father’s฀store. ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________

6.฀He฀will฀live฀in฀a฀dormitory.฀He฀will฀not฀stay฀at฀the฀home฀of฀his฀cousin. ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________

7.฀He฀will฀marry฀Helen.฀He฀will฀not฀remain฀a฀bachelor. ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________

8.฀They฀will฀fly฀to฀Mexico.฀They฀will฀not฀drive฀in฀their฀new฀car. ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________

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Ex.฀9.฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀by฀using฀GERUNDS.฀Add฀a฀preposition฀after฀the฀gerund,฀if฀necessary. 1.฀It฀was฀cold฀and฀rainy฀yesterday,฀so฀we฀postponed฀฀฀฀going฀to/visiting฀฀฀฀the฀botanical฀gardens. 2.฀The฀Porters´฀house฀is฀too฀small.฀They’re฀considering฀_______________________ 3.฀We฀discussed฀_______________________฀Colorado฀for฀our฀vacation. 4.฀When฀Martha฀finished฀_______________________฀the฀floor,฀she฀dusted฀the฀furniture. 5.฀Sometimes฀students฀put฀off._______________________฀their฀homework. 6.฀We฀had฀a฀blizzard,฀yesterday,฀but฀it฀finally฀stopped฀_______________________฀around฀10฀p.m. 7.฀I฀quit฀_______________________฀comic฀books฀when฀I฀was฀twelve฀years฀old. 8.฀I’m฀thinking฀about฀_______________________฀a฀biology฀course฀next฀semester. 9.฀Beth฀doesn’t฀like฀her฀job.฀She’s฀talking฀about฀_______________________฀a฀different฀job. 10.฀I฀enjoy฀_______________________฀sports. 11.฀I´m฀considering฀_______________________฀New฀York฀City. 12.฀A:฀Are฀you฀listening฀to฀me?฀฀ B:฀Yes.฀Keep฀_______________________.฀I’m฀listening฀to฀you. 13.฀A:฀Do฀you฀want฀to฀take฀a฀break?฀฀ B:฀No.฀I´m฀not฀tired฀yet.฀Let’s฀keep฀on฀_______________________฀for฀another฀ hour฀or฀so. 14.฀A:฀Would฀you฀mind฀_______________________฀the฀window?฀฀ B:฀Not฀at฀all.฀I´d฀be฀glad฀to. Ex.฀10.฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀in฀the฀dialogues.฀Use฀the฀expressions฀in฀the฀list฀or฀your฀own฀words.฀Be฀sure฀ to฀use฀a฀gerund฀in฀each฀sentence. buy฀a฀new฀car฀ do฀things฀ go฀to฀the฀zoo฀on฀Saturday฀

rain฀ repeat฀that฀ help฀him฀

do฀my฀homework฀ get฀a฀Toyota฀ try฀

read฀a฀good฀book smoke tap฀your฀fingernails฀on฀the฀table

1.฀A:฀Would฀you฀like฀to฀go฀for฀a฀walk? ฀ B:฀Has฀it฀stopped฀raining? ฀ A:฀Yes,฀it฀has. ฀ B:฀Let´s฀go,฀then. 2.฀A:฀I´ve฀been฀having฀a฀lot฀of฀trouble฀with฀my฀old฀Honda฀the฀last฀couple฀of฀months.฀lt’s฀slowly฀falling฀apart.฀I´m฀ thinking฀about฀___________________________________ ฀ B:฀Do฀you฀think฀you´ll฀get฀another฀Honda? ฀ A:฀No.฀I´m฀considering฀___________________________________ 3.฀A:฀What฀do฀you฀usually฀do฀in฀your฀free฀time฀in฀the฀evening? ฀ B:฀I฀enjoy฀___________________________________ 4.฀A:฀Good,฀news!฀I฀feel฀great.฀I฀don’t฀cough฀any฀more,฀and฀I฀don’t฀run฀out฀of฀breath฀when฀I฀walk฀up฀a฀hill.฀B:฀Oh? ฀ A:฀I฀quit฀___________________________________ ฀ B:฀That´s฀wonderful! 5.฀A:฀I’ve฀been฀working฀on฀this฀math฀problem฀for฀the฀last฀half฀hour,฀and฀1฀still฀don’t฀understand฀it. ฀ B:฀Well,.฀don’t฀give฀up.฀Keep__________________________________฀lf฀at฀first฀you฀don`t฀succeed,฀try,฀try฀again. 6.฀A:฀Are฀you฀a฀procrastinator? ฀ B:฀A฀what? ฀ A:฀A฀procrastinator.฀That’s฀someone฀who฀always฀postpones฀___________________________________. ฀ B:฀Oh.฀Well,฀sometimes฀I฀put฀off฀___________________________________ 7.฀A:฀What฀are฀you฀doing? ฀ B:฀I´m฀helping฀Teddy฀with฀his฀homework. ฀ A:฀When฀you฀finísh฀___________________________________฀could฀you฀he1p฀me฀in฀the฀kitchen? ฀ B:฀Sure. 8.฀A:฀Could฀you฀please฀stop฀doing฀that? ฀ B:฀Doing฀what? ฀ A:฀Stop฀___________________________________฀It´s฀driving฀me฀crazy. 168

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9.฀A:฀Do฀you฀have฀any฀plans฀for฀this฀weekend? ฀ B:฀Henry฀and฀I฀talked฀about฀___________________________________ 10.฀A:฀I฀didn’t฀understand฀what฀you฀said.฀Would฀you฀mind฀___________________________________? ฀ B:฀Of฀course฀not.฀I฀said,฀“Three฀free฀trees.฀“ Ex.฀11.฀Answer฀the฀questions.฀Use฀the฀expressions฀GO฀+...ING 1.฀My฀sister฀goes฀to฀the฀beach฀almost฀every฀day.฀She฀spends฀hours฀in฀the฀water.฀What฀does฀she฀like฀to฀do? ฀ She฀likes฀to฀go฀swimming 2.฀Frank฀and฀his฀girlfriend฀like฀to฀spend฀the฀whole฀day฀on฀a฀lake฀with฀poles฀in฀their฀hands.฀What฀do฀they฀like฀to฀do? ฀฀ hey฀like฀฀_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀Last฀summer฀John฀went฀to฀Paine฀National฀Park.฀He฀slept฀in฀a฀tent฀and฀cooked฀his฀food฀over฀a฀fire.฀What฀did฀he฀ do฀last฀summer? ฀ He฀฀___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀Mr.฀Johnson฀likes฀to฀go฀to฀the฀Shopping฀Mall฀and฀buy฀things.฀What฀does฀he฀like฀to฀do? ฀ He฀likes฀฀_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀Mr.฀Smith´s฀wife฀takes฀good฀care฀of฀her฀health.฀She฀runs฀a฀couple฀of฀miles฀every฀day.฀What฀does฀she฀do฀every฀day? ฀ She฀฀__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀On฀weekends฀in฀the฀winter,฀the฀Smiths฀sometimes฀go฀to฀a฀mountain฀resort.฀They฀like฀to฀race฀down฀the฀side฀of฀a฀ mountain฀in฀the฀snow.฀What฀do฀they฀like฀to฀do? ฀ They฀฀ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀Jim฀Clark฀is฀a฀nature฀lover.฀He฀usually฀takes฀long฀walks฀in฀the฀woods.฀What฀does฀Joe฀like฀to฀do? ฀ He฀฀___________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀Barbarta฀prefers฀indoor฀sports.฀She฀goes฀to฀a฀place฀where฀she฀rolls฀a฀thirteen-pound฀ball฀at฀some฀wooden ฀ pins.฀What฀does฀Sara฀often฀do? ฀ She฀฀__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀George฀and฀Jane฀know฀all฀the฀latest฀dances.฀What฀do฀they฀probably฀do฀a฀lot? ฀ They฀฀ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀The฀Taylors฀are฀going฀to฀go฀to฀a฀little฀lake฀near฀their฀house฀tomorrow.฀It´s฀winter฀now,฀so฀the฀lake฀is฀completely฀ frozen.฀The฀ice฀is฀smooth.฀What฀are฀the฀Taylors฀going฀to฀do฀tomorrow? ฀ They฀฀ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.฀Jim฀and฀his฀wife฀live฀near฀the฀sea.฀When฀there’s฀a฀strong฀wind,฀they฀like฀to฀spend฀the฀day฀ín฀their฀yatch.฀What฀do฀ they฀like฀to฀do? ฀ They฀฀ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.฀Tourists฀often฀get฀on฀buses฀that฀take฀them฀to฀see฀interesting฀places฀in฀an฀area.฀What฀do฀they฀do฀on฀buses?฀ ฀ They฀฀ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.฀Colette฀and฀Ben฀like฀to฀jump฀out฀of฀airplanes.฀They฀don’t฀open฀their฀parachutes฀until฀the฀last฀minute.฀What฀do฀ they฀like฀to฀do? ฀ They฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________________ . 14.฀What฀do฀you฀like฀to฀do฀for฀exercise฀and฀fun? ฀ I฀฀_____________________________________________________________________________________________

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BASIC฀VOCABULARY:฀ A.฀PREPOSITIONS฀AND฀PREPOSITIONAL฀PHRASES English฀ about฀/ báut/฀ above฀/ báv/฀ across฀/ krós/฀ after฀/á:fter/฀ against฀/egéinst/฀ along฀/ lóη/฀ among฀/ máη/฀ around฀/ ráund/฀ at฀/ t/฀ at฀the฀back฀of฀/ t฀δ ฀bæk฀ v/฀ at฀the฀bottom฀of฀/ t฀δ ฀bótom฀ v/฀ at฀the฀top฀of฀/ t฀δ ฀top฀ηv/฀ before฀/bifó.r/฀ behind฀/biháind/฀ below฀/bilóu/฀ beneath฀/biní:θ/฀ beside฀/bisáid/฀ besides฀/bisáidz/฀ between฀/bituí:n/฀ beyond฀/biyónd/฀ by฀/bai/฀ despite฀/dispáit/฀ down฀/dáun/฀ during฀/diúriη/฀ far฀from฀/fá:r฀from/฀ for฀/fo:r/฀ from฀/from/฀ in฀/in/฀ in฀front฀of฀/in฀fránt฀ v/฀ in฀the฀corner฀of฀/in฀δ ฀kórner฀ v/฀ inside฀/insáid/฀ into฀/íntu/฀ near฀/niar/฀ next฀to฀/nékst฀tu/฀ of฀/ v/฀ off฀/of/฀ on฀/on/฀ onto฀/óntu/฀ opposite฀/óposit/฀ out฀/áut/฀ out฀of฀/áut฀ v/฀ outside฀/autsáid/฀ over฀/óuver/฀ since฀/sins/฀ through฀/θru:/฀ till฀/til/฀ to฀/tu/฀ towards฀/tuwó:rdz/฀ under฀/ánder/฀ until฀/antíl/฀ up฀/ap/฀ with฀/wiδ/฀ within฀/wiδin/฀ without฀/wiδáut/฀ 170

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Spanish฀ acerca฀de฀ más฀arriba฀de฀ a฀través฀de฀(de฀un฀lado฀al฀otro)฀ después฀de฀ en฀contra฀de฀ a฀lo฀largo฀de฀ entre฀(varios)฀ alrededor฀de฀ en,฀a฀ en฀la฀parte฀posterior฀de฀ en฀la฀parte฀inferior฀de฀ en฀la฀parte฀superior฀de฀ antes฀de฀ detrás฀de฀ más฀abajo฀de฀ más฀abajo฀de฀ al฀lado฀de฀ además฀de฀ entre฀(dos)฀ más฀allá฀de฀ por,฀cerca฀de฀ a฀pesar฀de฀ hacia฀abajo฀ durante฀ lejos฀de฀ para฀ desde,฀de฀ en฀ al฀frente฀de฀ en฀la฀esquina฀de฀ dentro฀de฀ hacia฀adentro฀ cerca฀de฀ próximo฀a฀ de฀ lejos฀de฀ encima฀de฀(sobre)฀ hacia฀encima฀de฀ frente฀a฀ afuera฀ hacia฀afuera฀ fuera฀de฀ sobre฀ desde฀ a฀través฀de฀ hasta฀ a,฀hacia฀ hacia,฀en฀dirección฀a฀ debajo฀de฀ hasta฀ hacia฀arriba฀de฀ con฀ dentro฀de฀ sin฀

Example about฀the฀history฀of฀the฀USA above฀the฀clouds across฀the฀street after฀the฀lesson against฀the฀enemy along฀the฀coast among฀all฀the฀girls around฀the฀house at฀home,฀at฀4.15 at฀the฀back฀of฀the฀room at฀the฀bottom฀of฀the฀map at฀the฀top฀of฀the฀shelf before฀the฀lesson behind฀the฀door below฀the฀carpet beneath฀the฀ground beside฀the฀table besides฀John฀Clark between฀you฀and฀me beyond฀the฀hill by฀the฀river despite฀the฀noise down฀the฀coast during฀the฀day far฀from฀London for฀the฀students from฀the฀USA in฀the฀garden in฀front฀of฀the฀school in฀the฀corner฀of฀the฀room inside฀the฀classroom into฀the฀room near฀the฀hospital next฀to฀the฀supermarket of฀the฀week off฀the฀coast on฀the฀desk onto฀the฀table opposite฀the฀bank out฀in฀the฀street out฀of฀the฀room outside฀the฀office over฀the฀roof since฀that฀day through฀the฀tunnel till฀tomorrow to฀the฀office towards฀the฀east under฀the฀table until฀next฀Sunday up฀the฀road with฀my฀friends within฀a฀week without฀money

B.฀Connectors Coordinating฀conjunctions: and฀/ánd/฀ or฀/o:r/฀ so฀/sou฀/฀ for฀/fó:r/฀ not฀/not/฀

y฀ o฀ por฀lo฀tanto฀ porque,฀debido฀a฀que฀ no฀

both...and...฀/bóuθ...and/฀ either...or฀/í:δer...o:r/฀฀ neither...nor฀/ní:δer...no:r/฀ not฀only...but฀also฀/nót฀óunli...but฀ólsou/฀ yet฀/iét/฀

tanto...como... ya฀sea...฀o... ni...ni... no฀sólo...sino฀que฀también... sin฀embargo,฀no฀obstante

Adverbial฀connectives: accordingly฀/akó:rdiηli/฀ actually฀/æ´ktchuali/฀ although฀/ólδou/฀ anyway฀/éniwei/฀ besides฀/bisáidz/฀ consequently฀/kónsekwentli/฀ despite฀/dispáit/฀ equally฀/íkwali฀/฀ finally฀/fáinali/฀ first฀/fé:rst/฀ furthermore฀/férδermó:r/฀ hence฀/héns/฀ however฀/hauéver/฀ indeed฀/indí:d/฀ initially฀/iníshiali/฀

en฀conformidad฀ last(ly)฀/lá:stli/฀ en฀realidad฀ likewise฀/láikwaiz/฀ aún฀cuando,฀aunque,฀a฀pesar฀de฀meanwhile฀/mí:nwail/฀ de฀todos฀modos฀ moreover฀/mó:rouver/฀ además฀ nevertheless฀/néverδelés/฀ en฀consecuencia,฀ next฀/nékst/฀ a฀pesar฀de,฀no฀obstante฀ nonetheless฀/nanδeles/฀ igualmente฀ otherwise฀/áδerwaiz/฀ finalmente,฀por฀fin฀ similarly฀/símilarli/฀ en฀primer฀lugar,฀primeramente฀ so฀/sóu/฀ además฀ subsequently฀/sábsikwentli/฀ de฀aquí฀que,฀por฀lo฀tanto฀ then฀/δen/฀ sin฀embargo,฀no฀obstante฀ therefore฀/δéarfo:r/฀ en฀efecto,฀por฀cierto฀ thus฀/δas/฀ inicialmente,฀al฀comienzo฀ instead฀/instéd/฀

en฀último฀término del฀mismo฀modo,฀así฀mismo mientras฀tanto además,฀por฀otra฀parte sin฀embargo,฀no฀obstante después,฀enseguida,฀acto฀seguido sin฀embargo,฀no฀obstante฀ello de฀otro฀modo,฀de฀lo฀contrario similarmente,฀del฀mismo฀modo por฀lo฀tanto,฀en฀consecuencia posteriormente,฀con฀posterioridad por฀lo฀tanto,฀entonces,฀pues por฀lo฀tanto,฀por฀consiguiente así,฀de฀este฀modo en฀cambio,฀en฀lugar฀de฀eso

Phrasal฀adverbial฀connectives after฀all฀/á:fter฀ó:l/฀ después฀de฀todo฀ as฀a฀consequence฀/az฀ ฀kónsikwens/฀ como฀resultado฀de฀ello฀ as฀a฀matter฀of฀fact฀/az฀ ฀máter฀ov฀fæ´kt/฀ en฀realidad,฀ as฀a฀result฀/az฀ ฀rizált/฀ como฀resultado฀de฀ello฀ even฀so฀/í:vn฀sóu/฀ aún฀así฀ en฀primer฀término฀ first฀of฀all฀/fé:rst฀ v฀ó:l/฀ for฀example฀/for฀igzámpl/฀ por฀ejemplo฀ for฀instance฀/for฀ínstans/฀ por฀ejemplo฀ for฀one฀thing฀/for฀wan฀θiη/฀ en฀primer฀lugar฀ for฀that฀reason฀/for฀δæ´฀t฀rí:zn/฀ por฀ese฀motivo฀

in฀fact฀/in฀fækt/฀ de฀hecho,฀en฀realidad in฀addition฀/in฀adíshon/฀ además in฀spite฀of฀that฀/in฀spáit฀ v฀δæt/฀a฀pesar฀de฀ello in฀the฀first฀place฀/in฀δ ฀fé:rst฀pléis/฀en฀primer฀lugar in฀the฀meantime฀/in฀δ ฀mí:ntaim/฀ mientras฀tanto in฀the฀same฀way฀/in฀δ ฀seim฀wéi/฀ del฀mismo฀modo on฀one฀hand฀/ n฀wan฀hæ´฀nd/฀ por฀un฀lado on฀the฀other฀hand฀/ n฀δi฀áδ r฀hæ´฀nd/฀ por฀otro฀lado to฀begin฀with฀/tu฀bigín฀wiδ/฀ para฀comenzar to฀start฀with฀/tu฀stá:rt฀wiδ/฀ para฀comenzar

Examples: 1.฀Peter฀and฀Tom฀went฀to฀visit฀Hans฀in฀hospital. 2.฀Both฀Peter฀and฀Tom฀went฀to฀see฀Hans฀in฀hospital. 3.฀He฀studied฀hard฀as฀well,฀but฀he฀didn´t฀do฀well฀in฀the฀test. 4.฀He฀didn´t฀study฀hard฀enough,฀so฀he฀failed฀the฀exam. 5.฀Alice฀studied฀very฀hard,฀yet฀she฀didn´t฀pass฀her฀exam. 6.฀He´s฀my฀best฀friend;฀besides,฀we´ve฀known฀each฀other฀all฀our฀lives. 7.฀He฀gave฀her฀a฀beautiful฀diamond;฀moreover,฀he฀took฀her฀to฀Europe. 8.฀The฀yard฀is฀too฀big;฀furthermore,฀we฀can´t฀afford฀the฀house. 9.฀The฀student฀speaks฀English฀well;฀in฀addition,฀he฀seems฀to฀know฀a฀lot฀about฀our฀customs. 10.฀I´m฀getting฀along฀quite฀well;฀however,฀my฀roommate฀is฀not฀doing฀so฀well. 11.฀Mary฀was฀sick;฀nevertheless,฀she฀came฀to฀class. 12.฀It´s฀cold฀outside;฀nonetheless,฀we฀have฀to฀wash฀the฀car. 13.฀On฀one฀hand,฀the฀house฀is฀not฀very฀comfortable;฀on฀the฀other฀hand,฀it฀has฀an฀excellent฀location 14.฀First,฀he฀went฀to฀the฀post฀office;฀then,฀he฀went฀to฀the฀bank.

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UNIT฀12 A. Ex.฀2.฀1.฀has฀-฀started฀2.฀has฀been฀3.฀has-฀left฀4.฀have฀seen฀5.฀have฀lived฀6.฀has฀-฀received฀7.฀has฀gone฀8.฀has฀worked฀ 9.฀has฀-฀been฀10.฀have฀-฀read฀11.฀has฀spoken฀12.฀have฀met Ex.฀3.฀1.฀The฀soccer฀game฀hasn´t฀finished฀yet฀/฀Has฀the฀soccer฀game฀finished฀already฀/฀yet?฀2.฀Peter฀hasn´t฀had฀dinner฀ yet฀/฀Has฀Peter฀had฀dinner฀already฀/฀yet?฀3.฀They฀haven´t฀studied฀the฀report฀/฀Have฀they฀studied฀the฀report?฀4.฀The฀plane฀ hasn´t฀left฀yet฀/฀Has฀the฀plane฀left฀already฀/฀yet?฀5.฀John฀hasn´t฀sent฀them฀a฀fax฀/฀Has฀John฀sent฀them฀a฀fax?฀6.฀They฀ haven´t฀given฀her...฀/฀Have฀they฀given฀her...? Ex.฀4.฀1.฀How฀many฀times฀has฀Tom฀seen฀that฀same฀movie?฀2.฀What฀have฀they฀bought?฀3.฀Why฀has฀he฀gone฀to฀bed?฀ 4.฀How฀long฀has฀Tom฀lived฀in฀Pakistán?฀5.฀How฀many฀books฀have฀they฀sold฀today?฀6.฀How฀long฀has฀Paul฀worked฀for฀ our฀company?฀7.฀What฀have฀you฀eaten?฀8.฀Where฀has฀John฀been?฀9.฀Why฀hasn´t฀Ann฀answered฀the฀letters?฀10.฀What฀ have฀the฀boys฀done฀today?฀11.฀How฀long฀have฀we฀/฀you฀waited฀for฀them?฀12.฀How฀many฀times฀have฀the฀students฀ done฀the฀same฀exercise? Ex.฀5.฀1.฀No,฀I´ve฀never฀been฀there฀2.Yes,฀she´s฀been฀there฀twice.฀3.฀No,฀they´ve฀never฀seen฀one฀4.฀Yes,฀I´ve฀driven฀one฀ once฀or฀twice.฀5.฀Yes,฀he´s฀lived฀abroad฀several฀times฀6.฀No,฀I´ve฀never฀seen฀him฀in฀person.฀7.฀Yes,฀she´s฀come฀here฀a฀ couple฀of฀times. Ex.฀6.฀1.฀I฀haven´t฀read฀that฀book฀yet.฀2.฀The฀general฀has฀already฀gone฀to฀the฀meeting.฀3.฀They´ve฀been฀here฀several฀ times฀before.฀4.฀Have฀you฀watched฀TV฀this฀afternoon฀/฀evening,฀John?฀5.฀My฀father-in-law฀has฀lived฀in฀this฀city฀all฀his฀ life.฀6.฀What฀has฀Mary฀told฀you฀about฀that?฀7.฀They´ve฀studied฀English฀for฀more฀than฀two฀years.฀8.฀Why฀haven´t฀you฀ visited฀California฀yet?฀9.฀How฀long฀have฀you฀worked฀in฀the฀army?฀10.฀Where฀have฀they฀been฀since฀eight฀o´clock฀this฀ morning? B. Ex.1฀1.฀without฀/฀after฀saying฀2.฀before฀eating฀3.฀without฀/฀after฀paying฀4.฀by฀working฀5.฀about฀taking฀6.฀before฀leaving฀ 7.฀before฀going Ex.฀2.฀1.฀waiting฀2.฀speaking฀3.฀reading฀4.฀taking฀5.฀eating฀6.฀riding฀7.฀being฀8.฀hitting฀9.฀having฀10.฀visiting Ex.฀3.฀2.฀making฀3.฀listening฀4.฀applying฀5.฀washing฀6.฀being฀7.฀working฀8.฀using฀9.฀seeing฀10.฀answering 11.฀being฀12.฀trying Ex.฀4.฀2.฀playing฀tennis฀3.฀Driving฀/฀having฀been฀driving฀too฀fast฀4.฀going฀for฀a฀swim฀5.฀Breaking฀/฀having฀broken 6.฀waiting฀a฀few฀minutes. Ex.฀5.฀travelling฀during฀the฀rush฀hour฀3.฀going฀away...฀tomorrow฀4.฀not฀having฀a฀license฀5.฀turning฀the฀radio฀down,฀please?฀ 6.฀not฀interrupting฀me฀all฀the฀time? Ex.฀6.฀(Possible฀answers)฀2.฀going฀out฀this฀evening฀3.฀standing฀up฀4.฀going฀out฀for฀a฀walk฀5.฀laughing฀6.฀breaking฀ down Ex.฀7.฀1.฀of฀swimming฀2.฀on฀going฀3.฀in฀speaking฀4.฀to฀seeing฀5.฀from฀hitting฀6.฀of฀seeing฀7.฀of฀doing฀8.฀about฀studying฀ 9.฀of฀driving฀10.฀of฀waiting฀11.฀of฀taking฀12.฀of฀finishing Ex.฀8.฀2....instead฀of฀going฀to฀the฀university฀3....฀instead฀of฀going฀abroad฀4...฀instead฀of฀visiting฀the฀Smiths 5....instead฀of฀working฀in฀his฀father´s฀store฀6....instead฀of฀staying฀at฀the฀home฀of฀his฀cousin฀7....฀instead฀of฀remaining฀a฀ bachelor฀8....instead฀of฀driving฀in฀their฀new฀car Ex.฀9.฀(Possible฀answers)฀2.฀moving฀into฀a฀larger฀house฀3.฀going฀to฀4.฀vacuuming฀5.฀doing฀6.฀snowing฀7.฀buying฀8.฀taking฀ 9.฀looking฀for฀10.฀practising฀11.฀visiting฀12.฀speaking฀13.฀working฀14.฀closing A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Ex.฀10.฀2.฀buying฀a฀new฀car฀/฀getting฀a฀Toyota฀3.฀reading฀a฀good฀book฀4.฀smoking฀5.฀trying฀6.฀doing฀things฀/฀doing฀his฀ homework฀7.฀helping฀him฀8.฀tapping฀your฀fingernails฀on฀the฀table฀9.฀going฀to฀the฀zoo฀on฀Saturday฀10.฀repeating฀that Ex.฀11.฀2.฀to฀go฀water-skiing฀3.฀went฀camping฀4.฀to฀go฀shopping฀5.฀goes฀jogging฀6.฀like฀to฀go฀skiing฀7.฀likes฀trekking฀ 8.฀goes฀bowling฀9.฀go฀dancing฀10.฀are฀going฀to฀go฀ice-skating฀11.฀like฀to฀go฀sailing฀12.฀go฀sight-seeing฀13.฀like฀to฀go฀ sky-diving฀14.฀like฀to฀go฀(fishing฀/฀window-shopping฀/฀swimming,฀etc.

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A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

UNIT฀13 PART฀1.฀EL฀TIEMPO฀PRESENTE฀PERFECTO฀CONTINUO฀(THE฀PRESENT฀PERFECCT฀CONTINUOUS) Este฀tiempo฀verbal฀está฀formado฀por฀el฀presente฀perfecto฀de฀To฀Be฀(HAVE฀BEEN฀/hav฀bí:n/฀HAS฀BEEN฀/haz฀bí:n/)฀más฀un฀ GERUNDIO฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal. Este฀tiempo฀verbal฀describe฀una฀acción฀que฀comenzó฀en฀el฀pasado฀y฀ha฀continuado฀realizándose฀en฀forma฀ininterrumpida฀ hasta฀este฀momento,฀hasta฀esta฀fecha.฀Normalmente฀este฀tiempo฀describe฀acciones฀que฀se฀empezaron฀a฀realizar฀hace฀ poco฀tiempo. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: Tom฀has฀been฀working฀there฀since฀8:30฀ /tóm฀haz฀bí:n฀wé:rkiη฀δéar฀sins฀éit฀θé:rti/.฀Tom฀ha฀estado฀trabajando฀ahí฀desde฀ las฀8.30. They฀have฀been฀living฀in฀Miami฀since฀1985.฀ /δéi฀hav฀bí:n฀líviη฀in฀maiámi฀sins฀náintin฀éiti฀fáiv/฀Ellos฀han฀estado฀viviendo฀en฀ Miami฀desde฀1985. We´ve฀been฀studying฀English฀for฀over฀two฀months.฀ /wí:v฀bí:n฀stádiiη฀iηglish฀for฀óuver฀tú:฀mánθs/฀Nosotros฀hemos฀estado฀ estudiando฀inglés฀por฀más฀de฀dos฀meses. It´s฀been฀raining฀for฀about฀an฀hour.฀/its฀bí:n฀ráiniη฀for฀abáut฀an฀áuar/.฀Ha฀estado฀lloviendo฀cerca฀de฀una฀hora Compare: He´s฀worked฀there฀for฀many฀years.฀/hi:z฀wé:rkt฀δéar฀for฀méni฀yíarz/฀El฀ha฀trabajado฀allí฀por฀muchos฀años He´s฀been฀working฀there฀for฀about฀2฀hours.฀/hi:z฀bí:n฀wérkiη฀δéar฀for฀abáut฀tú:฀áuarz/.฀El฀ha฀estado฀trabajando฀allí฀aprox.฀ 2฀horas They฀´ve฀lived฀in฀the฀South฀ever฀since฀they฀got฀married.฀/δéiv฀lívd฀in฀δe฀sáuθ฀éver฀sins฀δéi฀gót฀mærid/฀Ellos฀han฀vivido฀en฀el฀ sur฀desde฀que฀se฀casaron They´ve฀been฀living฀in฀that฀house฀for฀at฀least฀two฀months.฀ /δéiv฀bi:n฀líviη฀in฀δe฀sáuθ฀for฀at฀lí:st฀tú฀mánθs/฀Ellos฀han฀estado฀ viviendo฀en฀esa฀casa฀por฀lo฀menos฀2฀meses. La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀HAVEN´T฀BEEN฀/hævnt฀bí:n/฀HASN´T฀BEEN฀/hæznt฀bí:n/฀más฀el฀GERUNDIO฀y฀ en฀la฀forma฀interrogativa฀de฀debe฀usar฀HAVE/HAS฀delante฀del฀sujeto฀de฀la฀oración. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: Tom฀hasn´t฀been฀working฀there฀for฀more฀than฀2฀hours.฀/tóm฀/hæznt฀bí:n฀wé:rkiη δéar฀for฀mó:ar฀δan฀tú:฀áuarz/ Tom฀no฀ha฀estado฀trabajando฀allí฀por฀más฀de฀dos฀horas Have฀they฀been฀living฀there฀very฀long?฀/hav฀δei฀bí:n฀líviη฀δéar฀véri฀lóη/฀¿Han฀estado฀ellos฀viviendo฀allí฀mucho฀tiempo? How฀long฀have฀you฀been฀practising฀English฀today?฀/háu฀loη฀hav฀iú:฀bi:n฀præktisiη฀íηglish฀tudéi/฀¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀has฀estado฀ practicando฀inglés฀hoy฀día? La฀pregunta฀más฀habitual฀en฀este฀tiempo฀es: WHAT฀HAVE฀YOU฀BEEN฀DOING?฀/wót฀av฀iu:฀bi:n฀dú:iη/฀¿Qué฀ha฀estado฀haciendo฀Ud.? EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Complete฀the฀following฀sentences฀using฀the฀verb฀provided฀in฀the฀Present฀Perfect฀Continuous฀Tense. 1.฀Tom฀_______________________________฀here฀for฀several฀months฀(live)฀. 2.฀They฀_______________________________฀in฀the฀office฀for฀several฀hours.฀(work) 3.฀That฀man฀_______________________________฀there฀for฀about฀2฀hours.฀(sit) 4.฀The฀cadets฀_______________________________฀at฀attention฀for฀about฀15฀minutes.฀(stand) A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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5.฀I฀_______________________________฀for฀the฀bus฀for฀more฀than฀10฀minutes฀(wait) 6.฀Jack฀and฀Mary฀_______________________________฀in฀the฀park฀for฀nearly฀an฀hour.฀(run) 7.฀The฀commander฀_______________________________฀the฀report฀all฀evening.฀(read) 8.฀Miss฀Black฀_______________________________฀her฀new฀novel฀since฀April.฀(write) 9.฀The฀officers฀_______________________________฀in฀the฀gym฀for฀about฀45฀minutes.฀(work฀out) 10.฀The฀generals฀_______________________________the฀situation฀all฀morning.฀(discuss) Ex.฀2.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀a)฀negative,฀and฀b)฀interrogative. 1.฀ He´s฀been฀living฀in฀Caracas฀since฀1995. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀ They´ve฀been฀playing฀tennis฀since฀midday. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀Jane´s฀been฀feeling฀well฀since฀March. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀They´ve฀been฀discussing฀the฀new฀project฀too฀long. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀Bob´s฀been฀swimming฀all฀morning. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀3.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀question฀words฀like฀What,฀Where,฀When,฀How฀long,฀etc. 1.฀ Henry´s฀been฀reading฀the฀newspaper฀all฀morning. ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 2.฀ Bill´s฀been฀sleeping฀all฀morning. ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 3.฀ They´ve฀been฀staying฀at฀the฀Rex฀Hotel.฀ ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 4.฀They´ve฀been฀saving฀money฀because฀they´re฀planning฀to฀buy฀a฀house. ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 5.฀My฀friends฀have฀been฀living฀in฀Madrid฀since฀December฀2002 ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 6.฀The฀boy´s฀been฀listening฀to฀the฀radio฀since฀7฀o´clock. ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 7.฀They´ve฀been฀waiting฀for฀a฀taxi฀for฀about฀15฀minutes. ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________?

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PART฀II.฀USE฀OF฀INFINITIVES฀AND฀GERUNDS.฀(II) A.฀ VERB฀+฀TO-INFINITIVE Ciertos฀verbos฀como฀TO฀WANT฀ /wont/฀querer,฀TO฀DECIDE฀ /disáid/฀decidir,฀TO฀WISH฀ /wish/฀desear,฀TO฀PLAN฀ /plæn/฀ planear,฀pensar,฀etc.฀van฀seguidos฀por฀to+Infinitive Los฀siguientes฀verbos฀van฀seguidos฀de฀to+infinitive: To฀agree฀/agrí:/฀ To฀afford฀/afó:rd/฀ To฀aim฀/éim/฀ To฀arrange฀/arréindll/฀ To฀ask฀/a:sk/฀ To฀attempt฀/atémpt/฀ To฀claim฀/kléim/฀ To฀decide฀/disáid/฀ To฀deserve฀/disε´:rv/฀ To฀fail฀/féil/฀ To฀forget฀/forgét/฀

Acordar Disponer฀(dinero฀o฀tiempo) Aspirar Convenir Solicitar Intentar Reclamar,฀afirmar฀autoría Decidir Merecer No฀conseguir,฀no฀lograr Olvidar

To฀hope฀/houp/฀ To฀learn฀/lε:rn/฀ To฀manage฀/mæ´nidll/฀ To฀mean฀/mi:n/฀ To฀offer฀/ófer/฀ To฀plan฀/plæn/฀ To฀pretend฀/priténd/฀ To฀promise฀/prómis/฀ To฀refuse฀/refiú:z/฀ To฀threaten฀/θréten/฀ To฀want฀/wont/฀

Esperar฀(desear) Aprender฀ Conseguir฀(lograr) Tener฀intención฀de,฀querer฀decir Ofrecer(se) Planificar Fingir,฀simular Prometer Rehusar,฀negarse฀a Amenazar. Querer฀(necesitar)

Ejemplos: Sam฀was฀in฀a฀difficult฀situation,฀so฀I฀agreed฀to฀lend฀him฀some฀money. I฀can´t฀afford฀to฀buy฀a฀Honda฀car. We฀aim฀to฀increase฀our฀exports฀to฀Europe. The฀man฀attempted฀to฀escape฀from฀the฀prison฀twice. Peter฀wants฀to฀study฀engeneering.฀The฀boy฀doesn´t฀want฀to฀do฀his฀homework฀now. I฀promise฀to฀help฀you.฀She฀promised฀not฀to฀be฀late. The฀woman฀pretends฀to฀know฀everything. Existen฀algunas฀variantes฀de฀la฀estructura฀presentada฀anteriormente,฀que฀son฀las฀siguientes: 1.฀ Verb฀+฀to฀be฀+฀adjective Esta฀estructura฀es฀muy฀común฀con฀los฀siguientes฀verbos:฀TO฀APPEAR฀/apíar/฀aparecer,฀verse,฀TO฀PRETEND฀/priténd/฀ fingir,฀simular,฀TO฀SEEM฀/si:m/฀parecer,฀TO฀TEND฀/tend/฀tender฀a They฀seem฀to฀be฀very฀annoyed. The฀students฀tend฀to฀be฀negligent. 2.฀ Verb฀+฀to฀be฀+Gerund฀(Continuous฀Infinitive) Los฀verbos฀TO฀APPEAR฀/apíar/฀aparecer,฀verse,฀TO฀PRETEND฀/priténd/฀fingir,฀simular,฀TO฀SEEM฀/si:m/฀parecer,฀TO฀ TEND฀/tend/฀tender฀a,฀tambien฀pueden฀ir฀seguidos฀de฀TO฀BE฀+฀Gerund: Mary฀appeared฀to฀be฀suffering฀too฀much. They฀seem฀to฀be฀doing฀well฀now. He฀pretended฀to฀be฀reading฀the฀paper.

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3.฀ Verb฀+฀to฀have฀+฀Past฀Participle฀Perfect฀Infinitive) Hay฀algunos฀verbos฀que฀pueden฀ir฀seguidos฀de฀TO฀HAVE฀+฀un฀Pasado฀Participio: They฀seem฀to฀have฀been฀doing฀well฀so฀far.฀(so฀far฀=฀hasta฀ahora) Bob฀seems฀to฀have฀lost฀weight. ´ The฀IRA฀claimed฀to฀have฀planted฀the฀bomb฀in฀the฀car. 4.฀ Verb฀+฀Wh...฀+฀to-Infinitive Después฀ de฀ los฀ verbos฀TO฀ ASK฀ /a:sk/฀ solicitar,฀ pedir,฀TO฀ DECIDE฀ /disáid/฀ decidir,฀TO฀ KNOW฀ /nóu/,฀ saber,฀ TO฀ UNDERSTAND฀/anderstænd/฀entender,฀se฀puede฀usar฀una฀palabra฀interrogativa฀seguida฀de฀to+infinitivo We฀asked฀how฀to฀get฀to฀the฀station Have฀you฀decided฀where฀to฀go฀for฀your฀holidays? I฀don´t฀know฀whether฀to฀apply฀for฀the฀job฀or฀not. Do฀you฀understand฀what฀to฀do? ฀5.฀Verb฀+฀Somebody+฀wh฀+฀to-infinitive Los฀verbos฀TO฀SHOW฀/shóu/,฀mostrar,฀TO฀TELL฀/tel/฀decir,฀TO฀ASK฀/a:sk/฀pedir,฀solicitar,฀TO฀ADVISE฀/adváiz/฀aconsejar฀ y฀TO฀TEACH฀/ti:tch/฀enseñar,฀pueden฀ir฀seguidos฀por฀un฀complemento฀indirecto฀(Peter,Mary,฀the฀student,฀me,฀him,฀ them,฀etc)฀+฀una฀palabra฀interrogativa฀(what,฀where,฀when,฀etc.)฀+฀un฀to-infinitive Can฀someone฀show฀me฀how฀to฀change฀the฀film฀in฀this฀camera? I฀told฀them฀what฀to฀do฀and฀where฀to฀go฀in฀London. Bob฀taught฀us฀how฀to฀use฀the฀computer. 6.฀ Verb฀+฀(somebody)฀+฀to-infinitive Los฀siguientes฀verbos฀pueden฀ir฀seguidos฀por฀a)฀un฀to-Infinitive฀o฀por฀b)฀un฀Complemento฀Indirecto฀+฀to-Inifinitive. ฀

A฀

B

To฀want฀/wont/฀querer฀ To฀ask฀/a:sk/฀pedir฀ To฀expect฀/ikspékt/฀esperar฀฀ To฀beg฀/beg/฀rogar฀ To฀mean฀/mi:n/฀tener฀la฀intención฀de฀ I฀would฀like฀/wud฀laik/฀me฀gustaría.฀ I฀would฀prefer฀/wud฀prifε´:r/฀preferiría฀฀ I฀would฀love฀/wud฀lav/฀me฀encantaría฀ I฀would฀hate฀/wud฀héit/฀me฀desagradaría.฀

I฀want฀to฀go฀there.฀ He฀asked฀to฀take฀part.฀ We฀expect฀to฀be฀there฀soon.฀ I฀begged฀to฀see฀the฀photos.฀ They฀don´t฀mean฀to฀do฀it฀now.฀ I฀would฀like฀to฀go.฀ I´d฀prefer฀to฀do฀it฀now.฀ I´d฀love฀to฀go฀to฀the฀club.฀฀ I´d฀hate฀to฀do฀that฀here.฀

I฀want฀you฀to฀go฀there He฀asked฀us฀to฀take฀part. We฀expect฀you฀to฀be฀there฀soon. I฀begged฀them฀to฀see฀the฀photos. I฀don´t฀mean฀you฀to฀do฀it฀now. I´d฀like฀you฀to฀go I´d฀prefer฀them฀to฀do฀it฀now I´d฀love฀you฀to฀go฀to฀the฀club. I´d฀hate฀the฀boys฀to฀do฀it฀here.

B.฀ VERB฀+฀BARE฀INFINITIVE Los฀verbos฀TO฀MAKE฀/meik/฀hacer,฀obligar฀y฀TO฀LET฀/let/฀permitir,฀dejar฀van฀seguidos฀de฀un฀BARE฀INFINITIVO฀(Infinitive฀ sin฀TO)฀en฀la฀siguiente฀estructura: TO฀MAKE฀/฀TO฀LET฀+฀Somebody฀+฀bare฀infinitive You฀make฀me฀feel฀happy.฀(No฀se฀debe฀decir,฀“You฀make฀me฀TO฀feel฀happy”)฀Tú฀me฀haces฀sentir฀feliz The฀customs฀officer฀made฀Sally฀open฀her฀suitcase.฀El฀oficial฀de฀aduana฀hizo฀a฀Alice฀abrir฀su฀maleta. Hot฀weather฀makes฀me฀feel฀tired.฀El฀tiempo฀caluroso฀me฀hace฀sentir฀cansado. Her฀parents฀wouldn´t฀let฀her฀go฀out฀alone.฀Sus฀padres฀no฀le฀permitirían฀a฀ella฀salir฀sola. Let฀me฀carry฀your฀bag฀for฀you,฀madam.฀Permítame฀llevarle฀su฀bolso,฀señora Please฀let฀me฀go฀out.฀Por฀favor,฀déjeme฀salir

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C.฀ VERBO฀+฀GERUND฀o฀BARE฀INFINITIVE Los฀verbos฀de฀percepción฀TO฀SEE฀/sí:/฀ver,฀TO฀HEAR฀/híar/฀oir,฀TO฀WATCH฀/wótch/฀observar,฀van฀seguidos฀de฀un฀gerund฀ cuando฀nos฀referimos฀a฀una฀acción฀parcial฀o฀de฀un฀bare฀infinitive฀cuando฀nos฀referimos฀a฀la฀acción฀completa Ejemplos: I฀saw฀her฀crossing฀the฀road.฀(parte฀de฀la฀acción)฀ I฀saw฀her฀cross฀the฀road.฀(acción฀completa)฀

La฀ví฀cruzando฀la฀calle La฀vi฀cruzar฀la฀calle

We฀heard฀them฀singing฀a฀song.฀(parte฀de฀la฀acción)฀ Los฀oí฀cantando฀una฀canción We฀heard฀them฀sing฀ten฀songs.฀(acción฀completa)฀ Los฀oí฀cantar฀10฀canciones. D.฀ VERB฀+฀SOMEBODY฀+฀TO-INFINITIVE/BARE฀INFINITIVE El฀verbo฀TO฀HELP฀/hélp/฀ayudar฀puede฀ir฀seguido฀indistintamente฀de฀un฀to-Infinitive฀o฀un฀bare฀Infinitive Ejemplo: Can฀you฀help฀me฀to฀lift฀/฀lift฀this฀box,฀please? EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀for฀each฀situation. 1.฀ Tom:฀Shall฀we฀get฀married?฀ Betty:฀Yes,฀let´s ฀ They฀decided฀__________________________________________________ 2.฀ Jack฀:฀Please฀help฀me.฀ Mary:฀OK. ฀ Mary฀agreed฀___________________________________________________ 3.฀ Bob:฀Can฀I฀carry฀your฀bag฀for฀you?฀฀ Woman:฀No,฀thanks.฀I฀can฀manage. ฀ Bob฀offered฀____________________________________________________ 4.฀ Bob:฀Let´s฀meet฀at฀8฀o´clock.฀฀ Hans:฀OK,฀fine. ฀ They฀arranged฀฀_________________________________________________ 5.฀ Man:฀What´s฀your฀name?฀฀ Woman:฀I´m฀not฀going฀to฀tell฀you. ฀ The฀woman฀refused฀_____________________________________________ Ex.฀2.฀Complete฀each฀sentence฀with฀a฀suitable฀verb. 1.฀Don’t฀forget฀_____________________________฀the฀letter฀I฀gave฀you. 2.฀There฀was฀a฀lot฀of฀traffic฀but฀we฀managed฀_____________________________to฀the฀airport฀in฀time. 3.฀Jill฀has฀decided฀not฀_____________________________฀a฀car. 4.฀We’ve฀got฀a฀new฀computer฀in฀our฀office.฀I฀haven’t฀learnt฀how฀_____________________________฀it฀yet. 5.฀I฀wonder฀where฀Sue฀is.฀She฀promised฀not_____________________________฀late. 6.฀We฀were฀all฀too฀afraid฀to฀speak.฀Nobody฀dared฀_____________________________฀anything. Ex.฀3.฀Put฀the฀verb฀into฀the฀correct฀form฀to-Infinitive฀or฀-ing 1.฀When฀I’m฀tired,฀I฀enjoy฀_____________________________฀television.฀It’s฀relaxing.฀(watch) 2.฀It฀was฀a฀nice฀day,฀so฀we฀decided฀_____________________________฀for฀a฀walk.฀(go) 3.฀It’s฀a฀nice฀day.฀Does฀anyone฀fancy฀_____________________________฀for฀a฀walk?฀(go) 4.฀I’m฀not฀in฀a฀hurry.฀I฀don’t฀mind฀_____________________________฀(wait) 5.฀They฀don’t฀have฀much฀money.฀They฀can’t฀afford฀_____________________________฀out฀very฀often.฀(go) 6.฀I฀wish฀that฀dog฀would฀stop฀_____________________________฀.฀It’s฀driving฀me฀mad.฀(bark) 7.฀Our฀neighbour฀threatened฀_____________________________฀the฀police฀if฀we฀didn’t฀stop฀the฀noise.฀(call) A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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8.฀We฀were฀hungry,฀so฀I฀suggested฀_____________________________฀dinner฀early.฀(have) 9.฀Hurry฀up!฀I฀don’t฀want฀to฀risk฀_____________________________฀the฀train.฀(miss) 10.฀I’m฀still฀looking฀for฀a฀job฀but฀I฀hope฀_____________________________something฀soon.฀(find) Ex.฀4.฀Make฀a฀new฀sentence฀using฀the฀verb฀in฀brackets. 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀ 7.฀

He฀has฀lost฀weight.(seem)฀ Tom฀is฀worried฀about฀something.฀(appear)฀ You฀know฀a฀lot฀of฀people.฀(seem)฀฀ My฀English฀is฀getting฀better.฀(seem)฀ That฀car฀has฀broken฀down.฀(appear)฀ David฀forgets฀things.(tend)฀ They฀have฀solved฀the฀problem.฀(claim)฀

฀฀He฀________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀฀You฀_______________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀5.฀Complete฀each฀sentence฀using฀what/how/whether฀+฀one฀of฀these฀verbs: 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀

do฀฀฀฀฀฀฀get฀฀฀฀฀฀฀go฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ride฀฀฀฀฀฀฀say฀฀฀฀฀฀฀use Do฀you฀know฀_____________________________฀to฀John’s฀house? Can฀you฀show฀me_____________________________฀this฀washing฀machine? Would฀you฀know_____________________________฀if฀there฀was฀a฀fire฀in฀the฀building? You´ll฀never฀forget฀_____________________________฀a฀bicycle฀once฀you฀have฀learned. I฀was฀really฀astonished.฀I฀didn’t฀know฀_____________________________. I’ve฀been฀invited฀to฀the฀party฀but฀I฀don’t฀know฀_____________________________฀or฀not.

Ex.฀6.฀Complete฀the฀questions.฀Use฀DO฀YOU฀WANT฀ME฀TO...?฀or฀WOULD฀YOU฀LIKE฀ME฀TO...?฀with฀one฀of฀these฀ verbs฀(+฀any฀other฀necessary฀words):฀TO฀COME,฀TO฀LEND,฀TO฀REPEAT,฀TO฀SHOW,฀TO฀SHUT,฀TO฀WAIT 1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀ 6.฀

Do฀you฀want฀to฀go฀alone฀or฀do฀you฀want฀me฀to฀฀_______________________________________________________? Have฀you฀got฀enough฀money฀or฀do฀you฀want฀me฀to฀฀ ___________________________________________________? Shall฀I฀leave฀the฀window฀open฀or฀would฀you฀like฀me฀to฀฀_________________________________________________? Do฀you฀know฀how฀to฀use฀the฀machine฀or฀would฀฀_______________________________________________________? Did฀you฀hear฀what฀I฀said฀or฀do฀฀ _____________________________________________________________________? Can฀1฀go฀now฀or฀do฀฀______________________________________________________________________________?

Ex.฀7.฀CompIete฀the฀sentences฀for฀each฀situation. 1.฀ Sue:฀Lock฀the฀door.฀ ฀Hans:฀OK. ฀ Sue฀told฀Hans฀to฀lock฀the฀door. 2.฀ Tom฀&฀Betty:฀ ฀ John:฀Yes,฀I´d฀love฀to ฀ Tom฀and฀Betty฀invited฀John฀฀

฀Why฀don´t฀you฀come฀and฀stay฀with฀us฀for฀a฀few฀days?

3.฀ Bob:฀Can฀I฀use฀your฀phone?฀ ฀ Mary฀wouldn´t฀let฀

฀Mary:฀No ฀ ____________________________________________________________________

4.฀ Sylvia:฀Be฀careful.฀ ฀ Sylvia฀warned฀

฀Hans:฀Don´t฀worry.฀I฀will. ฀ ____________________________________________________________________

฀ ____________________________________________________________________

5.฀ Tom:฀Can฀you฀give฀me฀a฀hand?฀ ฀Jane.฀Yes,฀of฀course. ฀ Tom฀asked฀ ฀ ____________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀8.฀Complete฀these฀sentences฀so฀that฀the฀meaning฀is฀similar฀to฀the฀first฀sentence. 1.฀My฀father฀said฀I฀could฀use฀his฀car. ฀ My฀father฀allowed฀฀_________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀I฀was฀surprised฀that฀it฀rained. ฀ I฀didn’t฀expect฀฀____________________________________________________________________________________ 180

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3.฀Don´t฀stop฀him฀doing฀what฀he฀wants. ฀ Let฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀He฀looks฀older฀when฀he฀wears฀glasses. ฀ Glasses฀make฀฀____________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀I฀think฀you฀should฀know฀the฀truth. ฀ I฀want฀฀___________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀Don’t฀let฀me฀forget฀to฀phone฀my฀sister. ฀ Remind฀฀__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀At฀first฀I฀didn’t฀want฀to฀apply฀for฀the฀job฀but฀Sarah฀persuaded฀me. ฀ Sarah฀persuaded฀฀ _________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀My฀lawyer฀said฀1฀shouldn’t฀say฀anything฀to฀the฀police. ฀ My฀lawyer฀advised.฀ ________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀I฀was฀told฀that฀1฀shouldn’t฀believe฀everything฀he฀says. ฀ I฀was฀warned฀not฀฀ _________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀If฀you’ve฀got฀a฀car,฀you฀are฀able฀to฀travel฀round฀more฀easily. ฀ Having฀a฀car฀enables฀฀ ______________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀9.฀Put฀the฀verb฀in฀the฀right฀form฀:฀-ing฀or฀infinitive฀(with฀or฀without฀to). ฀ 1.฀She฀doesn’t฀allow฀us฀_____________________________฀in฀the฀house.฀(smoke) 2.฀I’ve฀never฀been฀to฀Iceland฀but฀I’d฀like฀_____________________________there.฀(go) 3.฀I’m฀in฀a฀difficult฀position.฀What฀do฀you฀advise฀me฀_____________________________?(do) 4.฀She฀said฀the฀letter฀was฀personal฀and฀wouldn´t฀let฀me฀_____________________________it.฀(read) 5.฀He฀was฀kept฀at฀the฀police฀station฀for฀two฀hours฀and฀then฀he฀was฀allowed฀_____________________________฀(go) 6.฀Where฀would฀you฀recommend฀me฀_____________________________฀for฀my฀holidays?฀(go) 7.฀I฀wouldn’t฀recommend฀you_____________________________in฀that฀restaurant.฀The฀food฀is฀awful฀(eat) 8.฀The฀film฀was฀very฀sad.฀It฀made฀me฀_____________________________฀(cry) 9.฀Carol’s฀parents฀always฀encouraged฀her฀_____________________________hard฀at฀school.฀(study) E.฀ VERBS฀+...ING/TO-INFINITIVE ฀ Algunos฀verbos฀pueden฀ir฀seguidos฀indistintamente฀de฀un฀gerundio฀o฀de฀un฀to-infinitive,฀sin฀cambiar฀de฀significado.฀ Los฀verbos฀más฀comunes฀de฀este฀tipo฀son:฀TO฀PREFER฀/prifè:r/฀preferir,฀TO฀BEGIN฀/bigín/฀empezar,฀TO฀START฀/stá:rt/฀ comenzar,฀TO฀CONTINUE฀/kontíniu/฀seguir,continuar,฀TO฀LIKE฀/láik/฀gustarle฀a฀uno,฀TO฀LOVE฀/lav/฀encanterle฀a฀uno,฀TO฀ HATE฀/heit/฀desagradar,฀TO฀INTEND฀/inténd/฀tener฀la฀intención฀de,฀CAN´T฀STAND฀/ká:nt฀stænd/฀no฀soportar. Los฀verbos฀TO฀REMEMBER฀/rimémber/฀recordar,฀recordarse,฀TO฀REGRET฀/rigrét/฀lamentar,฀arrepentirse,฀TO฀STOP฀/stop/฀ parar,฀parar,฀detenerse,฀TO฀GO฀ON฀/gou฀on/฀continuar฀también฀pueden฀ir฀seguidos฀de฀un฀gerundio฀o฀un฀to-infinitive฀pero,฀ a฀diferencia฀de฀los฀anteriores,฀estos฀cambian฀de฀significado฀de฀la฀oración. It฀started฀snowing฀around฀midnight฀ We฀continued฀working฀until฀10:30฀ I฀like฀listening฀to฀music฀while฀I´m฀studying฀ I฀love฀going฀to฀baseball฀games฀ I฀can´t฀stand฀waiting฀in฀lines฀too฀long฀

=฀ =฀ =฀฀ =฀ =฀฀

It฀started฀to฀snow฀around฀midnight. We฀continued฀to฀work฀until฀10:30. I฀like฀to฀listen฀to฀music฀while฀I´m฀studying. I฀love฀to฀go฀to฀baseball฀games. I฀can´t฀stand฀to฀wait฀in฀lines฀too฀long.

I฀remember฀doing฀that.฀(I฀did฀it฀and฀now฀I฀remember฀it)฀Recuerdo฀haber฀hecho฀eso. I฀remembered฀to฀do฀that.฀(I฀remembered฀I฀had฀to฀do฀that,฀so฀I฀did฀that)฀Me฀acordé฀de฀hacer฀eso. I฀regret฀saying฀what฀I฀said.฀(I฀said฀that,฀and฀now฀I฀am฀sorry฀about฀it)฀Lamento฀haber฀dicho฀lo฀que฀dije. I฀regret฀to฀say฀that฀we฀can´t฀send฀the฀price฀lists฀yet.฀(I´m฀sorry฀that฀I฀have฀to฀say฀that)฀Lamento฀decir฀que฀aún฀no฀ podemos฀enviarle฀la฀lista฀de฀precios. They฀stopped฀working฀in฀the฀fields฀when฀it฀started฀to฀rain฀/฀raining. They฀have฀been฀working฀all฀morning฀and฀feel฀very฀tired.฀They฀will฀stop฀(in฀order)฀to฀rest฀for฀a฀while. The฀minister฀went฀on฀talking฀for฀two฀hours.฀(He฀talked฀about฀the฀same฀thing)฀El฀ministro฀siguió฀hablando฀por฀dos฀horas. After฀discussing฀the฀economy,฀the฀minister฀then฀went฀on฀to฀talk฀about฀foreign฀policy.฀Después฀de฀hablar฀acerca฀de฀ la฀economía,฀el฀ministro฀pasó฀a฀hablar฀acerca฀de฀la฀política฀exterior. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀with฀the฀TO-INFINITIVE฀or฀the฀GERUND฀form฀of฀the฀words฀in฀parentheses. 1.฀I฀need฀to฀study฀tonight฀(study) 2.฀I฀enjoy฀cooking฀gourmet฀meals฀(cook) 3.฀Helen฀started฀talking/to฀talk฀about฀her฀problem.฀(talk) 4.฀Bud฀and฀Sally฀have฀decided฀_____________________________฀married.฀(get) 5.฀We฀finished฀_____________________________฀around฀seven.฀(eat) 6.฀Are฀you฀planning฀_____________________________฀a฀vacation฀this฀year?฀(take) 7.฀I฀like฀_____________________________฀new฀people.฀(meet) 8.฀The฀Wilsons฀went฀_____________________________฀in฀Yellowstone฀National฀Park฀last฀summer.฀(camp) 9.฀My฀roommate฀offered฀_____________________________฀me฀with฀my฀English.฀(help) 10.฀I’ve฀just฀begun฀_____________________________฀a฀movie฀on฀TV.฀(watch) 11.฀Please฀stop฀_____________________________฀your฀knuckles!฀(crack) 12.฀Did฀you฀remember฀_____________________________฀the฀cat฀this฀morning?฀(feed) 13.฀1฀won’t฀be฀late.฀1฀promise฀_____________________________฀on฀time.฀(be) 14.฀I’m฀considering฀_____________________________฀to฀a฀new฀apartment.฀(move) 15.฀What฀time฀do฀you฀expect฀_____________________________฀in฀Denver?฀(arrive) 16.฀Some฀children฀hate฀_____________________________฀ to฀school.฀(go) 17.฀I฀forgot฀_____________________________฀the฀door฀when฀I฀left฀my฀apartment฀this฀morning.฀(lock) 18.฀I฀don’t฀mind฀_____________________________฀with฀four฀roommates.฀(live) 19.฀Don’t฀put฀off฀_____________________________฀your฀composition฀until฀the฀last฀minute.฀(write) 20.฀Ken฀had฀to฀quit฀_____________________________฀because฀he฀hurt฀his฀knee.฀(jog) 21.฀The฀company฀will฀continue฀_____________________________฀new฀employees฀as฀long฀as฀new฀production฀orders฀ keep฀_____________________________in.฀(hire)฀(come) 22.฀That’s฀not฀what฀I฀meant!฀1฀meant฀_____________________________฀just฀the฀opposite.฀(say) 23.฀I฀want฀_____________________________this฀afternoon.฀(go)฀(shop) 24.฀Alex฀seems฀_____________________________฀this฀weekend.฀(want)฀(go)฀(sail) Ex.฀ 2.฀ Use฀ the฀ verb฀ provided฀ in฀ the฀ correct฀ form:฀ TO-INFINITIVE฀ or฀ GERUND.฀ Sometimes฀ either฀ form฀ is฀ possible. 1.฀They฀denied฀_____________________________the฀money.฀(steal) 2.฀I฀don’t฀enjoy฀_____________________________very฀much.฀(drive) 3.฀I฀don’t฀want฀_____________________________out฀tonight.฀I’m฀too฀tired.฀(go) 4.฀I฀can’t฀afford฀_____________________________฀out฀tonight.฀1฀haven’t฀got฀enough฀money.฀(go) 5.฀Has฀it฀stopped฀_____________________________฀yet?฀(rain) 6.฀Can฀you฀remind฀me_____________________________฀some฀coffee฀when฀we฀go฀out?฀(buy) 7.฀Why฀do฀you฀keep฀_____________________________me฀questions?฀Can’t฀you฀leave฀me฀alone?฀(ask) 8.฀Please฀stop฀_____________________________฀me฀questions!฀(ask) 9.฀I฀refuse฀_____________________________฀any฀more฀questions.฀(answer) 10.฀One฀of฀the฀boys฀admitted฀_____________________________฀the฀window.฀(break) 11.฀The฀boy’s฀father฀promised฀_____________________________for฀the฀window฀to฀be฀repaired.฀(pay) 12.฀Ann฀was฀having฀dinner฀when฀the฀phone฀rang.฀She฀didn’t฀answer฀the฀phone;฀she฀just฀carried฀on฀ ฀ _____________________________฀(eat) 13.฀“How฀did฀the฀thief฀get฀into฀the฀house?”฀“฀I฀forgot฀_____________________________฀the฀window.’฀(shut) 14.฀I’ve฀enjoyed฀__________________________you.฀(meet)฀1฀hope฀_________________________฀you฀again฀soon.฀(see) 15.฀The฀baby฀began฀_____________________________฀in฀the฀middle฀of฀the฀night.฀(cry) 16.฀Julia฀has฀been฀ill฀but฀now฀she’s฀beginning฀_____________________________฀better.฀(get). Ex.฀3.฀Complete฀these฀sentences฀with฀a฀suitable฀verb฀in฀the฀correct฀form:฀TO-INFINITIVE฀or฀GERUND. 1.฀Please฀remember฀฀฀฀฀฀฀to฀lock฀฀฀฀฀฀the฀door฀when฀you฀go฀out. 2.฀A:฀You฀lent฀me฀some฀money฀a฀few฀months฀ago. ฀ B:฀Did฀l?฀Are฀you฀sure?฀1฀don’t฀remember฀._____________________________you฀any฀money. 3.฀A:฀Did฀you฀remember฀_____________________________฀your฀sister? ฀ B:฀No,฀I฀clean฀(=฀completely)฀forgot.฀I’ll฀phone฀her฀tomorrow. 182

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4.฀When฀you฀see฀Mandy฀tomorrow,฀remember฀_____________________________฀her฀my฀regards,฀won’t฀you? 5.฀Someone฀must฀have฀taken฀my฀bag.฀I฀clearly฀remember฀_____________________________฀it฀by฀the฀window฀and฀now฀ it฀has฀gone. 6.฀1฀believe฀that฀what฀1฀said฀was฀fair.฀1฀don’t฀regret฀_____________________________฀it. 7.฀(after฀a฀driving฀test)฀I฀regret฀_____________________________฀that฀you฀have฀failed฀the฀test. 8.฀Keith฀joined฀the฀company฀15฀years฀ago.฀He฀was฀quickly฀promoted฀and฀became฀assistant฀manager฀after฀two฀years.฀ A฀few฀years฀later฀he฀went฀on฀_____________________________฀manager฀of฀the฀company. 9.฀I฀can’t฀go฀on฀_____________________________here฀any฀more.฀I฀want฀a฀different฀job. 10.฀When฀1฀came฀into฀the฀room฀Liz฀was฀reading฀a฀newspaper.฀She฀looked฀up฀and฀said฀hello฀to฀me,฀and฀then฀went฀on฀ _____________________________฀her฀newspaper. 11.฀This฀jacket฀is฀dirty.฀It฀needs฀_____________________________. 12.฀This฀is฀very฀urgent.฀I฀need฀_____________________________฀with฀the฀manager฀immediately. Ex.฀4.฀(Review)฀Use฀the฀verbs฀given฀in฀the฀correct฀form,฀GERUND,฀TO-INFINITIVE,฀BARE฀INFINITIVE.฀Remember฀ that฀in฀some฀cases฀you฀have฀two฀alternatives฀and฀that฀sometimes฀there฀is฀a฀change฀in฀the฀meaning. 1.฀I฀saw฀Bob฀_____________________________฀the฀car฀yesterday.฀It฀took฀him฀more฀than฀20฀minutes฀to฀do฀it.฀(wash) 2.฀I฀drove฀past฀Peter´s฀house฀yesterday.฀I฀saw฀him฀_____________________________฀his฀car.฀(wash). 3.฀Did฀you฀remember฀_____________________________฀Mary฀last฀night,฀or฀did฀you฀forget?฀(phone) 4.฀I฀haven´t฀phoned฀her฀at฀her฀home฀lately.฀In฀fact฀I฀don´t฀remember฀___________________฀her฀for฀a฀long฀time฀(phone) 5.฀I฀look฀forward฀_____________________________฀to฀that฀wedding฀party฀on฀Friday.฀(go) 6.฀We฀used_____________________________฀on฀holiday฀every฀summer฀when฀I฀was฀a฀child.฀(go) 7.฀It฀started฀_____________________________฀at฀about฀7:30฀this฀morning.฀(rain) 8.฀Bob฀never฀got฀used฀_____________________________฀in฀that฀part฀of฀the฀country.฀(live) 9.฀I฀don´t฀mind฀_____________________________฀the฀washing฀up.฀As฀a฀matter฀of฀fact฀I฀do฀it฀every฀day.฀(do) 10.฀Could฀you฀helpj฀Jimmy฀_____________________________฀that฀math฀exercise,George?฀(do) 11.฀Please฀let฀me฀_____________________________฀cartoons,฀mum.฀I´ve฀already฀done฀my฀homework.฀(watch) 12.฀Where฀did฀they฀agree_____________________________,฀in฀La฀Paz฀or฀in฀Sucre?฀(meet) 13.฀The฀men฀have฀been฀walking฀up฀the฀hill฀for฀about฀an฀hour,฀so฀they´ll฀stop฀________________________฀(rest)฀a฀while. 14.฀The฀children฀stopped฀_____________________________฀when฀the฀teacher฀entered฀the฀room.฀(talk) 15.฀I฀can´t฀afford฀_____________________________฀that฀house.฀It฀is฀too฀expensive.(buy) 16.฀They฀wanted฀_____________________________฀the฀soccer฀game฀on฀TV.฀(watch) 17.฀I฀am฀considering฀_____________________________฀to฀a฀smaller฀apartment฀soon.฀(move) 18.฀I฀am฀planning฀_____________________________฀to฀a฀smaller฀apartment฀soon.฀(move) 19.฀He฀left฀the฀house฀without฀_____________________________฀the฀front฀door.฀(lock) 20.฀I฀think฀Jane฀is฀quite฀used฀_____________________________฀with฀Dr.฀Smith.฀(work)

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PART฀III TAG฀ENDINGS. Los฀Tag฀Endings฀se฀usan฀al฀final฀de฀una฀aseveración฀con฀el฀fin฀de฀buscar฀una฀confirmación฀o฀para฀indicar฀que฀lo฀que฀se฀ afirma฀está฀correcto.฀Equivale฀a฀la฀pregunta฀¿Verdad?฀¿No฀es฀cierto?.฀Salvo฀que฀estemos฀buscando฀una฀confirmación,฀ normalmente฀se฀usa฀una฀entonación฀descendente. Mary฀is฀at฀home฀now,฀isn´t฀she?฀ You฀know฀him฀well,฀don´t฀you?฀฀ Bob฀left฀on฀Wednesday,฀didn´t฀he?฀ The฀boys฀can฀speak฀French,฀can´t฀they?฀ Thomas฀has฀been฀here฀before,฀hasn´t฀he?฀

Mary฀isn´t฀at฀home฀now,฀is฀she? You฀don´t฀know฀him฀well,฀do฀you? Bob฀didn´t฀leave฀on฀Wednesday,฀did฀he? The฀boys฀can´t฀speak฀French,฀can฀they? Thomas฀hasn´t฀been฀here฀before,฀has฀he?

Como฀Ud.฀ha฀advertido,฀los฀tag฀endings฀siempre฀se฀expresan฀de฀la฀siguiente฀manera: Sujeto฀+฀aseveración฀afirmativa Mary฀is฀at฀home฀now, You฀know฀him฀well, The฀boy฀can฀speak฀French, Sujeto฀+฀aseveración฀negativa ฀Mary฀isn´t฀at฀home฀now, ฀You฀don´t฀know฀him฀well, ฀The฀boy฀can´t฀speak฀French,

Contracción+฀Pronombre฀(Nunca฀un฀nombre) isn´t฀she? don´t฀you? can´t฀he? Verbo฀Modal฀+฀Pronombre฀(Nunca฀un฀nombre) is฀she? do฀you? can฀he?

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Add฀the฀proper฀tag฀ending: 1.฀He฀comes฀here฀every฀day.฀฀____________________________________ ?฀฀฀฀(He฀comes฀here฀every฀day,฀doesn’t฀he?) 2.฀She฀can฀speak฀French฀well,฀______________________________________________________? 3.฀They฀will฀be฀here฀early,฀___________________________________________________________? 4.฀He฀left฀at฀two฀o’clock,฀฀ __________________________________________________________? 5.฀He฀has฀to฀work฀tomorrow,฀฀_______________________________________________________? 6.฀He฀has฀many฀friends฀here,฀฀_______________________________________________________? 7.฀You฀live฀uptown,฀฀_______________________________________________________________? 8.฀She฀studies฀with฀you,฀ ___________________________________________________________? 9.฀He฀will฀be฀back฀later,฀฀____________________________________________________________? 10.฀Henry฀left฀at฀two฀o’clock,฀ ________________________________________________________? 11.฀There´s฀some฀more฀milk฀in฀the฀fridge,฀฀______________________________________________? 12.฀Both฀men฀look฀very฀much฀alike,฀___________________________________________________? 13.฀I´m฀your฀best฀friend,฀฀ ____________________________________________________________? 14.฀Mr.฀Smith฀has฀seen฀that฀movie,฀ ___________________________________________________? Ex.฀2.฀Add฀the฀proper฀tag฀ending.฀Note฀that฀all฀these฀sentences฀are฀formed฀with฀the฀verb฀To฀BE,฀used฀either฀as฀ the฀main฀verb฀or฀as฀the฀auxiliary฀verb: 1.฀John฀is฀a฀good฀student.฀ ______________________________________ ?฀฀฀฀฀(John฀is฀a฀good฀student,฀isn’t฀he?) 2.฀They฀were฀both฀absent฀from฀the฀lesson,฀____________________________________________? 3.฀The฀wind฀is฀blowing฀very฀hard,฀____________________________________________________? 4.฀Helen฀and฀her฀sister฀are฀both฀studying฀English,฀฀ _____________________________________? 5.฀You฀are฀busy฀today,฀฀ ____________________________________________________________? 6.฀I´m฀doing฀the฀exercise฀well,฀฀______________________________________________________? 7.฀George฀is฀a฀very฀tall฀boy,฀฀ ________________________________________________________? 8.฀You฀were฀absent฀from฀class฀yesterday,฀฀ ____________________________________________? 9.฀It฀is฀beginning฀to฀rain,฀฀___________________________________________________________? 184

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10.฀Mr.฀Smith฀is฀out฀of฀town,฀฀ ________________________________________________________? 11.฀They฀are฀leaving฀early฀in฀the฀morning,฀฀ _____________________________________________? 12.฀There฀are฀many฀students฀absent฀today,฀฀____________________________________________? Ex.฀3.฀Add฀the฀proper฀tag฀ending: 1.฀Mary฀goes฀shopping฀every฀day.฀_____________________________?฀(Mary฀goes฀shopping฀every฀day,฀doesn’t฀she?) 2.฀Sue฀was฀at฀home฀when฀you฀called฀last฀night,฀฀_______________________________________ ? 3.฀José฀used฀to฀work฀in฀this฀office,฀฀__________________________________________________ ? 4.฀William฀has฀been฀working฀very฀hard฀today,฀฀_________________________________________ ? 5.฀William฀was฀born฀in฀Cardiff,฀฀______________________________________________________ ? 6.฀William฀will฀be฀here฀soon,฀฀________________________________________________________ ? 7.฀The฀traffic฀on฀this฀street฀was฀very฀heavy฀that฀evening,฀฀________________________________ ? 8.฀The฀sun฀sets฀at฀about฀six฀o’clock,฀฀ ________________________________________________ ? 9.฀The฀sun฀is฀setting฀now,฀฀__________________________________________________________ ? 10.฀Bob´s฀going฀to฀buy฀a฀new฀car฀this฀year,฀฀____________________________________________ ? 11.฀They฀went฀into฀the฀church,฀฀ ______________________________________________________ ? 12.฀The฀shopping฀district฀extends฀for฀many฀blocks,฀฀_____________________________________ ? Ex.฀4.฀Add฀the฀proper฀tag฀ending: 1.฀He฀doesn’t฀come฀here฀every฀day.฀฀__________________________ ?฀฀(He฀doesn’t฀come฀here฀every฀day,฀does฀he?) 2.฀She฀isn’t฀busy฀now,฀฀ ____________________________________________________________ ? 3.฀They฀didn’t฀come฀with฀her,฀฀_______________________________________________________ ? 4.฀She฀can’t฀speak฀French,฀฀ ________________________________________________________ ? 5.฀They฀don’t฀live฀uptown,฀฀ _________________________________________________________ ? 6.฀He฀didn’t฀visit฀us฀last฀night,฀฀______________________________________________________ ? 7.฀She฀won’t฀be฀at฀the฀lesson฀tomorrow,฀฀_____________________________________________ ? 8.฀They฀don’t฀know฀each฀other,฀฀_____________________________________________________ ? 9.฀We฀don’t฀have฀to฀come฀to฀school฀tomorrow,฀฀ _______________________________________? 10.฀They฀didn’t฀have฀to฀work฀yesterday,฀฀_______________________________________________? 11.฀He฀hasn’t฀got฀any฀money,฀฀ _______________________________________________________? 12.฀They฀didn’t฀arrive฀on฀time,฀฀_______________________________________________________ ? Ex.฀5.฀Add฀the฀proper฀tag฀ending: 1.฀John฀often฀walks฀to฀the฀post฀office.฀_________________________ ?฀ ฀ (John฀often฀walks฀to฀the฀post฀office,฀doesn’t฀ he?) 2.฀He฀never฀goes฀there฀in฀the฀morning.,฀฀______________________________________________? 3.฀He฀first฀goes฀to฀the฀window฀marked฀“Stamps.”,฀ _____________________________________? 4.฀He฀doesn’t฀always฀buy฀stamps.,฀ __________________________________________________? 5.฀There฀are฀many฀people฀ahead฀of฀him,฀฀_____________________________________________? 6.฀There฀are฀only฀a฀few฀people฀ahead฀of฀him,฀฀_________________________________________? 7.฀He฀doesn’t฀always฀have฀to฀wait฀in฀line,฀฀_____________________________________________? 8.฀He฀didn’t฀have฀to฀wait฀in฀line฀yesterday,฀฀____________________________________________? 9.฀He฀won’t฀have฀to฀wait฀in฀line฀tomorrow,฀฀____________________________________________? 10.฀He฀gave฀him฀the฀stamps,฀฀________________________________________________________? 11.฀John฀didn’t฀receive฀any฀change,฀฀__________________________________________________? 12.฀He฀put฀a฀stamp฀on฀the฀envelope,฀฀_________________________________________________? 13.฀He฀didn’t฀mail฀any฀packages,฀฀ ____________________________________________________? 14.฀But฀he฀dropped฀the฀letter฀into฀the฀box,฀฀ ____________________________________________?

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Ex.฀6.฀You฀think,฀but฀you฀are฀not฀sure.฀Ask฀questions,฀using฀tag฀endings.฀Read฀these฀examples: You฀think฀Mary฀speaks฀Spanish,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say:฀Mary฀speaks฀Spanish,฀doesn`t฀she? You฀think฀the฀children฀can`t฀swim฀well.฀You฀say:฀The฀children฀can`t฀swim฀well,฀can฀they? 1.฀ You฀think฀John`s฀been฀to฀England฀twice,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 2.฀You฀think฀my฀friends฀come฀from฀Wisconsin,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 3.฀You฀think฀Bob฀didn`t฀attend฀the฀meeting฀last฀Monday,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 4.฀You฀think฀there฀isn`t฀any฀more฀whisky฀in฀the฀bottle,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 5.฀You฀think฀they฀have฀to฀work฀a฀little฀faster,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 6.฀You฀think฀Jane฀shouldn`t฀do฀that฀again,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 7.฀You฀think฀the฀boy฀has฀had฀dinner฀already,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 8.฀You฀think฀there฀was฀too฀much฀noise฀in฀the฀room,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 9.฀You฀think฀you´re฀a฀good฀student,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 10.฀You฀think฀the฀boys฀worked฀harder฀than฀the฀girls,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 11.฀You฀think฀I฀wouldn`t฀like฀to฀go฀there฀again,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 12.฀You฀think฀John฀put฀on฀his฀new฀sweater,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 13.฀You฀think฀I฀was฀at฀the฀meeting฀too,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________? 14.฀You฀think฀the฀train฀hadn`t฀left฀yet฀when฀I฀got฀to฀the฀station,฀but฀you`re฀not฀sure.฀You฀say: ฀ ฀________________________________________________________________________________________________?

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BASIC฀VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words SPORTS฀AND฀RECREATION฀Deportes฀y฀Recreación amusement฀park฀/amiuzment฀pá:rk/฀parque฀de฀diversiones.฀ angling฀/ægli pesca฀de฀río฀ ´ η /฀ atletismo฀ athletics฀/aθlétiks/฀ baños,฀termas฀ baths฀/ba:θs/฀ beach฀/bi:tch/฀ playa฀ bowling฀/bóuliη/฀ bocha฀ boxeo฀ boxing฀/bóksiη/฀ car-racing฀/ka:r฀réisiη/฀ carrera฀de฀autos฀ casino฀/kazí:nou/฀ casino฀de฀juegos฀ cinema฀/sínema/฀ cine฀ circus฀/sé:rkas/฀ circo฀ climbing฀/kláimiη/฀ andinismo฀ competition฀/kompetíshn/฀ competición฀ court฀/kó:rt/฀ cancha฀(tenis)฀ ciclismo฀ cycling฀/sáikliη/฀ championship฀/tchámpionship/฀campeonato฀ disco฀/dískou/฀ discoteca฀ buceo฀ diving฀/dáiviη/฀ drive฀/dráiv/฀ paseo฀en฀auto฀ excursion฀/ekskérshion/฀ excursión฀ exhibition฀/eksibíshion/฀ exposición฀ expedition฀/ekspedíshion/฀ expedición฀ fair฀/féar/฀ feria฀ fencing฀/fénsiη/฀ esgrima฀ field฀/fí:ld/฀ cancha฀(fútbol)฀ pesca฀ fishing฀/físhiη/฀ game฀/géim/฀ juego,฀partido฀ gliding฀/gláidiη/฀ planeo฀ green฀/grí:n/฀ cancha฀(golf)฀ horse฀riding฀/ho:rs฀ráidiη/฀ equitación฀ carreras฀hípica฀ horse-racing฀/hó:rs฀réisiη/฀ hunting฀/hántiη/฀ caza฀ salto฀de฀vallas฀ hurdling฀/hé:rdliη/฀ ice-skating฀/áis฀skéitiη/฀ patinaje฀en฀hielo฀ javelin฀/dllævelin/ ฀ javalina฀ ´ trote฀ jogging฀/dllógiη/฀ journey฀/dllé:rni/฀ Viaje฀ jumping฀/dllámpiη/฀ Salto

lawn฀/ló:n/฀ césped match฀/mæ´฀tch/฀ partido฀(fútbol,box) movie฀theater฀/múvi฀θíater/฀ sala฀de฀cine museum฀/miuzíam/฀ museo night฀club฀/náit฀klab/฀ club฀nocturno oar฀/óar/฀ remo obstacle฀/óbstakl/฀hurdle฀/hé:dl/฀obstáculo,valla paddling฀/pæ´฀liη/฀ remo฀de฀paleta park฀/pá:rk/฀ parque pentatlón pentathlon฀/péntaθlon/฀ picnic฀/píknik/฀ picnic ride฀/ráid/฀ paseo฀a฀caballo,฀etc cancha฀de฀patines rink฀/riηk/฀ rowing฀/róuiη/฀ remo running฀/rániη/฀ carrera seaside฀resort฀/sí:said฀risó:rt/฀ balneario sightseeing฀tour฀/sáitsi:iη฀túar/฀ paseo฀turístico skating฀/skéitiη/฀ patinaje skiing฀/skí:iη/฀ esquí centro฀de฀esquí skiing฀resort฀/skí:iη฀rizó:rt/฀ sneakers฀/sní:kerz/฀ zapatillas surfing surfing฀/sé:rfiη/฀ sweat-shirt฀/suét฀shé:rt/฀ polerón swimming฀/suímiη/฀ natación sword฀/só:rd/฀ espada theater฀/δíater/฀ teatro tour฀/túar/฀ viaje,฀excursión tournament฀/tó:rnament/฀ torneo track฀/træk/฀ pista฀de฀carrera trekking฀/trékiη/฀ excursión฀en฀montaña trip฀/trip/฀ viaje trunks฀/tráηks/฀ pantalones฀de฀atlet. T-shirt฀/ti:฀shé:rt/฀ polera voyage฀/vóiidll/฀ viaje walk฀/wó:k/฀ caminata water-skiing฀/wó:ter฀skíiη/฀ esquí฀acuático pesas weight-lifting฀/wéit฀líftiη/฀

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UNIT฀13 PART฀I. Ex.฀1.฀1฀has฀been฀living฀2.฀have฀been฀working฀3.฀has฀been฀sitting฀4.฀have฀been฀standing฀5.฀have฀been฀waiting฀6.฀have฀ been฀running฀7.฀has฀been฀reading฀8.฀has฀been฀writing฀9.฀have฀been฀working฀out฀10.฀have฀been฀discussing Ex.฀2.฀1.฀He฀hasn`t฀been฀living...฀/฀Has฀he฀been฀living...?฀2.฀They฀haven`t฀been฀playing...฀/฀Have฀they฀been฀playing...?฀฀ 3.฀Jane฀hasn`t฀been฀feeling...฀/฀Has฀Jane฀been฀feeling...?฀4.฀They฀haven`t฀been฀discussing...฀/฀Have฀they฀been฀discussing...?฀ 5.฀Bob฀hasn`t฀been฀swimming...฀/฀Has฀Bob฀been฀swimming...?฀`t Ex.฀3.฀1.฀What฀has฀Henry฀been฀reading฀all฀morning?฀2.฀What฀has฀Bill฀been฀doing฀all฀morning?฀3.฀Where฀have฀they฀been฀ staying?฀4.฀Why฀have฀they฀been฀saving฀money?฀5.฀How฀long฀have฀your฀friends฀been฀living฀in฀Madrid?฀6.฀What฀has฀the฀ boy฀been฀doing฀since฀7฀o`clock?฀7.฀How฀long฀have฀they฀been฀waiting฀for฀a฀taxi?

PART฀II. A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀to฀get฀married฀2.฀to฀help฀Jack฀3.฀to฀carry฀the฀woman`s฀bag฀4.฀to฀meet฀at฀8฀o`clock฀5.฀to฀tell฀the฀man฀her฀ name Ex.฀2.฀(Possible฀answers)฀1.฀to฀post.฀2.฀to฀get฀3.฀to฀buy฀4.฀(how)฀to฀use฀5.฀to฀be฀6.฀to฀say Ex.฀3.฀1.฀watching฀2.฀to฀go฀3.฀going฀4.฀waiting฀5.฀to฀go฀6.฀barking฀7.฀to฀call฀8.฀having฀9.฀missing 10.฀to฀find Ex.฀4.฀1.฀He฀seems฀to฀have฀lost฀weight฀2.฀Tom฀appears฀to฀be฀worried฀about฀something.฀3.฀You฀seem฀to฀know฀a฀lot฀of฀ people.฀4.฀My฀English฀seems฀to฀be฀getting฀better.฀5.That฀car฀appears฀to฀have฀broken฀down฀6.฀David฀tends฀to฀forget฀ things.฀7.฀They฀claim฀to฀have฀solved฀the฀problem. Ex.฀5.฀1.฀how฀to฀get฀2.฀how฀to฀use฀3.฀what฀to฀do฀4.฀how฀to฀ride฀5.฀what฀to฀say฀6.฀whether฀to฀go Ex.฀6.฀1.฀go฀with฀you?฀2.฀lend฀you฀some฀3.฀shut฀it฀4.฀you฀like฀to฀show฀you฀how฀to฀use฀it฀5.฀you฀want฀me฀to฀repeat฀what฀ I฀said฀6.฀you฀want฀me฀to฀wait Ex.฀7.฀2.฀to฀come฀and฀stay฀with฀them฀for฀a฀few฀days฀3.฀Bob฀use฀her฀phone฀4.฀Hans฀to฀be฀careful฀5.฀Jane฀to฀give฀him฀ a฀hand. Ex.฀8.฀1.฀me฀to฀use฀his฀car.฀2.฀it฀to฀rain฀/฀it฀would฀rain.฀3.฀him฀do฀what฀he฀wants.฀4.฀him฀look฀older. 5.฀you฀to฀know฀the฀truth.฀6.฀me฀to฀phone฀my฀sister.฀7.฀me฀to฀apply฀for฀the฀job.฀8.฀not฀to฀say฀anything฀to฀the฀police.฀9.฀ to฀believe฀everything฀he฀says.฀10.฀you฀to฀travel฀round฀more฀easily. Ex.฀9.฀1.฀to฀smoke฀2.฀to฀go฀3.฀to฀do฀4.฀read฀5.฀to฀go฀6.฀to฀go฀7.฀to฀eat฀8.฀cry฀9.฀to฀study. B. Ex.฀1.฀4.฀to฀get฀5.฀eating฀6.฀to฀take฀7.฀meeting฀/฀to฀meet฀8.฀camping฀9.฀to฀help฀10.฀watching฀/฀to฀watch 11.฀cracking฀12.฀to฀feed฀13.฀to฀be฀14..฀moving฀15.฀to฀arrive฀16.฀going฀/฀to฀go฀17.฀to฀lock฀18.฀living฀19.฀writing฀20.฀jogging฀ 21.฀to฀hire฀/฀hiring฀-฀coming฀22.฀.to฀say฀23.฀to฀go฀shopping฀24.฀to฀want฀to฀go฀sailing Ex.฀2.฀1.฀stealing฀/฀having฀stolen฀2.฀driving฀3.฀to฀go฀4.฀to฀go฀5.฀raining฀6.฀to฀buy฀7.฀asking฀8.฀asking฀9.฀to฀answer฀10.฀ breaking฀/฀having฀broken฀11.฀to฀pay฀12.฀eating฀13.฀to฀shut฀14.฀meeting...to฀see฀15.฀to฀cry฀/฀crying฀16.฀to฀get Ex.฀3.฀2.฀lending฀/฀having฀lent฀you฀3.฀to฀phone.฀4.฀to฀give฀5.฀having฀left฀/฀leaving฀6.฀saying฀/฀having฀said฀7.฀to฀tell฀8.฀to฀ become฀9.฀working฀10.฀reading฀11.฀cleaning฀12.฀to฀talk฀/฀to฀meet A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Ex.฀4.฀1.฀wash฀2.฀washing฀3.฀to฀phone฀4.฀phoning฀5.฀to฀going฀6.to฀go฀7.฀to฀rain฀/฀raining฀8.฀to฀living฀9.฀doing฀10.฀do฀/฀to฀ do฀11.฀watch฀12.฀to฀meet฀13.฀(in฀order)฀to฀rest฀14.฀talking฀15.฀to฀buy฀16.฀to฀watch฀17.฀moving฀18.฀to฀move฀19.฀locking฀ 20.฀to฀working C. Ex.฀1.฀2.฀She฀can฀speak...,฀can`t฀she?฀3.฀They`ll฀be...,฀won`t฀they?฀4.฀He฀left...,฀didn`t฀he?฀5.฀He฀has฀to฀work...,฀doesn`t฀ he?฀6.฀He฀has฀many...,฀doesn`t฀he?฀7.฀You฀live...,฀don`t฀you?฀8.฀She฀studies...,฀doesn`t฀she?฀9.฀He`ll฀be฀back...,฀won`t฀ he?฀10.฀Henry฀left...,฀didn`t฀he?฀11.฀There`s฀some...,฀isn´t฀there?฀12.฀Both฀men฀look...,฀don`t฀they?฀13.฀I`m฀your...,฀aren`t฀ I?฀14.฀Mr฀Smith``s฀seen...,฀hasn`t฀he? Ex.฀2.฀2.฀They฀were฀both฀absent...,฀weren`t฀they?฀3.฀The฀wind`s฀blowing...,฀isn`t฀it?฀4.฀Helen฀and฀her฀sister฀are฀both...,฀ aren`t฀they?฀5.฀You`re฀busy...,฀aren`t฀you?฀6.฀I`m฀doing...,฀aren`t฀I?฀7.฀George`s฀a฀very...,฀isn`t฀he?฀8.฀You฀were฀absent...,฀ weren`t฀you?฀9.฀It`s฀beginning...,฀isn`t฀it?฀10.฀Mr฀Smith`s฀out฀of...,฀isn`t฀he?฀11.฀They`re฀leaving...,฀aren`t฀they?฀12.฀There฀ are฀many...,฀aren`t฀there? Ex.฀3.฀2.฀Sue฀was฀at฀home...,฀wasn`t฀she?฀3.฀José฀used฀to฀work...,฀didn´t฀he?฀4.฀William`s฀been฀working...,฀hasn`t฀he?฀ 5.฀William฀was฀born฀in...,฀wasn`t฀he?฀6.฀William฀will฀be...,฀won`t฀he?฀7.฀The฀traffic฀on฀this฀street฀was฀very...,฀wasn`t฀it?฀฀ 8.฀The฀sun฀sets...,฀doesn`t฀it?฀9.฀The฀sun`s฀setting...,฀isn`t฀it?฀10.฀Bob`s฀going฀to฀buy...,฀isn`t฀he?฀11.฀They฀went...,฀didn`t฀ they?฀12.฀The฀shopping฀district฀extends...,฀doesn`t฀it. Ex.฀4.฀2.฀She฀isn`t฀busy...,฀is฀she?฀3.฀They฀didn`t฀come...,฀did฀they?฀4.฀She฀can`t฀speak...,฀can฀she? 5.฀They฀don`t฀live...,฀do฀they?฀6.฀He฀didn`t฀visit...,฀did฀he?฀7.฀She฀won`t฀be...,฀will฀she?฀8.฀They฀don`t฀know...,฀do฀they?฀ 9.฀We฀don`t฀have฀to฀come...,฀do฀we?฀10.฀They฀didn`t฀have฀to฀work...,฀did฀they?฀11.฀He฀hasn`t฀got...,฀has฀he?฀12.฀They฀ didn`t฀arrive...,฀did฀they? Ex.฀5.฀2.฀He฀never฀goes...,฀does฀he?฀3.฀He฀first฀goes฀to...,฀doesn`t฀he?฀4.฀He฀doesn`t฀always฀buy...,฀does฀he?฀5.฀There฀ are฀many฀people...,฀aren`t฀there?฀6.฀There฀are฀only฀a฀few...,฀aren`t฀there? 7.฀He฀doesn`t฀always฀have฀to฀wait...,฀does฀he?฀8.฀He฀didn`t฀have฀to฀wait...,฀did฀he?฀9.฀He฀won`t฀have฀to฀wait...,฀will฀ he?฀10.฀He฀gave...,฀didn`t฀he?฀11.฀John฀didn`t฀receive...,฀did฀he?฀12.฀He฀put...,฀didn`t฀he?฀13.฀He฀didn`t฀mail...,฀did฀he?฀฀ 14.฀But฀he฀dropped...,฀didn`t฀he? Ex.฀6.฀1.฀John`s฀been฀to฀England฀twice,฀hasn`t฀he?฀2.฀Your฀friends฀come฀from฀Wisconsin,฀don´t฀they?฀3.฀Bob฀didn´t฀ attend฀the฀meeting฀last฀Monday,฀did฀he?฀4.฀There฀isn`t฀any฀more฀whisky฀in฀the฀bottle,฀is฀there?฀5.฀They฀have฀to฀work฀a฀ little฀faster,฀don`t฀they?฀6.฀Jane฀shouldn`t฀do฀that฀again,฀should฀she?฀7.฀The฀boy฀has฀had฀dinner฀already,฀hasn`t฀he?฀8.฀ There฀was฀too฀much฀noise฀in฀the฀room,฀wasn`t฀there?฀9.฀I´m฀a฀good฀student,฀aren´t฀I?฀10.฀The฀boys฀worked฀harder฀than฀ the฀girls,฀didn`t฀they?฀11.฀You฀wouldn´t฀like฀to฀go฀there฀again,฀would฀you?฀12.฀John฀put฀on฀his฀new฀sweater,฀didn`t฀he?฀ 13.฀You฀were฀at฀the฀meeting฀too,฀weren`t฀you?฀14.฀The฀train฀hadn`t฀yet฀left฀when฀you฀got฀to฀the฀station,฀had฀it?

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UNIT฀14 PART฀1.฀EL฀TIEMPO฀PASADO฀PERFECTO฀(THE฀PAST฀PERFECT฀TENSE) Este฀tiempo฀verbal฀se฀forma฀con฀el฀pasado฀del฀verbo฀modal฀Have฀(HAD฀/hæd/)฀más฀el฀Participio฀Pasado฀(3ra.฀forma)฀ de฀un฀verbo฀principal฀y฀se฀usa฀para฀describir฀una฀acción฀que฀ocurrió฀antes฀que฀otra฀acción฀sucediera.฀Por฀lo฀tanto฀ este฀tiempo฀no฀se฀usa฀en฀forma฀independiente,฀pues฀siempre฀va฀junto฀a฀una฀oración฀expresada฀en฀pasado฀simple.฀De฀ dos฀acciones฀pasadas,฀la฀que฀cronológicamente฀ocurrió฀primero฀debe฀ir฀en฀el฀Pasado฀Perfecto. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda Hans฀left฀at฀8:15.฀You฀phoned฀at฀8:25. Hans฀had฀already฀left฀when฀you฀phoned฀this฀morning.฀/háns฀had฀oñrédi฀léft฀wen฀iú:฀fóund฀δis฀mó:rniη/ Hans฀ya฀había฀partido฀cuando฀tú฀llamaste฀por฀teléfono฀esta฀mañana฀ The฀show฀started฀at฀10:30.฀Paul฀arrived฀at฀the฀theater฀at฀10:40.฀ The฀show฀had฀already฀started฀when฀Paul฀arrived฀at฀the฀theater.฀/δe฀shóu฀had฀olrédi฀stá:rtid฀wen฀pó:l฀arráivd฀at฀δe฀θíater/ El฀espectáculo฀ya฀había฀comenzado฀cuando฀Paul฀llegó฀al฀teatro. The฀old฀man฀died฀at฀11:25.฀The฀ambulance฀arrived฀a฀few฀minutes฀later. By฀the฀time฀the฀ambulance฀arrived,฀the฀old฀man฀had฀already฀died.฀/bai฀δe฀táim฀δe฀æmbiuláns฀arráivd฀δe฀óuld฀mæn฀had฀olrédi฀dáid/ Cuando฀la฀ambulancia฀llegó,฀el฀viejo฀ya฀había฀fallecido. Al฀igual฀que฀en฀el฀Pasado฀Contínuo,฀las฀expresiones฀de฀tiempo฀que฀acompañan฀al฀Pasado฀Perfecto,฀son฀aquellas฀ cláusulas฀compuestas฀por฀WHEN฀+฀S฀+฀PASADO฀SIMPLE:฀When฀you฀phoned฀this฀morning;฀When฀Paul฀arrived฀at฀ the฀theatre;฀By฀the฀time฀the฀ambulance฀arrived. Compare: They฀were฀having฀lunch฀when฀you฀called.฀/δéi฀we:r฀hæviη฀lántch฀wen฀iú:฀kó.ld/ Ellos฀estaban฀almorzando฀cuando฀tú฀llamaste.฀ (La฀acción฀no฀había฀concluido) They฀had฀already฀had฀lunch฀when฀you฀called.฀/δéi฀had฀olrédi฀hæd฀lántch฀wen฀iú:฀kó.ld/ Ellos฀ya฀habían฀almorzado฀cuando฀tú฀llamaste.฀ (La฀acción฀ya฀había฀concluido) En฀la฀primera฀oración,฀la฀acción฀expresada฀por฀el฀Pasado฀Contínuo฀todavía฀se฀estaba฀realizando฀(They฀were฀having฀lunch)฀ cuando฀la฀segunda฀acción฀ocurrió฀(when฀you฀called),฀mientras฀que฀en฀la฀segunda฀oración฀la฀acción฀expresada฀por฀el฀ Pasado฀Perfecto฀ya฀había฀concluído฀(They฀had฀already฀had฀lunch)฀cuando฀la฀segunda฀acción฀ocurrió฀(when฀you฀called). La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀con฀HAD฀NOT฀(o฀HADN´T฀/hædnt/฀)฀más฀un฀Participio฀Pasado฀y฀la฀forma฀interrogativa฀se฀ expresa฀invirtiendo฀el฀orden฀de฀HAD฀con฀el฀sujeto.฀(Recuerde฀que฀en฀las฀oraciones฀negativas฀debe฀usar฀yet฀en฀vez฀de฀ already).฀En฀las฀preguntas฀introducidas฀con฀una฀palabra฀interrogativa฀como฀what,฀where,฀how,฀etc.,฀se฀debe฀seguir฀ el฀mismo฀orden฀de฀palabras฀usado฀en฀las฀preguntas฀simples. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: Hans฀had฀not฀left฀yet฀when฀you฀phoned฀this฀morning.฀/háns฀had฀nót฀léft฀yét฀wen฀iú:฀fóund฀δis฀mó:rniη/ The฀show฀hadn´t฀started฀yet฀when฀Paul฀arrived฀at฀the฀theater.฀/δe฀shóu฀hædnt฀stá:rtid฀yét฀wen฀pó:l฀arráivd฀at฀δe฀θíater/ The฀old฀man฀hadn´t฀died฀yet฀by฀the฀time฀the฀ambulance฀arrived.฀ /δi฀óuld฀mæn฀hædnt฀dáid฀yét฀bai฀ δe฀táim฀ δe฀æmbiuláns฀ arráivd/ Had฀Hans฀left฀already฀when฀you฀phoned฀this฀morning?฀/had฀háns฀léft฀olrédi฀wen฀iú:฀fóund฀δis฀mó:rniη/ Had฀the฀show฀started฀yet฀when฀Paul฀arrived฀at฀the฀theatre?฀/had฀δe฀shóu฀stá:rtid฀yét฀wen฀pó:l฀arráivd฀at฀δe฀θíater/ Where฀had฀they฀lived฀before฀they฀moved฀to฀Santiago?฀/wéar฀had฀δéi฀lívd฀bifó:r฀δéi฀mú:vd฀tu฀santiágou/ La฀pregunta฀habitual฀en฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀es: WHAT฀HAD฀YOU฀DONE?฀/wót฀had฀iú:฀dán/฀(¿Qué฀había฀hecho฀ud.?)฀

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EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Complete฀the฀following฀sentences฀using฀the฀appropriate฀verbs฀in฀the฀Past฀Perfect฀tense. 1.฀Mary฀______________________already฀______________________฀to฀the฀cinema฀when฀I฀arrived.฀(go) 2.฀They฀_____________________฀already฀_____________________฀the฀discussion฀when฀we฀entered฀the฀room.(start) 3.฀Bob฀________________฀just฀_________________฀typing฀the฀report฀when฀the฀general฀called฀him฀to฀his฀office.(finish) 4.฀When฀the฀police฀arrived,฀the฀thief฀______________________฀already฀______________________.฀(disappear) 5.฀She฀said฀she฀______________________฀there฀several฀times฀before.฀(be) 6.฀As฀soon฀as฀he฀opened฀the฀door,฀he฀noticed฀that฀someone฀______________________฀his฀TV฀set.฀(steal) 7.฀The฀policeman฀told฀us฀that฀we฀______________________฀the฀wrong฀road.฀(take) 8.฀They฀arrived฀only฀ten฀minutes฀after฀John฀______________________.฀(leave) 9.฀By฀the฀time฀the฀firemen฀arrived,฀the฀neighbours฀_________________already_________________the฀fire.฀(put฀out 10.Mary฀_____________________฀already฀_____________________฀to฀bed฀when฀we฀arrived฀home฀last฀night.฀(go) Ex.฀2.฀Complete฀the฀following฀sentences฀using฀the฀verbs฀provided฀either฀in฀the฀Simple฀Past฀or฀in฀the฀Past฀ Perfect฀Tenses. 1.฀Robert฀(be)______________________฀a฀taxi฀driver฀before฀he฀(become)฀______________________ ฀ a฀businessman. 2.฀Mr฀Smith฀(feel)฀______________________฀a฀little฀better฀after฀he฀(take)฀______________________฀the฀medicine. 3.฀The฀teacher฀(give,฀already)฀______________________฀the฀test฀results฀when฀I฀(get)฀____________________฀to฀class. 4.฀The฀detectives฀(leave)฀______________________฀the฀place฀after฀they฀(collect)฀______________________฀enough฀ evidence 5.฀It฀was฀raining฀hard,฀but฀by฀the฀time฀the฀meeting฀(be)฀______________________฀over,฀the฀rain฀(stop)฀_____________ _________ 6.฀The฀show฀(begin,฀already)฀______________________฀by฀the฀time฀we฀(get)฀______________________฀to฀the฀theater,฀ so฀we฀quietly฀(take)฀______________________a฀seat฀in฀the฀back. 7.฀Millions฀of฀years฀ago,฀dinosaurs฀(roam)฀______________________฀the฀earth,฀but฀they฀(become,already)฀__________ ____________฀extinct฀by฀the฀time฀man฀first฀(appear)฀______________________ 8.฀The฀students฀(see,฀never)฀ ______________________any฀of฀Renoir´s฀paintings฀before฀they฀(visit)฀________________ ______฀the฀art฀gallery. 9.฀Gloria฀almost฀missed฀her฀plane.฀All฀of฀the฀other฀passengers฀(board,฀already)฀______________________฀by฀the฀time฀ she฀(get)______________________฀to฀the฀boarding฀gate. 10.฀Yesterday฀at฀a฀restaurant,฀I฀(see)฀_______________________________฀John฀Palmer,฀an฀old฀friend฀of฀mine.฀I฀(see,฀ not)_______________________________฀him฀in฀years.฀At฀first,฀I฀(recognize,฀not)฀______________________฀_______ _______________฀him฀because฀he฀(lose)฀____________________________฀at฀least฀fifteen฀kilos. Ex.฀3.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀a)฀the฀negative,฀and฀b)฀the฀interrogative.฀Remember฀in฀the฀negative฀ you฀must฀use฀YET฀instead฀of฀ALREADY. 1.฀ ฀ 2.฀ ฀ 3.฀ ฀ 4.฀ ฀ 5.฀ ฀ 6.฀

Tom฀had฀already฀left฀the฀office.฀ ฀ They´d฀already฀spent฀all฀the฀money.฀ ฀ Paul฀had฀already฀sent฀her฀a฀fax.฀ ฀ Jane฀had฀seen฀that฀movie฀twice.฀฀ ฀ The฀children฀had฀already฀had฀supper.฀ ฀ Mrs฀Bentley฀had฀gone฀to฀bed฀already.฀

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฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________฀

Ex.฀4.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀question฀words฀like฀What,฀Where,฀When,฀How,฀How฀long,฀etc. 1.฀John฀had฀eaten฀three฀sandwiches฀that฀evening. ฀ ฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀Dr.฀Black฀had฀studied฀at฀Harvard฀University.฀___________________________________________________________ ฀฀ ฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀The฀engineer฀had฀graduated฀from฀UCLA฀in฀1945. ฀ ฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀Paul฀had฀sold฀his฀house฀the฀previous฀year. ฀฀ ฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀The฀plane฀had฀taken฀off฀from฀JFK฀Airport฀at฀23:25 ฀ ฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀He´d฀worked฀in฀the฀Army฀for฀29฀years฀when฀he฀became฀a฀general. ฀ ฀ 7.฀They´d฀spent฀over฀US฀$฀3.000฀before฀they฀arrived฀in฀Tokyo. ฀ ฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀Bill฀had฀made฀the฀same฀mistake฀three฀times. ฀ ฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀John฀had฀visited฀them฀that฀evening. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀The฀girl฀had฀studied฀French฀at฀school. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀5.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀English 1.฀Ellos฀no฀habían฀estudiado฀allí฀por฀mucho฀tiempo.฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 2.฀Yo฀no฀había฀visto฀un฀partido฀de฀crícket฀antes.฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 3.฀¿Habías฀comido฀esto฀anteriormente?฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 4.฀¿Por฀qué฀no฀habías฀escrito฀a฀nosotros฀antes?฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 5.฀Ella฀no฀había฀leído฀ese฀libro฀aún.฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 6.฀Ellos฀habían฀visitado฀otros฀países฀antes฀de฀venir฀a฀USA.฀฀_________________________________________________ 7.฀¿Dónde฀habían฀estado฀ellos฀esa฀mañana?฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 8.฀Ella฀había฀trabajado฀duro฀por฀mucho฀tiempo.฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 9.฀Ella฀nunca฀había฀estado฀en฀el฀extranjero฀antes.฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________ 10.฀El฀dijo฀que฀había฀estado฀muy฀ocupado฀ese฀día.฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________

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PART฀II. A.฀ FORMATION฀OF฀ADVERBS;฀COMPARISON฀OF฀ADVERBS 1.฀ Formation฀of฀adverbs Muchos฀adverbios฀en฀inglés฀se฀forman฀agregando฀el฀sufijo฀-ly฀a฀los฀adjetivos฀correspondientes. This฀train฀is฀very฀slow.฀(adjetivo)฀It฀moves฀very฀slowly฀(adverbio) John฀is฀a฀careful฀(adjetivo)฀driver.฀He฀drives฀carefully฀(adverbio). slow฀/slóu/฀lento฀฀ quick฀/kuik/฀rápido฀฀ careful฀/kéarful/฀cuidadoso฀฀ happy฀/hæ´pi/฀feliz฀ certain฀/sε´ :rten/฀cierto฀฀ safe฀/séif/฀seguro฀

slowly฀/slóuli/฀lentamente quickly฀/kuíkli/฀rápidamente carefully฀/kéarfuli/฀cuidadosamente happily฀/hæ´pili/฀felizmente certainly฀/sε´ :rtenli/฀ciertamente safely฀/séifli/฀con฀seguridad

Existen฀algunas฀palabras฀que฀pueden฀actuar฀indistintamente฀como฀adjetivo฀o฀adverbio,฀es฀decir,฀no฀es฀necesario฀ agregar฀el฀sufijo฀-ly฀al฀adjetivo฀para฀formar฀el฀adverbio. Estos฀son฀los฀principales฀adjetivos฀/฀adverbios: fast฀/fæ´st/฀฀ rápido/rápidamente; hard฀/ha:rd/฀ duro,฀difícil,฀intenso/intensamente, late฀/leit/฀ tarde/atrasado; temprano,฀tempranamente,฀adelantado early฀/ε´ :rli฀/฀฀ Examples: This฀is฀a฀hard฀(adj.)฀lesson.฀I฀have฀to฀study฀hard฀(adv.). They฀took฀the฀early฀(adj.)฀train.฀We฀arrived฀there฀early฀(adv.). Es฀importante฀notar฀que฀existen฀las฀palabras฀HARDLY฀y฀LATELY฀que฀tienen฀un฀significado฀especial Compare: Bob฀works฀very฀hard.฀(arduamente)฀ They฀arrived฀late฀(tarde,฀atrasados)฀

Peter฀hardly฀works฀on฀Saturday.฀(casi฀no,฀apenas) I฀haven´t฀seen฀John฀lately฀.(últimamente)

2.฀ Comparison฀of฀adverbs Cuando฀estudiamos฀la฀Comparación฀de฀los฀Adjetivos฀(Unit฀9),฀vimos฀que,฀dependiendo฀del฀número฀de฀sílabas฀ del฀adjetivos,฀se฀agregaba฀el฀sufijo฀-ER฀o฀se฀anteponía฀el฀adverbio฀MORE฀al฀adjetivo฀Normalmente฀el฀GRADO฀ COMPARATIVO฀DE฀LOS฀ADVERBIOS฀se฀expresa฀mediante฀el฀uso฀de฀MORE+฀ADVERB฀+฀THAN: ฀ John฀drives฀more฀carefully฀than฀Bob. ฀ Mike฀came฀more฀quickly฀than฀the฀other฀boys. ฀ A฀bus฀runs฀more฀slowly฀than฀a฀train. Con฀los฀adverbios฀SOON,฀FAST,฀EARLY,฀LATE฀y฀HARD,฀el฀grado฀de฀comparación฀se฀expresa฀mediante฀el฀uso฀del฀ sufijo฀-ER.฀+฀THAN: We฀got฀there฀sooner฀than฀we฀expected. A฀dog฀runs฀faster฀than฀a฀horse. Mr฀Blake฀will฀call฀later฀tonight. Bob฀works฀harder฀than฀any฀of฀the฀other฀students. I฀got฀up฀a฀little฀earlier฀than฀usual฀today.

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Hay฀algunos฀adverbios฀que฀usan฀una฀forma฀diferente฀en฀el฀grado฀comparativo. well฀(bien)฀฀ badly฀(mal)฀ far฀(lejos)฀

better฀(mejor) worse฀(peor) farther฀(más฀lejos)

John฀works฀well.฀John฀works฀better฀than฀William. Bill฀behaves฀badly฀in฀class,฀but฀Jack฀behaves฀worse฀as฀a฀rule. They฀went฀very฀far.฀We฀went฀farther. La฀comparación฀de฀igualdad฀se฀expresa฀con฀AS฀+ADVERB.+฀AS Bob฀speaks฀English฀as฀well฀as฀Helen฀does. He฀gets฀up฀as฀early฀as฀I฀do. EXERCISES Ex.฀1฀Supply฀the฀adverb฀form฀of฀the฀adjective฀in฀parentheses: 1.฀John฀left฀the฀office฀quickly฀that฀afternoon.฀(quick). 2.฀She฀speaks฀English____________________________฀(beautiful). 3.฀He฀always฀drives฀____________________________฀(careful). 4.฀She฀works฀very฀____________________________฀every฀day.฀(hard). 5.฀We฀arrived฀home฀____________________________฀that฀evening฀ (early). 6.฀He฀did฀the฀work____________________________,฀as฀usual.฀(easy). 7.฀We฀walked฀very฀____________________________฀(quick). 8.฀1฀feel฀very฀____________________________฀today.฀(good). 9.฀He฀always฀does฀his฀work฀____________________________฀(good) 10.฀He฀speaks฀very฀____________________________฀(fast). 11.฀She฀prepares฀her฀lessons฀____________________________฀(careless). 12.฀They฀acted฀____________________________฀in฀that฀matter.฀(bad) Ex.฀2.฀Supply฀the฀proper฀form:฀adjective฀or฀adverb: 1.฀He฀is฀a฀very฀careful฀student. 2.฀He฀always฀does฀his฀work฀____________________________฀(careful). 3.฀He฀learns฀his฀lesson฀____________________________(quick). 4.฀This฀is฀an฀____________________________฀exercise.฀(easy) 5.฀1฀can฀do฀this฀exercise฀____________________________฀(easy). 6.฀Mary฀is฀a฀____________________________฀girl.฀(beautiful) 7.฀She฀also฀sings฀and฀plays฀the฀guitar฀____________________________฀(beautiful). 8.฀John฀was฀very฀฀____________________________฀(foolish). 9.฀He฀certainly฀acted฀____________________________฀(foolish). 10.฀It฀is฀always฀____________________________฀to฀prepare฀for฀the฀future.฀(wise) 11.฀They฀acted฀____________________________฀in฀doing.฀that.฀(wise) 12.฀We฀drove฀to฀the฀hospital฀very฀____________________________฀(fast) Ex.฀3.฀Express฀the฀words฀in฀parentheses฀in฀comparative฀form: 1.฀John฀works฀more฀carefully฀than฀I.฀(careful)฀ 2.฀He฀comes฀here฀____________________________฀she.฀(often) 3.฀I฀go฀there฀____________________________฀he฀does.(regular) 4.฀They฀get฀up฀every฀morning฀____________________________฀we.฀(early) 5.฀He฀comes฀here฀____________________________฀he฀did฀before.฀(frequent) 6.฀She฀plays฀the฀guitar฀____________________________฀anyone฀else.฀(good)฀฀ 7.฀He฀can฀run฀much฀____________________________฀I.฀(fast). 8.฀John฀works฀____________________________฀I฀(hard)฀ 9.฀He฀studies฀____________________________฀Mary.฀(serious) A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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10.฀I฀go฀to฀bed฀____________________________฀you.฀(late) 11.฀He฀will฀arrive____________________________฀they.฀(soon) 12.฀They฀came฀to฀work฀____________________________usual..฀(early) Ex.฀4.฀Express฀in฀full฀form,฀using฀equality฀of฀comparison: 1.฀He฀goes฀to฀bed฀____________________________฀I฀(late) 2.฀He฀can฀run฀____________________________฀his฀brother.฀(fast) 3.฀John฀speaks฀English฀____________________________I.฀(good) 4.฀He฀gets฀up฀____________________________฀his฀sister.฀(early) 5.฀She฀sings฀____________________________฀she฀plays.฀(beautiful) 6.฀He฀works฀____________________________฀he฀can.฀(hard) 7.฀He฀came฀____________________________฀he฀could.฀(quick) 8.฀The฀sun฀is฀shining฀____________________________฀it฀was฀yesterday.฀(bright)฀ 9.฀Speak฀________________________________________________________฀possible.฀(soft) 10.฀He฀came฀here฀____________________________฀he฀could.฀(early) 11.฀We฀drove฀to฀the฀hospital฀____________________________฀we฀could.฀(fast) 12.฀You฀can฀do฀it฀____________________________฀I฀.฀(easy) 5.฀Express฀in฀full฀form,฀using฀equality฀of฀comparison: 1.฀He฀doesn’t฀walk฀as฀/฀so฀fast฀as฀I฀do.฀(fast)฀฀ 2.฀He฀can’t฀come฀____________________________฀we.฀(early)฀ 3.฀She฀can’t฀play฀____________________________฀she฀can฀sing.฀(good) 4.฀I฀can’t฀do฀it฀____________________________฀I฀did฀it฀before.฀(easy) 5.฀He฀didn’t฀arrive฀____________________________฀we฀expected฀him.฀(early) 6.฀He฀doesn’t฀work฀____________________________฀she.฀(careful) 7.฀She฀doesn’t฀speak฀____________________________฀her฀sister.฀(good) 8.฀He฀doesn’t฀play฀tennis฀____________________________฀he฀plays฀baseball.฀(bad) 9.฀Helen฀doesn´t฀attend฀class฀____________________________฀Mary.฀(regular) 10.฀Bob฀doesn´t฀work฀____________________________฀you฀do.฀(hard) B.฀ REFLEXIVE฀PRONOUNS Los฀pronombres฀reflexivos฀son฀los฀siguientes: Singular

Plural

myself฀/maisélf/

ourselves฀/auersélvz/

yourself฀/io:rsélf/

yourselves฀/io:rsélvz/

himself฀/himsélf/ herself฀/he:rsélf/ itself฀/itsélf/

themselves฀/δemsélvz/

Los฀pronombres฀reflexivos฀tienen฀tres฀usos฀frecuentes: 1.฀ Se฀usan฀para฀expresar฀acciones฀reflejas. Bob฀cut฀himself฀with฀the฀knife.฀(Bob฀se฀cortó฀con฀el฀cuchillo) The฀men฀killed฀themselves.฀(Los฀hombres฀se฀suicidaron) 2.฀ Se฀usan฀para฀expresar฀énfasis.(en฀este฀caso฀se฀traducen฀con฀las฀palabras฀“mismo”,฀“personalmente” The฀King฀himself฀will฀visit฀the฀devastated฀areas.฀(El฀Rey฀visitará฀personalmente฀la฀zona฀desvastada) I฀myself฀will฀do฀it.฀(Yo฀mismo฀lo฀haré)

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3.฀ Se฀ usan฀ (con฀ la฀ preposición฀ by)฀ para฀ indicar฀ la฀ idea฀ de฀ “alone”฀ (=฀ solo,฀ sin฀ la฀ ayuda฀ o฀ la฀ compañía฀ de฀ otra฀ persona). The฀poor฀man฀lives฀by฀himself฀in฀an฀old฀house.฀(El฀pobre฀hombre฀vive฀solo฀en฀una฀casa฀vieja) Hans฀studies฀in฀a฀group฀but฀I฀study฀by฀myself.฀(Hans฀estudia฀en฀un฀grupo,฀pero฀yo฀estudio฀solo) The฀girl฀solved฀the฀problem฀by฀herself.฀(La฀niña฀resolvió฀el฀problema฀sola) EXERCISES Ex.฀1฀Supply฀the฀correct฀reflexive฀pronoun: 1.฀John฀hurt฀______________________________฀when฀he฀fell. 2.฀The฀baby฀cannot฀dress฀______________________________. 3.฀Helen฀burnt฀______________________________฀with฀the฀match. 4.฀William฀shaves฀______________________________฀every฀day. 5.฀We฀enjoyed฀______________________________฀at฀the฀concert. 6.฀She฀looked฀at฀______________________________฀in฀the฀mirror. 7.฀Some฀people฀like฀to฀talk฀about฀______________________________ 8.฀Do฀you฀like฀to฀talk฀about______________________________? 9.฀The฀little฀girl฀cut฀______________________________฀with฀a฀pen-knife 10.฀I฀shave฀______________________________฀every฀morning. 11.฀The฀poor฀man฀killed฀______________________________. 12.฀He฀fell฀and฀hurt฀______________________________฀on฀the฀ice. Ex.฀2.฀Supply฀the฀correct฀reflexive฀pronoun฀(emphatic฀use): 1.฀I฀฀฀฀myself฀฀฀฀will฀do฀it. 2.฀Helen฀______________________________฀will฀deliver฀the฀speech. 3.฀He฀said฀that฀he฀______________________________฀could฀meet฀us฀at฀the฀airport. 4.฀They฀______________________________฀will฀deliver฀the฀merchandise. 5.฀We฀______________________________฀will฀wait฀for฀you. 6.฀The฀President฀______________________________฀attended฀to฀the฀meeting. 7.฀Miss฀Smith฀______________________________฀will฀speak฀to฀us. 8.฀The฀ambassador฀______________________________฀will฀sign฀the฀agreement. 9.฀John฀______________________________฀wrote฀to฀me. 10.฀Mary฀______________________________฀will฀attend฀the฀meeting. 11.฀You฀______________________________฀must฀speak฀to฀him,฀Peter. 12.฀You฀______________________________฀have฀to฀do฀it,฀boys. Ex.฀3.฀For฀the฀word฀ALONE฀substitute฀the฀preposition฀BY฀with฀the฀correct฀reflexive฀pronoun: 1.฀John฀lives฀alone฀in฀an฀apartment฀฀ 2.฀She฀likes฀to฀study฀alone.฀ 3.฀I฀went฀to฀the฀movie฀alone.฀ 4.฀Do฀you฀like฀to฀go฀to฀the฀movie฀alone?฀ 5.฀He฀likes฀to฀walk฀alone฀in฀the฀park.฀ 6.฀My฀aunt฀lives฀alone฀in฀the฀cottage.฀฀ 7.฀He฀works฀alone฀in฀a฀small฀office.฀ 8.฀He฀prefers฀to฀work฀alone.฀ 9.฀I฀do฀not฀like฀to฀eat฀alone.฀ 10.฀I฀do฀not฀think฀he฀can฀do฀it฀alone.฀ 11.฀Both฀the฀boys฀and฀the฀girls฀study฀alone.฀ 12.฀He฀wrote฀the฀entire฀book฀alone.฀฀

฀฀(John฀lives฀by฀himself฀in฀an฀apartment) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

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C.฀ EL฀PASADO฀DE฀“GOING฀TO”฀(subject฀+฀was฀/฀were฀going฀to฀+฀infinitive) Esta฀estructura฀se฀usa฀para฀referirse฀a฀acciones฀que,฀habiendo฀sido฀planeadas฀o฀planificadas฀con฀anterioridad,฀no฀se฀ llevaron฀a฀cabo฀por฀alguna฀razón. Compare: We฀are฀going฀to฀play฀football฀at฀midday฀today.฀(Nosotros฀vamos฀a฀jugar฀fútbol฀hoy฀al฀mediodía) We฀were฀going฀to฀play฀football฀at฀midday฀yesterday฀but฀it฀rained.฀(Nosotros฀íbamos฀a฀jugar฀fútbol฀ayer฀al฀mediodía฀ pero฀llovió) EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Substitute฀the฀past฀form฀of฀GOING฀To฀for฀the฀italicized,฀verbs: 1.฀I฀intended฀to฀call฀you฀yesterday฀but฀I฀forgot ฀ I฀was฀going฀to฀call฀you฀yesterday฀but฀I฀forgot. 2.฀I฀planned฀to฀go฀to฀the฀beach฀but฀it฀rained. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀We฀planned฀to฀telephone฀you฀but฀we฀couldn’t฀find฀your฀number. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀We฀intended฀to฀wait฀but฀we฀had฀to฀leave. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀I฀planned฀to฀come฀back฀earlier฀but฀I฀had฀to฀work฀until฀late. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀I฀intended฀to฀go฀home฀early฀but฀the฀manager฀asked฀me฀to฀help฀him. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀We฀intended฀to฀walk฀in฀the฀park฀but฀it฀was฀too฀cold. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀I฀intended฀to฀write฀you฀a฀letter฀last฀week฀but฀I฀couldn´t฀find฀your฀address. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀We฀planned฀to฀eat฀early฀but฀our฀guests฀arrived฀late. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀We฀intended฀to฀go฀to฀a฀movie฀first฀but฀we฀had฀to฀wait฀for฀our฀friends฀to฀arrive. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.฀We฀planned฀to฀study฀for฀our฀examination฀but฀some฀friends฀called฀on฀us฀(=฀visited฀us). ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.฀They฀intended฀to฀leave฀New฀York฀yesterday฀but฀they฀missed฀their฀flight. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀2.฀Answer฀the฀questions฀as฀in฀the฀example 1.฀ Ann:฀ Did฀you฀telephone฀Peter฀last฀night? ฀ You:฀ No,฀I฀didn´t.฀I฀was฀going฀to฀telephone฀him฀but฀I฀forgot. 2.฀ Ann:฀ Did฀you฀buy฀the฀car? ฀ You:฀ No,฀I฀didn´t.฀I฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀ Ann:฀ Did฀you฀visit฀your฀friends฀last฀Saturday? ฀ You:฀ No,฀I฀didn´t.฀฀ _________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀ Ann:฀ Did฀you฀go฀out฀after฀dinner฀last฀night? ฀ You:฀ No,฀I฀didn´t฀.฀฀_________________________________________________________________________________

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BASIC฀VOCABULARY฀:฀Study฀these฀words NATURE฀/néitchar/฀La฀Naturaleza a)฀ Geography฀/dlliógrafi/฀geografía air฀/éar/฀ archipelago฀/a:rkipélagou/฀ bay฀/béi/฀ beach฀/bí:tch/฀ canal฀/kanæ´l/฀ canyon฀/kæ´nion/฀ countryside฀/kántrisaid/฀ city฀/síti/฀ cliff฀/klif/฀ coastline฀/kóuslain/฀ comet฀/kómet/฀ continent฀/kóntinent/฀ country฀/kántri/฀ creek฀/krí:k/฀ channel฀/tchæ´nel/฀ desert฀/dézert/฀ earth฀/é:rθ/฀ forest฀/fórest/฀ galaxy฀/gæ´laksi/฀ ground฀/gráund/฀ harbour฀/há:rbor/฀ hill฀/hil/฀ island฀/áiland/฀ ithmus฀/íθmas/฀ jungle฀/dllángl/฀ lake฀/léik/฀ land฀/lænd/฀ landmark฀/lændma:rk/ ฀ ´

aire฀ archipiélago฀ bahía฀ playa฀ canal฀(artificial)฀ cañón฀ campiña฀ ciudad฀ acantilado฀ costa฀ cometa฀ continente฀ país฀ riachuelo฀ canal฀(natural)฀ desierto฀ tierra฀(planeta)฀ bosque,฀foresta฀ galaxia฀ suelo,฀tierra฀ rada,฀bahía฀ cerro,฀colina฀ isla฀ istmo฀ selva฀ lago฀ tierra฀ hito

landscape฀/lændskeip/ ฀ ´ moon฀/mu:n/฀ mountain฀range฀/máuntin฀réingll/฀ ocean฀/óushn/฀ peak฀/pi:k/,฀summit฀/sámit/฀ peninsula฀/penínsiula/฀ planet฀/plæ´net/฀ pond฀/pond/฀ prairy฀/préari/฀ rain฀forest฀/réin฀fórest/฀ river฀/ríver/฀ satellite฀/sæ´telait/฀ sea฀/si:/฀ shore฀/shóar/฀ slopes฀/slóups/฀ solar฀system฀/sóular฀sístem/฀ space฀/spéis/฀ spring฀/spriη/฀ star฀/stá:r/฀ strait(s)฀/stréit(s)/฀ stream฀/strí:m/฀ town฀/táun/฀ valley฀/væ´li/฀ village฀/vílidll/฀ volcano฀/volkéinou/฀ water฀/wó:ter/฀ waterfalls฀/wóterfo:lz/฀

paisaje luna,฀satélite฀nat. cordillera océano cumbre península planeta laguna pradera selva฀tropical río satélite mar playa lomas sistema฀solar espacio vertiente estrella estrecho arroyo pueblo valle pueblito,฀villa volcán agua cataratas

rama฀ arbusto฀ flor฀ fruto฀ pasto฀ hoja฀/s฀

plant฀/pla:nt/฀ roots฀/ru:ts/฀ seed฀/si:d/฀ shrub฀/shrab/฀ tree฀/tri:/฀ trunk฀/traηk/฀

planta raíces semilla arbusto,฀mata árbol tronco

caimán฀ hormiga฀ oso฀ abeja฀ ave,฀pájaro฀ ave฀de฀rapiña฀ búfalo฀ moscardón฀ mariposa฀ gato฀ gallo฀

flea฀/fli:/฀ fly฀/flai/฀ goose฀/gu:z/฀geese฀/gi:z/฀ hare฀/héar/฀ hen฀/hen/฀ horse฀/ho:rs/฀ horsefly฀/ho:rsflai/฀ insect฀/ínsekt/฀ lion฀/láion/฀ louse฀/láus/฀lice฀/lais/฀ monkey฀/máηki/฀

pulga mosca ganso฀/s liebre gallina caballo tábano insecto león piojo฀/s mono

b)฀ Vegetation฀/vedlletéishn/฀vegetacióin branch฀/bræ´ntch/฀ bush฀/bush/฀ flower฀/flaúer/฀ fruit฀/fru:t/฀ grass฀/gra:s/฀ leaf฀/li:f/฀leaves฀/li:vz/฀ c)฀ Animals฀/æ´nimalz/฀Animales alligator฀/æ´ligéitor/฀ ant฀/æ´nt/฀ bear฀/béar/฀ bee฀/bi:/฀ bird฀/bé:rd/฀ bird฀of฀prey฀/bé:rd฀ov฀préi/฀ búfalo฀/báfalou/฀ bumblebee฀/bámblbí:/฀ butterfly฀/báterflai/฀ cat฀/kæ´t/฀ cock฀/kok/,฀cockerel฀/kókerel/฀

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cow฀/káu/฀ crocodile฀/krókoudáil/฀ chicken฀/tchikin/฀ deer฀/dí:ar/฀ dog฀/dog/฀ dolphin฀/dólfin/฀ donkey฀/dóηki/฀ dragonfly฀/dræ´gonflai/฀ duck฀/dak/฀ eagle฀/í:gl/฀ elephant฀/élifant/฀ fish฀/fish/฀ flamingo฀/flæmíηgou/฀

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vaca฀ cocodrilo฀ pollo฀ ciervo฀ perro฀ delfin฀ burro฀ libélula฀ pato฀ águila฀ elefante฀ pez฀ flamenco฀

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mouse฀/máus/฀mice฀/mais/฀ ostrich฀/óstritch/฀ rabbit฀/ræ´bit/฀ rat฀/ræt/฀ rhinoceros฀/rainoseros/฀ seagull฀/sí:gal/฀ seal฀/si:l/฀ shellfish฀/shélfish/฀ snake฀/snéik/฀ squirrel฀/skuírel/฀ tiger฀/táiger/฀ turkey฀/té:rki/฀ whale฀/wéil/฀

ratón฀/es avestruz conejo rata rinoceronte gaviota foca marisco culebra ardilla tigre pavo ballena

Key฀to฀answers

UNIT฀14 PART฀I Ex.฀1.฀1.฀had฀-฀gone฀2.฀had฀-฀started฀3.฀had฀-฀finished฀4.฀had฀-฀disappeared฀5.฀had฀been฀6.฀had฀stolen฀7.฀had฀taken฀฀ 8.฀had฀left฀9.฀had฀-฀put฀out฀10.฀had฀-฀gone Ex.฀2฀1.฀had฀been฀-฀became฀2.฀felt฀-฀had฀taken฀3.฀had฀already฀given฀-฀got฀4.฀left฀-฀had฀collected฀5.฀was฀-฀had฀stopped฀฀ 6.฀had฀already฀begun฀-฀got฀-฀took฀7.฀roamed฀-฀had฀already฀become฀-฀appeared฀8.฀had฀never฀seen฀-฀visited฀9.฀had฀already฀ boarded฀-฀got฀10.฀saw฀-฀had฀not฀seen฀-฀didn`t฀recognize฀-฀had฀lost Ex.฀3฀1.฀Tom฀hadn`t฀left...yet฀/฀Had฀Tom฀left...yet฀/฀already?฀2.They฀hadn`t฀spent฀all...฀yet.฀/฀Had฀they฀spent฀all...already฀/฀ yet?฀.3.฀Paul฀hadn`t฀sent...yet฀/฀Had฀Paul฀sent...already฀/฀yet?฀4.฀Jane฀hadn`t฀seen...฀/฀Had฀Jane฀seen...?฀5.฀The฀children฀ hadn`t฀had...yet.฀/฀Had฀the฀children฀had...฀already฀/฀yet?฀6.฀Mrs.฀Bentley฀hadn´t฀gone...yet฀/฀Had฀Mrs.฀Bentley฀gone... already฀/฀yet? Ex.฀4฀1.฀How฀many฀sandwiches฀had฀John฀eaten฀that฀evening?฀2.฀Where฀had฀Dr.฀Black฀studied?฀3.฀When฀had฀the฀ engineer฀graduated฀from฀UCLA?฀4.฀What฀had฀Paul฀done฀the฀previous฀year?฀5.฀At฀what฀time฀/฀When฀had฀the฀plane฀taken฀ off฀from฀JFK฀Airport?฀6.฀How฀long฀had฀he฀worked฀in฀the฀Army฀when฀he฀became฀a฀general?฀7.฀How฀much฀money฀had฀ they฀spent฀before฀they฀arrived฀in฀Tokyo?฀8.฀How฀many฀times฀had฀Bill฀made฀the฀same฀mistake?฀9.฀Who฀had฀visited฀them฀ that฀evening?฀10.฀What฀language฀had฀the฀girl฀studied฀at฀school? Ex.฀5฀.฀1.฀They฀had฀not฀studied฀there฀very฀long.฀2.฀I฀hadn`t฀seen฀a฀cricket฀game฀before.฀3.฀Had฀you฀eaten฀/฀had฀this฀ before?฀4.฀Why฀hadn`t฀you฀written฀to฀us฀before?฀5.฀She฀hadn`t฀read฀that฀book฀before.฀6฀They฀had฀visited฀other฀countries฀ before฀they฀came฀/฀before฀coming฀to฀the฀USA.฀7.฀Where฀had฀they฀been฀that฀morning?฀8.฀She´d฀worked฀hard฀very฀long.฀ 9.She`d฀never฀been฀abroad฀before.฀10.฀He฀said฀(that)฀he`d฀been฀very฀busy฀that฀day.

PART฀II. A. Ex.฀1฀2.฀beautifully฀3.฀carefully฀4.฀hard฀5.฀early฀6.฀easily฀7.฀quickly฀8.฀well฀9.฀well฀10.฀fast 11.฀carelessly฀12.฀badly Ex.฀2฀.฀2฀carefully฀3.฀quickly฀4.฀easy฀5.฀easily฀6.beautiful฀7.฀beautifully฀8.foolish฀9.฀foolishly 10.฀wise฀11.฀wisely฀12.฀fast Ex.฀3.฀2.฀more฀often฀than฀3.฀more฀regularly฀than฀4.฀earlier฀than฀5.฀more฀frequently฀than฀6.฀better฀than฀7.฀faster฀than฀8.฀ harder฀than฀9.฀more฀seriously฀than฀10.฀later฀than฀11.sooner฀than฀12.฀earlier฀than Ex.฀4.฀1.฀as฀late฀as฀2.฀as฀fast฀as฀3.฀as฀well฀as฀4.฀as฀early฀as฀5.฀as฀beautifully฀as฀6.฀as฀hard฀as฀7.฀as฀quickly฀as฀8.฀as฀brightly฀ as฀9.฀as฀softly฀as฀10.฀as฀early฀as฀11.฀as฀fast฀as฀12.฀as฀easily฀as Ex.฀5.฀2.฀as฀/฀so฀early฀as฀3.฀as฀/฀so฀well฀as฀4.฀as฀/฀so฀easily฀as฀5.฀as฀/฀so฀early฀as฀6.฀as฀/฀so฀carefully฀as 7.฀as฀/฀so฀well฀as฀8.฀as฀/฀so฀badly฀as฀9.฀as฀/฀so฀regularly฀as฀10.฀as฀/฀so฀hard฀as฀. B. Ex฀1฀1.฀himself฀2.฀itself฀/฀himself฀/฀herself฀3.฀herself฀4.฀himself฀5.฀ourselves฀6.฀herself฀7.฀themselves฀8.฀yourself฀/฀yourselves฀ 9.฀herself฀10.฀myself฀11.฀himself฀12.฀himself Ex.฀2฀.฀2.฀herself฀3.฀himself฀4.฀themselves฀5.฀ourselves฀6.฀himself฀7.฀herself฀8.฀himself฀9.฀himself฀10.฀herself฀11.฀yourself฀ 12.฀yourselves

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Ex.฀3.฀2.฀She฀likes฀to฀study฀by฀herself฀3.฀I฀went฀to฀the฀movie฀by฀myself฀4.฀Do฀you฀like฀to฀go฀to฀the฀movie฀by฀yourself?฀฀ 5.฀He฀likes฀to฀walk฀by฀himself฀in฀the฀park฀6.฀My฀aunt฀lives฀by฀herself฀in฀the฀cottage.฀7.฀He฀works฀by฀himself฀in฀a฀small฀ office฀8.฀He฀prefers฀to฀work฀by฀himself.฀9฀I฀do฀not฀like฀to฀eat฀by฀myself฀10.฀I฀do฀not฀think฀he฀can฀do฀it฀by฀himself.฀11.฀ Both฀the฀boys฀and฀the฀girls฀study฀by฀themselves฀12.฀He฀wrote฀the฀entire฀book฀by฀himself. C. Ex.฀1.฀2.฀I฀was฀going฀to฀go฀to฀the฀beach฀but...3.฀We฀were฀going฀to฀telephone฀you฀but...฀4.฀We฀were฀going฀to฀wait฀but...฀ 5.฀I฀was฀going฀to฀come฀back฀earlier฀but...฀6.฀I฀was฀going฀to฀go฀home฀early,฀but...7.฀We฀were฀going฀to฀walk฀in฀the฀park฀ but...฀8.฀I฀was฀going฀to฀write฀you฀a฀letter฀last฀week฀but...฀9.฀We฀were฀going฀to฀eat฀early฀but...฀10.฀We฀were฀going฀to฀go฀ to฀a฀movie฀first฀but...฀11.฀We฀were฀going฀to฀study฀for฀our฀examination฀but...฀12.฀They฀were฀going฀to฀leave฀New฀York฀ yesterday฀but... Ex.฀2.฀(Possible฀answers)฀2.฀I฀was฀going฀to฀buy฀it฀but฀I฀decided฀to฀save฀more฀money฀to฀buy฀a฀newer฀model.฀3.฀I฀was฀ going฀to฀visit฀them฀but฀I฀could฀not฀go฀out฀of฀town฀because฀of฀the฀snow฀storm.฀4.฀I฀was฀going฀to฀go฀out฀but฀then฀decided฀ to฀stay฀in฀and฀watch฀the฀baseball฀game฀on฀TV฀instead.

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UNIT฀15 PART฀1.฀EL฀TIEMPO฀PASADO฀PERFECTO฀CONTINUO฀(THE฀PAST฀PERFECT฀CONTINUOUS฀TENSE) Este฀tiempo฀se฀forma฀usando฀el฀Pasado฀Perfecto฀del฀verbo฀modal฀BE฀(HAD฀BEEN฀/had฀bi:n/)฀más฀un฀GERUNDIO฀del฀ un฀verbo฀principal.฀Normalmente฀se฀usa฀en฀vez฀del฀Pasado฀Perfecto฀con฀el฀fin฀de฀enfatizar฀la฀idea฀de฀continuidad฀de฀ la฀acción. Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: The฀man฀had฀worked฀all฀day฀/δ ฀mæn฀had฀wé:rkt฀o:l฀déi/ El฀hombre฀había฀trabajado฀todo฀el฀día. The฀man฀had฀been฀working฀all฀day.฀/δ ฀mæn฀had฀bin฀wé:rkiη฀o:l฀déi/ El฀hombre฀había฀estado฀trabajando฀todo฀el฀día. They´d฀played฀soccer฀for฀about฀two฀hours.฀/δéid฀pléid฀sóker฀for฀abáut฀tú:฀áuarz/ Ellos฀habían฀jugado฀fútbol฀cerca฀de฀2฀horas. They´d฀been฀playing฀soccer฀for฀about฀two฀hours.฀/δéid฀bi:n฀pléiiη฀sóker฀for฀ Ellos฀habían฀estado฀jugando฀fútbol฀cerca฀de฀dos฀horas.

báut฀tú:฀áuarz/

Las฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀HAD฀NOT฀o฀HADN´T฀/hædnt/.฀En฀la฀forma฀interrogativa฀se฀debe฀anteponer฀HAD฀ al฀sujeto: Lea,฀escuche฀y฀aprenda: They฀had฀not฀been฀working฀all฀day.฀/δéi฀had฀nót฀bi:n฀wé:rkiη฀o:l฀déi/ Ellos฀no฀habían฀estado฀trabajando฀todo฀el฀día. ฀ Had฀they฀been฀playing฀soccer฀all฀day?฀/had฀δéi฀bi:n฀pléiη฀sóker฀o:l฀déi/ ¿Habían฀estado฀ellos฀jugando฀fútbol฀todo฀el฀día? How฀long฀had฀they฀been฀playing฀soccer?฀/háu฀lóη฀had฀δei฀bi:n฀pléiη฀sóker/ ¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀habían฀estado฀ellos฀jugando฀fútbol? La฀pregunta฀más฀frecuente฀en฀este฀tiempo฀verbal฀es: WHAT฀HAD฀YOU฀BEEN฀DOING?฀/wót฀had฀iú:฀bí:n฀dú:iη/฀(¿Qué฀había฀estado฀haciendo฀ud.?)

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Complete฀the฀following฀sentences฀using฀the฀appropriate฀verb฀in฀the฀Past฀Perfect฀Continuous฀tense 1.฀Tom฀________________________฀TV฀since฀8:45฀that฀evening.฀(watch) 2.฀The฀men฀________________________฀for฀6฀hours฀when฀they฀got฀to฀the฀village.฀(walk) 3.฀Jack฀________________________฀German฀for฀2฀years฀before฀they฀sent฀him฀to฀Germany.฀(study) 4.฀The฀ground฀was฀very฀wet฀that฀morning฀because฀it฀________________________฀all฀night.฀(rain) 5.฀What฀________________________฀they฀________________________before฀we฀arrived?฀(do) 6.฀They฀________________________฀not฀________________________฀too฀much฀before฀the฀bar฀closed.฀(drink) 7.฀We฀________________________฀for฀over฀12฀hours฀when฀the฀plane฀landed฀in฀New฀York.(fly)

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Ex.฀2.฀Change฀the฀following฀sentence฀into฀a)฀the฀negative,฀and฀b)฀the฀interrogative 1.฀She´d฀been฀reading฀a฀magazine.฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀It´d฀been฀raining฀hard฀that฀afternoon.฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀Bob฀had฀been฀sleeping฀since฀8.30.฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀I´d฀been฀working฀out฀for฀20฀minutes.฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀The฀students฀had฀been฀practising฀Spanish.฀฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀The฀patient฀had฀been฀feeling฀better.฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Ask฀questions฀using฀question฀words฀like฀What,฀Where,฀How฀long,฀etc. 1.฀They´d฀been฀studying฀the฀report฀that฀evening. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀The฀boy฀had฀been฀watching฀the฀stars฀before฀he฀went฀to฀bed฀that฀night. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀Mr.฀Smith฀had฀been฀saving฀money฀because฀he฀was฀planning฀to฀take฀a฀trip฀to฀Africa. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀The฀Johnsons฀had฀been฀living฀in฀the฀same฀house฀for฀about฀20฀years. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀He฀had฀been฀teaching฀Physics฀for฀2฀decades฀in฀that฀school฀before฀he฀retired. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀4.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀English: 1.฀¿Qué฀había฀estado฀haciendo฀Ud.฀esa฀mañana? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀La฀Sra.฀Brown฀había฀estado฀trabajando฀arduamente฀ese฀día฀y฀se฀sentía฀cansada. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀habías฀estado฀viviendo฀en฀ese฀departamento฀antes฀de฀comprar฀esta฀casa? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀Ellos฀habían฀estado฀conversando฀aproximadamente฀una฀hora฀antes฀que฀yo฀llegara. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀Había฀estado฀lloviendo฀toda฀la฀mañana.฀El฀cielo฀estaba฀despejado฀y฀el฀sol฀estaba฀brillando. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀Ella฀había฀estado฀trabajando฀en฀ese฀informe฀desde฀la฀semana฀anterior. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀El฀joven฀ingeniero฀había฀estado฀haciendo฀trabajo฀de฀investigación฀durante฀mucho฀tiempo. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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PART฀II. A.฀ PAST฀TENSE฀OF฀SHOULD฀-฀OUGHT฀TO Los฀verbos฀modales฀SHOULD฀y฀OUGHT฀TO฀(debería฀o฀debiera)฀tienen฀una฀forma฀de฀expresar฀el฀pasado.฀En฀este฀caso฀ estos฀verbos฀van฀seguidos฀de฀HAVE฀+฀UN฀PAST฀PARTICIPLE฀.฀Es฀importante฀destacar฀que฀esta฀estructura฀conlleva฀una฀ idea฀negativa,฀expresa฀un฀reproche฀o฀crítica.฀Rara฀vez฀se฀usa฀OUGHT฀TO฀en฀oraciones฀negativas฀o฀interrogativas. Compare: I฀should฀start฀to฀study฀French฀now.฀(Yo฀debería฀comenzar฀a฀estudiar฀Francés฀ahora) I฀SHOULD฀HAVE฀STARTED฀to฀study฀French฀a฀long฀time฀ago,฀but฀I฀did฀not.฀(Yo฀debería฀haber฀comenzado฀a฀estudiar฀ Francés฀hace฀mucho฀tiempo,฀pero฀no฀lo฀hice) You฀ought฀to฀come฀earlier.฀(Deberías฀venir฀más฀temprano) You฀OUGHT฀TO฀HAVE฀COME฀earlier,฀but฀you฀came฀late,฀as฀usual.฀(Deberías฀haber฀llegado฀más฀temprano,฀pero฀ llegaste฀atrasado฀como฀de฀costumbre) EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Supply฀the฀proper฀past฀tense฀form฀of฀SHOULD฀or฀OUGHT฀TO฀(Alternate฀should฀and฀ought฀to฀) 1.฀He฀฀฀฀should฀have฀studied฀฀฀฀(study)฀before฀he฀took฀his฀examinations฀(฀but฀he฀didn´t.) 2.฀You฀฀฀฀ought฀to฀have฀telephoned฀฀฀฀(telephone)฀me฀yesterday฀(but฀you฀didn´t) 3.฀You฀________________________฀(go)฀to฀the฀opera฀with฀us฀last฀night.฀It฀was฀excellent. 4.฀He฀________________________฀(come)฀at฀ten฀o’clock฀last฀night฀instead฀of฀twelve. 5.฀You฀________________________฀(tell)฀me฀that฀you฀were฀not฀able฀to฀come. 6.฀He฀started฀to฀study฀English฀last฀month.฀He฀________________________฀(start)฀a฀long฀time฀ago. 7.฀You฀________________________฀(not฀tell)฀her฀anything฀about฀the฀accident.฀. 8.฀You฀________________________฀(telephone)฀to฀the฀police฀as฀soon฀as฀you฀reached฀home. 9.฀You฀________________________฀(attend)฀the฀lecture฀last฀night.฀It฀was฀very฀interesting. 10.฀You฀________________________฀(give)฀that฀money฀to฀Mr.Smith฀yesterday 11.฀You฀________________________฀(not฀give)฀our฀address฀to฀John. 12.฀I฀________________________฀(not฀go)฀to฀bed฀so฀late฀last฀night. Ex.฀2.฀Complete฀the฀following฀in฀your฀own฀words,฀using฀constructions฀with฀SHOULD฀HAVE฀or฀OUGHT฀TO฀HAVE: 1.฀He฀waited฀for฀me฀on฀the฀corner฀of฀42nd฀Street,฀but฀he฀should฀____________________________________________ ฀ (He฀waited฀for฀me฀on฀the฀corner฀of฀42nd฀Street,฀but฀he฀should฀have฀waited฀for฀me฀on฀the฀corner฀of฀57th฀Street.) 2.฀He฀sent฀the฀package฀by฀regular฀mail,฀but฀he฀should฀_____________________________________________________ 3.฀She฀gave฀the฀money฀to฀John,฀but฀she฀should฀__________________________________________________________ 4.฀He฀left฀the฀books฀in฀Room฀10,฀but฀he฀should฀___________________________________________________________ 5.฀You฀telephoned฀him฀at฀his฀office,฀but฀you฀ought฀ ________________________________________________________ 6.฀We฀sent฀her฀a฀fax,฀but฀we฀should฀_____________________________________________________________________ 7.฀He฀invested฀his฀money฀in฀real฀estate,฀but฀he฀฀___________________________________________________________ 8.฀He฀studied฀engineering฀in฀college,฀but฀he฀should฀ _______________________________________________________ 9.฀We฀went฀to฀Mexico฀on฀our฀vacation,฀but฀we฀should฀_____________________________________________________ 10.฀They฀sent฀us฀the฀merchandise฀by฀parcel฀post,฀but฀they฀should฀____________________________________________ B.฀ IDIOMATIC฀VERB฀PHRASES:฀“WOULD฀RATHER”฀AND฀“HAD฀BETTER” Estas฀frases฀idiomáticas฀se฀usan฀como฀si฀fueran฀verbos฀modales฀y฀van฀seguidas฀de฀un฀bare฀infinitive฀(Infinitivo฀sin฀ “to”).฀Ambas฀se฀refieren฀a฀situaciones฀presentes฀o฀futuras. La฀oración฀“I฀WOULD฀RATHER฀WATCH฀TV”฀(Preferiría฀mirar฀TV)฀es฀sinónimo฀de฀“I฀prefer฀to฀watch฀TV”,฀mientras฀que฀ la฀oración฀“You฀HAD฀BETTER฀SEE฀a฀doctor฀right฀away”฀(Sería฀mejor฀que฀vieras฀un฀médico฀de฀inmediato)฀es฀sinónimo฀ de฀“You฀should฀see฀a฀doctor฀right฀away”฀o฀“It฀is฀advisable฀that฀you฀see฀a฀doctor฀right฀away”

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En฀las฀conversación฀diaria฀tanto฀WOULD฀RATHER฀como฀HAD฀BETTER฀se฀usan฀en฀contracción,฀como฀los฀ejemplos฀ siguientes: I´d฀rather฀see฀a฀movie฀than฀go฀to฀the฀opera. He´d฀better฀see฀a฀doctor฀immediately En฀la฀forma฀negativa฀se฀debe฀usar฀NOT฀después฀de฀WOULD฀RATHER฀o฀HAD฀BETTER.฀Al฀formular฀interrogaciones฀ se฀debe฀anteponer฀WOULD฀o฀HAD฀al฀sujeto,฀como฀en฀estos฀ejemplos: I´d฀rather฀not฀go฀at฀all฀than฀go฀with฀them.฀฀ You´d฀better฀not฀mention฀it฀to฀anyone. What฀would฀you฀rather฀drink,฀tea฀or฀coffee?฀฀ What฀had฀I฀better฀do,฀stay฀in฀bed฀all฀day฀or฀see฀a฀doctor? Además฀de฀WOULD฀RATHER,฀podemos฀indicar฀o฀expresar฀preferencia฀mediante฀el฀uso฀de฀PREFER......฀TO฀o฀ LIKE.....฀BETTER฀THAN I฀prefer฀apples฀to฀oranges฀ ฀ ฀ I฀prefer฀watching฀TV฀to฀studying฀math.฀฀ I´d฀rather฀have฀an฀apple฀than฀an฀orange.

I฀like฀apples฀better฀than฀oranges I฀like฀watching฀TV฀better฀than฀studying฀math.

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Change฀these฀sentences฀to฀introduce฀WOULD฀RATHER: 1.฀I฀prefer฀to฀wait฀here฀.฀ 2.฀She฀prefers฀to฀come฀back฀later.฀฀ 3.฀I฀prefer฀to฀drink฀tea฀with฀my฀meals.฀฀ 4.฀They฀prefer฀not฀to฀wait฀outside.฀ 5.฀I฀Prefer฀to฀stay฀at฀home฀and฀watch฀television.฀ 6.฀We฀prefer฀not฀to฀say฀anything฀to฀him฀about฀it.฀ 7.฀I฀prefer฀to฀go฀to฀South฀America฀on฀my฀vacation.฀ 8.฀John฀prefers฀to฀go฀to฀the฀party฀with฀Helen.฀฀ 9.฀I฀prefer฀not฀to฀go฀to฀the฀party฀alone.฀฀ 10.฀They฀prefer฀to฀speak฀to฀him฀at฀his฀home.฀

฀฀(I’d฀rather฀wait฀here.) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Change฀these฀sentences฀to฀introduce฀HAD฀BETTER 1.฀It฀will฀be฀better฀if฀you฀come฀back฀later.฀฀ (You’d฀better฀come฀back฀later.) 2.฀It฀will฀be฀better฀if฀he฀goes฀to฀a฀doctor฀at฀once.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀It฀will฀be฀better฀if฀you฀rest฀a฀while.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀It฀will฀be฀better฀if฀he฀takes฀private฀lessons.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀It฀will฀be฀better฀if฀she฀spends฀more฀time฀on฀her฀homework.฀_______________________________________________ 6.฀It฀will฀be฀better฀if฀we฀send฀him฀an฀e-mail฀right฀away.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀It฀will฀be฀better฀if฀we฀don’t฀mention฀it฀to฀him.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀It฀will฀be฀better฀if฀you฀don’t฀work฀so฀hard฀after฀your฀illness.฀ _______________________________________________ 9.฀It฀will฀be฀better฀if฀we฀don’t฀stand฀so฀close฀to฀the฀curb.฀___________________________________________________ 10.฀It฀will฀be฀better฀if฀Helen฀begins฀to฀spend฀more฀time฀on฀her฀English.฀ ________________________________________ Ex.3฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀with฀THAN,฀BETTER฀THAN฀or฀TO. 1.฀When฀I’m฀hot฀and฀thirsty,฀I฀prefer฀cold฀drinks฀to฀hot฀drinks. 2.฀When฀I’m฀hot฀and฀thirsty,฀I฀like฀cold฀drinks฀better฀than฀hot฀drinks. 3.฀When฀I’m฀hot฀and฀thirsty,฀I’d฀rather฀have฀a฀cold฀drink฀than฀a฀hot฀drink. 4.฀I฀prefer฀chicken฀______________________________฀beef. 5.฀I฀like฀chicken฀______________________________฀beef. 6.฀I’d฀rather฀eat฀chicken฀______________________________฀beef. 7.฀When฀I฀choose฀a฀book,฀I฀prefer฀nonfiction฀______________________________฀fiction. 8.฀I฀like฀rock฀‘n฀roll฀______________________________฀classical฀music. 9.฀Tina฀would฀rather฀lie฀on฀the฀beach฀______________________________฀go฀swimming. 206

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10.฀Tina฀likes฀lying฀on฀the฀beach฀______________________________฀going฀swimming. 11.฀Tina฀prefers฀lying฀on฀the฀beach฀______________________________฀going฀swimming. 12.฀My฀parents฀would฀rather฀work______________________________฀retire.฀They฀enjoy฀their฀jobs. 13.฀Do฀you฀like฀fresh฀vegetables฀______________________________฀frozen฀or฀canned฀vegetables? 14.฀I฀would฀rather฀take฀a฀picture฀of฀a฀wild฀animal______________________________฀kill฀it฀with฀a฀gun. 15.฀Mr.฀Kim฀prefers฀tea฀______________________________฀coffee฀with฀his฀evening฀meal. 16.฀I฀prefer฀visiting฀my฀friends฀in฀the฀evening฀______________________________฀watching฀TV฀by฀myself. 17.฀My฀brother฀would฀rather฀read฀a฀book฀in฀the฀evening฀______________________________฀visit฀with฀friends. 18.฀My฀sister฀likes฀her฀math฀class฀______________________________฀her฀biology฀class.

C.฀ MODAL฀VERBS฀(II) 1.฀ COULD฀(DO฀SOMETHING)฀AND฀COULD฀HAVE฀(DONE฀SOMETHING) Como฀sabemos,฀COULD฀es฀el฀pasado฀CAN฀(poder,฀ser฀capaz฀de) •฀ Listen.฀I฀can฀hear฀something.฀(Puedo฀oir฀algo)฀(Present). •฀ I฀listened.฀I฀could฀hear฀something฀(Podía฀oir฀algo)฀(Past) Pero฀COULD฀también฀se฀puede฀usar฀cuando฀queremos฀referirnos฀a฀acciones฀posibles฀de฀realizar฀ahora฀o฀en฀el฀ futuro,฀especialmente฀cuando฀deseamos฀hacer฀una฀sugerencia.฀En฀este฀caso฀COULD฀significa฀podría,฀podrías,฀ podríamos,฀etc. •฀ John:฀What฀shall฀we฀do฀this฀evening? ฀ Mary:฀We฀could฀go฀(podríamos฀ir)฀to฀the฀cinema.฀There´s฀a฀very฀good฀film฀on฀at฀the฀Rex. •฀ It´s฀a฀nice฀day.฀We฀could฀go฀for฀a฀walk฀(podríamos฀salir฀a฀caminar)฀in฀the฀park. •฀ When฀you฀go฀to฀New฀York฀next฀month,฀you฀could฀stay฀(podrías฀quedarte)฀with฀Barbara. •฀ Jim:฀If฀you฀need฀money,฀why฀don´t฀you฀ask฀Karen? ฀ Tom:฀Yes,฀I฀suppose฀I฀could฀do฀that฀(podría฀hacer฀eso). También฀COULD฀se฀usa฀para฀referirse฀a฀algo฀que฀es฀posible฀ahora฀o฀en฀el฀futuro.฀En฀este฀caso฀COULD฀es฀sinónimo฀ de฀MIGHT. •฀ The฀phone´s฀ringing.฀It฀could฀be฀Tim.฀(podría฀ser฀Tim) •฀ I฀don´t฀know฀when฀they´ll฀be฀here.฀They฀could฀arrive฀(podrían฀llegar)฀at฀any฀time. Compare฀las฀siguientes฀oraciones: •฀ I฀am฀so฀tired฀now฀that฀I฀could฀sleep฀for฀a฀week.฀(Present)฀(Estoy฀tan฀cansado฀ahora฀que฀podría฀dormir฀durante฀ una฀semana. •฀ I฀was฀so฀tired฀that฀day฀that฀I฀could฀have฀slept฀for฀a฀week.(Estaba฀tan฀cansado฀ese฀día฀que฀podría฀haber฀dormido฀ una฀semana)฀(Past) COULD฀HAVE฀+฀PAST฀PARTICIPLE฀se฀usa฀para฀referirse฀a฀acciones฀que฀pudiendo฀haberse฀realizado฀o฀sucedido,฀ no฀se฀realizaron฀o฀no฀sucedieron. •฀ Why฀did฀you฀stay฀at฀a฀hotel฀when฀you฀came฀to฀Santiago.฀You฀could฀have฀stayed฀with฀us.(Pudrías฀haberte฀ quedado฀con฀nosotros) •฀ John฀fell฀off฀a฀ladder฀yesterday฀but฀he´s฀all฀right.฀He฀could฀have฀hurt฀himself฀badly.฀(Podría฀haberse฀lastimado฀ seriamente)

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A฀veces฀esta฀estructura฀puede฀usarse฀para฀expresar฀la฀idea฀de฀“WOULD฀HAVE฀BEEN฀ABLE฀TO”฀(habría฀podido) •฀ Why฀didn´t฀Liz฀apply฀for฀the฀job?฀She฀could฀have฀got฀it.฀(Podría฀haberlo฀conseguido) •฀ We฀could฀have฀gone฀away฀(podríamos฀haber฀salido)฀if฀we´d฀had฀enough฀money. •฀ The฀trip฀was฀cancelled฀last฀week.฀Paul฀couldn´t฀have฀gone฀(no฀habría฀podido฀salir)฀anyway฀because฀he฀was฀ill. EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Answer฀the฀questions฀with฀a฀suggestion.฀Use฀COULD. 1.฀Where฀shall฀we฀go฀for฀our฀holidays?฀(to฀Scotland).฀ We฀could฀go฀to฀Scotland. 2.฀What฀shall฀we฀have฀for฀dinner฀tonight?(fish)฀฀ We฀฀_______________________________________________ 3.฀What฀shall฀I฀give฀Ann฀for฀her฀birthday?(a฀book)฀฀ You฀฀_______________________________________________ 4.฀When฀shall฀I฀phone฀Angela?฀(right฀now)฀฀ ฀ __________________________________________________฀ 5.฀When฀shall฀we฀go฀and฀see฀Tom?฀(on฀Friday)฀฀ ฀ __________________________________________________ 6.฀Where฀shall฀we฀hang฀this฀picture?(in฀the฀kitchen)฀฀ ฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ Ex.฀2฀Put฀in฀CAN฀or฀COULD.฀Sometimes฀either฀word฀is฀possible. 1.฀A:฀The฀phone฀is฀ringing.฀Who฀do฀you฀think฀it฀is?’฀฀ B:฀It฀______________________________฀be฀Tim. 2.฀I’m฀really฀hungry.฀I฀______________________________฀eat฀a฀horse! 3.฀If฀you’re฀very฀hungry,฀we฀______________________________฀have฀dinner฀now. 4.฀It’s฀so฀nice฀here.฀I฀______________________________฀stay฀here฀all฀day฀but฀unfortunately฀I฀have฀to฀go. 5.฀‘I฀can’t฀find฀my฀bag.฀Have฀you฀seen฀it?’฀‘No,฀but฀it฀______________________________฀be฀in฀the฀car.’ 6.฀Peter฀is฀a฀keen฀musician.฀He฀plays฀the฀flute฀and฀he฀______________________________฀also฀play฀the฀piano. 7.฀‘What฀shall฀we฀do?’฀‘There’s฀a฀film฀on฀television.฀We฀______________________________฀watch฀that’. 8.฀The฀weather฀is฀nice฀now฀but฀it฀______________________________฀change฀later. Ex.฀3.฀Complete฀the฀sentences.฀Use฀COULD฀or฀COULD฀HAVE฀+฀a฀suitable฀verb. 1.฀ 2.฀ ฀ 3.฀ ฀ 4.฀ ฀ 5.฀ ฀

A:฀What฀shall฀we฀do฀this฀evening?฀B:฀I฀don’t฀mind.฀We฀could฀go฀to฀the฀cinema. A:฀I฀had฀a฀very฀boring฀evening฀at฀home฀yesterday.฀‘ B:฀Why฀did฀you฀stay฀at฀home?฀You฀______________________________฀to฀the฀cinema. A:฀There’s฀an฀interesting฀job฀advertised฀in฀the฀paper.฀You฀______________________________฀for฀it. B:฀What฀sort฀of฀job฀is฀it?฀Show฀me฀the฀advertisement. A:฀Did฀you฀go฀to฀the฀concert฀last฀night? B:฀No.฀We฀______________________________฀but฀we฀decided฀not฀to. A:฀Where฀shall฀we฀meet฀tomorrow? B:฀Well,฀I฀______________________________฀to฀your฀house฀if฀you฀like.

Ex.฀4.฀Read฀this฀information฀about฀Ken: Ken฀didn’t฀do฀anything฀on฀Saturday฀evening.฀ Ken฀doesn’t฀know฀anything฀about฀machines.฀ Ken฀was฀free฀on฀Monday฀afternoon.฀฀

Ken฀was฀short฀of฀money฀last฀week. Ken´s฀car฀was฀stolen฀on฀Monday. Ken฀had฀to฀work฀on฀Friday฀evening.

Some฀people฀wanted฀Ken฀to฀do฀different฀things฀last฀week฀but฀they฀couldn’t฀contact฀him.฀So฀he฀didn’t฀do฀any฀of฀ these฀things.฀You฀have฀to฀say฀whether฀he฀could฀have฀done฀or฀couldn’t฀have฀done฀them. 1.฀ ฀ 2.฀ ฀ 3.฀ ฀ 4.฀ ฀

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Ken’s฀aunt฀wanted฀him฀to฀drive฀her฀to฀the฀airport฀on฀Tuesday. He฀couldn´t฀have฀driven฀her฀to฀the฀airport฀(because฀his฀car฀had฀been฀stolen) A฀friend฀of฀his฀wanted฀him฀to฀go฀out฀for฀a฀meal฀on฀Friday฀evening. Ken฀___________________________________________________________________________________________ Another฀friend฀wanted฀him฀to฀play฀tennis฀on฀Monday฀afternoon. Ken฀___________________________________________________________________________________________ Jack฀wanted฀Ken฀to฀lend฀him฀£50฀last฀week. ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________

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Jane฀wanted฀Ken฀to฀come฀to฀her฀party฀on฀Saturday฀evening. He฀____________________________________________________________________________________________ Ken’s฀mother฀wanted฀him฀to฀repair฀her฀washing฀machine. ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________

2.฀ MUST,฀CAN´T,฀MUST฀HAVE,฀AND฀CAN´T฀HAVE Sabemos฀que฀uno฀de฀los฀usos฀de฀MUST฀es฀el฀de฀expresar฀una฀suposición,฀o฀conclusión;฀es฀decir,฀cuando฀estamos฀ seguros฀que฀algo฀es฀así,฀como฀en฀los฀siguientes฀ejemplos: •฀ •฀ ฀ •฀

You฀have฀been฀working฀all฀day.฀You฀must฀be฀very฀tired.฀(Debes฀estar฀muy฀cansado) A:฀“Jim฀is฀a฀hard฀worker” B:฀Jim?฀A฀hard฀worker?฀You฀must฀be฀joking฀(Debes฀estar฀bromeando)฀He´s฀very฀lazy” Carol฀must฀get฀very฀bored฀(debe฀aburrirse฀mucho)฀in฀her฀job.฀She฀does฀the฀same฀thing฀every฀day.฀฀

Cuando฀estamos฀seguros฀de฀que฀algo฀no฀es฀posible,฀que฀no฀puede฀ser฀cierto,฀debemos฀usar฀CAN´T,฀como฀en฀los฀ siguientes฀ejemplos฀: •฀ You´ve฀just฀had฀lunch.฀You฀can´t฀be฀hungry฀already.฀(No฀puedes฀estar฀con฀hambre฀ya) •฀ They฀haven´t฀lived฀here฀very฀long.฀They฀can´t฀know฀many฀people.(No฀pueden฀conocer฀mucha฀gente) En฀situaciones฀pasadas฀se฀debe฀usar฀MUST฀HAVE฀+฀PAST฀PARTICIPLE฀o฀CAN´T฀HAVE฀+฀PAST฀PARTICIPLE.฀ Estudie฀los฀siguientes฀ejemplos: •฀ George฀is฀outside฀his฀friends´฀house.฀He´s฀rung฀the฀doorbell฀three฀times฀but฀nobody฀has฀answered฀They฀must฀ have฀gone฀out.฀(Deben฀haber฀salido) •฀ The฀phone฀rang฀but฀I฀didn´t฀hear฀it.฀I฀must฀have฀been฀asleep.(Debo฀haber฀estado฀dormido) •฀ Jane฀walked฀past฀me฀without฀speaking.฀She฀can´t฀have฀seen฀me.฀(No฀debe฀haberme฀visto) •฀ It฀was฀about฀9:15฀in฀the฀evening.฀Tom฀was฀in฀his฀bedroom.฀He฀must฀have฀been฀watching฀the฀news฀on฀TV.฀He฀ can´t฀have฀been฀sleeping฀(Deber฀haber฀estado฀viendo฀las฀noticas฀en฀TV.฀No฀puede฀haber฀estado฀durmiendo) Note฀la฀pronunciación฀de฀las฀siguientes฀oraciones: You฀must฀be฀very฀tired.฀/iú:฀más฀bi:฀véry฀táiard/ They฀must฀have฀gone฀out.฀/δei฀mástav฀gón฀áut/ She฀can´t฀have฀seen฀me.฀/sh:฀ká:ntav฀sí:n฀mi:/ He฀must฀have฀been฀watching฀TV..฀/hi:฀mástav฀bi:n฀wótchiδη฀tí:฀ví:/ He฀can´t฀have฀been฀sleeping฀/hi:฀ká:ntav฀bi:n฀slí:piδη/ EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Put฀in฀MUST฀or฀CAN’T. 1.฀You’ve฀been฀travelling฀all฀day.฀You฀___________________฀be฀very฀tired. 2.฀That฀restaurant฀___________________฀be฀very฀good.฀It’s฀always฀full฀of฀people. 3.฀That฀restaurant฀___________________฀be฀very฀good.฀It’s฀always฀empty. 4.฀You’re฀going฀on฀holiday฀next฀week.฀You฀___________________฀be฀looking฀forward฀to฀it. 5.฀It฀rained฀every฀day฀during฀their฀holiday,฀so฀they฀___________________฀have฀had฀a฀very฀nice฀time. 6.฀Congratulations฀on฀passing฀your฀exam.฀You฀___________________฀be฀very฀pleased. 7.฀You฀got฀here฀very฀quickly.฀You.___________________฀have฀walked฀very฀fast. 8.฀Bill฀and฀Sue฀go฀away฀on฀holiday฀very฀often,฀so฀they฀___________________฀be฀short฀of฀money. Ex.฀2฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀with฀a฀verb฀in฀the฀correct฀form. 1.฀I’ve฀lost฀one฀of฀my฀gloves.฀I฀must฀_____________________________฀it฀somewhere. 2.฀They฀haven’t฀lived฀here฀very฀long.฀They฀can’t฀_____________________________many฀people. 3.฀Ted฀isn’t฀at฀work฀today.฀He฀must฀_____________________________฀ill. 4.฀Ted฀wasn’t฀at฀work฀last฀week.฀He฀must฀___________________________฀ill. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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5.฀(The฀doorbell฀rings)฀I฀wonder฀who฀that฀is.฀It฀can’t฀____________________฀Mary.฀She’s฀still฀at฀work฀at฀this฀time. 6.฀Carol฀knows฀a฀lot฀about฀films,฀She฀must฀_____________________฀to฀the฀cinema฀a฀lot. 7.฀Look.฀Jack฀is฀putting฀on฀his฀hat฀and฀coat.฀He฀must฀_____________________________฀out. 8.฀I฀left฀my฀bike฀outside฀the฀house฀last฀night฀and฀this฀morning฀it฀wasn’t฀there฀any฀more.Somebody฀must฀ ฀ _____________________________฀it. 9.฀Ann฀was฀in฀a฀very฀difficult฀situation.฀It฀can’t฀_____________________________easy฀for฀her. 10.฀There฀is฀a฀man฀walking฀behind฀us.฀He฀has฀been฀walking฀behind฀us฀for฀the฀last฀20฀minutes.฀He฀must฀ ฀ _____________________________฀us. Ex.฀3.฀Read฀the฀situations฀and฀use฀the฀words฀in฀brackets฀to฀write฀sentences฀with฀MUST฀HAVE฀and฀CAN’T฀HAVE. 1.฀The฀phone฀rang฀but฀I฀didn’t฀hear฀it.฀(I/asleep)฀฀ 1฀must฀have฀been฀asleep. 2.฀Jane฀walked฀past฀me฀without฀speaking.฀(she/see/me) ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀The฀jacket฀you฀bought฀is฀very฀good฀quality.฀(it/very฀expensive) ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀I฀haven’t฀seen฀the฀people฀next฀door฀for฀ages.฀(they/go฀away) ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀I฀can’t฀find฀my฀umbrella.฀(I/leave฀it฀in฀the฀restaurant฀last฀night) ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀Don฀passed฀the฀exam฀without฀studying฀for฀it.฀(the฀exam/very฀difficult) ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀She฀knew฀everything฀about฀our฀plans.฀(she/listen/to฀our฀conversation) ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀Fiona฀did฀the฀opposite฀of฀what฀I฀asked฀her฀to฀do.฀(she/understand/what฀I฀said) ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀When฀I฀woke฀up฀this฀morning,฀the฀light฀was฀on.฀(I/forget/to฀turn฀it฀off) ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀The฀lights฀were฀red฀but฀the฀car฀didn’t฀stop.฀(the฀driver/see/the฀red฀light) ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.฀I฀was฀woken฀up฀in฀the฀middle฀of฀the฀night฀by฀the฀noise฀next฀door.฀(the฀neighbours/have/a฀party) ฀ ฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀ MAY฀/฀MIGHT฀AND฀MAY฀HAVE฀/฀MIGHT฀HAVE฀+฀PAST฀PARTICIPLE Los฀verbos฀modales฀MAY฀/฀MIGHT฀se฀usan฀frecuentemente฀para฀indicar฀una฀posibilidad: *฀It฀may฀be฀true฀(Puede฀que฀sea฀cierto)฀It฀might฀be฀true฀(Podría฀ser฀cierto).฀(=฀perhaps฀it฀is฀true) *฀She฀may฀know฀what฀happened฀(Puede฀que฀ella฀sepa...)฀She฀might฀know฀(Ella฀podría฀tal฀vez฀saber...)฀what฀happened..฀ (=฀perhaps฀she฀knows฀what฀happened฀) La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀MAY฀NOT฀o฀MIGHT฀NOT *฀It฀might฀not฀be฀true.฀(Podría฀no฀ser฀cierto)฀(=฀perhaps฀it฀isn’t฀true) *฀I’m฀not฀sure฀whether฀I฀can฀lend฀you฀some฀money.฀I฀may฀not฀have฀enough.฀(Puede฀que฀no฀tenga฀suficiente)฀(=perhaps฀ I฀don’t฀have฀enough) En฀el฀pasado฀podemos฀usar฀MAY฀HAVE฀+฀past฀participle฀o฀MIGHT฀HAVE฀+฀past฀participle. •฀ ฀ •฀ ฀ •฀ ฀ •฀ ฀

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A:฀I฀wonder฀why฀Kay฀didn’t฀answer฀the฀phone. B:฀She฀may฀have฀been฀asleep.(Puede฀que฀haya฀estado฀durmiendo)฀(=฀perhaps฀she฀was฀asleep) A:฀I฀can’t฀find฀my฀bag฀anywhere. B:฀You฀might฀have฀left฀it฀in฀the฀shop฀(Podrías฀haberla฀dejado...)฀(=฀perhaps฀you฀left฀it฀in฀the฀shop) A:฀I฀was฀surprised฀that฀Sarah฀wasn’t฀at฀the฀meeting. B:฀She฀might฀not฀have฀known฀about฀it.฀(Puede฀que฀no฀haya฀sabido)฀(=฀perhaps฀she฀didn’t฀know) A:฀I฀wonder฀why฀Colin฀was฀in฀such฀a฀bad฀mood฀yesterday. B:฀He฀may฀not฀have฀been฀feeling฀well.฀(Puede฀que฀no฀haya฀estado฀sintiéndose฀bien)฀(=฀perhaps฀he฀wasn’t฀ feeling฀well)

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EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Write฀these฀sentences฀in฀a฀different฀way฀using฀MAY฀(or฀MIGHT)),฀MAY฀HAVE฀(or฀MIGHT฀HAVE). 1.฀Perhaps฀Margaret฀is฀in฀her฀office.฀ 2.฀Perhaps฀Margaret฀is฀busy.฀ 3.฀Perhaps฀she฀is฀working.฀ 4.฀Perhaps฀she฀wants฀to฀be฀alone.฀ 5.฀Perhaps฀she฀was฀ill฀yesterday.฀ 6.฀Perhaps฀she฀went฀home฀early.฀ 7.฀Perhaps฀she฀had฀to฀go฀home฀early.฀ 8.฀Perhaps฀she฀was฀working฀yesterday.฀

฀฀She฀might฀be฀in฀her฀office. ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

In฀sentences฀9-11฀use฀MAY฀NOT฀or฀MIGHT฀NOT. 9.฀Perhaps฀she฀doesn’t฀want฀to฀see฀me.฀฀ 10.฀Perhaps฀she฀isn’t฀working฀today.฀฀ 11.฀Perhaps฀she฀wasn’t฀feeling฀well฀yesterday.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀with฀a฀verb฀in฀the฀correct฀form. 1.฀‘Where’s฀Bob?’฀‘I’m฀not฀sure.฀He฀might...฀be฀having฀lunch.’ 2.฀‘Who฀is฀that฀man฀with฀Ann?’฀‘I’m฀not฀sure.฀It฀might฀________________________________________ her฀brother.’ 3.฀‘Who฀was฀the฀man฀we฀saw฀with฀Ann฀yesterday?’฀‘I’m฀not฀sure.฀It฀might฀ ______________________ her฀brother.’ 4.฀‘Why฀are฀those฀people฀waiting฀in฀the฀street?’฀‘I฀don’t฀know.฀They฀might฀ ________________________ for฀a฀bus.’ 5.฀‘Shall฀I฀buy฀this฀book฀for฀Tim?’฀‘You’d฀better฀not.฀He฀might฀___________________________________ it฀already.’ Ex.฀3฀Read฀the฀situations฀and฀make฀sentences฀from฀the฀words฀in฀brackets.฀Use฀MAY฀or฀MIGHT. 1.฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀ ฀ ฀

I฀can’t฀find฀George฀anywhere.฀I฀wonder฀where฀he฀is. a฀(he฀/฀go฀/฀shopping)฀ He฀may฀have฀gone฀shopping. b฀(he฀/฀play฀/฀tennis)฀ He฀might฀be฀playing฀tennis I’m฀looking฀for฀Helen.฀Do฀you฀know฀where฀she฀is? a฀(she฀/฀watch฀/฀TV฀/฀in฀her฀room)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ b฀(she฀/฀go฀/฀out)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ I฀can’t฀find฀my฀umbrella.฀Have฀you฀seen฀it? a฀(it฀/฀be฀/฀in฀the฀car)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ b฀(you฀/฀leave฀/฀in฀the฀restaurant฀last฀night)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Why฀didn’t฀Tom฀answer฀the฀doorbell?฀I’m฀sure฀he฀was฀in฀the฀house฀at฀the฀time. a฀(he฀/฀be฀/฀in฀the฀bathroom)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ b฀(he฀/฀not฀/฀hear฀/฀the฀bell)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀4.฀Complete฀the฀sentences฀using฀MIGHT,฀MIGHT฀NOT฀or฀COULD,฀COULDN’T. 1.฀A:฀Do฀you฀think฀she฀saw฀you? ฀ B:฀No,฀she฀was฀too฀far฀away.฀She฀couldn´t฀have฀seen฀me 2.฀A:฀I฀wonder฀why฀she฀didn´t฀say฀hello.฀Perhaps฀she฀didn´t฀see฀me. ฀ B:฀That´s฀possible.฀She฀might฀not฀have฀seen฀you. 3.฀A:฀I฀wonder฀why฀Ann฀didn´t฀come฀to฀the฀party.฀Perhaps฀she฀wasn´t฀invited. ฀ B:฀Yes,฀it´s฀possible.฀She฀฀ ________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀A:฀Tom฀loves฀parties.฀I´m฀sure฀he฀would฀have฀come฀to฀the฀party฀if฀he´d฀been฀invited. ฀ B:฀I฀agree.฀He฀฀__________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀A:฀I฀wonder฀how฀the฀fire฀started.฀Do฀you฀think฀it฀was฀an฀accident? ฀ B.฀The฀police฀say฀it฀฀_____________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀A:฀How฀did฀the฀fire฀start?฀I฀suppose฀it฀was฀an฀accident. ฀ B:฀Well,฀the฀police฀aren´t฀sure.฀They฀say฀it฀฀__________________________________________________________

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VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words THE฀WEATHER฀/(e฀wé(er/฀El฀tiempo฀Atmosférico blizzard฀/blízard/฀ breeze฀/brí:z/฀ cloud฀/kláud/฀ cloudy฀/kláudi/฀ cold฀wave฀/kóuld฀wéiv/฀ cyclone฀/sáikloun/฀ dew฀/diu:/฀ downpour฀/dáunpoar/฀ drizzle฀/drízl/฀ drought฀/dráut/฀ flood฀/flad/฀ flashflood฀/flæshflad/ ฀ ´ fog฀/fog/฀ foggy฀/fógi/฀ frost฀/frost/฀ gale฀/géil/฀ hail฀/heil/฀ heat฀wave฀/hi:t฀wéiv/฀ hurricane฀/hárikein/฀ ice฀/áis/฀ landslide฀/læ´฀ndslaid/฀ lightning฀flash฀/láitniη฀flæsh/฀ mist฀/mist/฀ misty฀/místi/฀

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ventisca฀ brisa฀ nube฀ nublado฀ onda฀de฀frío฀ ciclón฀ rocío฀ aguacero฀ llovizna฀ sequía฀ inundación฀ torrente,฀aluvión฀de฀agua฀ neblina,฀bruma฀ brumoso฀ escarcha฀ ventarrón฀ granizo฀ onda฀de฀calor฀ huracán฀ hielo฀ aluvión฀de฀barro relámpago bruma฀matinal brumoso

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

rainfall฀/réinfo:l/฀ scattered฀shower฀/skæterd฀sháuer/ ฀ ´ shower฀/sháuer/฀ sleet฀/slí:t/฀ snowfall฀/snóufo:l/฀ snowflake฀/snóufleik/฀ sunny฀/sáni/฀ sunny฀intervals฀/sáni฀íntervolz/฀ sunny฀patches฀/sáni฀pæ´฀tchiz/฀ sunny฀spells฀/sáni฀spelz/฀ thunder฀/θánder/฀ thunderbolt฀/θánderboult/฀ thunderstorm฀/θándersto:rm/฀ thundery฀/θánderi/฀ tornado฀/tornéidou/฀ twister฀/tuíster/฀ typhoon฀/taifú:n/฀ whirlwind฀/wé:rlwind/฀ wind฀/wind/฀ windy฀/wíndi/฀

lluvia฀caída chubasco฀ocasional chubasco aguanieve nevazón copo฀de฀nieve soleado intervalos฀de฀sol claros฀de฀sol ratos฀de฀sol trueno rayo tormenta฀eléctrica tormentoso฀(torm.฀eléctica) tornado tromba,฀remolino tifón remolino viento con฀viento

Key฀to฀answers

UNIT฀15 PART฀I Ex.฀1.฀1.฀had฀been฀watching฀2.฀had฀been฀walking฀3.฀had฀been฀studying฀4.฀had฀been฀raining฀5.฀had฀-฀been฀doing฀6.฀had฀ -฀been฀drinking฀7.฀had฀been฀flying Ex.฀2.฀1.฀She฀hadn`t฀been฀reading...฀/฀Had฀she฀been฀reading...?฀2.฀It฀hadn`t฀been฀raing...฀/฀Had฀it฀been฀raining...?฀฀ 3.฀Bob฀hadn´t฀been฀sleeping...฀/฀Had฀Bob฀been฀sleeping...?฀4.฀I฀hadn´t฀been฀working...฀/฀Had฀I฀been฀working...?฀5.฀The฀ students฀had฀not฀been฀practicing...฀/฀Had฀the฀students฀been฀practicing...?฀6.The฀patient฀hadn´t฀been฀feeling...฀/฀Had฀ the฀patient฀been฀feeling...? Ex.฀3.฀1.what฀had฀they฀been฀doing฀that฀evening?฀2.฀What฀had฀the฀boy฀been฀watching?฀3.฀Why฀had฀Mr.฀Smith฀been฀ saving฀money?฀4.฀How฀long฀had฀the฀Johnsons฀been฀living฀in฀the฀same฀house?฀5.฀How฀long฀had฀he฀been฀teaching฀ Physics฀in฀that฀school฀when฀he฀retired? Ex.฀4.฀1.฀What฀had฀you฀been฀doing฀that฀morning?฀2.฀Mrs.฀Brown฀had฀been฀working฀hard฀that฀day฀and฀felt฀very฀tired.฀฀ 3.฀How฀long฀had฀you฀been฀living฀in฀that฀apartment฀before฀buying฀this฀house?฀4.฀They´d฀been฀talking฀for฀about฀an฀hour฀ before฀I฀arrived..฀5.฀It´d฀been฀raining฀all฀morning฀.฀The฀sky฀was฀clear฀and฀the฀sun฀was฀shining.฀6.฀She´d฀been฀working฀on฀ that฀report฀since฀last฀week฀/฀the฀previous฀week.฀7.฀The฀young฀engineer฀had฀been฀doing฀research฀work฀for฀a฀long฀time.

PART฀II A. Ex.฀1.฀3.฀You฀should฀have฀gone...฀4.฀He฀ought฀to฀have฀come...฀5.฀You฀should฀have฀told...฀6.฀He฀ought฀to฀have฀started...฀ 7.฀You฀should฀not฀have฀told฀l฀her...฀8.฀You฀ought฀to฀have฀telephoned...฀9.฀You฀should฀have฀attended...฀10.฀You฀ought฀to฀ have฀given...฀.฀11.฀You฀should฀not฀have฀given...฀12.฀I฀ought฀not฀to฀have฀gone... Ex.฀2.฀(Possible฀answers)฀2.฀have฀sent฀it฀by฀air฀mail฀3.฀have฀given฀it฀to฀Jane฀4.฀have฀left฀them฀in฀Room฀11.฀5.฀to฀have฀ telephoned฀him฀at฀his฀home฀6.฀have฀sent฀her฀an฀e-mail.฀7.฀to฀have฀invested฀it฀in฀stocks฀/฀shares.฀8.฀have฀studied฀medicine.฀ 9.฀have฀gone฀to฀Tahiti฀10.฀have฀sent฀it฀by฀UPS฀/฀FedEx B. Ex.฀1.฀2.฀She´d฀rather฀come฀back฀later.฀3.฀I´d฀rather฀drink฀tea฀with฀my฀meals.฀4.฀They´d฀rather฀not฀wait฀outside฀5,฀I´d฀ rather฀stay฀at฀home฀and฀watch฀TV.฀6.฀We´d฀rather฀not฀say฀anything฀to฀him฀about฀it.฀7.฀I´d฀rather฀go฀to฀South฀America฀on฀ my฀vacation.฀8.฀John฀would฀rather฀go฀to฀the฀party฀with฀Helen.฀9.฀I´d฀rather฀not฀go฀to฀the฀party฀alone.฀10.฀They´d฀rather฀ speak฀to฀him฀at฀his฀home. Ex.฀2.฀2.฀He´d฀better฀go฀to฀a฀doctor฀at฀once.฀3.฀You´d฀better฀rest฀a฀while฀4.฀He´d฀better฀take฀private฀lessons.฀5.฀She´d฀ better฀spend฀more฀time฀on฀her฀homework.฀6.฀We´d฀better฀send฀him฀an฀e-mail฀right฀away.฀7.฀We´d฀better฀not฀mention฀it฀ to฀him.฀8.฀You´d฀better฀not฀work฀so฀hard฀after฀your฀illness.฀9.฀We´d฀better฀not฀stand฀so฀close฀to฀the฀curb.฀10.฀Helen฀had฀ better฀begin฀more฀time฀on฀her฀English. Ex.฀3.฀4.฀to฀5.฀better฀than฀6.฀than฀7.฀to฀8.฀better฀than฀9.฀than฀10.฀better฀than฀11.฀to฀12.฀than฀13.฀better฀than฀14.฀than฀ 15.฀to฀16.฀to฀17.฀than฀18.฀better฀than C.1. Ex.฀1.฀2.฀We฀could฀have฀fish฀3.฀You฀could฀give฀her฀a฀book.฀4.฀You฀could฀phone฀her฀now฀.฀5.฀We฀could฀go฀and฀see฀him฀ on฀Friday.฀6.฀We฀could฀hang฀it฀in฀the฀kitchen. Ex.฀2.฀1.฀can฀/฀could฀2.฀could฀3.฀can฀/฀could฀4.฀could฀5.฀can฀/฀could฀6.฀can฀7.฀could฀8.฀could Ex.฀3.฀2.could฀have฀gone฀3.฀could฀apply฀4.could฀have฀gone฀5.฀could฀come A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Ex.฀4.฀2.฀Ken฀couldn´t฀have฀gone฀out฀because฀he฀had฀to฀work.฀3.฀Ken฀could฀have฀played฀tennis฀on฀Monday฀evening฀ because฀he฀was฀free.฀4.฀He฀couldn´t฀have฀lent฀him฀£50฀because฀he฀was฀short฀of฀money.฀5.฀He฀couldn´t฀have฀come฀to฀ her฀party฀because฀he฀didn´t฀do฀anything฀on฀Friday฀evening.฀6.฀He฀couldn´t฀have฀repaired฀it฀because฀he฀doesn´t฀know฀ anything฀about฀machines. C.2. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀must฀2.฀must฀3.฀can´t฀4.฀must฀5.฀can´t฀6.must฀7.฀must฀8.฀can´t Ex.฀2.฀(Possible฀answers)฀1.฀have฀left฀2.฀know฀3.฀be฀4.฀have฀been฀5.฀be฀6.฀go฀7.฀be฀going฀8.฀have฀taken฀/฀stolen฀9.฀have฀ been฀10.฀be฀following Ex.฀3.฀2.She฀can´t฀have฀seen฀me.฀3.฀It฀must฀have฀been฀very฀expensive฀4.They฀must฀have฀gone฀away.฀5.฀I฀must฀have฀left฀ it฀in฀the฀restaurant฀last฀night.฀6.฀The฀exam฀can´t฀have฀been฀very฀difficult฀7.฀She฀must฀have฀listened฀to฀our฀conversation.฀ 8.฀She฀can´t฀have฀understood฀what฀I฀said.฀9.฀I฀must฀have฀forgotten฀to฀turn฀it฀off.฀10.฀The฀driver฀can´t฀have฀seen฀the฀red฀ light.฀11.The฀neighbors฀must฀have฀been฀having฀a฀party฀. C.฀3. Ex.฀1.฀2.฀She฀may฀/฀might฀be฀busy.฀3.฀She฀may฀/฀might฀be฀working฀4.฀She฀may฀/฀might฀want฀to฀be฀alone฀5.฀She฀may฀ /฀might฀have฀been฀ill฀yesterday฀.฀6.฀She฀may฀/฀might฀have฀gone฀home฀early฀7.฀She฀may฀/฀might฀have฀had฀to฀go฀home฀ early฀8.She฀may฀/฀might฀have฀been฀working฀yesterday.฀9.฀She฀may฀/฀might฀not฀want฀to฀see฀me.฀10.฀She฀may฀/฀might฀ not฀be฀working฀today฀11.฀She฀may฀/฀might฀not฀have฀been฀feeling฀well฀yesterday. Ex.฀2.฀(Possible฀answers)2.฀b฀e฀3.฀have฀been฀4.฀be฀waiting฀5.฀have฀bought Ex.฀3.฀2a.฀She฀may฀/฀might฀be฀watching฀TV฀in฀her฀room.฀2b.฀She฀may฀/฀might฀have฀gone฀out฀3a.฀It฀may฀/฀might฀be฀in฀ the฀car.฀3b.฀You฀may฀/฀might฀have฀left฀it฀in฀the฀restaurant฀4a.฀He฀may฀/฀might฀have฀been฀in฀the฀bathroom.฀4b.฀He฀may฀ /฀might฀not฀have฀heard฀the฀bell. Ex.฀4.฀3.฀might฀not฀have฀been฀invited..฀4.฀might฀have฀come฀if฀he´d฀been฀invited.฀5.฀might฀have฀been฀an฀accident.฀฀ 6.฀might฀have฀been฀an฀accident

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UNIT฀16 PART฀I.฀EL฀TIEMPO฀FUTURO฀PERFECTO฀(THE฀FUTURE฀PERFECT฀TENSE) Este฀tiempo฀verbal฀describe฀una฀acción฀que฀será฀completada฀antes฀de฀una฀fecha฀específica฀dada฀en฀el฀futuro.฀Este฀ tiempo฀se฀expresa฀usando฀WILL฀HAVE฀más฀el฀PASADO฀PARTICIPIO฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal.฀Las฀expresiones฀de฀ tiempo฀usadas฀en฀el฀Futuro฀Perfecto฀son฀aquellas฀introducidas฀con฀by฀+฀una฀fecha฀futura฀como฀by฀December฀15th,฀ by฀the฀end฀of฀this฀month,฀by฀this฀time฀next฀week,฀etc.฀Tambien฀son฀comunes฀las฀expresiones฀que฀contienen฀WHEN฀/฀ IF฀+฀S฀+฀PRESENTE฀SIMPLE฀+฀UNA฀FECHA฀FUTURA,฀como฀When฀Peter฀gets฀home฀tonight฀(cuando฀Peter฀llegue฀ a฀casa฀esta฀noche),฀When฀we฀get฀to฀that฀town฀tomorrow฀(cuando฀lleguemos฀a฀esa฀ciudad฀mañana),฀if฀they฀arrive฀after฀ 10฀tomorrow฀(si฀ellos฀llegan฀después฀de฀las฀10฀mañana),฀etc. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda฀: By฀December฀15th,฀we฀will฀have฀lived฀in฀this฀country฀five฀years.฀ /bai฀disémber฀ δe฀fift:nθ฀wi฀wil฀hav฀lívd฀in฀ δis฀kántri฀fáiv฀yíarz/฀ Hacia฀el฀15฀de฀diciembre,฀nosotros฀habremos฀vivido฀cinco฀años฀en฀este฀país By฀the฀end฀of฀this฀month฀the฀spaceship฀will฀have฀reached฀Jupiter.฀/bai฀δi฀énd฀ov฀δis฀mánθ฀δe฀spéiship฀wil฀hav฀rí:tcht฀dllúpiter/฀ Hacia฀fines฀de฀este฀mes,฀la฀nave฀espacial฀habrá฀llegado฀a฀Júpiter. When฀Peter฀gets฀home฀tonight,฀I฀will฀have฀had฀dinner฀already.฀/wen฀pí฀:ter฀géts฀hóum฀tunáit฀ail฀hav฀hæ´d฀díner฀alrédi/฀Cuando฀ Peter฀llegue฀a฀casa฀esta฀noche,฀yo฀ya฀habré฀cenado When฀we฀get฀to฀that฀town฀tomorrow,฀we´ll฀have฀travelled฀more฀than฀twelve฀hours.฀/wen฀wi฀gét฀tu฀δæ´t฀táun฀tumórou฀wil฀hav฀ træ´veld฀móar฀δan฀tuelv฀áuerz/฀Cuando฀lleguemos฀a฀ese฀pueblo฀mañana,฀nosotros฀habremos฀viajado฀más฀de฀doce฀horas. If฀our฀team฀wins฀the฀next฀game,฀we฀will฀have฀gotten฀our฀third฀trophy.฀/if฀auar฀tí:m฀winz฀δe฀nékst฀géim฀wi฀wil฀hav฀góten฀áuar฀ θerd฀trófi/฀Si฀nuestro฀equipo฀gana฀el฀próximo฀partido,฀nosotros฀habremos฀ganado฀nuestro฀tercer฀trofeo. La฀forma฀negativa฀se฀expresa฀usando฀WILL฀NOT฀HAVE฀+฀past฀participle฀y฀en฀la฀interrogación฀se฀antepone฀el฀verbo฀ modal฀WILL฀al฀sujeto. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda฀: They฀will฀have฀finished฀the฀work฀by฀10:30 They฀will฀not/won´t฀have฀finished฀the฀work฀by฀10:30. Will฀they฀have฀finished฀the฀work฀by฀10:30? What฀time฀will฀they฀have฀finished฀the฀work? La฀pregunta฀habitual฀en฀este฀tiempo฀es: WHAT฀WILL฀YOU฀HAVE฀DONE?฀/wót฀wil฀iu:฀h

v฀dán/฀¿Qué฀habrá฀hecho฀Ud.?

Note฀como฀la฀palabra฀WHEN฀cambia฀el฀significado฀de฀las฀siguientes฀oraciones: You฀come฀here฀every฀day฀Tú฀vienes฀acá฀todos฀los฀días When฀you฀come฀here฀tomorrow...฀Cuando฀tú฀vengas฀acá฀mañana... I฀have฀the฀information฀now฀Yo฀tengo฀la฀información฀ahora When฀I฀have฀the฀information฀this฀afternoon...฀Cuando฀yo฀tenga฀la฀información฀esta฀tarde... She฀is฀free฀now.฀Ella฀está฀libre฀ahora When฀she฀is฀free฀next฀time...฀Cuando฀ella฀esté฀libre฀la฀próxima฀vez...

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EXERCISES Ex.฀1฀Complete฀the฀following฀sentences฀using฀the฀verbs฀provided฀in฀the฀Future฀Perfect฀Tense. 1.฀When฀you฀arrive฀at฀midday฀tomorrow,฀the฀Johnsons฀________________________฀already.฀(leave) 2.฀By฀the฀end฀of฀March,฀the฀weather฀________________________฀considerably.฀(change) 3.฀If฀you฀come฀at฀noon฀tomorrow,฀we฀________________________฀the฀work.฀(finish) 4.฀If฀he฀gets฀here฀at฀6฀o´clock,฀they฀________________________฀home.฀(go) 5.฀If฀he฀doesn´t฀hurry,฀they฀________________________฀dinner฀when฀he฀gets฀there.฀(have) 6.฀By฀December,฀the฀students฀________________________฀their฀first฀course.฀(complete) 7.฀I________________________฀in฀this฀country฀two฀years฀next฀October.฀(be) 8.฀By฀tomorrow,฀I฀________________________฀all฀these฀grammar฀rules.฀(forget) 9.฀When฀he฀becomes฀a฀man,฀he฀________________________฀many฀things.฀(learn) 10.฀By฀this฀time฀next฀month,฀you฀________________________฀from฀your฀illness.฀(recover) 11.฀Before฀they฀leave฀New฀York฀next฀Sunday,฀they________________________฀the฀most฀important฀places฀of฀interest.฀ (visit) 12.฀By฀two฀o´clock,฀they฀________________________฀and฀________________________฀.฀(come฀-฀go) Ex.฀2.฀What฀things฀will฀you฀have฀done:฀ ฀ ฀a)฀by฀the฀end฀of฀this฀month?฀ ฀ ฀b)฀by฀the฀end฀of฀this฀year?,฀and฀ ฀ ฀c)฀when฀you฀retire?฀ Write฀at฀least฀three฀sentences฀for฀each฀question. a)฀ By฀the฀end฀of฀this฀month, 1.฀I฀will฀have฀finished฀reading฀this฀book. 2.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ b)฀ By฀the฀end฀of฀this฀year, 1.฀I฀will฀have฀completed฀this฀course฀in฀English. 2.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ c)฀ By฀the฀time฀I฀retire, 1.฀I฀will฀have฀worked฀as฀a฀teacher฀for฀thirty-five฀years 2.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀฀฀______________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀3.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀English: 1.฀Ellos฀habrán฀terminado฀ese฀edificio฀antes฀del฀fin฀de฀año. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀El฀ya฀habrá฀realizado฀todos฀sus฀planes฀antes฀termine฀el฀verano. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀Antes฀de฀las฀seis฀de฀la฀tarde,฀nosotros฀ya฀habremos฀procesado฀toda฀la฀información. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀Si฀no฀tomamos฀un฀taxi,฀el฀concierto฀ya฀habrá฀comenzado฀cuando฀lleguemos฀al฀teatro. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 216

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5.฀La฀mayoría฀de฀los฀pájaros฀habrá฀emigrado฀al฀norte฀antes฀que฀llegue฀el฀invierno. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀Hacia฀fines฀de฀este฀curso,฀yo฀ya฀habré฀aprendido฀a฀conversar฀en฀inglés. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀Si฀sigue฀los฀consejos฀de฀su฀médico,฀muy฀pronto฀Ud.฀se฀habrá฀recuperado฀de฀su฀operación. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀Antes฀de฀la฀medianoche,฀los฀resultados฀de฀elección฀habrán฀sido฀enviados฀a฀la฀prensa. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

PART฀II. A.฀ SEQUENCE฀OF฀VERB฀TENSES฀(CONCORDANCIA฀DE฀TIEMPOS฀VERBALES) Observe฀la฀siguiente฀tabla:

PRINCIPAL฀VERB

SUBORDINATE฀VERB฀

PRESENT PAST

Present Future Past Conditional

Según฀la฀regla฀de฀la฀concordancia฀de฀los฀tiempos฀verbales, a)฀ Cuando฀ el฀ verbo฀ principal฀ de฀ una฀ oración฀ está฀ expresado฀ en฀ el฀ TIEMPO฀ PRESENTE,฀ los฀ demás฀ verbos฀ subordinados฀deben฀estar฀expresados฀en฀el฀TIEMPO฀PRESENTE฀o฀en฀el฀TIEMPO฀FUTURO; b)฀ Cuando฀el฀verbo฀principal฀está฀expresado฀en฀el฀TIEMPO฀PASADO,฀los฀demás฀verbos฀subordinados฀deben฀estar฀ expresados฀en฀el฀TIEMPO฀PASADO฀o฀en฀el฀POTENCIAL. De฀acuerdo฀con฀esta฀regla,฀los฀verbos฀modales฀am฀/฀is฀/฀are,฀do฀/฀does,฀will,฀have฀/฀has,฀can,฀must,฀may฀deben฀ser฀ cambiados฀a฀las฀respectivas฀formas฀del฀pasado:฀was฀/฀were,฀did,฀would,฀had,฀could,฀had฀to,฀might. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda฀: Mary฀says฀that฀she฀knows฀Bob฀well.฀(Mary฀dice฀que฀conoce฀bien฀a฀Bob.) Mary฀said฀that฀she฀knew฀Bob฀well.฀(Mary฀dijo฀que฀conocía฀bien฀a฀Bob.) He฀says฀that฀his฀first฀name฀is฀Robert.฀(El฀dice฀que฀su฀nombre฀de฀pila฀es฀Robert) He฀said฀that฀his฀first฀name฀was฀Robert.฀(El฀dijo฀que฀su฀nombre฀de฀pila฀era฀Robert) Tom฀thinks฀that฀he฀can฀come฀to฀the฀party฀tonight.฀(Tom฀cree฀que฀puede฀venir฀a฀la฀fiesta฀esta฀noche) Tom฀thought฀that฀he฀could฀come฀to฀the฀party฀tonight.฀(Tom฀creía฀que฀podría฀venir฀a฀la฀fiesta฀esta฀noche) The฀man฀says฀that฀he฀will฀come฀here฀tomorrow.฀(El฀hombre฀dice฀que฀vendrá฀acá฀mañana) The฀man฀said฀that฀he฀would฀come฀here฀tomorrow.฀(El฀hombre฀dijo฀que฀vendría฀acá฀mañana) They฀say฀they฀must฀be฀at฀the฀airport฀at฀8:30.฀(Ellos฀dicen฀que฀deben฀estar฀en฀el฀aeropuerto฀a฀las฀8:30) They฀said฀they฀had฀to฀be฀at฀the฀airport฀at฀8:30.฀(Ellos฀dijeron฀que฀debían฀en฀estar฀en฀el฀aeropuerto฀a฀las฀8:30)

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EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Change฀to฀past฀tense,฀following฀the฀rule฀of฀sequence฀of฀tenses: 1.฀He฀says฀he฀will฀be฀here฀at฀noon.฀฀ 2.฀I฀think฀I฀can฀meet฀you.฀ 3.฀He฀hopes฀he฀can฀be฀there฀early฀฀ 4.฀I฀think฀it฀may฀rain฀this฀evening.฀ 5.฀He฀wants฀to฀know฀where฀she฀is.฀ 6.฀He฀says฀he฀is฀very฀sorry.฀ 7.฀The฀young฀man฀tells฀us฀he฀is฀married.฀ 8.฀I฀think฀it฀will฀be฀very฀hot฀this฀afternoon.฀ 9.฀I฀think฀he฀will฀be฀there฀by฀ten฀o´clock฀ 10.฀He฀believes฀he฀can฀do฀it.฀฀ 11.฀The฀weather฀man฀predicts฀it฀will฀rain.฀฀ 12.฀He฀says฀he฀has฀to฀work.hard฀every฀day฀฀ 13.฀I฀know฀where฀she฀lives.฀ 14.฀Bob฀wants฀to฀know฀how฀many฀people฀there฀are.฀ 15.฀The฀boy฀says฀he฀has฀seen฀the฀movie.฀ 16.฀The฀girl฀says฀she฀is฀studying฀for฀a฀test.฀฀ 17.฀I฀think฀Mr฀Jones฀may฀be฀in฀his฀office.฀฀ 18.฀I฀think฀there´ll฀be฀a฀lot฀of฀work฀to฀do.฀฀ 19.฀I฀don´t฀know฀where฀Mary฀is.฀ 20.฀I฀don´t฀think฀Bob฀will฀like฀the฀new฀job.฀฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Choose฀the฀correct฀form: 1.฀He฀said฀he฀(will,฀would)฀be฀here.฀฀ 2.฀He฀thinks฀he฀(can,฀could)฀do฀it฀easily.฀฀ 3.฀He฀asked฀me฀where฀1฀(live,฀lived).฀ 4.฀I฀didn’t฀know฀what฀the฀word฀(means,฀meant).฀ 5.฀The฀newspaper฀says฀it฀(will,฀would)฀rain.฀฀ 6.฀She฀said฀she฀(was฀going,฀is฀going)฀away.฀฀ 7.฀I฀told฀him฀that฀I฀(cannot,฀could฀not)฀go.฀฀ 8.฀He฀said฀he฀(has฀been,฀had฀been)฀a฀soldier.฀ 9.฀She฀said฀she฀(does฀not,฀did฀not)฀feel฀well.฀ 10.฀I฀don’t฀know฀what฀his฀name฀(is,฀was).฀฀ 11.฀I฀didn’t฀know฀what฀he฀(is,฀was)฀trying฀to฀do.฀฀ 12.฀She฀said฀she฀(may,฀might)฀be฀late.฀

฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

B.฀ THE฀PRESENT฀TENSE฀AFTER฀IF฀(EL฀TIEMPO฀PRESENTE฀DESPUES฀DE฀IF฀) Se฀debe฀usar฀el฀TIEMPO฀PRESENTE฀(y฀no฀el฀tiempo฀futuro)฀después฀de฀la฀palabra฀IF,฀aún฀cuando฀nos฀estemos฀ refiriendo฀a฀situaciones฀futuras. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda฀: If฀John฀comes฀(no,฀“will฀come”฀)฀tomorrow,฀he฀will฀see฀Mary. If฀it฀rains฀(no,฀“will฀rain”)฀next฀Sunday,฀they฀will฀not฀go฀to฀the฀beach. Del฀mismo฀modo,฀debemos฀usar฀el฀PRESENTE฀(y฀no฀el฀futuro)฀después฀de฀las฀palabras฀WHEN฀(cuando),฀UNTIL฀(hasta฀ que),฀AS฀SOON฀AS฀(en฀cuanto),฀BEFORE฀(antes฀que),฀AFTER฀(después฀que),฀UNLESS฀(a฀menos฀que),฀AS฀LONG฀AS฀ (durante฀todo฀el฀tiempo฀que),฀u฀otra฀palabra฀similar฀para฀introducir฀una฀cláusula฀subordinada฀en฀el฀tiempo฀futuro.

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Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda฀: When฀John฀comes฀here฀this฀evening,฀he฀will฀see฀Mary.฀(Cuando฀John฀venga฀acá฀esta฀tarde,฀él฀vera฀a฀Mary) As฀soon฀as฀I฀see฀Mr฀Smith฀tomorrow,฀I฀will฀give฀him฀your฀message.฀(En฀cuanto฀yo฀vea฀a฀Mr฀Smith฀mañana฀le฀dare฀ su฀mensaje) Wait฀here฀in฀the฀lobby฀until฀the฀bus฀arrives,฀within฀ten฀or฀fifteen฀minutes.฀(Espere฀aquí฀hasta฀que฀el฀bus฀llegue,฀ dentro฀de฀10฀o฀15฀minutos) EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Supply฀the฀correct฀form฀of฀the฀verb฀in฀parentheses: 1.฀If฀he____________________________฀(arrive)฀on฀time฀tomorrow฀morning,฀he฀can฀go฀with฀us฀on฀the฀city฀tour. 2.฀lf฀it฀_____________________฀not฀______________________฀(rain)฀tomorrow,฀we฀may฀go฀to฀the฀beach. 3.฀lf฀he฀____________________________฀(be)฀late฀this฀evening,฀they฀will฀not฀wait฀for฀him. 4.฀When฀he฀____________________________฀(come)฀this฀afternoon,฀please฀let฀me฀know. 5.฀Call฀me฀as฀soon฀as฀he฀____________________________฀(get)฀here฀tomorrow฀morning. 6.฀Do฀not฀leave฀before฀I฀____________________________:____________________________฀(tell)฀you฀to฀go฀. 7.`฀If฀he฀____________________________฀(like)฀the฀job฀next฀week,฀he฀will฀keep฀it. 8.฀If฀the฀weather฀____________________________฀(be)฀good฀tomorrow,฀we฀will฀go฀to฀the฀beach. 9.฀As฀soon฀as฀he฀____________________________฀(telephone)฀today,฀please฀give฀him฀the฀message. 10.฀Do฀not฀call฀me฀tomorrow฀morning฀unless฀he฀____________________________฀(come)฀to฀the฀office. 11.฀I฀will฀not฀go฀to฀the฀meeting฀next฀Monday฀unless฀you฀____________________________฀(go)฀too. 12.฀If฀he_____________________not฀_____________________฀(come)฀here฀soon,฀we฀will฀have฀to฀leave฀without฀him. Ex.฀2.฀Insert฀the฀missing฀conjunction:฀UNTIL,฀WHEN,฀AS฀SOON฀AS,฀AS฀LONG฀AS,฀WHILE,฀BEFORE,฀etc.: 1.฀We฀will฀not฀leave฀the฀hotel฀____________________________฀you฀are฀ready฀to฀go,฀too. 2.฀I´ll฀write฀to฀you฀____________________________฀I฀get฀to฀New฀York฀next฀Friday฀evening. 3.฀Don´t฀start฀moving.฀You฀must฀wait฀____________________________฀the฀light฀changes฀to฀green. 4฀ They฀will฀stay฀in฀the฀South฀West฀____________________________฀the฀war฀lasts. 5.฀We฀wilI฀wait฀here฀____________________________฀฀ you฀telephone฀this฀afternoon. 6.฀You฀can฀stay฀here฀____________________________฀we฀go฀to฀the฀movie฀this฀evening. 7.฀You฀will฀know฀him฀____________________________฀you฀see฀him฀at฀the฀meeting฀tomorrow. 8.฀We’ll฀come฀to฀see฀you฀next฀week฀____________________________฀you฀leave฀on฀your฀vacation. 9.฀Please฀wait฀here฀____________________________฀the฀doctor฀arrives.(within฀a฀few฀minutes) 10.฀I´ll฀believe฀ít฀____________________________฀I฀see฀it

PART฀III.฀USE฀OF฀“ELSE”฀Y฀“OR฀ELSE”. A.฀ ELSE Esta฀ palabra฀ se฀ usa฀ junto฀ a฀ las฀ palabras฀ derivadas฀ de฀ SOME,฀ ANY฀ y฀ NO฀ (somebody฀ /฀ someone,฀ something,฀ somewhere;฀anybody฀/฀anyone,฀anything,฀anywhere;฀nobody฀/฀no฀one,฀nothing,฀nowhere)฀como฀un฀sinónimo฀de฀ some฀other฀person,฀any฀other฀person,฀no฀other฀person,฀some฀other฀thing,฀any฀other฀thing,฀etc. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda฀: Somebody฀else฀(฀=฀some฀other฀person)฀will฀take฀care฀of฀you.฀(Alguien฀más฀se฀preocupara฀de฀ustedes) Is฀there฀anything฀else฀(=฀any฀other฀thing)฀that฀you฀need?฀(¿Hay฀algo฀más฀que฀necesite฀usted?)

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B.฀ OR฀ELSE Esta฀frase฀se฀usa฀como฀un฀sinónimo฀de฀if฀not฀(=฀o฀si฀no).฀También฀se฀puede฀usar฀en฀este฀caso฀la฀palabra฀otherwise฀(=฀ de฀lo฀contrario) Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda฀: We฀must฀hurry฀or฀else฀(if฀we฀don´t)฀we฀will฀be฀late฀for฀the฀train. He´d฀better฀wait฀here฀or฀else฀(if฀he฀doesn´t)฀he฀will฀miss฀her. You´d฀better฀tell฀him฀about฀it฀or฀else฀(if฀you฀don´t)฀he´ll฀be฀angry฀with฀you. EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Substitute฀the฀correct฀expression฀with฀ELSE฀for฀the฀words฀in฀italics: 1.฀Did฀they฀go฀any฀other฀place?฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 2.฀No฀other฀person฀helped฀him฀with฀the฀work.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀You฀must฀ask฀some฀other฀person฀about฀it.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀Haven’t฀I฀met฀you฀some฀other฀place?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀They´ve฀never฀sold฀that฀product฀in฀any฀other฀place.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀Did฀you฀see฀any฀other฀thing฀that฀you฀liked?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀Let’s฀do฀some฀other฀thing฀tonight.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀I฀didn’t฀tell฀any฀other฀person฀about฀it.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀Can฀I฀show฀you฀any฀other฀thing,฀Mrs.฀Smith?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 10.฀There฀was฀no฀other฀person฀in฀the฀room฀at฀that฀time.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 11.฀Do฀you฀have฀any฀other฀thing฀to฀tell฀us฀about฀him?฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 12.฀Will฀they฀go฀any฀other฀place฀after฀the฀concert?฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Ex.฀2.฀Join฀the฀following฀pairs฀of฀sentences,฀substituting฀OR฀ELSE฀for฀the฀words฀in฀italics: 1.฀We฀must฀hurry.฀If฀we฀don’t,฀we´ll฀be฀late. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀You฀must฀do฀as฀your฀mother฀says.฀If฀you฀don’t,฀she´ll฀punish฀you. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀We฀had฀better฀hurry.฀If฀we฀don´t,฀we´ll฀miss฀the฀train. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀Turn฀off฀the฀radio.฀If฀you฀don’t,฀you’ll฀wake฀the฀baby. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀Save฀your฀money.฀If฀you฀don’t,฀you฀won’t฀be฀able฀to฀go฀away฀on฀your฀vacation. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀You฀must฀study฀hard.฀If฀you฀don’t,฀you฀won’t฀pass฀the฀course. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀You฀must฀practice฀your฀English฀every฀day.฀If฀you฀don’t,฀you฀will฀soon฀forget฀it. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀I฀must฀go฀home฀right฀away.฀If฀I฀don’t,฀my฀mother฀will฀be฀angry฀with฀me. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀Helen฀must฀rest฀more.฀If฀she฀doesn’t,฀she฀may฀have฀a฀nervous฀breakdown. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀Put฀the฀dog฀outside.฀If฀you฀don’t฀he฀will฀bark฀and฀wake฀everyone฀up. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Ex.฀3.฀Repeat฀the฀previous฀exercise,฀but฀this฀time฀substitute฀the฀word฀OTHERWISE฀for฀the฀words฀in฀italics: 1.฀ We฀must฀hurry;฀otherwise฀we´ll฀be฀late 2.฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀฀฀฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words THE฀WORKSHOP฀/(δ axe฀/æks/฀ bolt฀/bóult/฀ bucket฀/bákit/฀ drill฀/dril/฀ file฀/fáil/฀ hammer฀/hæ´฀mer/฀ jack฀/dllæk/฀ lathe฀/leiδ/฀ lever฀/lí:ver/฀ measuring฀tape฀/mélloriη฀téip/฀ nail฀/neil/฀ needle฀/ní:dl/฀ nut฀/nat/฀ plane฀/pléin/฀ pliers฀/pláiarz/฀

hacha฀ perno฀ balde฀ taladro฀ lima฀ martillo฀ gata฀ torno฀ palanca฀ huincha฀de฀medir฀ clavo฀ aguja฀ tuerca฀ formón฀ alicates฀

฀wé:rkshop/฀El฀Taller

saw฀/so:/฀ scissors฀/sízorz/฀ screw฀/skru:/฀ screwdriver฀/skru:dráiver/฀ soldering-iron฀/sólderiη฀áiron/฀ spade฀/spéid/฀ spanner฀/spæ´฀ner/฀ square฀/skwéar/฀ tongs฀/tongz/฀ vise฀/váis/฀ washer฀/wósher/฀ welding฀torch฀/wéldiη฀tó:rtch/฀ wire฀/wáiar/฀ workbench฀/we:rkbéntch/฀ wrench฀/réntch/฀

serrucho tijeras tornillo desatornillador soldadora pala llave฀de฀tuercas escuadra tenazas banco฀de฀torno golilla soplete฀para฀soldar alambre banco฀de฀trabajo llave฀inglesa

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Bl฀222

Key฀to฀answers

UNIT฀16 PART฀I. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀will฀have฀left฀2.฀will฀have฀changed฀3.฀will฀have฀finished฀4.฀will฀have฀gone฀5.฀will฀have฀had฀6.฀will฀have฀completed฀ 7.฀will฀have฀been฀8.฀will฀have฀forgotten฀9.฀will฀have฀learnt฀(or฀learned)฀10.฀will฀have฀recovered฀11.฀will฀have฀visited฀12.฀ will฀have฀come฀-฀(will฀have฀)฀gone Ex.฀2.฀(Open฀answers) Ex.฀3.฀1.฀They´ll฀have฀finished฀that฀building฀before฀the฀end฀of฀this฀year.฀2.฀He´ll฀have฀fulfilled฀/฀carried฀out฀all฀his฀plans฀ before฀the฀summer฀ends฀/฀is฀over.฀3.฀Before฀6฀this฀evening,฀we´ll฀have฀processed฀all฀the฀information.฀4.฀If฀we฀don´t฀take฀ a฀taxi฀/฀cab,฀the฀concert฀will฀have฀already฀started฀by฀the฀time฀we฀get฀to฀the฀theatre.฀5.฀Most฀birds฀will฀have฀emigrated฀ to฀the฀north฀before฀winter฀comes.฀6.฀By฀/฀Towards฀the฀end฀of฀this฀course฀I´ll฀have฀learnt฀to฀talk฀in฀English.฀7.฀I฀you฀follow฀ your฀doctor´s฀advice,฀very฀soon฀you´ll฀have฀recovered฀completely฀from฀your฀surgery฀8.฀Before฀midnight,฀the฀results฀of฀ the฀election฀will฀have฀been฀sent฀/฀released฀to฀the฀press

PART฀II. A. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀He฀said฀he฀would฀be฀here฀at฀noon฀2.฀I฀thought฀I฀could฀meet฀you.฀3.฀He฀hoped฀he฀could฀be฀there.฀4.฀I฀thought฀ it฀might฀rain฀this฀evening.฀5.฀He฀wanted฀to฀know฀where฀she฀was.฀6.฀He฀said฀he฀was฀very฀sorry.฀7.฀The฀young฀man฀told฀ us฀he฀was฀married.฀8.฀I฀thought฀it฀would฀be฀very฀hot฀this฀afternoon.9.฀I฀thought฀he฀would฀be฀there฀by฀ten฀o´clock.฀10.฀ He฀believed฀he฀could฀do฀it.฀11.฀The฀weather฀man฀predicted฀it฀would฀rain.฀12.฀He฀said฀he฀had฀to฀work.hard฀every฀day.฀ 13.฀I฀knew฀where฀she฀lived.฀14.฀Bob฀wanted฀to฀know฀how฀many฀people฀there฀were.฀15.฀The฀boy฀said฀he฀had฀seen฀the฀ movie.16.฀The฀girl฀said฀she฀was฀studying฀for฀a฀test.฀17.฀I฀thought฀Mr฀Jones฀might฀be฀in฀his฀office.฀18.฀I฀thought฀there฀ would฀be฀a฀lot฀of฀work฀to฀do.฀19.฀I฀didn´t฀know฀where฀Mary฀was.฀20.฀I฀didn´t฀think฀Bob฀would฀like฀the฀new฀job.฀ Ex.฀2.฀1.฀would฀2.฀can฀3.฀lived฀4.฀meant฀5.฀will฀6.฀was฀going฀7.฀could฀not฀8.฀had฀been฀9.฀did฀not฀10.฀is฀11.฀was฀12.฀ might B. Ex.฀1฀1.฀arrives฀2.฀does฀-฀rain฀3.฀is฀4.฀comes฀5.฀gets฀6.฀tell฀7.฀likes฀8.฀is฀9.฀telephones฀10.฀comes฀11.฀go฀12.฀does฀-฀come Ex.฀2.฀1.฀unless฀2.฀as฀soon฀as฀3.฀until฀4.฀as฀long฀as฀5.฀until฀6.฀while฀7.฀when฀/฀as฀soon฀as฀8.฀before฀9.฀until฀10.฀when฀/฀ as฀soon฀as

PART฀III. Ex.฀1.฀1.฀Did฀they฀go฀anwhere฀else?฀2.฀Nobody฀else฀helped฀him฀with฀the฀work.฀ 3.฀You฀must฀ask฀somebody฀else฀about฀ it.฀4.฀Haven’t฀I฀met฀you฀somewhere฀else?฀5.฀They´ve฀never฀sold฀that฀product฀anywhere฀else฀6.฀Did฀you฀see฀anything฀else฀ that฀you฀liked?฀7.฀Let’s฀do฀something฀else฀tonight.฀8.฀1฀didn’t฀tell฀anybody฀else฀about฀it.฀9.฀Can฀I฀show฀you฀anything฀ else,฀Mrs.฀Smith?฀10.฀There฀was฀nobody฀else฀in฀the฀room฀at฀that฀time.฀11.฀Do฀you฀have฀anything฀else฀to฀tell฀us฀about฀ him?฀12.฀Will฀they฀go฀anywhere฀else฀after฀the฀concert? Ex.฀2.฀1.฀We฀must฀hurry;฀or฀else฀we´ll฀be฀late.฀2.฀You฀must฀do฀as฀your฀mother฀says;฀or฀else฀she´ll฀punish฀you.฀3.฀We฀had฀ better฀hurry;฀or฀else฀we´ll฀miss฀the฀train.฀4.฀Turn฀off฀the฀radio;฀or฀else฀you’ll฀wake฀the฀baby.฀5.฀Save฀your฀money;฀or฀else฀ you฀won’t฀be฀able฀to฀go฀away฀on฀your฀vacation.฀6.฀You฀must฀study฀hard;฀or฀else฀you฀won’t฀pass฀the฀course.฀7฀You฀must฀ practice฀your฀English฀every฀day;฀or฀else฀you฀will฀soon฀forget฀it.฀8.฀1฀must฀go฀home฀right฀away;฀or฀else฀my฀mother฀will฀be฀ angry฀with฀me.฀9.฀Helen฀must฀rest฀more;฀or฀else฀she฀may฀have฀a฀nervous฀breakdown.฀10.฀Put฀the฀dog฀outside;฀or฀else฀ he฀will฀bark฀and฀wake฀everyone฀up. Ex.฀3.฀1.฀We฀must฀hurry;฀otherwise฀we´ll฀be฀late.฀2.฀You฀must฀do฀as฀your฀mother฀says;฀otherwise฀she´ll฀punish฀you.฀3.฀ We฀had฀better฀hurry;฀otherwise฀we´ll฀miss฀the฀train.฀4.฀Turn฀off฀the฀radio;฀otherwise฀you’ll฀wake฀the฀baby.฀5.฀Save฀your฀ money;฀otherwise฀you฀won’t฀be฀able฀to฀go฀away฀on฀your฀vacation.฀6.฀You฀must฀study฀hard;฀otherwise฀you฀won’t฀pass฀ the฀course.฀7฀You฀must฀practice฀your฀English฀every฀day;฀otherwise฀you฀will฀soon฀forget฀it.฀8.฀1฀must฀go฀home฀right฀away;฀ otherwise฀my฀mother฀will฀be฀angry฀with฀me.฀9.฀Helen฀must฀rest฀more;฀otherwise฀she฀may฀have฀a฀nervous฀breakdown.฀ 10.฀Put฀the฀dog฀outside;฀otherwise฀he฀will฀bark฀and฀wake฀everyone฀up. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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UNIT฀17 PART฀1.฀THE฀PASSIVE฀VOICE Hay฀oraciones฀gramaticales฀expresadas฀en฀voz฀activa฀y฀oraciones฀gramaticales฀expresadas฀en฀voz฀pasiva.฀En฀una฀ oración฀en฀voz฀activa฀el฀verbo฀principal฀es฀un฀verbo฀transitivo฀(transitive฀verb),฀es฀decir,฀éste฀va฀seguido฀por฀un฀ complemento฀directo฀(direct฀object). ฀ Peter฀ wrote฀the฀letter฀ last฀year.฀ Mary฀ prepares฀ the฀meals฀ in฀the฀kitchen ฀

(S)฀

(Tr.V)฀

(D.O).฀฀

(S)฀

(Tr.V)฀

(D.O).

฀The฀workers฀ will฀build฀ a฀new฀bridge฀ over฀that฀river. ฀

(S)฀

(Tr.V)฀

(D.O).

En฀la฀voz฀pasiva,฀el฀complemento฀directo฀de฀la฀oración฀activa฀pasa฀a฀ser฀el฀sujeto฀pasivo฀(passive฀subject)฀de฀la฀oración.฀ Este฀sujeto฀pasivo฀va฀seguido฀de฀una฀forma฀del฀verbo฀modal฀Be฀más฀el฀participio฀pasado฀del฀verbo฀principal.฀ Normalmente฀en฀una฀oración฀pasiva฀no฀se฀hace฀mención฀del฀sujeto฀agente฀(doer),฀debido฀a฀que฀éste฀es฀desconocido฀ o฀no฀es฀importante. ฀The฀letter฀ was฀written฀ (by฀Peter)฀ last฀year.฀ ฀

(P.S.)฀

(be฀+฀p.p.)฀

(doer)฀

฀฀

(P.S.)฀

The฀meals฀are฀prepared฀ (by฀Mary)฀in฀the฀kitchen. (be฀+฀p.p.)฀

(doer)

A฀new฀bridge฀will฀be฀built฀(by฀the฀workers)฀over฀that฀river. ฀

(P.S.)฀

(be฀+฀p.p.)฀

(doer)

Para฀cada฀oración฀en฀voz฀activa฀hay฀una฀oración฀pasiva฀correspondiente (Present) (Past) (Future) (Pres.฀perfect) (Past฀perfect) (Fut.฀perfect)฀

Active฀Voice He฀fixes฀the฀car. He฀fixed฀the฀car. He฀will฀fix฀the฀car. He฀has฀fixed฀the฀car. He฀had฀fixed฀the฀car. He฀will฀have฀fixed฀the฀car.

(Present) (Past) (Future) (Pres.฀perfect) (Past฀perfect) (Fut.฀perfect)฀

Passive฀Voice The฀car฀is฀fixed฀(by฀him). The฀car฀was฀fixed. The฀car฀will฀be฀fixed. The฀car฀has฀been฀fixed. The฀car฀had฀been฀fixed. The฀car฀will฀have฀been฀fixed.

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Change฀to฀passive฀voice: 1.฀He฀took฀the฀money฀last฀Monday฀evening.฀ 2.฀He฀will฀deliver฀the฀merchandise฀today.฀ 3.฀She฀ate฀the฀cake฀this฀morning.฀ 4.฀Mr.฀Smith฀wrote฀the฀book฀last฀summer.฀ 5.฀She฀has฀just฀taken฀the฀newspaper.฀ 6.฀Mr.฀Smith฀teaches฀that฀class฀on฀Friday.฀ 7.฀They฀will฀leave฀the฀tickets฀for฀you.฀ 8.฀Somebody฀has฀taken฀my฀book.฀ 9.฀The฀wind฀blew฀the฀smoke฀away฀soon.฀ 10.฀She฀broke฀the฀plate฀on฀purpose.฀ 11.฀They฀will฀bring฀the฀boy฀tomorrow.฀ 12.฀They฀had฀finished฀the฀work฀by฀noon.฀ 13.฀Mrs.Jackson฀saw฀the฀accident.฀ 14.฀They฀have฀found฀the฀child฀at฀last.฀ 15.฀He฀will฀do฀the฀work฀this฀afternoon.฀ 16.฀People฀will฀forget฀it฀in฀few฀days.฀ 17.฀People฀speak฀English฀all฀over฀the฀world.฀ 18.฀They฀fought฀a฀big฀battle฀here฀many฀years฀ago.฀

The฀money฀was฀taken฀by฀him฀last฀Monday฀evening ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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19.฀They฀made฀this฀gun฀by฀hand.฀ 20.฀Someone฀has฀put฀all฀the฀chairs฀in฀the฀next฀room.฀ 21.฀He฀broke฀his฀leg฀in฀an฀accident.฀ 22.฀They฀will฀send฀the฀book฀next฀week.฀ 23.฀A฀car฀ran฀over฀our฀dog฀a฀short฀while฀ago.฀ 24.฀They฀left฀the฀wounded฀soldiers฀behind.฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Change฀to฀active฀voice: 1.฀The฀book฀was฀found฀by฀Mary.฀ Mary฀found฀the฀book. 2.฀The฀money฀was฀stolen฀by฀a฀thief.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀The฀merchandise฀will฀be฀delivered฀tomorrow.฀ ฀฀They฀฀______________________________________________ 4.฀The฀city฀has฀been฀destroyed฀(by฀the฀enemy).฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀The฀book฀will฀be฀published฀next฀spring.฀ ฀฀Longmans฀฀_________________________________________ 6.฀The฀lecture฀was฀attended฀by฀many฀people.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀Our฀exercises฀are฀corrected฀each฀night฀by฀our฀teacher.฀__________________________________________________ 8.฀He฀was฀struck฀by฀an฀automobile.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀The฀work฀had฀been฀finished฀by฀June.฀ ฀฀He฀฀ _______________________________________________ 10.฀The฀town฀will฀have฀been฀captured฀by฀Wednesday.฀ ฀฀They฀฀______________________________________________ 11.฀The฀house฀was฀built฀in฀1910.฀ ฀฀My฀grandfather฀฀_____________________________________ 12.฀The฀books฀will฀be฀brought฀by฀John.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 13.฀America฀was฀discovered฀in฀1492.฀ ฀฀Columbus฀฀_________________________________________ 14.฀Our฀class฀is฀taught฀by฀Mr.฀Smith.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 15.฀This฀book฀was฀written฀by฀Mr.฀Scott.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Ex.฀3.฀Change฀to฀negative฀and฀to฀question฀form: 1.฀The฀work฀will฀be฀done฀by฀Mr.฀Smith.฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀The฀book฀was฀written฀by฀Mr.฀Thompson.฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀The฀lesson฀is฀taught฀by฀Mr.฀Smith.฀ ฀ ฀ 4.฀The฀book฀has฀been฀returned฀by฀John.฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀The฀dish฀was฀broken฀by฀the฀maid.฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀The฀cries฀of฀the฀child฀were฀heard฀clearly.฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀The฀money฀had฀been฀stolen฀by฀one฀of฀the฀boys.฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀America฀was฀discovered฀in฀1492.฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀It฀was฀discovered฀by฀Christopher฀Columbus.฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀The฀house฀was฀struck฀by฀lightning.฀ ฀ ฀ 11.฀The฀book฀will฀be฀published฀in฀June.฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀The฀money฀has฀been฀found.฀ ฀ ฀ 13.฀The฀city฀was฀destroyed฀by฀bombs.฀ ฀ ฀ 14.฀The฀work฀will฀be฀completed฀tomorrow.฀ ฀ ฀ 15.฀The฀e-mail฀was฀sent฀this฀morning.฀ ฀ ฀

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The฀work฀won’t฀be฀done฀by฀Mr.฀Smith. Will฀the฀work฀be฀done฀by฀Mr.฀Smith? ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀4.฀Change฀to฀question฀form,฀beginning฀each฀question฀with฀the฀question฀word฀in฀parentheses: 1.฀America฀was฀discovered฀in฀1492.When฀was฀America฀discovered?) 2.฀The฀house฀was฀destroyed฀by฀fire.฀(How)฀ ฀ __________________________________________________? 3.฀The฀work฀will฀be฀completed฀next฀month.฀(When)฀ ฀ __________________________________________________? 4.฀The฀child฀was฀finally฀found฀in฀the฀park.฀(Where)฀ ฀ __________________________________________________? 5.฀The฀tree฀was฀planted฀by฀my฀father.฀(Who...by฀/฀By฀whom)฀_______________________________________________? 6.฀The฀book฀will฀be฀published฀in฀June.฀(When)฀ ฀ __________________________________________________? 7.฀The฀mail฀is฀delivered฀at฀ten฀o’clock฀every฀day.฀(What฀time)฀฀ ______________________________________________? 8.฀He฀was฀injured฀in฀an฀automobile฀accident.฀(In฀what฀kind฀of฀accident)฀______________________________________? 9.฀The฀house฀was฀built฀in฀1945.฀(In฀what฀year)฀ ฀ __________________________________________________? 10.฀The฀money฀was฀stolen฀by฀one฀of฀the฀servants.฀(Who...by฀/฀By฀whom)฀_____________________________________? Ex.฀5.฀Answer฀these฀questions: 1.฀By฀whom฀was฀America฀discovered?฀ 2.฀In฀what฀year฀was฀America฀discovered?฀ 3.฀When฀was฀this฀book฀published?฀ 4.฀Where฀was฀this฀book฀published?฀ 5.฀Who฀was฀the฀money฀stolen฀by?฀ 6.฀Where฀was฀the฀child฀finally฀found?฀ 7.฀Who฀will฀the฀dinner฀be฀prepared฀by?฀ 8.฀By฀whom฀are฀your฀exercises฀corrected?฀ 9.฀Why฀was฀the฀train฀delayed?฀ 10.฀Where฀was฀the฀money฀hidden?฀ 11.฀When฀was฀the฀news฀released?฀ 12.฀When฀will฀the฀work฀be฀completed?฀ 13.฀Where฀were฀they฀married?฀ 14.฀In฀what฀country฀was฀Helen฀born?฀ 15.฀By฀whom฀was฀the฀plate฀broken?฀ 16.฀Where฀was฀the฀money฀put?฀ 17.฀How฀long฀was฀the฀man฀held฀by฀the฀police?฀

฀ ____________________________ by฀Christopher฀Columbus. ฀ ___________________________________________ ฀in฀1492. ฀ ____________________________________________in฀1999. ฀ _________________________________________ in฀Chicago. ฀ __________________________________one฀of฀the฀servants. ฀ _________________________________________ in฀the฀park. ฀ _________________________________________by฀the฀chef. ฀ ____________________________________ by฀our฀instructor. ฀ _____________________________ because฀of฀bad฀weather. ฀ ____________________________________ in฀a฀wooden฀box. ฀ ________________________________________about฀10:30. ฀ _____________________________ by฀the฀end฀of฀the฀month. ฀ _______________________________________ in฀Valparaiso. ฀ ________________________________________ in฀Scotland. ฀ ________________________________________ by฀the฀maid. ฀ _________________________________________ in฀the฀safe. ฀ ___________________________________ for฀about฀2฀hours.

La฀voz฀pasiva฀en฀los฀tiempos฀continuos. La฀voz฀pasiva฀de฀los฀tiempos฀presente฀y฀pasado฀continuo฀se฀construye฀usando฀la฀forma฀continua฀del฀verbo฀modal฀ Be฀(am,฀is,฀are,฀was,฀were฀+฀being),฀más฀el฀pasado฀participio฀del฀verbo฀principal. (Active)฀The฀mechanic฀is฀fixing฀the฀car฀now (Passive)฀The฀car฀is฀being฀fixed฀(by฀the฀mechanic)฀now (Active)฀The฀men฀were฀building฀the฀road฀when฀I฀was฀there. (Passive)฀The฀road฀was฀being฀built฀(by฀the฀men)฀when฀I฀was฀there La฀voz฀pasiva฀con฀verbos฀modales฀can,฀must,฀may,฀should,฀have฀to Al฀cambiar฀oraciones฀activas฀que฀contienen฀un฀verbo฀modal฀como฀can,฀must,฀may,฀should,฀have฀to,฀etc.฀a฀la฀voz฀ pasiva,฀se฀debe฀usar฀el฀verbo฀modal฀seguido฀de฀Be฀y฀del฀pasado฀participio฀del฀verbo฀principal. (Active)฀ They฀must฀finish฀this฀job฀today. (Passive)฀฀This฀job฀must฀be฀finished฀(by฀them)฀today. (Active)฀ They฀boy฀can฀do฀this฀exercise฀easily. (Passive)฀ This฀exercise฀can฀be฀done฀by฀the฀boy฀easily. (Active)฀ They฀have฀to฀send฀this฀report฀today. (Passive)฀ This฀report฀has฀to฀be฀sent฀(by฀them)฀today.

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Ex.฀6.฀Change฀to฀passive฀voice฀: 1.฀They฀are฀sending฀the฀material฀today.฀ 2.฀They฀are฀considering฀that฀question฀now.฀ 3.฀She฀is฀typing฀that฀letter฀now.฀ 4.฀They฀were฀discussing฀the฀question฀when฀I฀went฀in.฀ 5.฀They฀are฀sending฀troops฀there฀today.฀ 6.฀He฀is฀finishing฀the฀work฀now.฀ 7.฀They฀were฀cleaning฀the฀office฀this฀morning.฀ 8.฀They฀are฀examining฀him฀now.฀ 9.฀We฀are฀using฀this฀room.฀ 10.฀They฀are฀defending฀the฀city฀well.฀ 11.฀They฀are฀holding฀the฀meeting฀today.฀ 12.฀They฀are฀transferring฀him฀to฀another฀class.฀

฀฀The฀material฀is฀being฀sent฀(by฀them)฀today. ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀7.฀Change฀to฀passive฀voice: 1.฀We฀can฀finish฀this฀right฀away.฀ 2.฀They฀may฀send฀the฀fax฀tomorrow.฀ 3.฀We฀must฀lose฀no฀time.฀ 4.฀You฀can฀use฀this฀room฀for฀the฀lesson.฀ 5.฀We฀have฀to฀write฀these฀exercises฀at฀home.฀ 6.฀He฀should฀send฀this฀right฀away.฀ 7.฀They฀cannot฀put฀those฀things฀here.฀ 8.฀They฀may฀deliver฀the฀goods฀tomorrow.฀ 9.฀He฀has฀to฀do฀it฀immediately.฀ 10.฀We฀must฀help฀him.฀ 11.฀He฀cannot฀finish฀this฀today.฀ 12.฀The฀police฀may฀hold฀him฀for฀several฀days.฀

฀฀This฀can฀be฀finished฀(by฀us)฀right฀away. ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀8.฀Change฀to฀passive฀voice: 1.฀John฀brings฀the฀mail฀every฀day.฀ 2.฀John฀brought฀the฀mail฀yesterday.฀ 3.฀John฀will฀bring฀the฀mail฀tomorrow.฀ 4.฀John฀has฀brought฀the฀mail฀every฀day.฀ 5.฀John฀is฀bringing฀the฀mail฀now.฀ 6.฀John฀may฀bring฀the฀mail฀tomorrow.฀ 7.฀John฀has฀to฀bring฀the฀mail฀every฀day.฀ 8.฀They฀have฀put฀the฀chairs฀in฀the฀room.฀ 9.฀They฀are฀sending฀the฀merchandise฀today.฀ 10.฀He฀sent฀the฀e-mail฀last฀week.฀ 11.฀They฀have฀to฀deliver฀the฀books฀today.฀ 12.฀We฀must฀find฀him฀immediately.฀

฀฀The฀mail฀is฀brought฀by฀John฀every฀day. ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀9.฀Change฀to฀negative฀and฀to฀question฀form.฀State฀each฀question฀twice,฀once฀in฀simple฀form฀and฀once฀with฀ some฀question฀word฀like฀Who,฀Where,฀By฀whom,฀How,฀etc.: 1.฀He฀was฀killed฀in฀an฀accident.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀The฀story฀is฀being฀published฀today.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀This฀must฀be฀checked฀twice.฀.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

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He฀wasn’t฀killed฀in฀an฀accident. Was฀he฀killed฀in฀an฀accident? How฀was฀he฀killed? ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

4.฀lt฀can฀be฀done฀three฀or฀four฀times฀a฀month.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀lt฀has฀to฀be฀sent฀right฀away.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀This฀room฀can฀be฀used฀for฀our฀meetings.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀The฀money฀has฀been฀sent฀to฀New฀York.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀This฀book฀was฀published฀in฀1945.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀The฀material฀is฀being฀prepared฀by฀Mr.Reese.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀It฀should฀be฀sent฀immediately.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 11.฀It฀has฀to฀be฀done฀at฀once.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 12.฀The฀class฀is฀taught฀by฀Mr.฀Smith.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

El฀signo฀“SE”฀en฀español En฀español,฀no฀siempre฀se฀expresa฀la฀voz฀pasiva฀con฀el฀verbo฀SER฀más฀un฀PARTICIPIO฀PASADO฀de฀un฀verbo฀principal,฀ sin฀embargo฀es฀muy฀frecuente฀el฀uso฀del฀signo฀“SE”฀en฀este฀tipo฀de฀oraciones. Compare฀las฀siguientes฀oraciones฀pasivas: El฀español฀es฀hablado฀en฀este฀país฀฀ Una฀gran฀batalla฀fue฀librada฀en฀este฀lugar฀ Un฀nuevo฀puente฀será฀construido฀aquí฀el฀próximo฀año฀฀

En฀este฀país฀se฀habla฀español En฀este฀lugar฀se฀libró฀una฀gran฀batalla Aquí฀se฀construirá฀un฀nuevo฀puente฀el฀próximo฀año

Estas฀mismas฀oraciones฀se฀pueden฀traducir฀al฀inglés฀de฀la฀siguiente฀manera:฀“English฀is฀spoken฀in฀this฀country”,฀“A฀big฀ battle฀was฀fought฀here”,฀“A฀new฀bridge฀will฀be฀built฀here฀next฀year” Ex.฀10.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀English: 1.฀Muchas฀cartas฀se฀envían฀al฀extranjero฀desde฀esta฀oficina฀todos฀los฀días. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀Se฀han฀descubierto฀otros฀planetas฀en฀nuestro฀sistema฀solar. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀Se฀deben฀construir฀nuevos฀caminos฀en฀esta฀parte฀del฀país. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀Se฀están฀desarrollando฀nuevos฀métodos฀para฀controlar฀la฀inflación. ฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀Se฀enviaron฀todas฀las฀invitaciones฀por฀correo฀aéreo. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀Este฀libro฀se฀ha฀traducido฀a฀varios฀idiomas. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀Esto฀se฀puede฀hacer฀fácilmente,฀si฀se฀usan฀las฀herramientas฀apropiadas. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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8.฀Se฀deberían฀mejorar฀los฀servicios฀de฀transporte฀publico฀en฀esta฀ciudad. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀Se฀construirán฀varios฀hospitales฀en฀el฀país฀durante฀los฀próximos฀5฀años. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀Durante฀ese฀año฀se฀habían฀llevado฀a฀cabo฀varios฀proyectos฀importantes. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀11.฀Translate฀the฀following฀sentences฀into฀Spanish,฀using฀the฀word฀“SE”฀in฀each฀case. 1.฀A฀new฀type฀of฀missile฀has฀been฀tested฀recently. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀The฀information฀is฀being฀analyzed฀thoroughly. ฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀All฀kinds฀of฀computers฀are฀repaired฀here. ฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀Several฀different฀techniques฀may฀be฀applied. ฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀It฀is฀considered฀that฀English฀has฀become฀a฀universal฀language. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀The฀economic฀policies฀have฀been฀changed฀in฀order฀to฀control฀inflation. ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀During฀this฀week,฀the฀comet฀will฀be฀easily฀seen฀near฀the฀Southern฀Cross ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀By฀the฀end฀of฀the฀90’s,฀most฀goals฀had฀been฀successfully฀attained. ฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀The฀data฀was฀being฀processed฀at฀that฀moment. ฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀Next฀time,฀several฀animals฀will฀be฀sent฀into฀space฀in฀order฀to฀study฀the฀effects฀of฀weightlessness. ฀฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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PART฀II. THE฀IDIOMATIC฀VERB฀PHRASE฀“BE฀SUPPOSED฀TO” Esta฀expresión฀se฀usa฀para฀referirse฀a฀una฀obligación฀del฀sujeto฀de฀llevar฀a฀cabo฀una฀promesa฀o฀un฀compromiso.฀Esta฀ es฀una฀oración฀pasiva฀que฀surge฀debido฀a฀que฀“se฀supone”฀o฀“se฀espera”฀que฀el฀sujeto฀realice฀la฀acción฀prometida฀o฀el฀ compromiso฀adquirido..฀Esta฀frase฀idiomática฀se฀usa฀solamente฀en฀los฀tiempos฀presente฀y฀pasado.฀En฀las฀ideas฀futuras฀ se฀debe฀usar฀el฀verbo฀BE฀en฀presente. The฀ship฀was฀supposed฀(by฀the฀public฀and฀by฀the฀officials)฀to฀arrive฀last฀night.฀Se฀suponía฀que฀el฀barco฀llegaría฀anoche฀(Past) Bob฀is฀supposed฀(by฀us)฀to฀be฀here฀now.฀Se฀supone฀que฀él฀está฀aquí฀ahora.฀(Present) Helen฀is฀supposed฀(by฀us)฀to฀arrive฀tomorrow.฀Se฀supone฀que฀Helen฀llegará฀mañana.฀(Future) This฀book฀is฀supposed฀to฀have฀been฀published฀in฀1975.฀Se฀supone฀que฀este฀libro฀fue฀publicado฀en฀1975 Ex.฀1.฀Supply฀the฀correct฀form฀of฀SUPPOSED฀TO: 1.฀They฀฀฀฀฀฀฀are฀supposed฀to฀leave฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀(leave)฀at฀ten฀o’clock.฀(They฀at฀ten฀o’clock.) 2.฀He฀______________________________฀(come)฀tomorrow฀at฀five. 3.฀They฀______________________________฀(deliver)฀the฀merchandise฀last฀week. 4.฀He฀______________________________฀(send)฀this฀letter฀yesterday. 5.฀He฀______________________________฀(be)฀here฀now. 6.฀The฀train฀______________________________฀(be)฀faster฀than฀the฀bus. 7.฀John฀฀ ______________________________฀(be)฀a฀better฀student฀than฀Henry. 8.฀He฀______________________________(call)฀me฀tomorrow. 9.฀He฀______________________________฀(meet)฀us฀in฀Macy’s. 10.฀He฀______________________________฀(be)฀here฀yesterday฀at฀three฀o’clock. 11.฀He฀______________________________฀(know)฀her฀well. 12.฀The฀merchandise฀______________________________฀(send)฀tomorrow.฀(Passive฀Voice) 13.฀This฀book฀______________________________฀(publish)฀last฀year.฀(Passive฀Voice) 14.฀This฀fax฀______________________________฀(send)฀yesterday.฀(Passive฀Voice) 15.฀These฀chairs฀______________________________฀(put)฀in฀the฀next฀room.฀(Passive฀Voice) Ex.฀2.฀Change฀to฀introduce฀SUPPOSED฀TO: 1.฀We฀expect฀John฀to฀come฀at฀six฀o’clock.฀ 2.฀They฀expect฀the฀train฀to฀arrive฀at฀four฀‘clock.฀ 3.฀We฀expect฀her฀to฀bring฀the฀book฀with฀her.฀ 4.฀We฀expected฀him฀to฀arrive฀last฀night.฀ 5.฀They฀expected฀the฀war฀to฀be฀over฀sooner.฀฀ 6.฀We฀expect฀our฀lesson฀to฀finish฀at฀ten฀o’clock.฀ 7.฀We฀expect฀our฀lesson฀to฀last฀one฀hour.฀฀ 8.฀We฀expect฀the฀parade฀to฀begin฀soon.฀฀ 9.฀We฀expect฀the฀bus฀to฀stop฀here.฀ 10.฀We฀expect฀the฀weather฀to฀be฀hot฀tomorrow.฀ 11.฀We฀expect฀him฀to฀leave฀for฀Europe฀next฀week.฀ 12.฀We฀expect฀the฀bank฀to฀open฀at฀nine฀o’clock.฀

฀฀(John฀is฀supposed฀to฀come฀at฀six฀o’clock.) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Change฀to฀negative฀and฀to฀question฀form.฀State฀each฀question฀twice,฀once฀in฀simple฀form฀and฀once฀with฀ some฀question฀word฀like฀WHEN,฀WHERE,฀WHAT฀TIME,฀etc.: 1.฀He฀is฀supposed฀to฀leave฀tomorrow฀morning.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 2.฀He฀was฀supposed฀to฀bring฀the฀money฀last฀night.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 3.฀They´re฀supposed฀to฀start฀the฀work฀soon.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

He฀isn’t฀supposed฀to฀leave฀tomorrow฀morning. Is฀he฀supposed฀to฀leave฀tomorrow฀morning? When฀is฀he฀supposed฀to฀leave? ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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4.฀They´re฀suppposed฀to฀finish฀the฀job฀tomorrow.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 5.฀The฀letter฀was฀supposed฀to฀be฀sent฀yesterday.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 6.฀He´s฀supposed฀to฀be฀living฀somewhere฀in฀L.A..฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 7.฀He฀was฀supposed฀to฀telephone฀me฀yesterday.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 8.฀We฀were฀supposed฀to฀meet฀them฀on฀42nd฀Street.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 9.฀The฀book฀is฀supposed฀to฀be฀published฀in฀June.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 10.฀The฀King฀is฀supposed฀to฀visit฀the฀USA฀in฀May.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

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฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words THE฀ARMED฀FORCES฀/(i฀á:rmd฀fó:rsiz/฀Las฀Fuerzas฀Armadas฀(I) Army฀/a:rmi/฀ Air฀Force฀/éar฀fó:rs/฀ Ranks฀/ræ´฀ηks/฀ Commander฀/kománder/฀ Subordinate฀/sabó:dinit/฀

Ejército฀ Fuerza฀Aérea฀ filas฀ comandante฀ subalterno฀

Navy฀/néivi/฀ Rank฀/ræ´฀ηk/฀ Officer฀/ófiser/฀ Superior฀/supíarior/฀

Marina rango,฀grado Oficial superior

ARMS฀/á:rmz/armas,฀BRANCHES฀/bræ´฀ntchiz/ramas฀o฀servicios Infantry฀/infantri/฀ Infantería฀ Artillery฀/a:rtílori/฀ Armored฀Cavalry฀/á:rmord฀kæ´฀valri/฀Caballería฀Blindada฀ Signal฀/sígnal/฀ Airborne฀/éarbó:rn/฀ aerotransportada฀ Engineers฀/endlliníarz/฀ Transportation฀/transportéishon/฀ Transportes฀ Medical฀/médikal/฀ Finance฀/fáinans/฀ Intendencia฀ Mechanized฀/mékanáizd/฀ Ordnance฀/ó:rdnans/฀ material฀de฀guerra

Artillería Telecomunicaciones Ingenieros Sanidad Mecanizado

COMMISSIONED฀OFFICERS฀/komíshond฀ófiserz/฀Oficiales฀Comisionados Full฀General฀/ful฀dlléneral/฀ General฀de฀Ejército฀ Lieutenant฀General฀/luténant฀dlléneral/฀Teniente฀General Major฀General฀/méidllor฀dlléneral/฀ Mayor฀General฀ Brigadier฀General฀/brigadíar฀dlléneral/฀ Brigadier฀General Lieutenant฀Colonel฀/luténant฀ké:rnel/฀ Teniente฀Coronel Colonel฀/ké:rnel/฀ Coronel฀ Major฀/méidllor/฀ Mayor฀ Captain฀/kæ´฀ptin/฀ Capitán First฀Lieutenant฀/f :rst฀luténant/฀ Teniente฀ Second฀Lieutenant฀/sékond฀luténant/฀ Subteniente Ensign฀/énsin/฀ Alférez฀(en฀la฀marina)฀ Cadet฀/kadét/฀ Cadete NON-COMMISSIONED฀OFFICERS฀/non฀komíshond฀ófiserz/฀Suboficiales Sergeant฀Major฀/sá:rdllent฀méidllor/฀Sargento฀Mayor฀(US)฀ Staff฀Sergeant฀/sta:f฀sá:rdllent/฀ Sergeant฀First฀Class฀/sá:rdllent฀férst฀kla:s/฀Sargento฀Primero฀ Sergeant฀/sá:rdllent/฀ Private฀First฀Class฀/práivit฀férst฀kla:s/฀ Corporal฀/kó:rporal/฀ Cabo฀ Lance฀Corporal฀/láns฀kó:rpral/฀ Soldado฀Primero฀(Br)฀ Private฀/práivit/฀ Recruit฀/rékrut/฀ Soldado฀conscripto TACTICAL฀UNITS฀/tæktikal฀iúnits/฀ Squad฀/skwod/฀ Troop฀/tru:p/฀ Squadron฀/skuódr n/฀ Battalion฀/batæ´฀lion/฀ Brigade฀/brigéid/฀ Corps฀/ko:r/฀

Unidades฀Tácticas pelotón฀ escuadrón฀(cab.)฀ grupo฀(cab.blin.)฀ batallón฀ brigada฀ cuerpo฀

Platoon฀/plδtú:n/฀ Company฀/kámpni/฀ Battery฀/bæ´ teri/฀ Regiment฀/rédlliment/฀ División฀/dividllon/฀ Army฀/a:rmi฀

Sargento฀Mayor฀(Br)) Sargento฀Segundo Soldado฀Primero฀(US) Soldado

pelotón compañía batería฀(art.) regimiento división Ejército

ROUND฀OF฀AMMUNITION฀/ráund฀ov฀amiuníshon/฀Tiro฀de฀munición Bullet฀/búlit/฀ bala,฀proyectil฀ Cartridge฀case฀/ká:rtridll฀kéiz/฀ Propellant฀/propélant/฀ propelente฀o฀polvora฀฀ Primer฀/práimer/฀ Shrapnel฀/shræ´pn l/฀ metralla฀o฀esquirla TACTICAL฀WEAPONS฀/tæktikal฀wéponz/฀Armas฀Tácticas Pistol฀/pístol/฀ pistola฀ Rifle฀/ráifl/฀ Gun฀/gan/฀ cañón.฀pistola฀ Knife฀/naif/฀ Sword฀/só:rd/฀ espada฀ Dagger฀/dæ´ger/฀ Machine฀gun฀/mashí:n฀gán/฀ ametralladora฀ Mortar฀/mó:rtar/฀ Howitzer฀/hóuitser/฀ obús฀ Hand฀grenade฀/hænd฀granéid/฀ lanzallamas฀ Rocket฀launcher฀/rókit฀ló:ntcher/฀ Flame-thrower฀/fléim฀θróuer/฀ Mine฀/main/฀ mina฀ Missile฀/mízil/฀ Mass฀destruction฀weapon฀/mæs฀distrákshon฀wèpon/฀฀arma฀de฀destrucción฀masiva Bullet฀/búlit/฀ bala฀ Shell฀/shel/฀ Bomb฀/bom/฀ bomba

vainilla estopin

fusil cuchillo daga mortero granada฀de฀mano lanzacohetes misil proyectil,฀bomba

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TACTICAL฀VEHICLES฀/tæ´฀ktikal฀víiklz/฀Vehículos฀Tácticos tanque฀ Tank฀/tæηk/฀ Truck฀/trak/฀ camion฀ Fighter฀plane฀/fáiter฀pléin/฀ cazabombardero฀ Helicopter฀/hélicopter/฀ helicóptero฀ Speedboat฀/spi:d฀bout/฀ lancha฀de฀desembarco฀ Airplane฀carrier฀/éarplein฀kæ´฀rier/฀ portaviones฀ Submarine฀/sábmarí:n/฀ submarino฀

APC฀/éi฀pí:฀sí:/฀ transporte฀de฀personal Airplane฀/éarplein/฀ avión Bomber฀/bómer/฀ cazabombardero Chopper฀/tchóper/฀ helicóptero Warship฀/wó:rship/฀ buque฀de฀guerra Mine฀sweeper฀/main฀suí:per/฀ barreminas Main฀Battle฀Tank฀/฀mein฀bætl฀tæ ´ ηk/฀tanque฀de฀combate

LEADERSHIP฀/lí:dership/฀Liderazgo Behavior฀/bihéivior/฀ conducta฀ Commander฀/kománder/฀ comandante฀ Control฀/kontróul/฀ control฀ Courage฀/káridll/฀ valor,฀coraje฀ Decisiveness฀/disáisivnis/฀ decision฀ Determination฀/diterminéishon/฀ determinación฀ Echelon฀of฀command฀/éshelon฀ v฀komæ´฀nd/฀escalón฀de฀mando฀ Enthusiasm฀/enθusiázn/฀ entusiasmo฀ Initiative฀/iníshiativ/฀ iniciativa฀ Justice฀/dllástis/฀ justicia฀ Morale฀/morá:l/฀ moral฀ Span฀of฀control฀/spæ´฀n฀ v฀kontróul/฀ámbito฀de฀control฀ Tact฀/tæ´kt/฀ tacto,฀criterio฀ Willing฀obedience฀/wíliη฀obí:diens/฀obediencia฀espontánea

Command฀/komæ´nd/฀ Confidence฀/kónfidens/฀ Cooperation฀/kouoperéishon/฀ Chain฀of฀command฀/tchéin฀ v฀komá:nd/฀ Dependability฀/dipendabíliti/฀ Dignity฀/digniti/฀ Endurance฀/endiúarans/฀ Esprit฀de฀corps฀/esprí:฀de฀kó:r/฀ Integrity฀/intégriti/฀ Leader฀/lí:der/฀ Pride฀/práid/฀ Subordinate฀/sabó:rdinit/฀ Trait฀/tréit/฀

PARTS฀OF฀A฀RIFLE฀/pa:rtse฀ v฀ ฀ráifl/฀Partes฀del฀Fusil Aiming฀mechanism฀/éimiη฀mécanizm/฀ mecanismo฀de฀puntería฀ Bolt฀/boult/฀ cerrojo฀ Chamber฀/tchéimber/฀ recámara฀ percutor฀ Firing฀pin฀/fáiariη฀pin/฀ Front฀sight฀/fránt฀sáit/฀ punto฀de฀mira฀ Locking฀lug฀/lókiη฀lag/฀ asegurador฀ Rear฀sight฀/ríar฀sáit/฀ alza฀ Sighting฀mechanism฀/sáitiη฀mekanízm/฀mecanismo฀de฀visada฀ Stock฀/stok/฀ caja฀ Trigger฀guard฀/trigger฀gá:rd/฀ guardamonte

Barrel฀/bæ´฀rel/฀ cañón Butt฀/bat/฀ culata Firing฀mechanism฀/fáiariη฀mékanízm/฀ mecanismo฀de฀disparo Follower฀/fólouer/฀ cargador Hammer฀/hæ´฀mer/฀ martillo Muzzle฀/máz l/฀ trompetilla Receiver฀/risí:ver/฀ caja฀de฀mecanismos Sling฀/sliη/฀ correa Trigger฀/trigger/฀ disparador,฀gatillo

THE฀TANK฀/δ฀tδk/฀El฀Tanque Armor฀/á:mor/฀ Gun฀/gan/฀ Gunner฀/gáner/฀ Tank฀driver฀/tæ´฀ηk฀dráiver/฀ Turret฀/tárit/฀

blindaje฀ cañón฀ artilllero฀ conductor฀del฀tanque฀ torreta฀

Armor฀plate฀/á:mor฀pléit฀//฀ plancha฀de฀blindaje Gun฀tube฀/gán฀tiu:b/฀ tubo฀del฀cañón Tank฀commander฀/tæ´฀ηk฀komá:nder/฀ comandante฀del฀tanque Tracks฀/træ´฀ks/฀ orugas Wheel฀/wi:l/฀ rueda

FIRING฀POSITIONS฀/fáiariη฀posillonz/฀Posiciones฀de฀Disparo posición฀de฀pie฀ Sitting฀/sítiη/฀position฀ Standing฀/stæ´ndiη/฀position฀ Prone฀/próun/฀position฀ posición฀tendida฀ Squat฀/skuot/฀position฀ Kneeling฀/ní:liη/฀position฀ posición฀arrodillada

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A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

mando confianza cooperación cadena฀de฀mando confiabilidad dignidad resistencia espíritu฀de฀cuerpo integridad líder,฀comandante orgullo subalterno rasgo,฀característica

posición฀sentada posición฀encuclillas

Key฀to฀answers

UNIT฀17 PART฀I. Ex.฀1.฀2.฀The฀merchandise฀will฀be฀delivered฀by฀him฀today฀3.฀The฀cake฀was฀eaten฀by฀her฀this฀morning฀4.฀The฀book฀was฀ written฀by฀Mr.฀Smith฀last฀summer.฀The฀newspaper฀has฀just฀been฀taken฀by฀her฀6.฀That฀class฀is฀taught฀by฀Mr.฀Smith฀on฀ Friday.฀7.฀The฀tickets฀will฀be฀left฀for฀you฀by฀them.฀8.฀My฀book฀has฀been฀taken฀by฀somebody.฀9.฀The฀smoke฀was฀blown฀ away฀by฀the฀wind฀soon.฀10.฀The฀plate฀was฀broken฀by฀her฀on฀purpose.฀11.฀The฀boy฀will฀be฀brought฀by฀them฀tomorrow.฀ 12.฀The฀work฀had฀been฀finished฀by฀them฀by฀noon.฀13.฀The฀accident฀was฀seen฀by฀Mrs.฀Jackson.฀14.฀The฀child฀has฀ been฀found฀by฀them฀at฀last฀15.฀The฀work฀will฀be฀done฀by฀him฀this฀afternoon.฀16.฀It฀will฀be฀forgotten(by฀people)฀in฀a฀few฀ days.฀17.฀English฀is฀spoken฀(by฀people)฀all฀over฀the฀world.฀18.฀A฀big฀battle฀was฀fought฀(by฀them)฀here฀many฀years฀ago.฀ 19.฀This฀gun฀was฀made฀(by฀them)฀by฀hand฀.฀20.฀All฀the฀chairs฀have฀been฀put฀by฀someone฀in฀the฀next฀room.฀21.฀His฀leg฀ was฀broken฀(by฀him)฀in฀an฀accident.฀22.฀The฀book฀will฀be฀sent฀by฀them฀next฀week.฀23,฀Our฀dog฀was฀run฀over฀by฀a฀car฀ a฀short฀while฀ago.฀24.฀The฀wounded฀soldiers฀were฀left฀behind฀(by฀them). Ex.฀2.฀2.฀A฀thief฀stole฀the฀money.฀3.฀They฀will฀deliver฀the฀merchandise฀tomorrow.฀4.฀The฀enemy฀has฀destroyed฀the฀city.฀฀ 5.฀Longmans฀will฀publish฀the฀book฀next฀spring.฀6฀Many฀people฀attended฀the฀lecture.฀7฀Our฀teacher฀corrects฀our฀exercises฀ each฀night.฀8.฀An฀automobile฀struck฀him฀9.฀He฀had฀finished฀the฀work฀by฀June.฀10.฀They฀will฀have฀captured฀the฀town฀ by฀Wednesday.฀11.฀My฀grandfather฀built฀the฀house฀in฀1910.฀12.฀John฀will฀bring฀the฀books.฀13.฀Columbus฀discovered฀ America฀in฀1492.฀14.฀Mr.฀Smith฀teaches฀our฀class.฀15.฀Mr.Scott฀wrote฀this฀book. Ex.฀3.฀2.฀The฀book฀wasn´t฀written฀by฀Mr.฀Thompson.฀/฀Was฀the฀book฀written฀by...?฀3.The฀lesson฀isn´t฀taught฀by฀Mr.฀Smith./฀ Is฀the฀lesson฀taught฀by...?฀4.The฀book฀hasn´t฀been฀returned฀by฀John.฀/฀Has฀the฀book฀been฀returned฀by...?฀5.฀The฀dish฀ wasn´t฀broken฀by฀the฀maid.฀/฀Was฀the฀dish฀broken฀by...?฀6.The฀cries฀of฀the฀child฀weren´t฀heard฀clearly.฀/฀Were฀the฀cries฀ of฀the฀child฀heard฀clearly?฀7.The฀money฀hadn´t฀been฀stolen฀by฀one฀of฀the฀boys.฀/฀Had฀the฀money฀been฀stolen฀by...?฀ 8.America฀wasn´t฀discovered฀in฀1492.฀/฀Was฀America฀discovered฀in...?฀9.฀It฀wasn´t฀discovered฀by฀Christopher฀Columbus.฀ /฀Was฀it฀discovered฀by...?฀10.The฀house฀wasn´t฀struck฀by฀lightning.฀/฀Was฀the฀house฀struck฀by...?฀11.The฀book฀won´t฀be฀ published฀in฀June.฀/฀Will฀the฀book฀be฀published฀in...?฀12.The฀money฀hasn´t฀been฀found.฀/฀Has฀the฀money฀been฀found?฀ 13.฀The฀city฀wasn´t฀destroyed฀by฀bombs.฀/฀Was฀the฀city฀destroyed฀by...?฀14.฀The฀work฀won´t฀be฀completed฀tomorrow./฀ Will฀the฀work฀be฀completed...?฀15.The฀telegram฀wasn´t฀delivered฀this฀morning.฀/฀Was฀the฀telegram฀delivered...? Ex.฀4.฀2.฀How฀was฀the฀house฀destroyed?฀3.฀When฀will฀the฀work฀be฀completed?฀4.฀Where฀was฀the฀child฀finally฀found?฀ 5.฀Who฀was฀the฀tree฀planted฀by?฀/฀By฀whom฀was฀the฀tree฀planted?฀6.฀When฀will฀the฀book฀be฀published?฀7.(At)฀what฀ time฀is฀the฀mail฀delivered฀every฀day?฀8.฀In฀what฀kind฀of฀accident฀was฀he฀injured?฀9.In฀what฀year฀was฀the฀house฀built?฀ 10.฀Who฀was฀the฀money฀stolen฀by?฀/฀By฀whom฀was฀the฀money฀stolen? Ex.฀5.฀1.฀It฀was฀discovered฀by฀Christopher฀Columbus.฀2.฀It฀was฀discovered฀in฀1492.฀3.฀It฀was฀published฀in฀1999.฀฀ 4.฀It฀was฀published฀in฀Chicago.฀5.฀It฀was฀stolen฀by฀one฀of฀the฀servants.฀6.฀He฀was฀finally฀found฀in฀the฀park.฀7.฀It฀will฀be฀ prepared฀by฀the฀chef.฀8.฀They´re฀corrected฀by฀our฀instructor.฀9.฀It฀was฀delayed฀because฀of฀bad฀weather฀conditions.฀฀ 10.฀It฀was฀hidden฀in฀a฀wooden฀box.฀11.฀It฀was฀released฀at฀about฀10:30฀12.฀It฀will฀be฀completed฀by฀the฀end฀of฀the฀month.฀ 13.฀They฀were฀married฀in฀Valparaiso.฀14.฀She฀was฀born฀in฀Scotland.฀15.฀It฀was฀broken฀by฀the฀maid.฀16.฀It฀was฀put฀in฀ the฀safe.฀17.฀He฀was฀held฀for฀about฀two฀hours. Ex.฀6.฀2.฀That฀question฀is฀being฀considered฀by฀them฀now.฀3.฀That฀letter฀is฀being฀typed฀by฀her฀now.฀4.฀The฀question฀was฀ being฀discussed฀by฀them฀when฀I฀went฀in.฀5.฀Troops฀are฀being฀sent฀(by฀them)฀there฀today.฀6.฀The฀work฀is฀being฀finished฀ by฀him฀now.฀7.฀The฀office฀was฀being฀cleaned฀by฀them฀this฀morning.฀8.฀He´s฀being฀examined฀by฀them฀now.฀9.฀This฀room฀ is฀being฀used฀by฀us.฀10.฀The฀city฀is฀being฀defended฀by฀them฀well฀11.฀The฀meeting฀is฀being฀held฀by฀them฀today.฀12.฀He´s฀ being฀transferred฀by฀them฀to฀another฀class. Ex.฀7.฀2.฀The฀fax฀may฀be฀sent฀by฀them฀tomorrow.฀3.฀No฀time฀must฀be฀lost฀by฀us.฀4.฀This฀room฀can฀be฀used฀by฀you฀for฀the฀ lesson.฀5.฀These฀exercises฀have฀to฀be฀written฀by฀us฀at฀home.฀6.฀This฀should฀be฀sent฀by฀him฀right฀away.฀7.฀Those฀things฀ cannot฀be฀put฀by฀them฀here.฀8.฀The฀goods฀may฀be฀delivered฀by฀them฀tomorrow.฀9.฀It฀has฀to฀be฀done฀by฀him฀immediately.฀ 10.฀He฀must฀be฀helped฀by฀us฀.฀11.฀This฀cannot฀be฀finished฀by฀him฀today.฀12.฀He฀may฀be฀held฀by฀the฀police฀for฀several฀days. Ex.฀8.฀2.฀The฀mail฀was฀brought฀by฀John฀yesterday.฀3.฀The฀mail฀will฀be฀brought฀by฀John฀tomorrow.฀4.฀The฀mail฀has฀been฀ brought฀by฀John฀every฀day.฀5.฀The฀mail฀is฀being฀brought฀by฀John฀now.฀6.฀The฀mail฀may฀be฀brought฀by฀John฀tomorrow.฀ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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7.฀The฀mail฀has฀to฀be฀brought฀by฀John฀every฀day.฀8.฀The฀chairs฀have฀to฀be฀put฀by฀them฀in฀the฀room.฀9.฀The฀merchandise฀ is฀being฀sent฀by฀them฀today..฀10.฀The฀e-mail฀was฀sent฀by฀him฀last฀week.฀11.฀The฀books฀have฀to฀be฀delivered฀by฀them฀ today.฀12.฀He฀must฀be฀found฀by฀us฀immediately. Ex.฀9.฀2.฀The฀story฀isn´t฀being฀published฀today฀/฀Is฀the฀story฀being฀published฀today?฀/฀When฀is฀the฀story฀being฀published?฀ 3,฀This฀mustn´t฀be฀checked฀twice.฀/฀Must฀it฀be฀checked฀twice?฀/฀How฀many฀times฀must฀it฀be฀checked?฀4.฀It฀can´t฀be฀ done฀three฀or฀four฀times฀a฀month.฀/฀Can฀it฀be฀done฀three฀or฀four฀times฀a฀month?฀/฀How฀many฀times฀a฀week฀/฀How฀often฀ can฀it฀be฀done?฀5.฀It฀doesn´t฀have฀to฀be฀sent฀right฀away.฀/฀Does฀it฀have฀to฀be฀sent฀right฀away?฀/฀When฀does฀it฀have฀to฀ be฀sent?฀6.฀This฀room฀can´t฀be฀used฀for฀our฀meetings.฀/฀Can฀this฀room฀be฀used฀for฀our฀meetings?฀/฀What฀can฀this฀room฀ be฀used฀for?฀7.฀The฀money฀hasn´t฀been฀sent฀to฀NY.฀/฀Has฀the money฀been฀sent฀to฀NY?฀/฀Where฀has฀the฀money฀been฀sent฀to?฀8.฀This฀book฀wasn´t฀published฀in฀1945.฀/฀Was฀this฀ book฀published฀in฀1945?฀/฀When฀was฀this฀book฀published?฀9.฀The฀material฀isn´t฀being฀prepared฀by฀Mr.฀Reese.฀/฀Is฀the฀ material฀being฀prepared฀by฀Mr.฀Reese?฀/฀Who฀is฀the฀material฀being฀prepared฀by?฀10.฀It฀shouldn´t฀be฀sent฀immediately.฀ /฀Should฀it฀be฀sent฀immediately?฀/฀When฀should฀it฀be฀sent?฀11.฀It฀doesn´t฀have฀to฀be฀done฀at฀once.฀/฀Does฀it฀have฀to฀ be฀done฀at฀once?฀/฀When฀does฀it฀have฀to฀be฀done?฀12.฀The฀class฀isn´t฀taught฀by฀Mr.฀Smith฀/฀Is฀the฀class฀taught฀by฀Mr.฀ Smith?฀/฀Who฀is฀the฀class฀taught฀by? Ex.฀10.฀1.Many฀letters฀are฀sent฀abroad฀from฀this฀office฀every฀day.฀2.฀Other฀planets฀have฀been฀discovered฀in฀our฀solar฀ system.฀3.฀New฀roads฀have฀to฀/฀must฀be฀built฀in฀this฀part฀of฀the฀country.฀4.฀New฀methods฀are฀being฀developed฀to฀control฀ inflation.฀5.฀All฀the฀invitations฀were฀sent฀by฀air฀mail.฀6.฀This฀book฀has฀been฀translated฀into฀several฀languages.฀7.฀This฀ can฀be฀done฀easily฀if฀the฀right฀/฀appropriate฀tools฀are฀used.฀8.฀Public฀transport฀services฀should฀be฀improved฀in฀this฀city.฀฀ 9.฀Several฀hospitals฀will฀be฀built฀in฀the฀country฀during฀the฀next฀five฀years.฀10.฀During฀that฀year,฀several฀important฀projects฀ have฀been฀carried฀out. Ex.11.฀1.฀Se฀ha฀probado฀un฀nuevo฀tipo฀de฀misíl฀recientemente.฀2.฀Se฀está฀analizando฀minuciosamente฀la฀información.฀ 3.฀Aquí฀se฀repara฀todo฀tipo฀de฀computadores.฀4.฀Se฀pueden฀aplicar฀varias฀técnicas฀diferentes.฀5.฀Se฀considera฀que฀ el฀Inglés฀ha฀llegado฀a฀ser฀un฀idioma฀universal.฀6.฀Se฀han฀cambiado฀las฀políticas฀económicas฀con฀el฀fin฀de฀controlar฀la฀ inflación.฀7.฀Durante฀esta฀semana฀se฀verá฀el฀cometa฀fácilmente฀cerca฀de฀la฀Cruz฀del฀Sur.฀8.฀Hacia฀fines฀del฀la฀década฀ de฀los฀90,฀se฀habían฀logrado฀satisfactoriamente฀la฀mayor฀parte฀de฀las฀metas.฀9.฀Se฀estaban฀procesando฀los฀datos฀en฀ ese฀momento.฀10.฀La฀próxima฀vez,฀se฀enviarán฀varios฀animales฀al฀espacio฀para฀estudiar฀los฀efectos฀de฀la฀ingravidez฀/฀ falta฀de฀gravedad

PART฀II. Ex.฀1.฀2.฀is฀supposed฀to฀come฀3.฀were฀supposed฀to฀deliver฀4.฀was฀supposed฀to฀send฀5.฀is฀supposed฀to฀be฀6.฀is฀supposed฀ to฀be฀7.฀is฀supposed฀to฀be฀8.฀is฀supposed฀to฀call฀9.฀is฀supposed฀to฀meet฀10.฀was฀supposed฀to฀be฀11.฀is฀supposed฀to฀ know฀12.฀is฀supposed฀to฀be฀sent฀13.฀is฀supposed฀to฀have฀been฀sent฀14.฀are฀supposed฀to฀be฀put Ex.฀2.฀2.฀The฀train฀is฀supposed฀to฀arrive฀at...฀3.฀She฀is฀supposed฀to฀bring฀the...฀4.฀he฀was฀supposed฀to฀arrive...฀5.฀The฀ war฀was฀supposed฀to฀be฀over...฀6.฀Our฀lesson฀is฀supposed฀to฀finish฀at...฀7.฀Our฀lesson฀is฀supposed฀to฀last...฀8.฀The฀ parade฀is฀supposed฀to฀begin...฀9.฀The฀bus฀is฀supposed฀to฀stop...฀10.฀The฀weather฀is฀supposed฀to฀be฀hot...฀11.฀He฀is฀ supposed฀to฀leave฀for...฀12.฀The฀bank฀is฀supposed฀to฀open฀at... Ex.฀3.฀2.฀He฀wasn´t฀supposed฀to฀bring฀it...฀/฀Was฀he฀supposed฀to฀bring฀it...?฀/฀When฀was฀he฀supposed฀to฀bring฀it?฀฀ 3.฀They฀aren´t฀supposed฀to฀start฀soon฀/฀Are฀they฀supposed฀to฀start฀soon?฀/฀When฀are฀they฀supposed฀to฀start฀the฀work?฀฀ 4.฀They฀aren´t฀supposed฀to฀finish฀tomorrow.฀/฀Are฀they฀supposed฀to฀finish฀tomorrow.?฀/฀When฀are฀they฀supposed฀to฀finish?฀ 5.฀The฀letter฀wasn´t฀supposed฀to฀be฀sent฀yesterday฀/฀Was฀the฀letter฀supposed฀to฀be฀sent฀yesterday?฀/฀When฀was฀the฀ letter฀supposed฀to฀be฀sent?฀6.฀He฀isn´t฀supposed฀to฀be฀living...฀/฀Is฀he฀supposed฀to฀be฀living...?฀/฀Where฀is฀he฀supposed฀ to฀be฀living?฀7.฀He฀wasn´t฀supposed฀to฀telephone...฀/฀Was฀he฀supposed฀to฀telephone...?฀/฀When฀was฀he฀supposed฀to฀ telephone฀you?฀8.฀We฀aren´t฀supposed฀to฀meet฀them...฀/฀Are฀we฀supposed฀to฀meet฀them...?฀/฀Where฀are฀we฀supposed฀ to฀meet฀them?฀9.฀The฀book฀isn´t฀supposed฀to฀be฀published฀in฀June฀/฀Is฀the฀book฀supposed฀to฀be฀published฀in฀June?฀/฀ When฀is฀the฀book฀supposed฀to฀be฀published?฀10.฀The฀King฀isn´t฀supposed฀to฀visit...฀/฀Is฀the฀King฀supposed฀to฀visit...?฀ /฀When฀is฀the฀King฀supposed฀to฀visit฀the฀USA?

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UNIT฀18 PART฀I.฀ORACIONES฀CONDICIONALES Introducción 1.฀ Son฀oraciones฀condicionales฀aquellas฀oraciones฀que฀empiezan฀con฀la฀palabra฀IF...฀(Si...)฀. If฀he฀comes฀tomorrow,...฀(Si฀él฀viene฀mañana,...) 2.฀Las฀oraciones฀condicionales฀son฀oraciones฀compuestas,฀ya฀que฀están฀formadas฀por฀dos฀cláusulas.฀Una฀de฀ellas฀es฀ la฀CONDICIÓN,฀introducida฀por฀la฀palabra฀IF;฀la฀segunda฀es฀la฀cláusula฀de฀RESULTADO. If฀he฀comes฀tomorrow,฀you฀will฀see฀him.฀(Si฀él฀viene฀mañana,฀lo฀verás) ฀ (Condición)฀ (Resultado) 3.฀ El฀orden฀de฀las฀cláusulas฀que฀componen฀una฀oración฀condicional฀puede฀ser฀invertido If฀he฀comes฀tomorrow,฀you฀will฀see฀him. You฀will฀see฀him฀if฀he฀comes฀tomorrow. 4.฀Existen฀tres฀tipos฀de฀oraciones฀condicionales: a.฀ FUTURO฀POSIBLE฀(Future฀Possible): ฀ If฀he฀comes฀tomorrow,฀you฀will฀see฀him.฀(Si฀él฀viene฀mañana,฀tú฀lo฀verás.). b.฀ PRESENTE฀IRREAL฀(Present฀Unreal): ฀ If฀he฀came฀here฀more฀often,฀you฀would฀see฀him฀more฀often,฀too.฀(Si฀él฀viniera฀acá฀más฀seguido,฀tú฀lo฀verías฀más฀ seguido฀también) c.฀ PASADO฀IRREAL฀(Past฀Unreal): ฀ If฀he฀had฀come฀here฀yesterday,฀you฀would฀have฀seen฀him.฀(Si฀él฀hubiera฀venido฀acá฀ayer,฀tú฀lo฀habrías฀visto) I.฀ ORACIONES฀CONDICIONALES฀DEL฀PRIMER฀TIPO:฀FUTURO฀POSIBLE En฀este฀tipo฀de฀oraciones฀condicionales,฀cuando฀la฀condición฀introducida฀por฀IF฀se฀materializa,฀lo฀más฀probable฀es฀que฀ se฀dé฀el฀resultado฀previsto฀en฀la฀cláusula฀de฀Resultado. La฀estructura฀de฀este฀tipo฀de฀oraciones฀condicionales฀es฀la฀siguiente: Condicion

Resultado

If฀+฀Subject฀+฀Present

Subject฀+฀will฀+฀Infinitive

Read,฀listen฀and฀repeat฀these฀examples: If฀the฀weather฀is฀good฀tomorrow,฀we฀will฀go฀to฀the฀beach฀(Si฀el฀tiempo฀está฀bueno฀mañana,฀iremos฀a฀la฀playa) If฀I฀see฀John฀at฀the฀party,฀I´ll฀give฀him฀your฀message.฀(Si฀veo฀a฀Juan฀en฀la฀fiesta,฀le฀daré฀tu฀mensaje) If฀you฀sit฀here,฀you฀will฀be฀able฀to฀see฀everything.฀(Si฀te฀sientas฀aquí,฀podrás฀ver฀todo) If฀you฀don´t฀study฀hard,฀you฀will฀not฀get฀a฀good฀mark.฀(Si฀no฀estudias฀duro,฀no฀te฀sacarás฀una฀buena฀nota) If฀Diana฀doesn´t฀leave฀at฀once,฀she´ll฀miss฀her฀train.฀(Si฀Diana฀no฀sale฀de฀inmediato,฀perderá฀su฀tren) If฀you฀aren´t฀careful฀when฀you´re฀driving,฀you´ll฀have฀an฀accident.฀(Si฀no฀eres฀cuidadoso฀cuando฀estás฀conduciendo,฀ tendrás฀un฀accidente)

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Es฀importante฀notar฀aquí฀que฀en฀la฀condición,฀aún฀cuando฀nos฀estamos฀refiriendo฀a฀una฀acción฀futura,฀el฀verbo฀ debe฀ir฀en฀presente฀simple฀(y฀no฀en฀futuro). ฀

If฀Mary฀comes฀tomorrow฀(No,฀“If฀Mary฀will฀come”),฀I฀will฀give฀her฀your฀message.

Del฀mismo฀modo,฀debe฀usar฀el฀tiempo฀presente฀(y฀no฀el฀futuro)฀después฀de฀los฀conectores฀WHEN฀(cuando),฀UNTIL฀ (hasta฀que),฀BEFORE฀(antes฀que),฀AFTER฀(después฀que),฀AS฀SOON฀AS฀(en฀cuanto),฀AS฀LONG฀AS฀(durante฀todo฀ el฀tiempo฀que),฀WHILE฀(mientras),฀UNLESS฀(a฀menos฀que),฀etc.,฀cuando฀se฀está฀usando฀una฀expresión฀de฀tiempo฀ futuro,฀como฀tomorrow,฀this฀evening,฀next฀Monday฀morning,฀etc. Read,฀listen฀and฀repeat฀these฀examples: When฀Kevin฀comes฀this฀afternoon,฀he฀will฀tell฀us฀what฀happened.฀(Cuando฀Kevin฀venga฀esta฀tarde,฀él฀nos฀contará฀ qué฀pasó) As฀soon฀as฀she฀opens฀her฀eyes,฀she฀will฀see฀the฀Prince.฀(En฀cuanto฀ella฀abra฀los฀ojos,฀verá฀al฀Príncipe) I฀will฀wait฀here฀until฀she฀telephones.฀(Esperaré฀aquí฀hasta฀que฀ella฀llame฀por฀teléfono) II.฀ ORACIONES฀CONDICIONALES฀DEL฀SEGUNDO฀TIPO:฀PRESENTE฀IRREAL En฀este฀tipo฀de฀oraciones฀condicionales฀nos฀planteamos฀una฀situación฀hipotética฀(es฀contraria฀a฀la฀realidad) If฀John฀had฀a฀car,฀he฀would฀drive฀to฀California฀(Si฀John฀tuviera฀un฀auto,฀él฀viajaría฀en฀auto฀a฀California) (Real฀situation:฀He฀doesn´t฀have฀a฀car,฀so฀he฀can´t฀drive฀to฀California) If฀Mary฀knew฀how฀to฀swim,฀she฀would฀go฀to฀the฀beach฀more฀often.฀Si฀Mary฀supiera฀nadar,฀ella฀iría฀a฀la฀playa฀más฀ seguido)฀(Real฀situation:฀She฀doesn´t฀know฀how฀to฀swim,฀so฀she฀doesn´t฀go฀to฀the฀beach฀very฀often) La฀estructura฀de฀este฀tipo฀de฀oraciones฀condicionales฀es฀la฀siguiente: Condicion

Resultado

If฀+฀Subject฀+฀Past

Subject฀+฀would/could/might฀+฀Infinitive

Es฀importante฀observar฀que฀cuando฀se฀usa฀el฀verbo฀TO฀BE฀en฀estas฀oraciones฀debemos฀usar฀el฀subjuntivo฀de฀dicho฀ verbo,฀es฀decir฀todas฀las฀personas฀deben฀usar฀la฀forma฀WERE. If฀John฀were฀here฀now฀he฀would฀help฀us.฀(Si฀John฀estuviera฀aquí,฀él฀nos฀ayudaría) If฀I฀were฀a฀millionaire฀I฀would฀buy฀many฀things.฀(Si฀yo฀fuera฀millonario,฀compraría฀muchas฀cosas) EXERCISES Ex.1.฀ Supply฀ the฀ proper฀ form฀ of฀ the฀ verb฀ in฀ parentheses฀ in฀ the฀ following฀ PRESENT-UNREAL฀ conditional฀ statements: 1.฀lf฀Mary฀________________________฀(have)฀more฀time,฀she฀would฀study฀more.฀(lf฀Mary฀had฀more฀time,฀she฀would฀ study฀more.) 2.฀If฀I฀________________________(be)฀in฀your฀position,฀I฀would฀study฀French. 3.฀If฀he฀________________________฀(know)฀her฀better,฀he฀could฀go฀with฀her฀to฀the฀party. 4.฀lf฀I฀________________________฀(have)฀the฀money,฀I฀would฀buy฀that฀suit. 5.฀lf฀John฀________________________฀(be)฀here฀now,฀he฀would฀help฀us. 6.฀lf฀Helen฀________________________฀(be)฀a฀good฀student,฀she฀would฀speak฀English฀better. 7.฀lf฀our฀room฀________________________฀(be)฀larger,฀we฀could฀study฀better. 8.฀If฀the฀weather฀________________________฀(be)฀warmer,฀we฀would฀go฀for฀a฀walk. 9.฀lf฀he฀________________________฀(prepare)฀his฀lessons฀every฀night,฀he฀would฀be฀a฀better฀student. 10.฀I฀would฀go฀if฀I฀________________________฀(have)฀more฀time. 11.฀John฀would฀do฀it฀if฀he฀________________________฀(be)฀not฀so฀busy. 12.฀We฀would฀speak฀better฀if฀we฀________________________฀(have)฀more฀practice฀in฀conversation. 238

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Ex.฀2฀.฀Supply฀the฀proper฀form฀of฀the฀verb฀in฀parentheses: 1.฀lf฀he฀were฀here,฀he฀________________________฀(help)฀us.฀(If฀he฀were฀here,฀he฀would฀help฀us.) 2.฀lf฀I฀knew฀her,฀I฀________________________฀(speak)฀to฀her. 3.฀If฀he฀came฀to฀class฀more฀often,฀he________________________฀(learn)฀more. 4.฀She฀________________________฀(make)฀more฀progress฀if฀she฀studied฀more. 5.฀She฀________________________฀(speak)฀English฀better฀if฀she฀had฀more฀practice. 6.฀If฀he฀came฀฀to฀class฀on฀time,฀he฀________________________฀(be)฀a฀better฀student. 7.฀If฀he฀went฀to฀bed฀earlier,฀he฀________________________฀(feel)฀better. 8.฀lf฀he฀had฀more฀money,฀he฀________________________฀(take)฀trip฀to฀Japan.฀ ฀ 9.฀She฀________________________฀(go)฀with฀us฀if฀she฀were฀not฀so฀busy. 10,฀If฀he฀were฀stronger฀,฀he฀___________________________฀(work)฀harder. 11.฀If฀today฀were฀a฀holiday,฀we฀______________________________฀(go)฀to฀the฀beach. 12.฀If฀I฀were฀free฀tomorrow,฀I฀__________________________฀(visit)฀the฀museum Ex.฀3.฀Change฀to฀Present฀Unreal฀Conditions:฀ 1.฀If฀he฀has฀time,฀he฀will฀go.฀฀฀ (If฀he฀had฀time,฀he฀would฀go) 2.฀If฀the฀weather฀is฀cold,฀we฀will฀not฀go.฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀If฀he฀is฀here,฀he฀can฀help฀us.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀If฀he฀studies฀hard,฀he฀will฀pass,฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀If฀I฀have฀more฀time฀,฀I฀will฀read฀more฀books.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀If฀we฀have฀more฀practice,฀we฀will฀speak฀better.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀If฀he฀comes,฀he฀will฀see฀her.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀If฀he฀goes฀to฀the฀party,฀he฀will฀meet฀her.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀If฀he฀prepares฀his฀lessons,฀he฀will฀make฀good฀progress.฀__________________________________________________ 10.฀lf฀they฀try฀hard,฀they฀will฀succeed.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 11.฀lf฀I฀am฀free฀tomorrow,฀I฀will฀go฀to฀the฀beach.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 12.฀lf฀I฀don’t฀have฀to฀work,฀I฀will฀go฀to฀the฀movie.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Ex.฀4.฀Complete฀the฀following฀by฀using฀Present฀Unreal฀Conditions: 1.฀John฀does฀not฀study฀hard฀but฀if...฀(John฀does฀not฀study฀hard,฀but฀if฀he฀studied฀hard฀he฀would฀learn฀more฀quickly.) 2.฀Mary฀does฀not฀prepare฀her฀lessons,฀but฀if...฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀William฀never฀comes฀to฀class฀on฀time,฀but฀if...฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀He฀has฀very฀little฀practice฀in฀speaking,฀but฀if...฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀I฀am฀not฀in฀Florida฀now,฀but฀if...฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀Mary฀isn’t฀here฀now,฀but฀if...฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀I฀can’t฀speak฀French,฀but฀if...฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀I฀don’t฀speak฀English฀well,฀but฀if...฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀He฀has฀very฀little฀free฀time,฀but฀if...฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 10.฀He฀doesn’t฀like฀to฀study฀English,฀but฀if...฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 11.฀He฀has฀very฀few฀friends,฀but฀if...฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 12.฀She฀has฀very฀little฀money,฀but฀if...฀฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Ex.฀5.฀Complete฀the฀following: 1.฀lf฀John฀were฀here,฀he...฀would฀be฀very฀happy. 2.฀He฀would฀speak฀better฀if...฀฀ 3.฀If฀he฀studied฀more,฀he...฀ 4.฀If฀I฀could฀speak฀French,฀I...฀฀ 5.฀If฀I฀were฀you,฀I...฀ 6.฀If฀l฀were฀in฀Florida฀now,฀I...฀฀ 7.฀If฀he฀had฀more฀time,฀he...฀฀ 8.฀If฀I฀knew฀her฀well,฀I...฀ 9.฀lf฀John฀prepared฀his฀lessons฀every฀night,฀he...฀฀ 10.฀If฀today฀were฀a฀holiday,฀we...฀฀ 11.฀If฀he฀came฀to฀class฀regularly,฀he...฀฀

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12.฀Mary฀would฀go฀with฀us฀if...฀฀ 13.฀He฀would฀speak฀better฀if...฀฀ 14.฀We฀would฀go฀for฀a฀walk฀in฀the฀park฀if...฀฀ 15.฀If฀today฀were฀Sunday,฀we...฀฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀6.฀Choose฀the฀correct฀form: 1.฀If฀I฀(was,฀were)฀in฀your฀position,฀I฀would฀study฀French.฀(lf฀I฀were฀in฀your฀position,฀I฀would...) 2.฀If฀the฀weather฀(is,฀will฀be)฀nice฀tomorrow,฀we฀may฀drive฀to฀the฀country. 3.฀If฀I฀were฀you,฀I฀(will,฀would)฀walk฀to฀school. 4.฀John฀said฀he฀(will,฀would)฀be฀here฀soon. 5.฀Mary฀told฀me฀that฀she฀(can,฀could)฀not฀come. 6.฀If฀he฀(can,฀could)฀help฀us,฀I฀am฀sure฀he฀would. 7.฀If฀I฀(know,฀knew)฀how฀to฀swim,฀I฀would฀go฀swimming฀every฀day. 8.฀If฀I฀(had,฀have)฀time฀tomorrow,฀I฀will฀go฀to฀the฀movie. 9.฀When฀John฀(comes,฀will฀come)฀here฀tomorrow,฀Mary฀will฀talk฀with฀him. 10.฀He฀would฀go฀to฀the฀theater฀more฀often฀if฀he฀(have,฀had)฀the฀time. 11.฀He฀said฀he฀(may,฀might)฀be฀late. 12.฀If฀he฀(knows,฀knew)฀my฀number,฀he฀could฀telephone฀me. Ex.฀7.฀Answer฀these฀questions: 1.฀ ฀ 2.฀ ฀ 3.฀ ฀ 4.฀ ฀ 5.฀ ฀ 6.฀ ฀ 7.฀ ฀ 8.฀ ฀ 9.฀ ฀

If฀today฀were฀a฀holiday,฀where฀would฀you฀go? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ If฀you฀had฀an฀automobile,฀where฀would฀you฀drive฀this฀weekend? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Would฀you฀speak฀English฀better฀if฀you฀had฀more฀practice฀in฀conversation? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ If฀you฀studied฀harder,฀would฀you฀get฀better฀marks฀in฀all฀your฀subjects? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ If฀you฀could฀visit฀any฀country฀in฀the฀world,฀what฀country฀would฀you฀visit฀first? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ If฀you฀had฀much฀money,฀how฀would฀you฀spend฀it? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ If฀today฀were฀Sunday,฀where฀would฀you฀go฀and฀what฀would฀you฀do? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Would฀John฀speak฀English฀better฀if฀he฀spent฀more฀time฀on฀his฀lessons? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ If฀you฀knew฀English฀perfectly,฀what฀other฀language฀would฀you฀begin฀to฀study? ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

III.฀ORACIONES฀CONDICIONALES฀DEL฀TERCER฀TIPO:฀PASADO฀IRREAL En฀este฀tipo฀de฀oraciones฀nosotros฀nos฀referimos฀a฀una฀situación฀hipotética฀(contraria฀a฀la฀realidad)฀en฀el฀pasado. If฀John฀had฀studied฀hard,฀he฀would฀have฀passed฀his฀examination.฀(Si฀John฀hubiera฀estudiado฀más,฀habría฀aprobado฀ su฀examen).฀(Real฀situation:฀He฀didn´t฀pass฀his฀examination฀because฀he฀didn´t฀study฀hard) If฀they฀had฀known฀your฀telephone฀number,฀they฀would฀have฀called฀you฀up.฀(Si฀ellos฀hubieran฀conocido฀su฀número฀telefónico,฀ te฀habrían฀llamado)฀(Real฀situation:฀They฀didn´t฀call฀you฀up฀because฀they฀didn´t฀have฀your฀telephone฀number) La฀estructura฀de฀este฀tipo฀de฀oraciones฀condicionales฀es฀la฀siguiente:

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If฀+฀Subject฀+฀Past฀perfect

Subject฀+฀would฀have/could฀have/might฀have฀+฀Past฀participle

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En฀situaciones฀formales฀o฀literarias,฀este฀tipo฀de฀oraciones฀condicionales฀se฀expresan฀sin฀IF.฀En฀estos฀casos฀el฀verbo฀ modal฀HAD฀precede฀al฀sujeto. Had฀he฀known฀that฀you฀were฀ill,฀he฀would฀have฀come฀to฀see฀you฀. EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Supply฀the฀correct฀form฀of฀the฀verb฀in฀parentheses: 1.฀He฀would฀have฀come฀to฀the฀party฀if฀he฀had฀known฀(know)฀about฀it.฀(He฀would฀have฀come฀to฀the฀party฀if฀he฀about฀it). 2.฀If฀I________________________(have)฀your฀address,฀I฀would฀have฀called฀on฀you. 3.฀If฀the฀weather฀________________________(be)฀nice฀yesterday,฀they฀would฀have฀gone฀to฀the฀park. 4.฀If฀you฀________________________฀(call)฀me,฀I฀would฀have฀been฀glad฀to฀go. 5.฀If฀he฀________________________฀(wear)฀his฀overcoat,฀he฀would฀not฀have฀caught฀cold. 6.฀I฀would฀have฀visited฀you฀if฀I________________________฀(know)฀you฀were฀living฀in฀New฀York. 7.฀If฀I________________________฀(be)฀in฀your฀place,฀I฀would฀have฀told฀him. 8.฀He฀would฀have฀gotten฀sick฀if฀he฀________________________฀(go)฀out฀in฀the฀rain. 9.฀If฀he________________________฀(tell)฀me฀the฀truth,฀I฀would฀not฀have฀been฀so฀angry. 10.฀If฀yesterday฀________________________฀(be)฀a฀holiday,฀we฀would฀have฀gone฀to฀the฀beach. Ex.฀2.฀Supply฀the฀correct฀form฀of฀the฀verb฀in฀parentheses: 1.฀If฀he฀had฀studied฀more,฀he฀฀฀฀฀฀฀he฀would฀have฀succeeded.฀(succeed)฀฀฀฀฀฀฀. 2.฀If฀he฀had฀not฀worn฀his฀overcoat,฀he฀________________________(catch฀)฀cold. 3.฀I฀________________________฀(help)฀him฀if฀he฀had฀asked฀me. 4.฀He฀________________________฀(be)฀angry฀if฀he฀had฀learned฀the฀truth. 5.฀We฀________________________฀(come)฀earlier฀if฀we฀had฀known฀about฀it. 6.฀We฀________________________฀(be)฀glad฀to฀meet฀you฀if฀you฀had฀invited฀us. 7.฀He________________________฀(write)฀to฀you฀if฀he฀had฀had฀your฀address. 8.฀I฀________________________฀(tell)฀you฀about฀it฀if฀I฀had฀known฀all฀the฀facts. 9.฀We฀________________________฀(go)฀to฀the฀movie฀last฀night฀if฀we฀had฀been฀free. 10.฀They฀________________________฀(drive)฀to฀the฀country฀if฀they฀had฀had฀a฀car. Ex.฀3.฀Complete฀the฀following฀sentences฀by฀adding฀a฀PAST-UNREAL฀conditional฀statement: 1.฀John฀didn’t฀prepare฀his฀lessons,฀but฀if฀฀฀฀฀he฀had฀prepared฀them฀he฀would฀have฀learned฀English฀better฀฀฀฀฀. 2.฀Mary฀didn’t฀come฀to฀school฀yesterday,฀but฀if.฀___________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀I฀didn’t฀have฀your฀telephone฀number,฀but฀if฀_____________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀John฀wasn’t฀at฀the฀meeting฀yesterday,฀but฀if฀ ___________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀I฀wasn’t฀in฀Florida฀last฀winter,฀but฀if฀ ___________________________________________________________________฀ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀I฀didn’t฀know฀his฀name,฀but฀if฀________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀He฀didn’t฀tell฀me฀about฀it,฀but฀if฀ ______________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀I฀didn’t฀have฀a฀car฀last฀winter,฀but฀if฀___________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀She฀didn’t฀wear฀her฀raincoat,฀but฀if฀___________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀I฀wasn’t฀in฀his฀position,฀but฀if฀_________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.฀She฀didn’t฀come฀on฀time,฀but฀if฀ ______________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.฀He฀couldn’t฀speak฀English฀at฀the฀time,฀but฀if฀ ___________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Ex.฀4.฀Change฀to฀PRESENT-UNREAL฀and฀to฀PAST-UNREAL฀Conditions: 1.฀ If฀he฀comes,฀she฀will฀speak฀to฀him. ฀ a.฀If฀he฀came,฀she฀would฀speak฀to฀him.฀ b.฀If฀he฀had฀come,฀she฀would฀have฀spoken฀to฀him. 2.฀ If฀the฀weather฀is฀nice,฀they฀will฀go฀to฀the฀beach ฀ a.฀_____________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀b.฀_____________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀If฀he฀has฀time,฀he฀will฀go฀with฀us ฀฀฀฀฀a.฀ _____________________________________________________________________________ ฀ b.฀_____________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀If฀I฀am฀free฀next฀week,฀I฀will฀call฀her฀up ฀ ฀a฀______________________________________________________________________________ ฀ b฀______________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀ If฀I฀can฀do฀it,฀I฀will฀do฀it฀gladly ฀ a฀______________________________________________________________________________ ฀ b฀______________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀ If฀he฀is฀here,฀he฀may฀help฀us ฀ a฀______________________________________________________________________________ ฀ b฀______________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀ If฀I฀see฀her,฀I฀will฀give฀her฀the฀message ฀ a฀______________________________________________________________________________ ฀ b฀______________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀ If฀he฀goes฀there,฀he฀will฀let฀us฀know ฀ a฀______________________________________________________________________________ ฀ b฀______________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀ If฀it฀rains,฀they฀will฀stay฀at฀home ฀ a฀______________________________________________________________________________ ฀ b฀______________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀If฀he฀works฀harder,฀he฀will฀be฀promoted ฀ a ฀ b฀______________________________________________________________________________ 11.฀If฀he฀has฀the฀money,฀he฀may฀go฀with฀us ฀ a฀______________________________________________________________________________ ฀ b฀______________________________________________________________________________ 12.฀If฀John฀is฀present,฀the฀meeting฀will฀be฀good ฀ a฀______________________________________________________________________________ ฀ b฀______________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀5.฀(Open฀Exercise)฀Complete฀the฀following: 1.฀If฀he฀were฀here,฀he฀฀฀฀฀฀฀would฀take฀part฀in฀the฀game฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ 2.฀If฀I฀had฀known฀about฀it,฀I฀____________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀They฀would฀have฀come฀if฀they฀ _______________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀If฀I฀were฀you,฀I฀_____________________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀If฀you฀had฀asked฀me,฀I฀______________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀If฀he฀had฀telephoned฀me,฀I฀ __________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀I฀would฀go฀if฀I฀ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀He฀would฀have฀helped฀us฀if฀__________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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9.฀If฀England฀had฀been฀better฀prepared฀for฀war,฀Germany฀ __________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀If฀I฀had฀more฀time,฀I฀ ________________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.฀He฀would฀have฀succeeded฀if฀he฀______________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.฀If฀I฀had฀been฀invited,฀I฀_______________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.฀If฀the฀weather฀were฀nice,฀we฀_________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.฀If฀the฀weather฀had฀been฀nice,฀we฀_____________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.฀They฀would฀have฀joined฀the฀class฀if฀they฀_______________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.฀I฀might฀have฀caught฀cold฀if฀I฀_________________________________________________________________________ ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.฀6.฀Choose฀the฀correct฀form: 1.฀ If฀I฀(was,฀were)฀you,฀I฀would฀certainly฀do฀it.฀(lf฀I฀were฀you,฀I฀would฀certainly฀do฀it.) 2.฀ John฀looks฀as฀though฀he฀(was,฀were)฀sick. 3.฀ He฀acted฀as฀if฀he฀(had,฀had฀had)฀a฀great฀shock. 4.฀ If฀I฀(knew,฀had฀known)฀this฀yesterday,฀I฀would฀have฀acted฀differently. 5.฀ If฀it฀(rains,฀will฀rain)฀tomorrow,฀we฀may฀not฀go฀away. 6.฀ I฀(could฀go,฀could฀have฀gone)฀if฀they฀had฀asked฀me. 7.฀ If฀he฀(was,฀had฀been)฀here,฀he฀would฀have฀taken฀part฀in฀the฀discussion. 8.฀ He฀acted฀as฀if฀he฀(was,฀were)฀the฀manager฀of฀the฀place. 9.฀ I฀(will,฀would)฀like฀to฀study฀Spanish฀if฀I฀had฀the฀time. 10.฀If฀today฀(was,฀were)฀a฀holiday,฀we฀could฀go฀to฀the฀beach. 11.฀If฀yesterday฀(was,฀has฀been,฀had฀been)฀a฀holiday,฀we฀could฀have฀gone฀to฀the฀beach. 12.฀Call฀me฀if฀he฀(comes,฀will฀come)฀before฀noon. 13.฀If฀I฀(would฀be,฀were)฀in฀his฀position,฀I฀would฀not฀accept฀the฀work. 14.฀He฀will฀not฀go฀unless฀she฀(goes,฀will฀go)฀too. 15.฀I฀feel฀as฀if฀I฀(ate,฀had฀eaten)฀a฀large฀dinner. 16.฀I฀think฀he฀(would฀come,฀would฀have฀come)฀if฀we฀had฀asked฀him. Ex.฀7.฀Answer฀these฀questions: 1.฀If฀yesterday฀had฀been฀a฀holiday,฀where฀would฀you฀have฀gone? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀If฀you฀had฀known฀it฀was฀going฀to฀rain,฀would฀you฀have฀gone฀on฀that฀picnic฀yesterday? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀If฀you฀had฀studied฀harder,฀would฀you฀have฀gotten฀a฀better฀mark฀on฀your฀examination? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀If฀you฀had฀had฀last฀week฀off,฀where฀would฀you฀have฀gone? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀If฀you฀hadn´t฀had฀to฀study฀last฀night,฀would฀you฀have฀gone฀to฀the฀movies฀with฀your฀friend? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀Would฀John฀have฀gone฀to฀the฀stadium฀with฀you฀if฀he฀had฀not฀been฀sick? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀Would฀the฀party฀have฀been฀better฀if฀Mary฀had฀been฀present? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀Would฀you฀have฀helped฀your฀friend฀with฀his฀homework฀if฀he฀had฀asked฀you? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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PART฀II. A.฀ USO฀DEL฀SUBJUNTIVO฀DESPUES฀DE฀WISH Debido฀a฀que฀el฀verbo฀WISH฀(desear)฀sugiere฀una฀situación฀que฀es฀hipotética฀o฀contraria฀a฀la฀realidad,฀este฀siempre฀ debe฀ir฀seguido฀por฀el฀modo฀subjuntivo;฀es฀decir,฀al฀igual฀que฀en฀las฀oraciones฀condicionales,฀va฀seguido฀de฀un฀verbo฀ en฀PASADO฀en฀situaciones฀presentes฀y฀un฀PASADO฀PARTICIPIO฀en฀situaciones฀pasadas.฀En฀estos฀casos฀estas฀ expresiones฀se฀usan฀para฀expresar฀un฀deseo฀y฀equivalen฀a฀“Ojalá...”,฀“Me฀gustaría...”,฀o฀“Me฀habría฀gustado...” I฀don´t฀know฀how฀to฀swim.฀I฀wish฀I฀knew฀how฀to฀swim. I฀can´t฀go฀to฀the฀conference฀because฀I´m฀very฀busy.฀I฀wish฀I฀weren´t฀so฀busy. Mary฀is฀not฀here฀now.฀John฀wishes฀she฀were฀here฀now. I฀didn´t฀see฀Mary฀at฀the฀meeting฀yesterday.฀I฀wish฀I฀had฀seen฀her. Cuando฀queremos฀expresar฀un฀deseo฀relacionado฀con฀una฀situación฀futura,฀debemos฀usar฀el฀verbo฀modal฀WOULD. It´s฀been฀raining฀hard฀for฀about฀five฀hours.฀I฀wish฀it฀would฀stop฀raining฀soon. I฀wish฀he฀wouldn´t฀do฀that฀again Observe฀la฀siguiente฀tabla: Situaciones฀Presentes: Situaciones฀Pasadas:

S฀+฀Past฀

I฀wish฀

Situaciones฀Futuras:

S฀+฀Past฀Perfect฀ S฀+฀Conditional

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Supply฀the฀correct฀form฀of฀the฀verb฀in฀parentheses: 1.฀I฀wish฀John฀______________________________฀(be)฀here฀now.฀(I฀wish฀John฀were฀here฀now.) 2.฀I฀wish฀I฀______________________________฀(can)฀swim. 3.฀I฀wish฀I฀______________________________฀(study)฀English฀when฀I฀was฀a฀boy. 4.฀John฀wishes฀he฀______________________________฀(be)฀in฀Florida฀now. 5.฀I฀wish฀I฀______________________________฀(go)฀with฀you฀to฀the฀movie฀last฀night. 6.฀I฀wish฀it฀______________________________฀(be)฀not฀so฀cold฀now. 7.฀I฀wish฀it฀______________________________฀(stop)฀snowing฀soon. 8.฀I฀wish฀I฀______________________________฀(know)฀about฀this฀yesterday. 9.฀I฀wish฀today฀______________________________฀(be)฀a฀holiday. 10.฀I฀wish฀I฀______________________________฀(have)฀today฀off. 11.฀I฀wish฀I฀______________________________฀(have)฀yesterday฀off. 12.฀I฀wish฀I฀______________________________฀(know)฀her฀better.฀I´d฀certainly฀invite฀her฀to฀the฀party. Ex.฀2.฀Complete฀the฀following฀sentences: 1.฀ I฀have฀no฀car฀but฀I฀wish฀฀ 2.฀ I฀cannot฀swim฀but฀I฀wish฀฀ 3.฀ I฀didn’t฀study฀before฀my฀examinations฀but฀I฀wish฀ 4.฀ Today฀isn’t฀a฀holiday฀but฀I฀wish฀฀ 5.฀ Yesterday฀wasn’t฀a฀holiday฀but฀I฀wish฀฀ 6.฀ The฀weather฀isn’t฀nice฀today฀but฀I฀wish฀฀ 7.฀ I฀am฀not฀a฀millionaire฀but฀I฀wish฀฀ 8.฀ John฀won’t฀do฀it฀for฀us฀but฀I฀wish฀฀ 9.฀ Mary฀isn’t฀here฀but฀I฀wish฀฀ 10.฀I฀have฀to฀work฀this฀afternoon฀but฀I฀wish฀฀ 11.฀I฀can’t฀speak฀English฀well฀but฀I฀wish฀฀ 244

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(฀I฀had฀one.) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

12.฀Mary฀isn’t฀going฀with฀us฀but฀I฀wish฀฀

฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Change฀the฀sentences฀to฀introduce฀I฀WISH฀instead฀of฀I´M฀SORRY: 1.฀I’m฀sorry฀he฀does฀not฀speak฀English฀well.฀ ฀(I฀wish฀he฀spoke฀English฀well.) 2.฀I’m฀sorry฀he฀did฀not฀go฀with฀us฀last฀night.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀I’m฀sorry฀you฀could฀not฀go฀to฀the฀opera฀last฀night.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀I´m฀sorry฀John฀is฀not฀here฀with฀us.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀I´m฀sorry฀it฀is฀raining฀so฀hard.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀I’m฀sorry฀that฀I฀don’t฀know฀her฀better.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀I’m฀sorry฀that฀Helen฀can’t฀go฀with฀us฀to฀the฀beach.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 8.฀I’m฀sorry฀that฀she฀could฀not฀go฀with฀us฀to฀the฀beach.฀฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀I’m฀sorry฀that฀today฀is฀not฀a฀holiday.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 10.฀I’m฀sorry฀that฀you฀can’t฀swim.฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ B.฀ VERBOS฀SEGUIDOS฀DEL฀PRESENTE฀DEL฀SUBJUNTIVO Los฀verbos฀TO฀RECOMMEND,฀TO฀SUGGEST,฀TO฀DEMAND,฀TO฀REQUIRE,฀TO฀ASK,฀TO฀INSIST฀y฀TO฀PROPOSE,฀ deben฀ir฀seguidos฀de฀THAT฀+฀PRESENTE฀DE฀SUBJUNTIVO฀cuando฀estamos฀refiriéndonos฀a฀una฀situación฀propuesta฀ o฀hipotética.฀En฀el฀Presente฀del฀Subjuntivo,฀todas฀las฀personas฀usan฀la฀forma฀simple฀del฀infinitivo,฀por฀lo฀tanto฀no฀ se฀debe฀agregar฀-s฀o฀-es฀en฀la฀tercera฀persona฀del฀singular.. He฀recommended฀that฀she฀wait฀(sin฀“s”)฀for฀us฀outside฀the฀theater.฀(Él฀recomendó฀que฀ella฀nos฀esperara...) I฀suggested฀that฀you฀see฀the฀manager฀today.฀(Yo฀sugerí฀que฀usted฀viera฀al฀gerente฀hoy฀día) Cuando฀se฀desea฀usar฀el฀verbo฀TO฀BE฀no฀se฀debe฀usar฀las฀formas฀am/is/are,฀sino฀que฀la฀forma฀simple฀BE She฀asked฀that฀we฀be฀there฀before฀midday.฀(Ella฀pidió฀que฀nosotros฀estuviéramos฀alli฀antes฀del฀mediodia) They฀recommended฀that฀I฀be฀there฀a฀few฀minutes฀earlier.฀(Ellos฀recomendaron฀que฀yo฀estuviera฀alli...) En฀la฀conversación฀diaria฀coloquial฀se฀prefiere฀usar฀el฀verbo฀modal฀should฀+฀infinitive฀para฀expresar฀estas฀ideas. He฀recommended฀that฀she฀should฀wait฀for฀us฀outside฀the฀theater. I฀suggested฀that฀you฀should฀see฀the฀manager฀today. She฀asked฀that฀we฀should฀be฀there฀before฀midday. They฀recommended฀that฀I฀should฀be฀there฀a฀few฀minutes฀earlier También฀se฀debe฀usar฀el฀presente฀del฀subjuntivo฀después฀frases฀como,฀“It฀is฀necessary฀that...”,฀฀฀“It´s฀essential฀hat...”,฀฀ “It´s฀imperative฀that...”,฀฀฀“It´s฀advisable฀that...”,฀etc,฀como฀los฀siguientes฀ejemplos: It฀is฀necessary฀that฀Mary฀see฀the฀manager฀today. It´s฀advisable฀that฀you฀be฀there฀before฀midday. EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Supply฀the฀correct฀form฀of฀the฀verb฀in฀parentheses: 1.฀He฀recommended฀that฀she฀________________________฀go)฀with฀him.฀(He฀recommended฀that฀she฀go฀with฀him.) 2.฀He฀suggested฀that฀John______________________________(wait)฀a฀few฀minutes. 3.฀It฀is฀imperative฀that฀they฀______________________________฀(be)฀there฀on฀time. 4.฀He฀asked฀that฀it______________________________฀(be)฀done฀right฀away. 5.฀I฀recommended฀that฀you฀______________________________฀(come)฀back฀later. 6.฀They฀insisted฀that฀we฀______________________________฀(visit)฀them฀again. 7.฀He฀proposed฀that฀John฀______________________________฀(be)฀chairman.฀ 8.฀Is฀it฀necessary฀that฀this฀______________________________฀(be)฀finished฀today? 9.฀He฀insisted฀that฀she฀______________________________฀(go)฀on฀with฀the฀work. 10.฀The฀doctor฀suggested฀that฀Mr.฀Smith฀______________________________฀(take)฀a฀long฀vacation. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Ex.฀2.฀Change฀the฀sentences฀to฀introduce฀SUGGESTED฀/฀INSISTED฀/฀RECOMMENDED฀instead฀of฀ASKED: 1.฀I฀asked฀John฀to฀wait฀for฀me.฀ 2.฀I฀asked฀her฀to฀come฀back฀later.฀ 3.฀John฀asked฀me฀to฀take฀a฀walk฀with฀him.฀ 4.฀He฀asked฀me฀to฀be฀there฀on฀time.฀ 5.฀We฀asked฀them฀to฀go฀with฀us฀in฀our฀car.฀ 6.฀The฀teacher฀asked฀us฀to฀visit฀her฀in฀her฀home.฀ 7.฀The฀owner฀of฀the฀store฀asked฀me฀to฀call฀back฀later.฀ 8.฀The฀teacher฀asked฀Bill฀to฀be฀more฀careful.฀ 9.฀We฀asked฀her฀to฀be฀at฀our฀home฀at฀eight฀o’clock.฀ 10.฀He฀asked฀me฀to฀lend฀him฀the฀money.฀

฀฀I฀suggested฀that฀John฀wait฀for฀me.) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀3.฀Supply฀the฀correct฀form฀in฀the฀following: 1.฀If฀John฀were฀here,฀it฀฀฀฀฀฀฀(would฀be)฀฀฀฀฀฀฀(be)฀much฀easier฀for฀us. 2.฀Had฀I฀known฀your฀number,฀I฀______________________________฀ (telephone)฀you. 3.฀What฀would฀you฀do฀if฀you฀______________________________฀(be)฀I? 4.฀Were฀I฀you,฀I฀______________________________฀(begin)฀to฀study฀Spanish. 5.฀He฀would฀have฀finished฀sooner฀if฀he฀______________________________฀(hurry). 6.฀Had฀I฀had฀more฀time,฀I฀______________________________฀(do)฀it. 7.฀If฀he฀had฀been฀well,฀he฀______________________________฀฀ (come)฀to฀the฀meeting. 8.฀If฀he฀felt฀better,฀he฀______________________________฀(go)฀to฀the฀party. 9.฀If฀he฀had฀felt฀better,฀he฀______________________________฀(go)฀to฀the฀party. 10.฀If฀today฀______________________________฀(be)฀a฀holiday,฀he฀would฀spend฀it฀at฀the฀beach. 11.฀If฀yesterday฀______________________________฀(be)฀a฀holiday,฀he฀would฀have฀spent฀it฀at฀the฀beach. 12.฀He฀would฀help฀us฀if฀he฀______________________________฀(can). Ex.฀4.฀Choose฀the฀correct฀form: 1.฀I฀wish฀I฀(were,฀would฀be)฀in฀Florida฀now. 2.฀I฀wish฀I฀(went,฀had฀gone)฀with฀you฀to฀the฀party฀last฀night. 3.฀He฀recommended฀that฀I฀(am,฀be)฀there฀early. 4.฀He฀suggested฀that฀John฀(come,฀comes)฀back฀later. 5.฀If฀I฀(were,฀would฀be)฀in฀Florida฀now,฀I฀would฀go฀swimming.฀ 6.฀John฀said฀he฀(will,฀would)฀be฀here฀tomorrow. 7.฀If฀he฀(will฀come,฀comes)฀soon,฀please฀let฀me฀know. 8.฀John฀sat฀between฀Mary฀and฀(I,฀me). 9.฀The฀merchandise฀is฀supposed฀(to฀send,฀to฀be฀sent)฀tomorrow. 10.฀If฀you฀come฀too฀early,฀I฀(may฀sleep,฀may฀be฀sleeping). 11.฀He฀(is฀living,฀has฀been฀living)฀here฀many฀years. 12.฀I฀(saw,฀have฀seen)฀John฀yesterday. 13.฀He฀said฀he฀already฀(saw,฀had฀seen)฀that฀movie. 14.฀John฀always฀(sits,฀is฀sitting)฀at฀this฀desk. Ex.฀5฀Answer฀these฀questions: 1.฀Which฀would฀you฀prefer฀to฀be,฀in฀good฀health฀or฀in฀bad฀health? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀Which฀would฀you฀prefer,฀to฀be฀rich฀or฀poor? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀Which฀would฀you฀prefer฀to฀study฀in฀the฀future,฀German฀or฀Chinese? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀Which฀would฀you฀prefer,฀to฀travel฀in฀Europe฀or฀in฀South฀America? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀Which฀would฀you฀prefer,฀to฀own฀a฀house฀or฀an฀apartment? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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6.฀Would฀you฀be฀pleased฀or฀sorry฀to฀hear฀that฀your฀friend฀was฀sick? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀Would฀you฀be฀pleased฀or฀sorry฀to฀hear฀that฀you฀had฀won฀a฀large฀prize? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀Would฀you฀be฀pleased฀or฀sorry฀to฀hear฀that฀you฀had฀failed฀your฀examination? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.฀Would฀you฀be฀pleased฀or฀sorry฀to฀hear฀that฀you฀were฀not฀going฀to฀graduate? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.฀Would฀I฀be฀right฀or฀wrong฀if฀I฀said฀that฀fish฀could฀fly? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.฀Would฀I฀be฀right฀or฀wrong฀if฀I฀said฀that฀birds฀could฀swim? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.฀Would฀I฀be฀right฀or฀wrong฀if฀I฀said฀that฀you฀spoke฀English฀very฀well? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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BASIC฀VOCABULARY:฀Study฀these฀words THE฀ARMED฀FORCES฀/δi฀á:rmd฀fó:rsiz/฀Las฀Fuerzas฀Armadas฀(II) Allied฀forces฀/aláid฀fó:rsiz/฀ fuerzas฀aliadas฀ Armistice฀/á:rmistis/฀ armisticio฀ Assault฀/asó:lt/฀ asalto฀ Attacking฀unit฀/atæ´฀kiη฀iunit/฀ unidad฀de฀ataque฀ Barrack฀/bæ´฀rak/฀ barraca,฀cuadra฀ Battle฀/bæ´฀tl/฀ batalla฀ Battlefield฀/bæ´฀tlfí:ld/฀ campo฀de฀batalla฀ Bombardment฀/bombá:rdment/฀ bombardeo฀ Campaign฀/kampéin/฀ campaña฀ Carnage฀/ká:rnidll/฀ matanza,carnicería฀ Casualty฀/kæ´฀llualti/฀ baja฀de฀guerra฀ Ceasefire฀/si:sfáiar/฀ cese฀al฀fuego฀ Chaplain฀/tchæ´plin/฀ capellán฀ Civilian฀/sivílian/฀ civil฀ Clash฀/klæ´฀sh/฀ enfrentamiento฀ Combatant฀/kómbatant/฀ combatiente฀ Combat฀/kómbat/฀ combate฀ Commando฀/komæ´ndou/฀ comando฀ Conflict฀/kónflikt/฀ conflicto฀ Coup฀d´etat฀/ku:detá:/฀ golpe฀de฀estado฀ Siege฀/sí:dll/฀ sitio,฀asedio฀ Curfew฀/ké:rfiu/฀ toque฀de฀queda฀ Defeat฀/difí:t/฀ derrota฀ Defensive฀action฀/defénsiv฀æ´฀ktchn/฀ acción฀defensiva฀ Demilitarized฀zone฀/dimilítaráizd฀zóun/฀ zona฀desmilitarizada฀ Deployment฀/diplóiment/฀ despliegue฀ Destruction฀/distrákshn/฀ destrucción฀ Detachment฀/ditæ´฀tchment/฀ destacamento฀ Deterrent฀/dité:rrent/฀ disuasión฀ Direct฀fire฀/dairékt฀fáiar/฀ fuego฀directo฀ Disengament฀/disengéidllment/฀ ruptura฀del฀combate฀ Diver฀/dáiver/฀ buzo฀ Doctor฀/dóktor/฀ doctor฀ Drill฀/dril/฀ ejercicio฀ Enemy฀fire฀/énemi฀fáiar/฀ fuego฀enemigo฀ Fight฀/fáit/฀ lucha,฀combate฀ flanco฀ Flank฀/flæ´฀ηk/฀ Foe฀/fou/฀ enemigo฀ Friendly฀fire฀/fréndli฀fáiar/฀ fuego฀amigo฀ Front฀/frant/฀ frente฀ Front฀line฀/frant฀lain/฀ línea฀de฀frente฀ Garrison฀/gæ´฀rison/฀ guarnición฀ Guerrilla฀/geríla/฀ guerrillero฀ Headquarters฀/hedkuórterz/฀ cuartel฀general฀ Hostage฀/hóstidll/฀ rehén฀ Indirect฀fire฀/indairékt฀fáiar/฀ fuego฀indirecto฀ Killing฀/kíliη/฀ matanza฀ Logistic฀support฀/lodllístik฀sapó:rt/฀ apoyo฀logístico฀ Losses฀/lósiz/฀ pérdidas,฀bajas฀ Maneuvers฀/manú:verz/฀ maniobras

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Mercenary฀/mersenæ´฀ri/฀ mercenario Militant฀/mílitant/฀ militante Mountaineer฀/maunteníar/฀ andinista Nurse฀/né:rs/฀ enfermero Offensive฀action฀/ofénsiv฀æ´฀ktchn/฀ acción฀ofensiva Orderly฀/ó:rderli/฀ ordenanza Parade฀/paréid/฀ parada Paratrooper฀/paratrú:per/฀ paracaidista Peace฀/pí:s/฀ paz Peace฀treaty฀/pí:s฀trí:ti/฀ tratado฀de฀paz Peacekeeping฀forces฀ fuerzas฀de฀mantenimiento฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀/pi:skí:piη฀fó:rsiz/฀ de฀paz Policeman฀/polísman/฀ policía Preemptive฀action฀฀ acción฀preemptiva ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀/priémptiv฀æ´฀ktchn/฀ Preventive฀action฀/privéntiv฀æ´฀ktchn/฀acción฀preventiva Prisoner฀/prízoner/฀ prisionero Raid฀/reid/฀ incursión Ranger฀/réindller/฀ comando Rear฀/ríar/฀ retaguardia Rear฀position฀/ríar฀posíshon/฀ posición฀de฀retagurdia Reconnaissance฀/rikónisans/฀ reconocimiento Reinforcement฀/riinfó:rsment/฀ refuerzo Relief฀/rilí:f/฀ ayuda,฀auxilio Rescue฀team฀/réskiu฀ti:m/฀ equipo฀de฀rescate Reservist฀/rése:rvist/฀ reservista Reveille฀/revæ´li฀//réveli/฀ toque฀de฀diana Retreat฀/ritrí:t/฀ recogida,฀retreta Review฀/riviú:/฀ revista Revolt฀/rivólt/฀ revuelta Riot฀/ráiot/฀ revuelta Salute฀/saliút/฀ saludo Sharp฀shooter฀/sharp฀shú:ter/฀ tirador฀escogido Skirmish฀/sk :rmish/฀ escaramuza Slaughter฀/sló:ter/฀ matanza Spy฀/spái/฀ espía Strategy฀/stræ´฀tedlli/฀ estrategia Struggle฀/stræ´฀gl/฀ lucha Surrender฀/sarénder/฀ rendición Surveillance฀/se:rvéilans/฀ vigilancia Tactics฀/tæ´฀ktiks/฀ táctica Truce฀/tru:s/฀ tregua Unmanned฀/anmæ´฀nd/฀ no฀tripulado Veteran฀/véteran/฀ veterano฀de฀guerra Victory฀/víktri/฀ victoria War฀/wo:r/฀ guerra฀(evento) Warfare฀/worféar/฀ guerra฀(actividad) Warrior฀/wórior/฀ guerrero Withdrawal฀/wiθdróal/฀ repliegue

Verbs: To฀accomplish฀/akómplish/฀ To฀aim฀/éim/฀ To฀ambush฀/æ´฀mbush/฀ To฀arm฀/a:rm/฀ To฀attack฀/atæ´฀k/฀ To฀besiege฀/bi:sí:dll/฀ To฀blow฀up฀/blou฀áp/฀ To฀bomb฀/bom/฀ To฀bombard฀/bombá:rd/฀ To฀break฀out฀/breik฀áut/฀ To฀capture฀/kæ´฀ptcher/฀ To฀carry฀out฀/kæ´฀ri฀áut/฀ To฀command฀/komæ´฀nd/฀ To฀conquer฀/kónker/฀ To฀defeat฀/difí:t/฀ To฀defend฀/difénd/฀ To฀deploy฀/diplói/฀ To฀destroy฀/distrói/฀ To฀disarm฀/disá:rm/฀ To฀drill฀/dril/฀ To฀endure฀/endiú:ar/฀ To฀engage฀/engéidll/฀ To฀fight฀/fait/฀ To฀fire฀/fáiar/฀ To฀give฀up฀/giv฀áp/฀ To฀invade฀/invéid/฀

llevar฀a฀cabo฀ apuntar฀ emboscar฀ armar฀ atacar฀ sitiar฀ estallar฀ bombardear฀ bombardear฀ comenzar,฀estallar฀ capturar฀ realizar฀ comandar฀ conquistar฀ derrotar฀ defender฀ desplegar฀ destruir฀ desarmar฀ ejercitar฀ resistir฀ trabar฀combate฀ luchar,฀pelear฀ disparar฀ rendirse฀ invadir

To฀kill฀/kil/฀ To฀lead฀/li:d/฀ To฀lose฀/lu:z/฀ To฀mobilize฀/móbiláiz/฀ To฀occupy฀/ókiupái/฀ To฀overcome฀/óuverkám/฀ To฀overrun฀/óuverán/฀ To฀patrol฀/patróul/฀ To฀raid฀/réid/฀ To฀recruit฀/rekrú:t/฀ To฀retreat฀/ritrí:t/฀ To฀review฀/riviú:/฀ To฀salute฀/saliú:t/฀ To฀seize฀/sí:z/฀ To฀shell฀/shel/฀ To฀sight฀/sáit/฀ To฀spy฀/spái/฀ To฀struggle฀/strágl/฀ To฀supply฀/saplái/฀ To฀support฀/sapó:rt/฀ To฀surrender฀/sarrénder/฀ To฀wage฀/wéidll/฀ To฀win฀/win/฀ To฀withdraw฀/wiθdró:/฀ To฀inspect฀/inspékt/฀

matar guiar,฀conducir perder movilizar ocupar vencer invadir patrullar incursionar reclutar retirarse revistar saludar tomar,฀asir bombardear hacer฀puntería espiar luchar suministrar apoyar,฀ayudar rendirse librar฀una฀guerra ganar replegarse inspeccionar

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Key฀to฀answers

UNIT฀18 PART฀I B) Ex.฀1.฀2.฀were฀3,฀knew฀4.฀had฀5.฀were฀6.฀were฀7.฀were฀8.฀were฀9.฀prepared฀10.฀had฀11.฀were฀12.฀had Ex.฀2฀.฀2,฀would฀speak฀3.฀would฀learn฀4.฀would฀make฀5.฀would฀speak฀6.฀would฀be฀7.฀would฀feel฀8.฀would฀take฀9.฀would฀ go฀10.฀would฀work฀11.฀would฀go฀12.฀would฀visit Ex.฀3.฀2.฀If฀the฀weather฀were฀cold,฀we฀would฀not฀go.฀3.฀If฀he฀were฀here,฀he฀could฀help฀us.฀4.฀if฀he฀studied฀hard,฀he฀would฀ pass฀5.฀If฀I฀had฀more฀time,฀I´d฀read฀more฀books.฀6.฀If฀we฀had฀much฀practice,฀we฀would฀speak฀better.฀7.฀If฀he฀came,฀he฀ would฀see฀her.฀8.฀If฀he฀went,฀he฀would฀meet฀her.฀9.฀If฀he฀prepared฀his฀lessons,฀he´d฀make฀good฀progress.฀10.฀If฀they฀ tried฀hard,฀they฀would฀succeed.฀11.฀If฀I฀were฀free฀tomorrow,฀I´d฀go฀to฀the฀beach.฀12.฀If฀I฀didn´t฀have฀to฀work,฀I´d฀go฀to฀ the฀movie. Ex.฀4.฀(Possible฀answers)฀2...฀she฀prepared฀her฀lessons฀she´d฀learn฀more.฀3...฀he฀came฀to฀class฀on฀time฀he´d฀be฀a฀ better฀student.฀4...฀he฀had฀more฀practice฀in฀speaking฀he฀would฀speak฀a฀lot฀better.฀5....I฀were฀there฀now฀I฀would฀visiting฀ Orlando.฀6....she฀were฀here฀I฀would฀be฀talking฀with฀her฀now.฀7...I฀could฀speak฀it,฀I´d฀be฀planning฀a฀trip฀to฀France.฀8....I฀ spoke฀it฀well,฀I฀would฀be฀a฀CEO฀(Chief฀Executive฀Officer).฀9...he฀had฀more฀free฀time,฀he฀would฀play฀tennis฀more฀often.฀ 10....he฀liked฀to฀do฀it,฀he´d฀speak฀it฀better.฀11...he฀had฀more฀friends,฀he´d฀enjoy฀living฀here.฀12...she฀had฀more฀money,฀ she´d฀be฀able฀to฀travel฀abroad฀more฀often. Ex.฀5.฀(Possible฀answers)฀2...฀he฀studied฀harder฀3...฀would฀learn฀faster฀4...would฀plan฀a฀trip฀to฀France.฀5...would฀buy฀ a฀modern฀car.฀6...would฀visit฀Epcot฀Center฀7....would฀do฀more฀things฀every฀day.฀8...would฀invite฀her฀out฀to฀dinner.฀฀ 9...he´d฀be฀a฀better฀student.฀10...฀would฀go฀to฀the฀beach.฀11...he´d฀learn฀more.฀12...she฀had฀the฀day฀off฀/฀free.฀13....he฀ had฀more฀practice฀in฀conversation.฀14...it฀were฀not฀so฀cold.฀15...could฀go฀on฀a฀picnic. Ex.฀6.฀2.฀is฀3.฀would฀4.฀would฀5.฀could฀6.฀could฀7.฀knew฀8.฀have฀9.฀comes฀10.฀had฀11.฀might฀12.฀knew Ex.฀7.฀(Suggested฀answers)฀1.฀I´d฀go฀to...฀2.฀I´d฀drive฀to...฀3.฀Yes.฀I´d฀speak฀a฀lot฀better฀.฀4.฀Yes,฀I´d฀getter฀better฀marks,฀ of฀course.฀5.฀I´d฀would฀visit...฀first.฀6.฀I´d฀buy...฀/฀I´d฀go฀to...฀7.฀I´d฀go฀to...฀And฀I´d...฀8.฀Oh฀yes.฀He´d฀certainly฀speak฀better.฀ 9.฀I´d฀beging฀to฀study... C) Ex.฀1.฀2.฀had฀had฀3.฀had฀been฀4.฀had฀called฀5.฀had฀worn฀6.฀had฀known฀7.฀had฀been฀8.฀had฀gone฀9.฀had฀told฀10.฀had฀ been Ex.฀2.฀2.฀would฀have฀caught฀3.฀would฀have฀helped฀4.฀would฀have฀been฀5.฀would฀have฀come฀6.฀would฀have฀been฀฀ 7.฀would฀have฀written฀8.฀would฀have฀told฀9.฀would฀have฀gone฀10.฀would฀have฀driven Ex.฀3.฀(Possible฀answers).฀2...฀she฀had฀come,฀she฀would฀have฀taken฀part฀in฀the฀competition.฀3...I฀had฀had฀it,฀I´d฀have฀ called฀you฀up.฀4...he฀had฀been฀there,฀you฀would฀have฀seen฀him.฀5....I฀had฀been฀there,฀I´d฀have฀gone฀on฀a฀cruise฀in฀the฀ Caribbean.฀6....฀I฀had฀known฀it,฀I฀would฀have฀included฀it฀in฀the฀list฀of฀guests฀7...฀he฀had฀told฀me,฀I´d฀have฀acted฀differently.฀ 8...I฀had฀had฀one,฀I฀would฀have฀driven฀to฀Denver฀at฀Christmastime฀.฀9...she฀had฀wore฀it,฀she฀wouldn´t฀have฀caught฀cold.฀ 10...I฀had฀been฀in฀his฀position,฀I฀´d฀have฀asked฀for฀an฀interview฀with฀the฀boss.฀11...฀she฀had฀come฀on฀time,฀she฀wouldn´t฀ have฀miss฀the฀first฀act฀of฀the฀opera.฀12....he฀had฀spoken฀it,฀he฀´d฀have฀gotten฀a฀better฀job. Ex.฀4.฀2.If฀the฀weather฀were฀nice,฀they฀would฀go฀to฀the฀beach.฀/฀If฀the฀weather฀had฀been฀nice,฀they฀would฀have฀gone฀ to฀the฀beach..฀3.฀If฀he฀had฀time,฀he฀would฀go฀with฀us.฀/฀If฀he฀had฀had฀time,฀he฀would฀have฀gone฀with฀us.฀4.฀If฀1฀were฀ free฀now,฀I฀would฀call฀you฀up.฀/฀If฀1฀had฀been฀free฀yesterday,฀I฀would฀have฀called฀you฀up.฀5.฀If฀1฀could฀do฀it,฀1฀would฀do฀ it฀gladly.฀/฀If฀I´d฀been฀able฀to฀do฀it,฀I฀´d฀have฀done฀it฀gladly.฀6.฀If฀he฀were฀here,฀he฀might฀he1p฀us.฀/฀If฀he´d฀been฀here,฀he฀ might฀have฀helped฀us.฀7.฀If฀I฀saw฀her,฀I´d฀give฀her฀the฀message.฀/฀If฀I´d฀seen฀her,฀I´d฀have฀given฀her฀the฀message.฀8.฀If฀ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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he฀went฀there,฀he฀will฀let฀us฀know.฀/฀.฀If฀he´d฀gone฀there,฀he฀would฀have฀let฀us฀know.฀9.฀If฀it฀rained,฀they฀would฀stay฀at฀ home.฀/฀.฀If฀it฀had฀rained,฀they฀would฀have฀stayed฀at฀home.฀10.฀If฀he฀worked฀harder,฀he฀would฀be฀promoted.฀/฀.฀If฀he´d฀ worked฀harder,฀he฀would฀have฀been฀promoted.฀11.฀If฀he฀had฀the฀money,฀he฀might฀go฀with฀us฀/฀If฀he´d฀had฀the฀money,฀ he฀might฀have฀gone฀with฀us.฀12.฀If฀John฀were฀present,฀the฀meeting฀would฀be฀good.฀/฀If฀John฀had฀been฀present,฀the฀ meeting฀would฀have฀been฀good. Ex.฀5.฀1.฀(Suggested฀answers)฀2....฀would฀have฀phoned฀you฀3....had฀been฀invited฀4...฀would฀buy฀a฀Japanese฀car.฀฀ 5...฀would฀have฀helped฀you฀6...฀would฀have฀I´d฀have฀told฀him฀you฀were฀here.฀7....฀had฀the฀day฀off฀.฀8....we฀had฀asked฀him฀ to฀help฀us.฀9....wouldn´t฀have฀attacked฀the฀territory฀by฀air.฀10....฀would฀watch฀TV฀every฀day฀11...฀he฀had฀worked฀harder฀ during฀the฀term.฀12....would฀have฀attended฀the฀conference.฀13....฀would฀go฀out฀for฀a฀walk฀14...฀would฀have฀gone฀out฀ for฀a฀walk฀15...฀had฀known฀it฀started฀today.฀16....had฀gone฀out฀in฀the฀cold฀yesterday฀evening. Ex.฀6.฀2.฀were฀3.฀had฀had฀4.฀had฀known฀5.฀rains฀6.฀could฀have฀gone฀7.฀had฀been฀8.฀were฀9.฀would฀10.฀were฀11.฀had฀ been฀12.฀comes฀13.฀were฀14.฀goes฀15.฀had฀eaten฀16.฀would฀have฀come Ex.฀7.฀(Suggested฀answers)฀1.฀I฀would฀have฀gone฀to...฀2.฀No,฀I฀wouln´t฀have฀gone.฀I฀hate฀the฀rain฀/฀Yes,฀I฀would฀have฀ gone฀all฀the฀same.฀I฀love฀the฀rain.฀3.฀Yes,฀of฀course.฀I฀would฀have฀gotten฀a฀better฀mark.฀4.฀I´d฀have฀gone฀to...฀5.฀Yes,฀I฀ would฀have฀gone,฀of฀course฀/฀No,฀I฀wouldn´t฀have฀gone฀to฀the฀movies.฀I´d฀have฀gone฀to฀a฀concert฀instead.฀6.฀Of฀course฀ he฀would฀have฀gone.฀He฀loves฀sports฀/฀No,฀he฀wouldn´t฀have฀gone.฀He฀hates฀sports.฀7.฀Yes,฀perhaps฀it฀would฀have฀ been฀better฀if฀she฀had฀been฀present฀/฀No,฀it฀would฀have฀been฀the฀same฀8.฀Yes,฀I฀would฀have฀certainly฀helped฀him.฀/฀No,฀ I฀wouldn´t฀have฀helped฀him.฀I฀was฀too฀busy฀at฀that฀moment.

PART฀II A) Ex.฀1.฀2.฀could฀3.฀had฀studied฀4.฀were฀5.฀had฀gone฀6.฀were฀7.฀would฀8.฀had฀known฀9.฀were฀10.฀had฀11.฀had฀had฀12.฀ knew Ex.฀2.฀2.฀I฀could฀swim฀3.฀I฀had฀studied฀4.฀it฀were฀a฀holiday.฀5.฀it฀had฀been฀a฀holiday฀6.฀it฀were฀nice฀7.฀I฀were฀8.฀he฀would฀ do฀it฀9.฀she฀were฀here.฀10.฀I฀didn´t฀have฀to฀work.฀11.฀I฀could฀speak฀it฀.฀12.฀she฀were. Ex.฀3.฀2.฀I฀wish฀he฀had฀gone฀with฀us฀last฀night.฀3.฀I฀wish฀you฀had฀been฀able฀to฀go฀to฀the฀opera฀last฀night.฀4.฀I฀wish฀John฀ were฀here฀with฀us.฀5.฀I฀wish฀it฀weren´t฀raining฀so฀hard.฀6.฀I฀wish฀I฀knew฀her฀better฀7.฀I฀wish฀Helen฀could฀go฀with฀us฀to฀ the฀beach.฀8.฀I฀wish฀she฀had฀been฀able฀to฀go฀with฀us฀to฀the฀beach.฀9.฀I฀wish฀today฀were฀a฀holiday.฀10.฀I฀wish฀you฀could฀ swim฀/฀I฀wish฀I฀were฀able฀to฀swim B) Ex.฀1.฀2.฀wait฀3.฀be฀4.฀be฀5.฀come฀6.฀visit฀7.฀be฀8.฀be฀9.฀go฀10.฀take Ex.฀2฀.฀2.฀I฀insisted฀that฀she฀come฀/฀should฀come฀back฀later฀3.฀John฀recommended฀that฀I฀take฀/฀should฀take฀a฀walk฀with฀ him.฀4.฀He฀suggested฀that฀I฀be฀/฀should฀be฀there฀on฀time.฀5.฀We฀insisted฀that฀they฀go฀/฀should฀go฀with฀us฀in฀our฀car.฀฀ 6.฀The฀teacher฀recommended฀that฀we฀visit฀/฀should฀visit฀her฀in฀her฀home.฀7.฀The฀owner฀of฀the฀store฀suggested฀that฀I฀call฀ /฀should฀call฀back฀later.฀8.฀The฀teacher฀insisted฀that฀Bill฀be฀/฀should฀be฀more฀careful.฀9.฀We฀recommended฀that฀she฀be฀ /฀should฀be฀at฀our฀home฀at฀eight฀o´clock.฀10.฀He฀suggested฀that฀I฀lend฀/฀should฀lend฀him฀the฀money. Ex.฀3.฀2.฀would฀have฀telephoned฀3.were฀4.฀would฀begin฀5.฀had฀hurried฀6.฀would฀have฀done฀7.฀would฀have฀come฀฀ 8.฀would฀go฀9.฀would฀have฀gone฀10.฀were฀11.฀had฀been฀12.฀could Ex.฀4.฀1.฀were฀2.฀had฀gone฀3.฀be฀4.฀come฀5.฀were฀6.฀would฀7.฀comes฀8.฀me฀9.฀to฀be฀sent฀10.฀may฀be฀sleeping฀11.฀has฀ been฀living฀12.฀saw฀13.฀had฀already฀seen฀14.฀sits Ex.฀5.฀(Possible฀answers)฀1.฀I´d฀prefer฀to฀be฀in฀good฀health,฀of฀course.฀2.฀I´d฀prefer฀to฀be฀rich,฀of฀course.฀3.฀I´d฀prefer฀to฀ speak฀English฀perfectly.฀4.฀I´d฀prefer฀to฀travel฀to฀Europe,฀I฀think.฀5.฀I´d฀prefer฀to฀own฀a฀horse.฀I฀like฀riding฀horses.฀6.฀I´d฀be฀ sorry฀to฀hear฀that,฀of฀course.฀7.฀I´d฀be฀pleased฀to฀hear฀that,฀of฀course.฀8.฀I´d฀be฀very฀sorry฀to฀hear฀that,฀of฀course.฀9.฀.฀I´d฀ be฀very฀sorry฀to฀hear฀that,฀of฀course.฀10.฀You´d฀be฀very฀wrong฀if฀you฀said฀that,฀of฀course.฀11.฀You´d฀be฀right฀or฀wrong.฀ It฀depends.฀12.฀You´d฀be฀wrong฀if฀you฀said฀that.฀My฀English฀is฀not฀very฀good. 252

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UNIT฀19 THE฀REPORTED฀SPEECH฀(DISCURSO฀DIRECTO฀E฀INDIRECTO) Cuando฀deseamos฀contar฀a฀otra฀persona฀lo฀que฀alguien฀nos฀dijo,฀nos฀preguntó฀o฀nos฀ordenó,฀pidió฀o฀advirtió฀hacer,฀ podemos฀utilizar฀las฀palabras฀textuales฀usadas฀por฀esa฀persona,฀lo฀que฀en฀castellano฀se฀conoce฀como฀Discurso฀Directo฀ (o฀“Direct฀Speech”฀en฀inglés);฀o฀podemos฀realizar฀algunos฀cambios฀verbales,฀pronominales฀o฀adverbiales฀para฀respetar฀ la฀concordacia฀de฀los฀tiempos฀verbales฀y฀la฀correspondencia฀de฀los฀pronombres฀y฀las฀expresiones฀de฀tiempo฀o฀lugar,฀lo฀ que฀se฀conoce฀como฀Discurso฀Indirecto฀en฀castellano฀(o฀Indirect฀Speech฀en฀inglés).฀Es฀necesario฀revisar฀la฀regla฀de฀la฀ concordancia฀de฀los฀tiempos฀verbales฀estudiadas฀en฀la฀Unidad฀16. John฀said,฀“I´m฀very฀busy.฀“฀(Direct฀Speech)฀ John฀said฀(to฀us),฀“I฀like฀New฀York.”฀(Direct฀Speech) John฀said฀that฀he฀was฀very฀busy.฀(Indirect฀Speech) John฀told฀us฀that฀he฀liked฀New฀York.฀(Indirect฀Speech) I.฀ DISCURSO฀INDIRECTO฀CON฀ORACIONES฀AFIRMATIVAS฀O฀NEGATIVAS Existen฀ciertas฀reglas฀que฀debemos฀conocer฀cuando฀estamos฀cambiando฀oraciones,฀preguntas฀u฀órdenes฀del฀discurso฀ directo฀al฀indirecto.฀En฀esos฀casos฀debemos฀hacer฀algunos฀cambios฀que฀son฀obligatorios฀(verbos฀y฀pronombres)฀y฀ otros฀son฀optativoss,฀dependiendo฀si฀entre฀lo฀que฀se฀dijo฀y฀lo฀que฀estamos฀contando฀ha฀habido฀cambios฀de฀orden฀ cronólogico฀(tiempo)฀o฀geográfico฀(lugar) Cambios฀Verbales฀(obligatorios): Present฀cont.฀฀

Past฀continuous

Simple฀present฀

Simple฀past

Present฀perfect฀

Past฀perfect

Simple฀past฀฀

Past฀perfect

Future฀ ฀

Conditional

Can฀฀

Could

Must฀฀

Had฀to

May฀

Might

Had฀to

Have฀to฀/฀Has฀to฀฀

He฀said,฀“I´m฀working฀very฀hard.” ➙฀He฀said฀that฀he฀was฀working฀very฀hard. He฀said,฀“I฀always฀work฀hard.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀always฀worked฀hard. He฀said,฀“I฀have฀worked฀very฀hard.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀had฀worked฀very฀hard. He฀said,฀“I฀worked฀very฀hard.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀had฀worked฀very฀hard. He฀said,฀“I฀will฀work฀hard฀all฀day.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀would฀work฀hard฀all฀day. He฀said,฀“I฀can฀use฀a฀computer.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀could฀use฀a฀computer. He฀said,฀“I฀must฀do฀the฀job฀well.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀had฀to฀do฀the฀job฀well. He฀said,฀“It฀may฀rain฀again.” ฀He฀said฀that฀it฀might฀rain฀again. He฀said,฀“I฀have฀to฀do฀that฀again.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀had฀to฀do฀that฀again.

Cambios฀de฀orden฀cronológico฀o฀geográfico฀(Optativos) Now฀ ฀Then Today฀ ฀That฀day฀/฀Yesterday This฀ ฀That These฀ ฀Those Yesterday฀ ฀The฀day฀before฀/฀The฀previous฀day

He฀said,฀“I´m฀busy฀now.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀was฀busy฀then. He฀said,฀“I´m฀busy฀today.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀was฀busy฀that฀day฀/฀yesterday. He฀said,฀“I´m฀busy฀at฀this฀moment.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀was฀busy฀at฀that฀moment He฀said,฀“I฀like฀these฀books” ฀He฀said฀that฀liked฀those฀books. He฀said,฀“I฀was฀busy฀yesterday.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀had฀been฀busy฀the฀day฀before.

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253

Tomorrow฀ ฀The฀following฀day

He฀said,฀“I´ll฀be฀busy฀tomorrow.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀would฀be฀busy฀the฀following฀day. He฀said,฀“I´m฀very฀happy฀here.” ฀He฀said฀that฀he฀was฀very฀happy฀there. He฀said,฀“I´m฀very฀busy฀tonight.” ฀He฀said฀that฀she฀was฀very฀busy฀that฀night. He฀said,฀“I฀was฀very฀busy฀last฀night” ฀He฀said฀that฀he´d฀been฀very฀busy฀the฀previous฀night.

Here฀ ฀There Tonight฀ ฀Last฀night Last฀night฀ ฀The฀night฀before฀/฀The฀previous฀night

Note฀que฀cuando฀se฀nombran฀a฀las฀dos฀personas฀que฀intervinieron฀en฀la฀conversación,฀según฀vimos฀en฀la฀Unidad฀8,฀ se฀debe฀usar฀TOLD฀en฀vez฀de฀SAID. Bob฀said,฀“I฀like฀New฀York.” Bob฀told฀us฀that฀he฀liked฀New฀York. II.฀ DISCURSO฀INDIRECTO฀CON฀PREGUNTAS Cuando฀se฀desea฀expresar฀un฀pregunta฀en฀el฀discurso฀indirecto,฀no฀se฀debe฀mantener฀la฀estructura฀negativa฀(VM+S+VP)฀ en฀la฀cláusula฀subordinada฀sino฀que฀se฀debe฀usar฀la฀estructura฀afirmativa฀(S+(VM)+VP John฀asked฀me,฀“Where฀does฀Mary฀live?” John฀asked฀me฀where฀Mary฀lived. The฀teacher฀asked฀the฀students,฀“Why฀is฀Bob฀absent฀today?” The฀teacher฀asked฀the฀students฀why฀Bob฀was฀absent฀today. Bob฀asked฀me,฀“Do฀you฀like฀New฀York?” Bob฀asked฀me฀whether฀/฀if฀I฀liked฀New฀York. Bob฀asked฀his฀friends,฀“Will฀you฀come฀to฀my฀party?” Bob฀asked฀his฀friends฀whether฀/฀if฀they฀would฀come฀to฀his฀party. III.฀DISCURSO฀INDIRECTO฀CON฀ORDENES,฀REQUERIMIENTOS,฀ADVERTENCIAS,฀ETC, Cuando฀se฀desea฀expresar฀una฀orden,฀un฀requerimiento,฀advertencia,฀etc,฀en฀el฀discurso฀indirecto,฀se฀debe฀usar฀la฀ siguiente฀estructura: Subject

Verb

Object฀Pro฀(Noun).

To/not฀To฀+฀Infinitive.

He Miss฀White The฀teacher The฀instructors They

asked told warned requested ordered

me you him฀/฀her us them the฀boy the฀boys

to฀sit฀down to฀work฀harder to฀be฀more฀careful not฀to฀be฀late not฀to฀talk฀in฀class

EXERCISES Ex.฀1.฀Change฀from฀direct฀to฀indirect฀form: 1.฀John฀said,฀“I฀have฀to฀work฀tonight.”฀ 2.฀Mary฀said฀to฀me,฀‘’I฀will฀be฀back฀later.”฀ 3.฀Mr.฀Smith฀said,฀“We฀may฀have฀an฀exam.”฀ 4.฀He฀said,฀“I฀have฀no฀money.”฀ 5.฀The฀doctor฀said,฀“John฀is฀a฀very฀sick฀man.”฀ 6.฀Mary฀said฀to฀me,฀“I฀cannot฀go฀with฀you฀tonight.”฀ 7.฀He฀said,฀“I฀hope฀she฀comes฀soon.”฀ 8.฀He฀said,฀“l฀have฀known฀him฀a฀long฀time.”฀ 9.฀Mr.฀Smith฀said,฀“We฀will฀finish฀this฀tomorrow.”฀ 10.฀He฀said,฀“I฀don’t฀know฀her฀well.”฀ 254

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฀฀(John฀said฀that฀he฀had฀to฀work฀tonight.) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

11.฀She฀said,฀“I฀am฀going฀away฀tomorrow.”฀ 12.฀He฀said฀to฀me,฀“He฀is฀supposed฀to฀be฀here฀now.”฀

฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀2.฀Change฀from฀direct฀to฀indirect฀form: 1.฀Mary฀asked,฀“Where฀does฀John฀live?”฀ ฀฀(Mary฀asked฀where฀John฀lived.) 2.฀Helen฀said฀to฀me,฀“How฀long฀have฀you฀lived฀here?’’฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3..฀Mr฀Smith฀asked฀us,฀“Do฀you฀understand฀this฀exercise?”฀ _________________________________________________ 4.฀I฀asked฀John,฀“What฀time฀is฀it?”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀He฀asked฀me,฀“Do฀you฀have฀to฀work฀tonight?”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀John฀said,฀“ls฀it฀raining?”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 7.฀He฀said฀to฀me,฀“Are฀you฀going฀to฀the฀movies฀with฀us?”฀ __________________________________________________ 8.฀The฀teacher฀asked,฀“Did฀you฀see฀that฀documentary?”฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀He฀asked฀me,฀“When฀are฀you฀leaving฀for฀Europe?’’฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 10.฀He฀asked฀me,฀“What฀does฀the฀word฀mean?”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 11.฀I฀asked฀him,฀“When฀did฀you฀read฀that฀book?”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 12.฀He฀said฀to฀me,฀“How฀are฀you฀today?”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 13.฀I฀asked฀her,฀“ls฀John฀here?”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 14.฀She฀said฀to฀him,฀“Do฀you฀like฀my฀new฀hat?”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 15.฀I฀asked฀her,฀“Where฀is฀it?”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Exercise฀3.฀Change฀to฀indirect฀form: 1.฀John฀said฀to฀me,฀“Wait฀five฀minutes฀for฀me.”฀ ฀฀(John฀told฀me฀to฀wait฀five฀minutes฀for฀him.) 2.฀The฀teacher฀said฀to฀us,฀“Don’t฀write฀in฀pencil.”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 3.฀I฀asked฀him,฀“Be฀more฀careful.”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 4.฀He฀asked฀me,฀‘’Please฀don’t฀be฀late.”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 5.฀He฀asked฀me,฀“Try฀to฀come฀on฀time.”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 6.฀He฀said฀to฀me,฀“Don’t฀make฀the฀same฀mistake฀again.”฀___________________________________________________ 7.฀He฀warned฀the฀child,฀“Don’t฀cross฀the฀road.”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ S.฀He฀said฀to฀me,฀“Don’t฀forget฀what฀I฀told฀you.”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 9.฀He฀begged฀me,฀‘’Please฀send฀me฀the฀money฀at฀once.”฀__________________________________________________ 10.He฀asked฀me,฀“Sit฀down฀for฀a฀few฀minutes.”฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Ex.฀4.฀Change฀the฀following฀imperative฀sentences฀to฀indirect฀form.฀Begin฀each฀one฀with฀THE฀TEACHER฀TOLD฀ME: 1.฀Sit฀in฀the฀first฀row.฀ 2.฀Wait฀outside฀in฀the฀hall.฀ 3.฀Come฀back฀later.฀ 4.฀Do฀your฀exercíses฀in฀ink.฀ 5.฀Give฀this฀message฀to฀Mrs.฀Smith.฀ 6.฀Don’t฀waste฀so฀much฀time.฀ 7.฀Don’t฀look฀at฀your฀neighbor’s฀paper.฀ 8.฀Sit฀up฀straíght.฀ 9.฀Go฀to฀the฀whiteboard.฀ 10.฀Take฀your฀feet฀off฀the฀desk.฀ 11.฀Prepare฀your฀lessons฀more฀carefully.฀ 12.฀Sit฀down฀and฀read฀the฀story.฀

฀฀(The฀teacher฀told฀me฀to฀sit฀in฀the฀first฀row.) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀5.฀Answer฀the฀following฀questions฀in฀indirect฀form.฀Begin฀each฀answer฀with฀the฀words฀given฀in฀parentheses฀ after฀the฀question: 1.฀Where´s฀John?฀(I฀don’t฀know...฀)฀ 2.฀Is฀he฀in฀the฀building?฀(She฀wants฀to฀know...)฀ 3.฀Where฀does฀she฀live?฀(Can฀you฀tell฀me...?฀ 4.฀Is฀he฀a฀good฀student?฀(I´m฀not฀sure.฀.฀-)฀ 5.฀How฀much฀does฀it฀cost?฀(He฀wants฀to฀know฀.฀.)฀ 6.฀Where฀is฀she฀going?฀(She฀didn’t฀say...฀)฀

฀฀(I฀don’t฀know฀where฀John฀is.) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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7.฀How฀is฀he฀getting฀along?฀(She฀wants฀to฀know฀.฀.)฀ 8.฀How฀is฀he฀getting฀along?฀(Mrs.฀Jones฀wanted฀to฀know,.)฀_________________________________________________ 9.฀Is฀the฀elevator฀out฀of฀order?฀(Can฀you฀tell฀me...)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 10.฀Where฀is฀he฀now?฀(Can฀you฀tell฀me...฀)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 11.฀Is฀Mr.฀Smith฀here?฀(I’d฀like฀to฀know...)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 12.฀When฀will฀he฀get฀back?฀(I´d฀like฀to฀find฀out...)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 13.฀How฀tall฀is฀he?฀(I฀don’t฀know...฀)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 14.฀Is฀he฀very฀tall?฀(I฀really฀don’t฀know...)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ 15.฀Where฀does฀he฀live?฀(Ask฀him...)฀ ฀ ___________________________________________________ Ex.฀6.฀.฀Change฀from฀indirect฀to฀direct฀form: 1.฀He฀said฀he฀was฀busy.฀ 2.฀He฀asked฀me฀where฀I฀lived.฀ 3.฀He฀asked฀her฀whether฀she฀liked฀New฀York.฀ 4.฀She฀said฀she฀was฀going฀out฀of฀town.฀ 5.฀She฀said฀her฀last฀name฀was฀Smith.฀ 6.฀She฀said฀her฀maiden฀name฀had฀been฀Jones.฀ 7.฀He฀told฀me฀not฀to฀wait฀for฀him.฀ 8.฀He฀said฀that฀he฀could฀not฀meet฀us.฀ 9.฀He฀asked฀how฀much฀it฀cost.฀ 10.฀He฀told฀her฀to฀leave฀the฀room.฀ 11.฀He฀asked฀whether฀I฀had฀mailed฀the฀letter.฀ 12.฀He฀said฀he฀would฀be฀back฀soon.฀

฀฀(He฀said,฀“I฀am฀busy.”) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀7.฀Choose฀the฀correct฀form: 1.฀He฀asked฀me฀where฀I฀(live,฀lived).฀ 2.฀I฀don’t฀know฀whether฀(I฀can,฀can฀I)฀do฀it.฀ 3.฀Can฀you฀tell฀me฀what฀time฀(it฀is,฀is฀it)?฀ 4.฀He฀said฀he฀(will,฀would)฀come฀here฀soon.฀ 5.฀He฀(told฀me,฀said฀to฀me)฀that฀he฀was฀busy.฀ 6.฀He฀asked฀me฀what฀time฀it฀(is,฀was).฀ 7.฀I฀asked฀him฀what฀the฀word฀(means,฀meant).฀ 8.฀I฀asked฀her฀whether฀she฀(is,฀was)฀married.฀ 9.฀I’d฀like฀to฀know฀where฀(is฀it,฀it฀is).฀ 10.฀He฀said฀he฀(can,฀could)฀meet฀us฀easily.฀ 11.฀I´m฀not฀sure฀whether฀(he฀is,฀is฀he)฀here฀now.฀ 12.฀He฀didn’t฀say฀where฀he฀(is,฀was)฀going.฀

฀฀(He฀asked฀me฀where฀I฀lived.) ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________ ฀ ___________________________________________________

Ex.฀8.฀Answer฀these฀questions: 1.฀ Why฀did฀John฀tell฀you฀to฀wait฀for฀him฀after฀the฀lesson? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.฀ What฀exercise฀did฀the฀teacher฀tell฀you฀to฀prepare฀for฀tomorrow’s฀lesson? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.฀ Why฀did฀you฀ask฀Mary฀what฀time฀it฀was? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.฀ Where฀did฀William฀ask฀you฀to฀meet฀him฀tonight? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.฀ Why฀did฀the฀mother฀warn฀the฀child฀not฀to฀cross฀the฀street? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.฀ Why฀doesn’t฀Henry฀know฀whether฀or฀not฀he฀can฀go฀to฀the฀party฀tonight? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.฀ Did฀John฀say฀that฀he฀had฀or฀had฀not฀seen฀that฀movie? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.฀Did฀Grace฀tell฀you฀whether฀or฀not฀she฀had฀enjoyed฀the฀party? ฀ ฀_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 256

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

BASIC฀VOCABULARY Verbos฀principales:฀Verbos฀Regulares฀e฀Irregulares Todos฀los฀verbos฀principales฀tienen฀cuatro฀formas:฀el฀infinitivo,฀el฀pasado,฀el฀pasado฀participio,฀el฀gerundio.฀Según฀la฀manera฀ en฀que฀forman฀el฀pasado฀y฀el฀pasado฀participio฀los฀verbos฀principales฀se฀clasifican฀en฀dos฀grupos:฀Verbos฀Regulares฀y฀ Verbos฀Irregulares.฀Son฀verbos฀regulares฀aquellos฀que฀agregan฀D฀/฀ED฀para฀formar฀el฀pasado฀y฀el฀pasado฀participio.฀Los฀ que฀no฀lo฀hacen฀así฀se฀llaman฀Verbos฀Irregulares. Escuche,฀lea฀y฀aprenda: ฀ We฀work฀hard฀every฀day.฀฀/wí:฀wé:rk฀há:rd฀évri฀dei/฀ (Nosotros฀trabajamos฀duro฀todos฀los฀días) We฀worked฀hard฀yesterday.฀/wí:฀wé:rkt฀há:rd฀iésterdi/฀ (Nosotros฀trabajamos฀arduamente฀ayer) (Nosotros฀hemos฀trabajado฀duro฀este฀año) We฀have฀worked฀hard฀this฀year.฀/wí:฀hav฀wé:rkt฀há.rd฀δis฀íar/฀ (Nosotros฀estamos฀trabajando฀duro฀ahora) We฀are฀working฀hard฀now.฀/wí:r฀wé:rkiη฀ha:rd฀náu/฀ They฀speak฀Spanish฀at฀home฀/δéi฀spí:k฀spænish฀at฀hóum/฀ They฀spoke฀English฀in฀class.฀/δéi฀spóuk฀íηglish฀in฀klá:s/฀ They฀have฀always฀spoken฀Spanish.฀/δéi฀hav฀ó:lweiz฀spóukn฀spænish/฀ They฀are฀speaking฀English฀now.฀/δéir฀spí:kiη฀íηglish฀náu/฀

(Ellos฀hablan฀español฀en฀casa) (Ellos฀hablaron฀inglés฀en฀la฀clase) (Ellos฀siempre฀han฀hablado฀español). (Ellos฀están฀hablando฀inglés฀ahora)

฀A.฀Verbos฀regulares฀de฀uso฀frecuente Infinitive฀ To฀watch฀/wotch/฀ To฀work฀/we:rk/฀ To฀love฀/lav/฀ To฀play฀/plei/฀(1)฀ To฀study฀/stádi/฀(1)฀ To฀fit฀/fit/฀(2)฀ To฀stop฀/stop/฀(2)฀ To฀guide฀/gáid/฀(3)฀ To฀repeat฀/ripí:t/฀(3)฀

Past฀ watched฀/wotcht฀ worked฀/we:rkt/฀ loved฀/lavd/฀ played฀/pléid/฀ studied฀/stádid/฀ fitted฀/fítid/฀ stopped฀/stopt/฀ guided฀/gáidid/฀ repeated฀/ripí:tid/฀

Past฀Part.฀ watched฀/wotcht/฀ worked฀/we:rkt/฀ loved฀/lavd/฀ played฀/pléid/฀ studied฀/stádid/฀ fitted฀/fítid/฀ stopped฀/stopt/฀ guided฀/gáidid/฀ repeated฀/ripí:tid/฀

Gerund฀ watching฀/wótchiη/฀ working฀/wé:rkiη/฀ loving฀/láviη/฀ playing฀/pléiη/฀ studying฀/stádiiη/฀ fitting฀/fitiη/฀ stopping฀/stopiη/฀ guiding฀/gáidiη/฀ repeating฀/ripí:tiη/฀

Spanish observar trabajar amar jugar฀ estudiar calzar detener guiar repetir

NOTAS: 1.฀ Los฀verbos฀terminados฀en฀-y฀precedida฀de฀una฀vocal฀deben฀agregar฀-ed;฀mientras฀que฀los฀que฀terminan฀en฀-y฀precedida฀de฀consonante฀ deben฀transformar฀la฀-y฀en฀-ied. 2.฀ La฀mayoría฀de฀los฀verbos฀que฀tienen฀la฀conbinación฀consonante+vocal+consonante,฀o฀cons+cons+vocal+cons,฀deben฀duplicar฀la฀última฀ consonante฀antes฀de฀agregar฀-ed. 3.฀ Aquellos฀verbos฀regulares฀terminados฀en฀-t,฀-te,฀-d,฀-de฀deben฀agregar฀-d/ed฀y฀ese฀sufijo฀se฀pronuncia฀/id/,฀y฀es฀una฀sílaba฀más:฀fit฀/fit/฀ fitted฀/fitid/;฀decide฀/disáid/฀decided฀/disáidid/;฀request฀/rikwést/฀requested฀/rikwéstid/.

Infinitive฀ To฀answer฀/á:nser/฀ To฀arrive฀/arráiv/฀ To฀ask฀/a:sk/฀ To฀carry฀/kærri/฀ To฀clean฀/kli:n/฀ To฀close฀/klóuz/฀ To฀dry฀/drái/฀ To฀enjoy฀/endllói/฀ To฀finish฀/fínish/฀ To฀hate฀/heit/฀ To฀help฀/hélp/฀ To฀hope฀/hóup/฀ To฀invite฀/inváit/฀ To฀listen฀/lísn/฀ To฀locate฀/loukéit/฀ To฀look฀/luk/฀

Past฀Tense฀/past฀Participle฀ answered฀/á:nserd/฀ arrived฀/arráivd/฀ asked฀/a:skt/฀ carried฀/kærrid/฀ cleaned฀/kli:nd/฀ closed฀/klóuzd/฀ dried฀/dráid/฀ enjoyed฀/endllóid/฀ finished฀/fínisht/฀ hated฀/héitid/฀ helped฀/helpt/฀ hoped฀/hóupt/฀ invited฀/inváitid/฀ listened฀/lísnd/฀ located฀/loukéitid/฀ looked฀/lukt/฀

Spanish contestar,฀responder llegar preguntar,฀pedir transportar,฀llevar limpiar cerrar secar disfrutar,฀gustar terminar odiar,฀no฀gustar ayudar esperar,฀desear invitar escuchar ubicar,฀localizar mirar A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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To฀love฀/láv/฀ To฀need฀/ni:d/฀ To฀offer฀/ófer/฀ To฀prefer฀/priféar/฀ To฀rain฀/rein/฀ To฀receive฀/risí:v/฀ To฀remember฀/rimémber/฀ To฀repair฀/ripéar/฀ To฀repeat฀/ripí:t/฀ To฀request฀/rikwést/฀ To฀smoke฀/smóuk/฀ To฀start฀/sta:rt/฀ To฀stay฀/stéi/฀ To฀study฀/stádi/฀ To฀suggest฀/sadllést/฀ To฀talk฀/to:k/฀ To฀try฀/trái/฀ To฀use฀/iú:z/฀ To฀visit฀/vízit/฀ To฀wait฀/weit/฀ To฀walk฀/wo:k/฀ To฀want฀/wont/฀ To฀wash฀/wosh/฀ To฀watch฀/wotch/฀ To฀wish฀/wish/฀ To฀work฀/we:rk/฀

loved฀/lávd/฀ needed฀/ní:did/฀ offered฀/óferd/฀ preferred฀/priféard/฀ rained฀/réind/฀ received฀/risí:vd/฀ remembered฀/rimémberd/฀ repaired฀/ripéard/฀ repeated฀/ripí:tid/฀ requested฀/rikwéstid/฀ smoked฀/smóukt/฀ started฀/stá:rtid/฀ stayed฀/stéid/฀ studied฀/stádid/฀ suggested฀/sadlléstid/฀ talked฀/tó:kt/฀ tried฀/tráid/฀ used฀/iú:zd/฀ visited฀/vízitid/฀ waited฀/wéitid/฀ walked฀/wó:kt/฀ wanted฀/wóntid/฀ washed฀/wósht/฀ watched฀/wótcht/฀ wished฀/wísht/฀ worked฀/wé:rkt/฀

amar,฀gustar necesitar ofrecer preferir llover recibir recordar reparar,฀arreglar repetir solicitar,฀pedir fumar comenzar,฀partir quedarse,฀permanecer estudiar sugerir conversar tratar,฀esforzarse usar,฀utilizar visitar esperar,฀atender caminar querer lavar observar,฀mirar desear trabajar,฀funcionar

B.฀Verbos฀irregulares฀de฀uso฀frecuente ฀ Infinitive฀ To฀begin฀/bigín/฀ To฀bring฀/briη/฀ To฀build฀/bild/฀ To฀buy฀/bái/฀ To฀come฀/kam/฀ To฀cut฀/kat/฀ To฀do฀/du:/฀ To฀drink฀/driηk/฀ To฀drive฀/dráiv/฀ To฀eat฀/i:t/฀ To฀fall฀/fo:l/฀ To฀feel฀/fi:l/฀ To฀find฀/fáind/฀ To฀forget฀/forgét/฀ To฀get฀/get/฀ To฀give฀/giv/฀ To฀go฀/góu/฀ ฀ To฀have฀/hæv/฀ To฀hear฀/híar/฀ To฀keep฀/ki:p/฀ To฀know฀/nóu/฀ To฀learn฀/le:rn/฀ To฀leave฀/li:v/฀ To฀lend฀/lend/฀ To฀lose฀/lú:z/฀ To฀make฀/meik/฀ To฀meet฀/mi:t/฀ 258

Past฀Tense฀ began฀/bigán/฀ brought฀/bro:t/฀ built฀/bilt/฀ bought฀/bo:t/฀ came฀/kéim/฀ cut฀/kat/฀ did฀/did/฀ drank฀/dræηk/฀ drove฀/dróuv/฀ ate฀/eit/฀ fell฀/fel/฀ felt฀/felt/฀ found฀/fáund/฀ forgot฀/forgót/฀ got฀/got/฀ gave฀/géiv/฀ went฀/went/฀ ฀ had฀/hæd/฀ heard฀/hé:rd/฀ kept฀/kept/฀ knew฀/niú:/฀ learnt฀*฀/le:rnt/฀ left฀/léft/฀ lent฀/lent/฀ lost฀/lost/฀ made฀/méid/฀ met฀/met/฀

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

Past฀Participle฀ begun฀/bigán/฀ brought฀/bro:t/฀ built฀/bilt/฀ bought฀/bo:t/฀ come฀/kam/฀ cut฀/kat/฀ done฀/dan/฀ drunk฀/draηk/฀ driven฀/drívn/฀ eaten฀/í:tn/฀ fallen฀/fó:ln/฀ felt฀/felt/฀ found฀/fáund/฀ forgotten฀/forgótn/฀ got/gotten฀/got/gótn/฀ given฀/gívn/฀ gone฀/gon/฀ been฀to฀/bi:n฀tu/฀ had฀/hæd/฀ heard฀/hé:rd/฀ kept฀/kept/฀ known฀/nóun/฀ learnt฀/le:rnt/฀ left฀/left/฀ lent฀/lent/฀ lost฀/lost/฀ made฀/méid/฀ met฀/met/฀

Spanish empezar,฀comenzar traer construir comprar venir cortar hacer beber manejar,฀conducir comer caer sentir(se) hallar,฀encontrar olvidar conseguir,฀obtener dar ir ir฀(y฀volver) tener,฀servirse,฀haber oir guardar,฀mantener saber,฀conocer aprender,enterarse partir,฀salir,฀dejar prestar perder,฀extraviar hacer,฀fabricar reunirse,conocer

To฀pay฀/péi/฀ paid฀/péid/฀ To฀put฀/put/฀ put฀/put/฀ To฀read฀/ri:d/฀ read฀/red/฀ To฀run฀/ran/฀ ran฀/ræn/฀ To฀say฀/séi/฀ said฀/sed/฀ To฀see฀/si:/฀ saw฀/so:/฀ To฀sell฀/sel/฀ sold฀/sóuld/฀ To฀send฀/send/฀ sent฀/sént/฀ To฀shut฀/shat/฀ shut฀/shat/฀ To฀sing฀/siη/฀ sang฀/sæη/฀ To฀sit฀/sit/฀ sat฀/sæt/฀ To฀sleep฀/sli:p/฀ slept฀/slept/฀ To฀speak฀/spi:k/฀ spoke฀/spóuk/฀ To฀spend฀/spénd/฀ spent฀/spént/฀ To฀stand฀up฀/stænd฀ap/฀ stood฀/stu:d฀ap/฀ To฀swim฀/swim/฀ swam฀/swæm/฀ To฀take฀/téik/฀ took฀/tuk/฀ To฀teach฀/ti:tch/฀ taught฀/to:t/฀ To฀tell฀/tel/฀ told฀/tóuld/฀ To฀think฀/θiηk/฀ thought฀/θo:t/฀ To฀understand฀/anderstænd/฀understood฀/anderstú:d/฀ To฀wear฀/wéar/฀ wore฀/wo:r/฀ To฀write฀/ráit/฀ wrote฀/rout/฀

paid฀/péid/฀ put฀/put/฀ read฀/red/฀ run฀/ran/฀ said฀/sed/฀ seen฀/si:n/฀ sold฀/sóuld/฀ sent฀/sént/฀ shut฀/shat/฀ sung฀/saη/฀ sat฀/sæt/฀ slept฀/slept/฀ spoken฀/spóukn/฀ spent฀/spént/฀ stood฀/stu:d฀ap/฀ swum฀/swam/฀ taken฀/téikn/฀ taught฀/to:t/฀ told฀/tóuld/฀ thought฀/θo:t/฀ understood฀/anderstú:d/฀ worn฀/wo:rn/฀ written฀/rítn฀

pagar poner,฀colocar leer correr,฀administrar decir ver vender enviar cerrar cantar sentarse dormir hablar gastar,pasar฀tiempo pararse฀ nadar tomar,฀llevar enseñar decir,฀narrar pensar,฀creer entender,฀comprender vestir,฀desgastar escribir

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UNIT฀19 Ex.฀1.฀2.฀Mary฀told฀me฀(that)฀she฀would฀be฀back฀later.฀3.฀Mr.฀Smith฀said฀(that)฀we฀might฀have฀an฀examination.฀4.฀He฀ said฀(that)฀he฀had฀no฀money.฀5.฀The฀doctor฀said฀(that)฀John฀was฀a฀very฀sick฀man.฀6.฀Mary฀told฀me฀(that)฀she฀could฀not฀ go฀with฀me฀tonight.฀7.฀He฀said฀(that)฀he฀hoped฀she฀came฀soon.฀8.฀He฀said฀(that)฀he฀had฀known฀him฀a฀long฀time.฀9.฀Mr.฀ Smith฀said฀(that)฀we฀would฀finish฀this฀tomorrow.฀10.฀He฀said฀(that)฀he฀didn´t฀know฀her฀well฀11.฀She฀said฀(that)฀she฀was฀ going฀away฀tomorrow.฀12.฀He฀told฀me฀(that)฀he฀was฀supposed฀to฀be฀here฀now. Ex.฀2.฀2.฀Helen฀asked฀me฀how฀long฀I฀had฀lived฀here.฀3.฀Mr.฀Smith฀asked฀us฀whether฀/฀if฀we฀understood฀this฀exercise.฀ 4.฀I฀asked฀John฀what฀time฀it฀was.฀5.฀He฀asked฀me฀whether฀/฀if฀I฀had฀to฀work฀tonight฀.฀6.฀John฀asked฀whether฀/฀if฀it฀ was฀raining.฀7.฀He฀asked฀me฀whether฀/฀if฀I฀was฀going฀to฀the฀movies฀with฀them.฀8.฀The฀teacher฀asked฀whether฀/฀if฀I฀had฀ seen฀that฀documentary.฀9.฀He฀asked฀me฀when฀I฀was฀leaving฀for฀Europe.฀10.฀He฀asked฀me฀what฀the฀word฀meant.฀11.฀I฀ asked฀him฀when฀he฀had฀read฀that฀book.฀12.฀He฀asked฀me฀how฀I฀was฀today.฀13.฀I฀asked฀her฀whether฀/฀if฀John฀was฀here.฀฀ 14.฀She฀asked฀him฀whether฀/฀if฀he฀liked฀her฀new฀hat.฀15.฀I฀asked฀her฀where฀it฀was. Ex.฀3.฀2.฀The฀teacher฀told฀me฀not฀to฀write฀in฀pencil.฀3.฀I฀told฀him฀to฀be฀more฀careful.฀4.฀He฀politely฀asked฀me฀not฀to฀be฀ late.฀5.฀He฀asked฀me฀to฀try฀to฀come฀on฀time.฀6.฀He฀told฀me฀not฀to฀make฀the฀same฀mistake฀again.฀7.฀He฀warned฀the฀ child฀not฀to฀cross฀the฀road.฀8.฀He฀told฀me฀not฀to฀forget฀what฀he฀had฀told฀me.฀9.฀He฀begged฀me฀to฀send฀him฀the฀money฀ at฀once.฀10.฀He฀asked฀me฀to฀sit฀down฀for฀a฀few฀minutes. Ex.฀4.฀2.฀The฀teacher฀told฀me฀to฀wait฀outside฀in฀the฀hall.฀3.฀The฀teacher฀told฀me฀to฀come฀back฀later.฀4.฀The฀teacher฀told฀ me฀to฀do฀my฀exercises฀in฀ink.฀5.฀The฀teacher฀told฀me฀to฀give฀this฀message฀to฀Mrs.฀Smith.฀6.฀The฀teacher฀told฀me฀not฀ to฀waste฀so฀much฀time.฀7.฀The฀teacher฀told฀me฀not฀to฀look฀at฀my฀neighbor´s฀paper.฀8.฀The฀teacher฀told฀me฀to฀sit฀up฀ straight.฀9.฀The฀teacher฀told฀me฀to฀go฀to฀the฀whiteboard.฀10.฀The฀teacher฀told฀me฀to฀take฀my฀feet฀off฀the฀desk.฀11.฀The฀ teacher฀told฀me฀to฀prepare฀my฀lessons฀more฀carefully.฀12.฀The฀teacher฀told฀me฀to฀sit฀down฀and฀read฀the฀story. Ex.฀5.฀2.฀She฀wants฀to฀know฀whether฀/฀if฀he฀is฀in฀the฀building.฀3.฀Can฀you฀tell฀me฀where฀she฀lives?฀4.฀I´m฀not฀sure฀ whether฀/฀if฀he฀is฀a฀good฀student.฀5.฀He฀wants฀to฀know฀how฀much฀it฀costs.฀6.฀She฀didn´t฀say฀where฀she฀was฀going฀.฀฀ 7.฀She฀wants฀to฀know฀how฀he฀is฀getting฀along.฀8.฀Mrs.฀Jones฀wanted฀to฀know฀how฀he฀was฀getting฀along.฀9.฀Can฀you฀tell฀ me฀whether฀/฀if฀the฀elevator฀is฀out฀of฀order?฀10.฀Can฀you฀tell฀me฀where฀he฀is฀now?฀11.฀I´d฀like฀to฀know฀whether฀/฀if฀Mr.฀ Smith฀is฀here.฀12.฀I´d฀like฀to฀find฀out฀when฀he´ll฀get฀back.฀13.฀I฀don´t฀know฀how฀tall฀he฀is.฀14.฀I฀really฀don´t฀know฀whether฀ /฀if฀he´s฀very฀tall.฀15.฀Ask฀him฀where฀he฀lives. Ex.฀6.฀2.฀He฀asked฀me,฀“Where฀do฀you฀live?”฀3.฀He฀asked฀her,฀“Do฀you฀like฀New฀York?”฀4.฀.She฀said,฀“I´m฀going฀out฀of฀ town.”฀5.฀She฀said,฀“My฀last฀name´s฀Smith฀6.฀She฀said,฀“My฀maiden฀name฀was฀Jones.฀7.฀He฀said฀to฀me,฀“Don´t฀wait฀ for฀me.”฀8.฀He฀said,฀“I฀can´t฀meet฀you฀.”฀9.฀He฀asked,฀“How฀much฀does฀it฀cost?”฀10.฀He฀said฀to฀her,฀“Leave฀the฀room.฀“฀฀ 11.฀He฀asked฀me,฀“Did฀you฀mail฀the฀letter?”฀12.฀He฀said,฀“I´ll฀be฀back฀soon.” Ex.฀7.฀2.฀I฀can฀3.฀it฀is฀4.฀would฀5.฀told฀me฀6.฀was฀7.฀meant฀8.฀was฀9.฀it฀is฀10.฀could฀11.฀he฀is฀12.฀was Ex.฀8.฀(Possible฀Answers)฀.฀1.฀Because฀he฀wanted฀to฀tell฀me฀about฀his฀new฀plans.฀2.฀He฀told฀me฀to฀write฀a฀short฀story฀in฀ English.฀3.฀Because฀I฀wanted฀to฀know฀what฀time฀it฀was฀and฀I฀didn´t฀have฀a฀watch.฀4.฀He฀asked฀me฀to฀meet฀him฀outside฀ the฀station.฀5.฀Because฀there฀was฀too฀much฀traffic฀at฀that฀time.฀6.฀Because฀he฀thinks฀he´ll฀have฀to฀work฀till฀late฀tonight.฀ 7.฀He฀said฀he´d฀seen฀it.฀8.฀She฀said฀she฀hadn´t฀enjoyed฀it.

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UNIT฀20 USEFUL฀ENGLISH฀PHRASES฀AND฀EXPRESSIONS฀IN฀ENGLISH฀FOR฀TRAVELLERS Frases฀y฀expresiones฀útiles฀en฀inglés฀para฀viajeros A.฀ At฀a฀social฀gathering฀(en฀una฀reunion฀social) Hallo!/Hello!/Hi! Good฀morning Good฀afternoon Good฀evening Good฀bye/Bye฀bye Good฀night See฀you฀later See฀you฀tomorrow See฀you฀this฀evening Thank฀you/Thank฀you฀very฀much You´re฀welcome How฀are฀you฀today? I´m฀very฀well,฀thank฀you I´m฀fine,฀thanks฀and฀how฀are฀you? I´m฀not฀very฀well฀I´m฀afraid How฀do฀you฀do.฀My฀name฀is..฀.. Please฀let฀me฀introduce฀myself.฀My฀name฀is... I´d฀like฀you฀to฀meet฀Mr/Mrs/Miss/Captain/Doctor... This฀is฀Mr/Mrs/Miss/Captain/Doctor... Pleased฀to฀meet฀you I´m฀glad฀to฀meet฀you Please I´m฀sorry I´m฀sorry฀I´m฀late I´m฀afraid I´m฀afraid฀I฀don´t฀know I´m฀afraid฀I฀can´t What´s฀your฀first฀name? What´s฀your฀surname/last฀name? What฀do฀you฀do? I´m฀an฀army฀officer What฀is฀your฀rank? Do฀you฀speak฀French/German/Italian/ No,฀I฀don´t.฀But฀I฀speak฀Spanish฀and฀English I´m฀sorry฀I฀don´t฀understand฀French Are฀you฀married฀or฀single? Have฀you฀got฀a...? Have฀you฀got฀any฀children? How฀many฀children฀have฀you฀got? Where฀are฀you฀from? I´m฀from฀Chile Where฀do฀you฀come฀from? I฀come฀from฀Santiago,฀Chile Do฀you฀live฀here? Which฀hotel฀are฀you฀staying฀at? What´s฀your฀room฀number?

/halóu//hai/ /gud฀mórniη/ /gud฀afternú:n/ /gud฀í:vniη/ /gud฀bái//bái฀bái/ /gud฀náit/ /sí:฀iu:฀léiter/ /sí:฀iu:฀tumórou/ /sí:฀iu:฀δis฀i:vniη/ /θækiu:/฀/θækiu:฀véri฀mátch/ /io:r฀wélkam/ /háu฀á:r฀iu฀tudéi/ /aim฀véri฀wel฀θæηkiu/ /aim฀fáin฀θæηks฀and฀hau฀a:r฀iú:/ /aim฀nót฀veri฀wél฀aim฀afréid/ /háu฀diu:฀dú:฀mai฀néim฀iz.../ /plí:z฀lét฀mi฀introdiu:z฀maisélf฀mai฀néim฀iz.../ /aid฀láik฀iu฀tu฀mí:t฀míster/mísiz/mis/káptin/dóktor.../ /δis฀iz฀míster/mísiz/mis/káptin/dóktor.../ /plí:zd฀tu฀mí:t฀iu/ /aim฀glæd฀tu฀mí:t฀iu/ /plí:z/ /aim฀sóri/ /aim฀sóri฀aim฀léit/ /aim฀afréid/ /aim฀afréid฀ai฀dóunt฀nóu/ /aim฀afréid฀ai฀ká:nt/ /wóts฀io:r฀fé:rst฀néim/ /wóts฀io:r฀sé:rneim/lá:st฀néim/ /wót฀diu฀dú:/ /aim฀an฀á:rmi฀ófiser/ /wóts฀io:r฀ræηk /diu฀spí:k฀fréntch/dllérman/itálian/ /nóu฀ai฀dóunt,฀bat฀ai฀spí:k฀spænish฀and฀íηglish/ /aim฀sóri฀ai฀dóunt฀anderstænd฀fréntch/ /a:r฀iu฀mæ´rid฀o:r฀síngl/ /hav฀iu฀gót฀a.../ /hav฀iu฀gót฀éni฀tchíldren/ /háu฀méni฀tchíldren฀hav฀iu฀gót/ /wéar฀á:r฀iu฀from/ /aim฀from฀tchile/ /wéar฀diu฀kám฀from/ /ai฀kám฀from฀santiágou฀tchile/ /diu฀liv฀híar/ /witch฀houtél฀a:r฀iu฀stéiiη฀æt/ /wóts฀io:r฀rú:m฀námber/

¡Hola! Buenos฀días Buenas฀tardes Buenas฀tardes Hasta฀luego Buenas฀noches Hasta฀pronto Hasta฀mañana Hasta฀la฀noche Muchas฀gracias De฀nada ¿Cómo฀está฀UD฀hoy? Estoy฀muy฀bien฀gracias Estoy฀bien฀gracias฀y฀¿cómo฀está฀Ud? No฀estoy฀muy฀bien฀lamentablemente Encantado.฀mi฀nombre฀es... Permítame฀presentarme.฀Mi฀nombre฀es...... Me฀gustaría฀presentarle฀al฀Sr.฀Sra/Srta/Cap/Dr... Este฀es฀el฀o฀la฀Sr./Sra/Srta/Cap/Dr... Encantado/a฀de฀conocerlo/a Me฀alegra฀conocerlo/a Por฀favor Lo฀siento Lamento฀haberme฀atrasado Lamentablemente... Desgraciadamente฀no฀sé Lamentablemente฀no฀puedo ¿Cuál฀es฀su฀nombre? ¿Cuál฀es฀su฀apellido? ¿Qué฀hace฀Ud? Soy฀un฀oficial฀de฀ejército. ¿Cuál฀es฀su฀grado? ¿Habla฀Ud.฀francés/alemán/italiano? No.฀Pero฀hablo฀español฀e฀inglés Lo฀siento.฀No฀entiendo฀francés Es฀Ud.฀casado/a฀o฀soltero/a? ¿Tiene฀Ud.฀un/a...? ¿Tiene฀Ud.฀hijos? ¿Cuántos฀hijos฀tiene฀Ud.? ¿De฀dónde฀es฀Ud.? Soy฀de฀Chile ¿De฀dónde฀viene฀Ud.? Vengo฀de฀Stgo.,Chile ¿Vive฀ud.฀aqui? ¿En฀qué฀hotel฀está฀hospedado/a฀Ud.? ¿Cuál฀es฀el฀número฀de฀su฀habitación? A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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What´s฀your฀telephone฀number? What´s฀your฀address? Can฀I฀help฀you? Can฀you฀help฀me? Pardon? Could฀you฀speak฀more฀slowly฀please? Yes,฀of฀course/certainly/sure No,฀I´m฀afraid฀not With฀pleasure I´m฀sorry฀I฀must฀go฀now I´m฀afraid฀it´s฀late฀and฀I฀have฀to฀go฀now. It฀was฀nice฀meeting฀you Can/may฀I฀come฀in? Please,฀come฀in฀and฀sit฀down Wait฀a฀moment,฀please Can฀you฀wait฀a฀minute? Can฀you฀repeat฀your฀question,฀please? How฀do฀you฀spell฀your฀name? Can฀you฀spell฀it฀please? Sit฀down,฀please Don´t฀open฀the฀window,฀please Let´s฀sit฀here Let´s฀go฀inside/outside It´s฀cold฀in฀here It´s฀too฀hot฀here What฀time฀is฀it? What´s฀the฀date฀today? Are฀you฀all฀right? Are฀you฀tired? Are฀you฀cold? Are฀you฀hot? Are฀you฀hungry? Are฀you฀thirsty? Are฀you฀sleepy? Are฀you฀happy? Are฀you฀sad? Are฀you฀worried? Are฀you฀sick/ill? Do฀you฀mind฀if฀I฀smoke? No,฀I฀don´t฀mind.฀Go฀ahead Is฀it฀all฀right฀if฀I฀sit฀here? Yes,฀please฀do You´re฀right You´re฀wrong I฀agree฀with฀you I฀don´t฀agree฀with฀you I฀don´t฀think฀so I฀hope฀so Yes,฀I฀think฀so Yes,฀that´s฀right That´s฀what฀I฀mean What฀do฀you฀mean฀by฀that? What฀does฀this฀word฀mean? What´s฀the฀meaning฀of฀this฀word? 264

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

/wóts฀io:r฀télifoun฀námber/ /wóts฀io:r฀addrés/ /kan฀ai฀hélp฀iu/ /kan฀iu฀hélp฀mi:/ /pá:rdon/ /kud฀iu฀spí:k฀mó:r฀slóuli฀plí:z/ /ies฀ov฀kó:rs/sé:rtnli/shuar/ /nóu฀aim฀afréid฀nót/ /wiδ฀pléllar/ /aim฀sóri฀ai฀mast฀góu฀náu/ /aim฀afréid฀its฀léit฀and฀ai฀hæf฀tu฀góu฀náu/ /it฀woz฀náis฀mí:tiη฀iu:/ /kan/mei฀ai฀kám฀ín/ /plí:z฀kám฀ín฀and฀sít฀dáun/ /wéit฀e฀móument฀plí:z/ /kan฀iu฀wéit฀e฀mínit/ /kan฀iu฀ripí:t฀io:r฀kwéstchon฀plí:z/ /háu฀diu฀spél฀io:r฀néim/ /kan฀iu฀spél฀it฀plí:z/ /sit฀dáun฀plí:z/ /dóunt฀óupn฀δe฀wíndou฀plí:z/ /léts฀sit฀hiar/ /léts฀góu฀insáid/autsáid/ /its฀kóuld฀in฀híar/ /its฀tú:฀hot฀híar/ /wót฀táim฀iz฀it/ /wóts฀δe฀déit฀tudéi/ /a:r฀iu฀ó:l฀ráit/ /a:r฀iu฀táiard/ /a:r฀iu฀kóuld/ /a:r฀iu฀hot/ /a:r฀iu฀háηgri/ /a:r฀iu฀θé:rsti/ /a:r฀iu฀slí:pi/ /a:r฀iu฀hæ´฀pi/ /a:r฀iu฀sæd/ /a:r฀iu฀wárid/ /a:r฀iu฀sik/íl/ /diu฀máind฀if฀ai฀smouk/ /nou฀ai฀dóunt฀máind฀góu฀ahéd/ /iz฀it฀ó:l฀ráit฀if฀ai฀sít฀híar/ /ies฀plí:z฀dú:/ /io:r฀ráit/ /io:r฀róη/ /ai฀agrí:฀wiδ฀iú:/ /ai฀dóunt฀agrí:฀wiδ฀iú:/ /ai฀dóunt฀θiηk฀sóu/ /ai฀hóup฀sóu/ /ies฀ai฀θiηk฀sóu/ /ies฀δæts฀ráit/ /δæts฀wot฀ai฀mí:n/ /wót฀diu:฀mí:n฀bai฀δæt/ /wót฀daz฀δis฀wé:rd฀mí:n/ /wóts฀δe฀mí:niη฀ov฀δis฀wé:rd

¿Cuál฀es฀su฀número฀telefónico? ¿Cuál฀es฀su฀dirección? ¿Puedo฀ayudarle? ¿Puede฀ayudarme? ¿Perdón? ¿Podría฀hablar฀más฀lento฀por฀favor? Sí,฀por฀supuesto No,฀lamentablemente฀no Con฀mucho฀gusto Lo฀siento฀debo฀irme฀ahora Lamentablemente฀es฀tarde฀y฀tengo฀que฀irme฀ahora. Fue฀grato฀conocerlo฀a฀Ud.. ¿Puedo฀entrar? Por฀favor,฀entre฀y฀siéntese Espere฀un฀momento฀por฀favor ¿Puede฀UD฀esperar฀un฀minuto? ¿Puede฀UD฀repetir฀su฀pregunta? ¿Cómo฀deletrea฀Ud.฀su฀nombre? ¿Puede฀deletrearlo฀por฀favor? Siéntese,฀por฀favor No฀abra฀la฀ventana,฀por฀favor. Sentémonos฀aquí Entremos/Salgamos Hace฀frío฀aquí฀adentro Hace฀demasiado฀calor฀aquí. ¿Qué฀hora฀es? ¿Qué฀fecha฀es฀hoy? ¿Está฀bien฀Ud.? ¿Está฀cansado/a? ¿Tiene฀frío? ¿Tiene฀calor? ¿Tiene฀hambre? ¿Tiene฀sed? ¿Tiene฀sueño? ¿Está฀Ud.฀feliz? ¿Está฀triste฀Ud.? ¿Está฀preocupado/a? ¿Está฀enfermo/a฀Ud.? ¿Le฀molesta฀si฀fumo? No฀me฀molesta.฀Hágalo ¿Está฀bien฀si฀me฀siento฀aquí? Si,฀por฀favor฀hágalo Tiene฀Ud.฀razón. Ud.฀está฀equivocado.. Concuerdo฀con฀Ud. No฀concuerdo฀con฀Ud. No฀lo฀creo฀así. Así฀lo฀espero. Sí,฀creo฀que฀sí Sí,฀correcto Eso฀es฀lo฀que฀quiero฀decir ¿Qué฀quiere฀decir฀con฀eso? ¿Qué฀significa฀esta฀palabra? ¿Cuál฀es฀el฀significado฀de฀esta฀palabra?

Remember:

Recuerde:

1.฀ What´s฀your...(name,฀address,.etc...)?

1.฀ ¿Cuál฀es฀su...(nombre฀dirección,฀etc...)?

฀ ฀ were฀you 2.฀ What฀ are฀you฀ ฀ ฀ will฀you฀be

฀ ฀ estaba 2.฀ ¿Qué฀ está฀ ฀ ฀ estará

...(doing,฀etc฀..)?

...(฀haciendo,฀etc...)UD?

฀ ฀ did 3.฀ What฀ do฀ you...(do,฀etc...)? ฀ ฀ will

฀ ฀ (hizo,฀etc) 3.฀ ¿Qué฀ (hace,etc)฀ UD? ฀ ฀ (hará,฀etc)

4.฀ Do฀you฀mind฀if฀I...(smoke,etc...)?

4.฀ ¿Le฀molesta฀a฀UD฀si฀yo...(fumo,฀etc.)?

฀ 5.฀ ฀ ฀

฀ ฀5.฀ ฀ ฀

Would Could฀you...(help฀me,฀etc...)? Can Will

฀ Can 6.฀ ฀ ฀ May

I...฀(sit฀here,฀etc...)?

¿Querría฀Ud. ¿Podría฀Ud....(ayudarme,etc.)? ¿Puedes ¿Quieres

6.฀ ¿Puedo฀yo...(sentarme฀aquí,etc.)?

7.฀ Sit฀here...(come฀here...)฀please. ฀ Don´t...฀go฀there฀(฀speak...),฀please.

7.฀ Siéntese฀aquí฀(venga,฀etc..),฀por฀favor. ฀ No฀vaya฀allá฀(hable,฀etc.),฀por฀favor.

8.฀ Shall฀I...฀spell฀it?฀(...฀help฀you...etc)?

8.฀ ¿Le฀deletreo?฀(฀Le฀ayudo..,฀etc)?

9.฀ Let´s฀sit฀here.฀(...฀go,฀etc.฀)

9.฀ Sentémosnos฀aquí฀(vamos,฀etc.)

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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B.฀ At฀a฀hotel฀(en฀un฀hotel) I฀want฀to฀check฀in What´s฀my฀room฀number? Could฀you฀take฀this฀suitcase฀to฀my฀room฀please?

/ai฀wónt฀to฀tchek฀ín/ /wóts฀mai฀rú฀:m฀námber/ /kud฀iu฀téik฀δis฀sútkeis฀tu฀mai฀rú:m฀plí฀:z/

/iz฀δér฀e฀kólor฀tí:฀ví:฀in฀δe฀rú:m/ /δe฀séntral฀hí:tiη/éar฀kondíshoner฀íznt฀wé: rkiη฀wél/ My฀bed฀hasn´t฀been฀made฀yet /mai฀béd฀háznt฀bí:n฀méid฀iet/ I฀need฀another฀blanket /ai฀ní:d฀anáδer฀blæηkit/ Could฀you฀change฀the฀towels? /kud฀iu฀tchéindll฀δe฀táuelz/ Could฀you฀get฀me฀some฀soap/shampoo,฀please? /kud฀iu฀gét฀mi฀sam฀sóup/shæmpu:฀plí:z/ What฀is฀the฀voltage฀used฀here?฀220฀or฀110? /wóts฀δe฀vóltidll฀iú:zd฀híar/tú:฀twénty฀or฀uán฀ hándrid฀and฀tén/ Could฀you฀get฀me฀an฀adaptor฀for฀my฀electric฀shaver? /kud฀iu฀gét฀mi฀an฀adæ´฀ptor฀for฀mai฀eléktrik฀ shéiver/ Is฀there฀a฀coin฀operated฀washing฀machine? /iz฀δear฀a฀kóin฀operéitid฀wóshiη฀mashí:n/ I฀want฀to฀have฀these฀clothes฀washed฀and฀ironed,฀ /ai฀wónt฀tu฀hæv฀δi:z฀klóuδz฀wósht฀and฀áiond฀ please plí:z/ I฀need฀to฀make฀an฀international฀call฀to฀Chile. /ai฀ní:d฀tu฀méik฀an฀internæ´฀shonal฀kó:l฀tu฀ tchile/ My฀country฀code฀number฀is฀56฀and฀the฀code฀number฀ /mai฀kántri฀kóud฀námber฀is฀fífty฀siks฀and฀δe฀ for฀Santiago฀is฀2 kóud฀námber฀for฀santiágou฀is฀tú:/ I฀want฀to฀make฀a฀collect฀call,฀please /ai฀wónt฀tu฀méik฀it฀kolékt฀kó:l฀plí:z/ Is฀there฀a฀colo(u)r฀TV฀in฀the฀room? The฀central฀heating/air฀conditioner฀isn´t฀working฀well

Can฀I฀send฀a฀fax/an฀e-mail฀from฀the฀hotel? At฀what฀time฀do฀you฀serve฀breakfast/lunch/dinner? Can฀I฀have฀breakfast฀in฀my฀room? Could฀you฀get฀me฀a฀newspaper฀in฀Spanish,฀please?

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¿Cuál฀es฀el฀número฀de฀mi฀habitación? ¿Podría฀llevar฀esta฀maleta฀a฀mi฀habitación฀por฀ favor? ¿Hay฀un฀TV฀a฀color฀en฀la฀habitación? La฀calefacción฀central/El฀aire฀acondicionado฀no฀ está฀funcionando฀bien Mi฀cama฀aún฀no฀ha฀sido฀hecha. Necesito฀otra฀frazada ¿Podría฀cambiar฀las฀toallas? ¿Podría฀conseguirme฀jabón/shampú,฀por฀favor. ¿Cuál฀es฀el฀voltaje฀usado฀aquí?฀220฀o฀110? ¿Podría฀conseguirme฀un฀adaptador฀para฀mi฀ afeitadora฀eléctrica? ¿Hay฀una฀lavadora฀operada฀con฀monedas? Deseo฀que฀me฀laven฀y฀planchen฀estas฀ropas,฀por฀ favor Deseo฀hacer฀una฀llamada฀interna-cional฀a฀Chile El฀código฀de฀mi฀país฀es฀56฀y฀el฀código฀para฀ Santiago฀es฀2.

Quiero฀hacer฀una฀llamada฀con฀cobro฀revertido,฀ por฀favor. /kan฀ai฀sénd฀e฀fáks/an฀í:฀méil฀from฀δe฀houtél/ ¿Puedo฀enviar฀un฀fax/e-mail฀desde฀el฀hotel? /at฀wót฀táim฀diu฀sé:rv฀brékfast/lántch/díner/ ¿A฀qué฀hora฀sirven฀desayuno/almuerzo/cena?

/kan฀ai฀hæv฀brékfast฀in฀mai฀rú:m/ /kud฀iu฀gét฀mi฀e฀niuzpéiper฀in฀spánish฀plí:z/

/iz฀δer฀e฀suímiη฀pú:l/kazí:nou/dlli:m฀in฀δe฀ houtél/ Can฀you฀wake฀me฀up฀at฀six฀o´clock? /kan฀iu฀wéik฀mi฀áp฀at฀siks฀oklók/ Could฀you฀get฀me฀a฀taxi฀please? /kud฀iu฀gét฀mi฀e฀tæ´฀ksi฀plí:z/ Is฀there฀a฀money฀exchange฀in฀the฀hotel? /iz฀δer฀e฀máni฀ekstchéindll฀in฀δe฀houtél/ Could฀you฀bring฀a...฀to฀my฀room฀please? /kud฀iu฀bríη฀e...tu฀mai฀rú:m฀plí:z/ Where´s฀the฀restaurant?฀Upstairs฀or฀downstairs? /wéarz฀δe฀réstorant฀ápstéarz฀o:r฀dáunstéarz/ Until฀what฀time฀is฀the฀bar฀open? /antíl฀wót฀táim฀iz฀δe฀bá:r฀óupn/ Have฀I฀got฀any฀messages? /hav฀ai฀gót฀éni฀mésidlliz/ Can฀I฀have฀my฀room฀key,฀please?฀Room฀number฀206 /kan฀ai฀hæv฀mai฀rú:m฀kí:฀plí:z฀rú:m฀námber฀ tú:฀óu฀síks/ Is฀there฀a฀telephone฀in฀the฀lobby? /iz฀δer฀e฀télifoun฀in฀δe฀lóbi/ Can฀I฀have฀my฀bill/check,฀please? /kan฀ai฀hæv฀mai฀bíl/tchék฀plí:z/ There´s฀an฀error฀in฀my฀bill/check,฀I฀think /δérz฀an฀éror฀in฀mai฀bíl/tchék฀ai฀θiηk/ I฀didn´t฀have฀dinner฀here฀last฀night. /ai฀dídnt฀hæv฀díner฀híar฀la:st฀náit/ I฀didn´t฀have/eat/drink/order฀this. /ai฀dídnt฀hæv/í:t/driηk/órder฀δis/ Is฀there฀a฀barber´s฀shop฀here. /iz฀δer฀a฀bá:rberz฀shop฀híar/ Could฀you฀post฀these฀letters/postcards฀for฀me? /kud฀iu฀póust฀δí:z฀léterz/póuská:rdz฀for฀mí:/ Where฀are฀the฀lifts/elevators? /wéar฀a:r฀δe฀lífts/elevéitorz/ Take฀the฀lift/elevator฀to฀the฀tenth฀floor. /téik฀δe฀líft/elevéitor฀tu฀δe฀ténθ฀fló:r/ I฀want฀to฀check฀out฀at...฀o´clock /ai฀wónt฀tu฀tchék฀áut฀at...oklók/ I฀liked/I฀didn´t฀like฀the฀service/the฀food/the฀room฀very฀ /ai฀laikt/ai฀dídnt฀láik฀δe฀sé:rvis/δe฀fu:d/δe฀ much rú;m฀veri฀mátch/ Is฀there฀a฀swimming฀pool/casino/gym฀in฀the฀hotel?

Deseo฀registrarme

¿Me฀pueden฀traer฀desayuno฀a฀mi฀habitación¡ ¿Podría฀conseguirme฀un฀periódico฀en฀español,฀ por฀favor? ¿Hay฀una฀piscina/casino/gimnasio฀en฀el฀hotel? ¿Puede฀despertarme฀a฀las฀seis,฀por฀favor? ¿Podría฀conseguirme฀un฀taxi,฀por฀favor? ¿Hay฀una฀oficina฀de฀cambio฀en฀el฀hotel? ¿Podría฀traerme฀un...฀a฀mi฀habitación,฀por฀favor? ¿Donde฀está฀el฀restaurant?฀Arriba฀o฀Abajo? ¿Hasta฀qué฀hora฀está฀abierto฀el฀bar? ¿Tengo฀algún฀mensaje? ¿Puede฀darme฀la฀llave฀de฀mi฀pieza,฀por฀favor.฀ Habitación฀206 ¿Hay฀un฀teléfono฀en฀el฀hall? ¿Puede฀darme฀la฀cuenta,฀por฀favor? Hay฀un฀error฀en฀mi฀cuenta,฀me฀parece. Yo฀no฀cené฀aquí฀anoche. Yo฀no฀me฀serví/comí/bebí/pedí฀ésto. ¿Hay฀una฀peluquería฀aquí? ¿Podría฀Ud.฀despacharme฀estas฀cartas/postales? ¿Dónde฀están฀los฀ascensores? Tome฀el฀ascensor฀al฀10°฀piso Quiero฀dejar฀el฀hotel/registrar฀mi฀salida฀a฀las... Me฀gustó฀mucho/No฀me฀gustó฀mucho฀el฀servicio/ la฀comida/la฀habitación.

Remember:

Recuerde:

1.฀ I฀want฀to...(make฀a฀phone฀call,฀etc..) ฀ I฀would฀like฀to...(฀have฀another฀coffee,etc.฀)

1.฀ Quiero...(hacer฀una฀llamada,฀etc) ฀ Desearía...(servirme฀otro฀café,etc.)

2.฀ Where฀is฀the...(lift,฀bar,etc...)? ฀ Where฀are฀the...฀(telephones,฀toilets,etc...?

2.฀ ¿Dónde฀está฀el...(ascensor,฀bar,฀etc.)? ฀ ¿Dónde฀están฀los฀...฀/฀teléfonos,฀baños,฀etc)?

3.฀ Is฀there฀a...(bar,etc....)฀in฀the฀hotel?

3.฀ ¿Hay฀un...(bar,฀etc.)฀en฀el฀hotel?

4.฀ Could฀you...(wake฀me฀up฀at฀7:30,etc.)฀please?

4.฀ ¿Podría฀Ud...(despertarme฀a฀las฀7,฀etc.฀)฀por฀favor?

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C.฀ At฀a฀restaurant฀(en฀un฀restaurante) I฀need฀a฀table฀for฀three฀(people)฀please Is฀there฀a฀table฀in฀the฀non-smoking฀area,฀near฀the฀ window? What฀time฀do฀you฀start฀serving฀lunch/dinner?

/ai฀ní:d฀e฀téibl฀for฀θrí:฀(pí:pl)฀plí:z/ /iz฀δer฀e฀téibl฀in฀δe฀non฀smóukiη฀éaria฀níar฀δe฀ wíndou/ /wót฀táim฀diu฀stá:rt฀sé:rviη฀lántch/díner/

Necesito฀una฀mesa฀para฀tres฀(personas)฀por฀favor.

Can฀I฀pay฀by฀credit฀card/by฀cheque/cash?

/kan฀ai฀péi฀bai฀krédit฀ká:rd/bai฀tchek/kæ´฀sh/

¿Puedo฀pagar฀con฀tarjeta฀de฀crédito/con฀cheque/ en฀efectivo?

Can฀you฀charge฀this฀into฀my฀hotel฀bill?฀Room฀2105

/kan฀iu:฀tchárdll฀δis฀íntu฀mai฀houtél฀bíl/rú:m฀ tuénti฀wán฀óu฀fáiv/ /kan฀ai฀téik฀a฀lúk฀at฀δe฀méniu:/ /wud฀iu฀láik฀an฀apetáizer/ /ail฀hæ´฀v฀e฀glá:s฀of฀wáit฀wáin฀and฀sam฀tchí:s฀ sóltid฀ó:lmondz฀or฀pí:nats฀plí:z/ /wót฀wud฀iu฀láik฀tu฀stá:rt฀wiη/ /ai฀θiηk฀ail฀hæ´฀v฀tchíkin฀sú:p฀plí:z/ /wót฀wil฀iu฀hæ´฀v฀tu฀fólou/ /ail฀hæ´฀v฀rámp฀stéik/potéitou฀tchips฀and฀e฀ míkst฀sælad/ /kud฀iu฀get฀mi฀anáδer฀náif฀δis฀wan฀iz฀dé:rti/

¿Puede฀cargarme฀ésto฀en฀mi฀cuenta฀del฀hotel?฀ Habitación฀2105

/kud฀iu฀pá.s฀mi฀δe฀só:lt฀plí:z/ /aid฀láik฀tu฀hæ´฀v฀e฀glá:s฀of฀souda฀wóter/ /wud฀iu฀láik฀sámθiη฀tu฀dríηk฀wáin,฀bíar฀or฀e฀ sóft฀dríηk/ /kan฀ai฀hæ´฀v฀e฀drá:ft฀bíar฀plí:z/ /háu฀diu฀wónt฀io:r฀mí:t/diu฀wónt฀it฀réar,฀mí: dium฀or฀wél฀dán/ /ai฀wónt฀it฀wél฀dán฀plí:z/ /wót฀wil฀iu฀hæ´฀v฀for฀dizért/ /aid฀láik฀tu฀ó.rder฀e฀frú:t฀sæ´฀lad /kud฀ai฀hæ´฀v฀sam฀kófi:/ /wud฀iu฀láik฀sam฀likiuar/skótch/tchéri/ amarétou/ /kud฀iu฀bríη฀mi฀δe฀bíl/tchék฀plí:z/ /ai฀ríali฀endllóid฀δe฀mí:l/it฀woz฀véri฀gud฀indí:d/

¿Podría฀pasarme฀la฀sal,฀por฀favor?

/θæ´฀ηkiu฀véri฀match/iu฀kan฀kí:p฀δe฀tchéidll/

Muchísimas฀gracias.฀Puede฀conservar฀el฀vuelto.฀ Hasta฀luego.

Can฀I฀take฀a฀look฀at฀the฀menu? Would฀you฀like฀an฀appetizer? I´ll฀have฀a฀glass฀of฀white฀wine฀and฀some฀cheese,฀ salted฀almonds฀or฀peanuts,฀please What฀would฀you฀like฀to฀start฀with? I฀think฀I´ll฀have฀chicken฀soup,฀please What฀will฀you฀have฀to฀follow? I´ll฀have฀rump฀steak,฀potato฀chips฀and฀a฀mixed฀salad Could฀you฀get฀me฀another฀knife? This฀one฀is฀dirty. Could฀you฀pass฀me฀the฀salt,฀please? I´d฀like฀to฀have฀a฀glass฀of฀soda฀water Would฀you฀like฀something฀to฀drink?฀Wine,฀beer฀or฀a฀ soft฀drink? Can฀I฀havea฀draught฀beer฀please? How฀do฀you฀want฀your฀meat?฀Do฀you฀want฀it฀rare,฀ medium฀or฀well-done? I฀want฀it฀well฀done฀please. What฀will฀you฀have฀for฀dessert? I´d฀like฀to฀order฀a฀fruit฀salad. Could฀I฀have฀some฀coffee? Would฀you฀like฀some฀liqueur?฀Scotch,฀cherry,฀ amaretto? Could฀you฀bring฀me฀the฀bill/check,฀please? I฀really฀enjoyed฀the฀meal.฀It฀was฀very฀good฀indeed. Thank฀you฀very฀much.฀You฀can฀keep฀the฀change.฀ Good฀bye.

¿A฀qué฀hora฀comienzan฀a฀servir฀el฀almuerzo/la฀ cena?

¿Puedo฀mirar฀el฀menú? ¿desea฀un฀aperitivo? Me฀serviré฀una฀copa฀de฀vino฀blanco฀y฀queso,฀ almendras฀saladas฀o฀maní,฀por฀favor ¿Con฀qué฀desearía฀comenzar? Creo฀que฀me฀serviré฀una฀sopa฀de฀pollo,฀por฀favor ¿Qué฀se฀servirá฀a฀continuación? Me฀serviré฀un฀trozo฀de฀lomo,฀papas฀fritas฀y฀una฀ ensalada฀mixta ¿Me฀podría฀traer฀otro฀cuchillo?฀Este฀está฀sucio.

Desearía฀servirme฀un฀vaso฀de฀soda. ¿Desearía฀algo฀para฀beber?฀Vino,฀cerveza฀o฀una฀ gaseosa? Podría฀servirme฀una฀cerveza฀de฀barril,฀por฀favor? ¿Cómo฀quiere฀la฀carne.฀La฀quiere฀a฀punto,฀regular฀ o฀bien฀cocida? La฀quiero฀bien฀cocida,฀por฀favor. ¿Qué฀se฀servirá฀de฀postre? Desearía฀ordenar฀una฀ensalada฀de฀fruta. ¿Podría฀servirme฀un฀café? ¿Desearía฀un฀bajativo?฀Whisky,฀cognac,฀amareto? ¿Me฀podría฀traer฀la฀cuenta,฀por฀favor? Realmente฀disfrute฀la฀comida.฀Fue฀muy฀buena฀en฀ verdad.

Remember:

Recuerde:

1.฀ What฀do฀you฀want฀to.฀(eat,฀etc.฀.)? ฀ What฀would฀you฀like฀to.฀(drink,฀etc...)?

1.฀ ¿Qué฀quiere฀Ud.฀(comer,฀etc.)? ฀ ¿Qué฀desearía฀Ud.฀(beber,etc)?

2.฀ How฀do฀you฀want฀your...฀(tea,etc.)? ฀ How฀would฀you฀like฀your...฀(steak,฀etc)?

2.฀ ¿Cómo฀quiere฀Ud฀su฀(té,฀etc.)? ฀ ¿Cómo฀desearía฀Ud฀su฀(bife,฀etc.)?

3.฀ I฀want฀to฀have...฀(a฀beer,฀a฀sandwich,฀etc.) I´d฀like฀to฀have...฀(some฀more฀tea,฀etc). Can฀I฀have...฀(another฀whisky,฀etc.).? Could฀you฀get฀me...฀(the฀bill,฀etc.)? I´d฀like฀to฀order...฀(chicken฀and฀rice,฀etc.฀)

3.฀ Quiero฀servirme...฀(una฀cerveza,฀un฀sandwich,etc) ฀ Desearía฀servirme...฀(más฀tea,฀etc) ฀ ¿Puedo฀servirme...฀(otro฀whisky,฀etc.)? ฀ ¿Me฀podría฀traer...฀(la฀cuenta,฀etc)? ฀ Desearía฀pedir...฀(pollo฀con฀arroz,฀etc)

฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

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¿Hay฀una฀mesa฀en฀la฀zona฀no฀fumadores,฀cerca฀ de฀la฀ventana?

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

Restaurants:฀Useful฀vocabulary฀(Restaurantes:฀Vocabulario฀util) Waiter฀/wéiter/ Menu฀/méniu/ Breakfast฀/brékfast/ Lunch฀/lántch/ Supper฀/sáper/ Dinner฀/díner/ Snack฀/snæk/ Chef฀/tchef/ Check,฀bill฀/tchek,฀bil/ Tip฀/tip/ Change฀/tcheindll/

Garzón Carta,฀menú Desayuno Almuerzo Cena฀liviana Cena Refrigerio Maestro฀de฀cocina Cuenta Propina Vuelto,cambio

BREAKFAST฀/brékfast/ Bacon฀and฀eggs฀/béikonanégz/ Boiled฀eggs฀/bóild฀égz/ Bread฀/bréd/ Bread฀and฀butter฀/brédanbáter/ Coffee฀/kófi/ Cornflakes฀/kó:rnfleiks/ Fried฀eggs฀/fráid฀égz/ Ham฀/hæm/ Ham฀and฀eggs฀/hæmanégz/ Jam฀/dllæm/ Marmalade฀/mármeléid/ Milk฀/milk/ Poached฀eggs฀/póutcht฀égz/ Scrambled฀eggs฀/skrámbld฀égz/ Tea฀/tí:/ Toast฀/tóust/ Wholemeal฀bread฀/hóulmi:l฀bréd/

DESAYUNO Huevos฀con฀tocino Huevos฀duros Pan Pan฀con฀mantequilla Café Cereales Huevos฀fritos Jamón Jamón฀con฀huevos Mermelada฀(dulce) Mermelada฀(cítrico) Leche Huevos฀fritos฀en฀agua Huevos฀revueltos Té Tostada Paan฀integral

LUNCH฀/DINNER:/฀lántch/díner/฀฀ Dessert฀/dezé฀:rt/ French฀dressing฀/fréntch฀drésiη/ Fruit฀/frú:t/ hors฀d’oeuvres฀/o฀:rdá฀:vre/ main฀course฀/méin฀kó฀:rs/ Mayonnaise฀/máioneiz/ Salad฀/sælad/ Sauce฀/só฀:s/ Soup฀/su฀:p/ Starter฀/stá:rter/

ALMUERZO฀/CENA Postre Aliño฀francés Fruta Entremeses Plato฀de฀fondo Mayonesa Ensalada Salsa Sopa Entrada

MEATS:฀/mí:ts/ Beef฀/bí:f/ Chicken฀/tchiken/ Chops฀/tchops/ Duck฀/dák/ Fillet฀steak฀/fílit฀stéik฀// Lamb฀/læm/ Meatballs฀/mí:tbo:lz/ Mutton฀/mátn/

CARNES Vacuno Pollo Chuletas Pato Filete Cordero฀lechón Albóndigas Cordero

FISH฀AND฀SEAFOOD Abalone฀/abalóuni/ Cod฀/kod/ Cuttlefish฀/kátlfish/ Herring฀/hériη/ King-crab฀/kiη฀kræb/ Lobster฀/lóbster/ Mussels฀/máslz/ Octopus฀/óktopas/ Oysters฀/óisterz/ Prawns฀/pró:nz/ Salmon฀/sá:mon/ Sardine฀/sa:rdí:n/ Scallops฀/skælops/ Sea-urchin฀/sí:฀é:rtchin/ Shrimps฀/shrimps/ sole,฀plaice฀/sóul,฀pléis/ Squid฀/skuid/ Trout฀/tráut/ tuna฀fish฀/tú฀:na฀fish/

PESCADOS฀Y฀MARISCOS Loco Bacalao Jibia Arenque Centolla Langosta Cholgas pulpo Ostras Gambas Salmón Sardina Ostiones Erizo Langostinos Lenguado calamar Trucha Atún

BEVERAGES,฀DRINKS: Alcoholic฀drink฀/alkohólik฀drink/ Beer฀/bíar/ Bitter฀/bíter/ Brandy฀/brændi/ Champagne฀/shampéin/ Fruit฀juice฀/fru:t฀dllu:s/ Herbal฀tea฀/hé:rbal฀tí:/ Iced฀tea฀/áist฀tí:/ Lager฀/lá:ger/ Lemon฀tea฀/lémon฀tí:/ Lemonade฀/lémoneid/ Liqueur฀/líke:r/ Milk฀/milk/ Mineral฀water฀/míneral฀wóter/ Red฀wine฀/réd฀wáin/ Rosé฀/rouzéi/ Shandy฀/shændi/ Soft฀drink฀/soft฀drink/ Tea฀/tí:/ Whisky฀/wiski/ White฀wine฀/wáit฀wáin/

BEBIDAS,฀TRAGOS Bebida฀alcohólica Cerveza Cerveza฀inglesa฀(amarga) Coñac Champaña Jugo฀de฀frutas Agua฀de฀hierbas Té฀helado Cerveza฀rubia฀(pílsener) Té฀con฀limón Limonada Licor Leche Agua฀mineral Vino฀tinto Vino฀Rosado Cerveza฀con฀orange Gaseosa Tea Whisky Vino฀blanco

VEGETABLES:฀/védlletablz/ Artichoke฀/á:rtitchouk/ Asparragus฀/aspárragas/ Avocado฀/ævoká:dou/ Brussels฀sprouts฀/brásels฀spráuts/ Cabbage฀/kábidll/ Carrot฀/kárrot/ Celery฀/séleri/

VERDURAS Alcachofa Espárragos Palta Bruselas Repollo Zanahoria Apio

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Pork฀/pó:rk/ Ribs฀/ribz/ Roast฀beef฀/róus฀bí:f/ Rump฀steak฀/rámp฀stéik/ Sirloin฀steak฀/sé:rloin฀stéik/ T-bone฀/tí฀:฀bóun/ Turkey฀/té:rki/ Veal฀/ví:l/

Cerdo Costillas Rosbif Lomo Lomo฀vetado Entrecot Pavo Ternera

HOW฀MEAT฀IS฀COOKED Medium฀to฀rare฀/mí:dium฀tu฀réar/ Rare฀/réar/ Well฀done฀/wél฀dán/

COCCIÓN฀DE฀CARNES Regular,฀casi฀a฀punto A฀punto Bien฀cocido

HOW฀FOOD฀IS฀PREPARED Baked฀cake฀/béikt฀kéik/ Boiled฀eggs฀/bóild฀egz/ Broiled฀chicken฀/bróild฀tchiken/ Chilled฀wine฀/tchíld฀wáin/ Chopped฀fruit฀/tchópt฀frú:t/ Fried฀fish฀/fráid฀fish/ Grated฀cheese฀/gréitid฀tchí:z/ Grilled฀steak฀/grild฀stéik/ Ground฀coffee฀/gráund฀kófi/ Iced฀tea฀/áist฀tí:/ Melted฀sugar฀/méltid฀shúgar/ Minced฀meat฀(mínst฀mí:t/ Mixed฀salad฀/míkst฀sálad/ Poached฀eggs฀/póutcht฀égz/ Roast฀beef฀/róust฀bí:f/ Sliced฀bread฀/sláist฀bréd/ Smoked฀salmon฀/smóukt฀sá:mon/ Steamed฀fish฀/stí:md฀fish/ Stewed฀beef฀/stiu:d฀bí:f/ Stuffed฀turkey฀/stáft฀té:rki/ Whipped฀cream฀/wipt฀krí:m/

COMO฀ESTA฀PREPARADA฀ LA฀COMIDA Queque฀horneado Huevos฀cocidos Pollo฀a฀lo฀spiedo Vino฀helado Fruta฀picada Pescado฀frito Queso฀rallado Bife฀a฀la฀parrilla Café฀en฀grano฀molido Té฀helado Azucar฀derretida Carne฀molida Ensalada฀mixta Huevos฀escalfados Vacuno฀asado Pan฀rebanado Salmón฀ahumado Pescado฀al฀vapor Bife฀estofado Pavo฀relleno Crema฀batida

MISCELLANEOUS Ashtray฀/æshtrei/ Beerglass฀/bíargla:s/ Bottle฀of฀wine฀/bótl฀ov฀wáin/ Bottle฀opener฀/bótl฀óupner/ Bread฀knife฀/brédnaif/ Butter฀dish฀/báterdish/ Cruet฀/kru:it/ Cup฀/káp/ Dessertspoon฀/dezértspu:n/ Fork฀/fórk/ Goblet฀/góblit/ Jug฀/dllág/ Knife฀/náaif/ Lighter฀/láiter/ Match฀/mætch/

MISCELANEO Cenicero Vaso฀para฀cerveza Botella฀de฀vino Abridor฀de฀botella Cuchillo฀para฀pan Mantequillera Alcuza Taza Cuchara฀para฀postre Tenedor Copa Jarro Cuchillo Encendedor Fósforo

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

Corn฀/kó฀:rn/ Cucumber฀/kíukumber/ Green฀beans฀/grí:n฀bí:nz/ Leek฀/lí:k/ Lettuce฀/létis/ Mushrooms฀/máshrumz/ Peas฀/pí:z/ Potato฀/potéitou/ Red฀pepper฀/réd฀/grí:n฀péper/ Tomato฀/tomá:tou฀//toméitou/

Maíz Pepino Porotos฀verdes Puerro Lechuga Champiñones Arvejas Papa Pimiento฀rojo Tomate

FRUIT฀/frú:t/฀ DESSERTS฀/dizé:rts/ Apple฀/æpl/ Apricot฀/éiprikot฀//éiprikot/ Banana฀/baná:na/ Blackberry฀/blæberi/ Cake฀/kéik/ Cherry฀/tchéri/ Chocolate฀mousse฀/tcóklit฀mu:z/ Grapefruit฀/gréipfrut/ Grapes฀/gréips/ Ice฀cream฀/áis฀krí:m/ Melon฀/mélon/ Mints฀/mints/ Orange฀/órindll/ Peach฀/pí:tch/ Pear฀/péar/ Pineapple฀/páinápl/ Plum฀/plám/ Raspberry฀/rázberi/ Redcurrant฀/redkúrant/ Scone฀/skóun/ Strawberry฀/stró:beri/ Sweets฀/sui:ts/ Watermelon฀/wótermelon/ Yoghourt฀/ióga:rt/

FRUTA฀ POSTRES Manzana Damasco Plátano Mora Torta Guinda Mus฀de฀chocolate Pomelo uvas Helado Melón Bombones฀de฀menta Naranja Durazno Pera Piña Ciruela Frambuesa Grosella Bollo Frutilla Pastilla Samdía Yogurt

HOW฀FOOD฀TASTES Bitter฀/bíter/ Hot฀/hot/ Salty฀/só:lti/ Sour฀/sáuer/ Spicy฀/spáisi/ Sweet฀/sui:t/

SABORES Amargo Picante Salado Agrio Condimentado Dulce

SPICES฀/spáisiz/ Bay฀leaf฀/béi฀lí:f/ Chilli฀pepper฀/tchili฀péper/ Cinnamon฀/sínamon/ Garlic฀/gá.rlik/

CONDIMENTOS Laurel Ají Canela Ajo

Mug฀/mág/ Napkin฀/næpkin/ Place฀mat฀/pléismæt/ Plate฀/pléit/ Saucer฀/só:ser/ Soup฀bowl฀/sú:p฀bóul/ Sugar฀bowl฀/shúgarbóul/ Tablecloth฀/téiblkloθ/ Tablespoon฀/téiblspu:n/ Teaspoon฀/tí:spun/ Tin฀opener฀/tin฀óupner/ Tumbler฀/támbler/ Wineglass฀/wáingla:s/

Tazón Servilleta Individual Plato Platillo Plato฀para฀sopa Azucarero Mantel Cuchara฀para฀sopa Cuchara฀de฀té Abrelatas Vaso฀para฀gaseosas Vaso฀para฀el฀vino

Ginger฀/dllíndller/ Ketchup฀kétchap/ Mustard฀/másta:rd/ Parsley฀/pá:rsli/ Pepper฀/péper/ Salt฀/só:lt/ Thyme฀/táim/

Genjibre Ketchup Mostaza Perejil Pimienta Sal Tomillo

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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D.฀ How฀to฀get฀to฀places฀(como฀llegar฀a฀lugares) Have฀you฀got/Do฀you฀have฀a฀map฀of฀London? I฀want฀to฀go฀to฀the฀cathedral.฀Could฀you฀show฀me฀the฀ way฀please? Excuse฀me.฀Where´s฀the฀post฀office,฀please?

/hav฀iu฀got/diu฀hæv฀e฀mæp฀ov฀lándon/ /ai฀wónt฀tu฀góu฀tu฀δe฀kaθídrl.฀Kan฀iu฀shóu฀mi฀ δe฀wéi฀pli:z/ /ikskiú:z฀mi฀wéarz฀δe฀póust฀ófis฀plí:z/

Could฀you฀tell฀me฀where฀the฀bank฀is,฀please?

/kud฀iu฀tél฀me฀wéar฀δe฀bæηk฀iz฀plí:z/

Excuse฀me.฀Do฀you฀know฀where฀the฀station฀is,฀ please? Excuse฀me,฀can฀you฀tell฀me฀the฀way฀to฀the฀park,฀ please? Excuse฀me,฀how฀do฀I฀get฀to฀the฀museum? Look฀at฀the฀map.฀We฀are฀here,฀outside฀the฀station.฀Go฀ straight฀ahead฀until฀you฀come฀to฀the฀bridge.

/ikskiu:z฀mi/diu฀nóu฀wéar฀δe฀stéishn฀iz฀plí:z/

You฀have฀to฀take฀bus฀44฀here฀and฀get฀off฀at฀the฀ Railway฀Station. Walk฀along฀this฀street฀as฀far฀as฀the฀traffic฀lights. Turn฀left฀at฀the฀next฀corner฀and฀walk฀down฀the฀street฀ for฀two฀blocks. Take฀the฀third฀turning฀on฀the฀right฀and฀then฀walk฀for฀ about฀40฀meters. It´s฀not฀very฀far.฀Drive฀along฀this฀road฀till฀you฀come฀to฀ Clark฀Avenue.฀Then฀turn฀right฀and฀you´ll฀see฀the฀tower฀ at฀the฀end฀of฀the฀road.

/iu฀hæf฀tu฀téik฀bás฀fó:rti฀fóar฀and฀get฀óf฀at฀δe฀ réilwei฀stéishn/ /wó:k฀alóη฀δis฀strí:t฀as฀fá:r฀as฀δe฀træfik฀láits/ /té:rn฀léft฀at฀δe฀nékst฀kó:rner฀and฀wó:k฀dáun฀ δe฀strí:t฀for฀tú:฀blóks/ /téik฀δe฀θé:rd฀té:rniη฀on฀δe฀ráit฀and฀δén฀wó:k฀ for฀abáut฀fó:rti฀mí:terz/ /its฀nót฀veri฀fá:r/dráiv฀aloη฀δis฀róud฀til฀iu฀kám฀ tu฀klá:rk฀áveniu/δen฀té:rn฀ráit฀and฀iul฀sí:฀δe฀ táuer฀at฀δi฀énd฀ov฀δe฀róud/

Sorry฀I฀don´t฀know.฀I´m฀a฀stranger฀here฀myself.฀Ask฀a฀ policeman. Excuse฀me฀which฀bus฀do฀I฀need฀to฀take฀to฀go฀to฀the฀ National฀Art฀Gallery? How฀far฀is฀the฀airport฀from฀here? It´s฀about฀20฀kilometers.฀You฀need฀to฀take฀the฀train.

Excuse฀me,฀where฀is฀the฀nearest฀underground฀ station? Can฀I฀walk,฀or฀do฀I฀have฀to฀take฀a฀bus?

/sóri฀ai฀dóunt฀nóu/aim฀a฀stréidller฀híar฀ maisélf/á:sk฀e฀plísman/ /ikskiu:s฀mi/witch฀bás฀du฀ai฀ní:d฀tu฀téik฀to฀ góu฀tu฀δe฀næ´shional฀á:rt฀gæleri/ /hau฀fá:r฀iz฀δi฀éarpó:rt฀from฀híar/ /its฀abáut฀twénti฀kiloumí:terz/iu฀ní:d฀tu฀téik฀ δe฀tréin/ /ikskiú:s฀mi฀dáz฀δis฀bás฀go฀tu฀δe฀stéidium/ /plí:z฀téik฀mi฀tu฀δi฀óksford฀houtél฀in฀pá:rk฀strí: t/ /ikskiu:s฀mi฀wéarz฀δe฀níarest฀ándergráund฀ stéishn/ /kan฀ai฀wó:k฀or฀du฀ai฀ní:d฀tu฀téik฀e฀bás/

Excuse฀me,฀is฀there฀a฀restaurant฀near฀here? Yes,฀there´s฀one฀in฀Bridge฀Street.,฀opposite฀the฀ cinema. What฀time฀do฀the฀banks฀open? What฀time฀do฀buses฀start฀running? What฀time฀do฀the฀shops฀close? Does฀the฀supermarket฀open฀on฀Sunday?

/ikskiú:z฀mi/iz฀δer฀e฀réstorant฀níar฀híar/ Iés/δéarz฀wan฀in฀bridll฀strí:t,฀óposit฀δe฀ sínema/ /wót฀táim฀du฀δe฀bæηks฀óupen/ /wót฀táim฀du฀básiz฀stá฀:rt฀rániη/ /wót฀taim฀du฀δe฀shóps฀klóuz/ /dáz฀δe฀supermá:rkit฀óupn฀on฀sándi/

Excuse฀me,฀does฀this฀bus฀go฀to฀the฀stadium? Please,฀take฀me฀to฀the฀Oxford฀Hotel,฀in฀Park฀Street.

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A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

/ikskiu:z฀mi/kan฀iu฀tél฀mi฀δe฀wéi฀tu฀δe฀pá: rk฀plí:z/ /ikskiu:z฀mi/háu฀du฀ai฀gét฀tu฀δe฀miu:zíam/ /luk฀at฀δe฀mæp/wi฀a:r฀híar฀autsáid฀δe฀stéishn/ góu฀stréit฀ahéd฀antil฀iu฀kæm฀tu฀δe฀brídll/

¿Tiene฀Ud.฀un฀mapa฀de฀Londres? Deseo฀ir฀a฀la฀Catedral.฀¿Podría฀indicarme฀el฀ camino,฀por฀favor? Perdón.฀¿Donde฀está฀la฀oficina฀de฀correos,฀ por฀favor? ¿Podría฀decirme฀dónde฀está฀el฀banco,฀por฀ favor? Perdón.฀¿Sabe฀Ud.฀dónde฀está฀la฀ estación,por฀favor? Perdón.฀¿Podría฀indicarme฀el฀camino฀al฀ parque,฀por฀favor? Perdón.฀¿Cómo฀llego฀yo฀al฀museo? Mire฀el฀mapa.฀Estamos฀aquí฀afuera฀de฀la฀ estación.฀Siga฀derecho฀hacia฀adelante฀hasta฀ llegar฀al฀puente Tiene฀que฀tomar฀el฀bus฀44฀aquí฀y฀bajarse฀en฀ la฀estación฀de฀ferrocarriles. Camine฀por฀esta฀calle,฀hasta฀el฀semáforo. Doble฀a฀la฀izquierda฀en฀la฀próxima฀esquina฀y฀ baje฀(por฀esa฀calle)฀dos฀cuadras Tome฀la฀tercera฀bocacalle฀a฀la฀derecha฀y฀ enseguida฀camine฀unos฀40฀metros No฀está฀muy฀lejos.฀Conduzca฀por฀este฀ camino฀hasta฀llegar฀a฀la฀calle฀Clark.฀ Enseguida฀doble฀a฀la฀derecha฀y฀verá฀la฀torre฀ al฀final฀de฀la฀calle Lo฀siento.฀No฀sé.฀Yo฀también฀soy฀forastero฀ aquí.฀Pregúntele฀a฀un฀policía Perdón.฀¿Qué฀bus฀necesito฀tomar฀para฀ir฀a฀ la฀National฀Art฀Gallery? ¿A฀qué฀distancia฀está฀el฀aeropuerto฀de฀aquí? Esta฀a฀más฀o฀menos฀20฀kms.฀Necesita฀ tomar฀el฀tren. Perdón.฀¿Va฀este฀bus฀al฀estadio? Por฀favor,฀lléveme฀al฀Hotel฀Oxford,฀en฀la฀Calle฀ Park Perdón.฀¿Dónde฀está฀la฀estación฀de฀metro฀ más฀próxima? ¿Puedo฀irme฀a฀pié,฀o฀tengo฀que฀tomar฀un฀ bus? Perdón.¿Hay฀un฀restaurante฀cerca฀de฀aquí? Sí.฀Hay฀uno฀en฀la฀calle฀Bridge,฀frente฀al฀cine. ¿A฀qué฀hora฀abren฀los฀bancos? ¿A฀que฀hora฀comienzan฀a฀correr฀los฀buses? ¿A฀qué฀hora฀cierran฀las฀tiendas? ¿Abre฀el฀supermercado฀los฀domingos?

Useful฀vocabulary฀(vocabulario฀util) City,฀/síti/฀ciudad Town฀/táun/฀pueblo Street฀/strí:t/฀calle Pavement,฀/péivment/฀vereda(Br) Sidewalk฀/saidwó:k/฀vereda(US) Bus฀stop฀/bas฀stóp/฀parada฀de฀buses Underground฀Station฀(Br)฀/ándergráund฀ stéishn/฀estación฀de฀metro Subway฀Station฀(US)฀/sábwei฀stéishn/฀ estación฀de฀metro Railway฀Station฀/réilwei฀stéishn/฀estación฀de฀ trenes Airport฀/éarpó:rt/฀aeropuerto Square฀/skuéar/฀plaza Traffic฀lights฀/træfik฀láits/฀semáforo Park฀/pá:rk/฀parque

Building฀/bíldiη/฀edificio Hotel฀/houtél/฀hotel Lift฀/lift/฀ascensor฀(Br) Elevator฀/elevéitor/฀ascensor฀(US) Restaurant฀/réstorant/฀resturant Store/Shop฀/stóar/shop/฀tienda Shopping฀centre฀Centro฀comercial Shopping฀mall฀Centro฀comercial Library฀/láibreari/฀biblioteca Museum฀/miu:zíam/฀museo Park฀/pá:rk/฀parque Hospital฀/hóspitl/฀hospital

Supermarket฀/supermá:kit/฀supermercado Department฀store฀/dipá:rment฀stóar/ Tienda฀de฀departamente Book฀store฀/buk฀stó:r/฀librería book฀shop฀/buk/shop/฀librería Post฀office฀/póust฀ófis/฀Oficina฀de฀Correos Police฀station฀/polís฀stéishn/฀Cuartel฀de฀policia Cinema฀/sínema/฀cine Theater฀/θíater/฀teatro Night฀club฀/náit฀klab/฀club฀nocturno

Remember:

Recuerde:

1.฀ How฀do฀I฀get฀to... ฀ Could฀you฀tell฀me฀the฀way฀to... ฀ Could฀you฀show฀the฀way฀to...?

1.฀ ¿Cómo฀llego฀a...? ฀ ¿Podría฀indicarme฀el฀camino฀a...?

2.฀ Do฀you฀know฀where฀the...฀is,฀please? ฀ Can฀you฀tell฀me฀where฀the...is,฀please?

2.฀ ¿Sabe฀UD฀dónde฀está฀la...por฀favor? ฀ ¿Puede฀decirme฀dónde฀está฀la...por฀favor?

3.฀ Where฀is฀the...฀please?. ฀ Where฀is฀the฀nearest...฀please?

3.฀ ¿Dónde฀está฀la...por฀favor? ฀ ¿Dónde฀esta฀la...más฀cercana,฀por฀favor?

4.฀ Which฀bus฀do฀I฀need฀to฀take฀to฀go฀to฀the...?

4.฀ ¿Cuál฀bus฀necesito฀tomar฀para฀ir฀a...?

5.฀ What฀time฀do฀the...s.฀open฀/฀close? ฀ What฀time฀does฀the...open฀/฀close?

5.฀ ¿A฀qué฀hora฀abren฀/฀cierran฀las...? ฀ ¿A฀qué฀hora฀abre฀/฀cierra฀el฀/฀la...?

6.฀ How฀far฀is฀the...฀from฀here?

6.฀ ¿A฀qué฀distancia฀está฀el฀/฀la...de฀aquí?

7.฀ I฀need฀to฀buy฀a฀/฀some...?฀Is฀there฀a...฀near฀here?

7.฀ Necesito฀comprar฀un฀/฀algunos... ฀ Hay฀un฀/฀una...cerca฀de฀aquí

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E.฀ At฀the฀station฀/฀airport฀(en฀la฀estacion฀/฀aeropuerto) /kan฀ai฀hav฀ior฀pá:spo:rt฀plí:z/ /wóts฀ior฀læst฀néim฀plí:z฀kan฀iu฀spél฀it฀ plí:z/ Can฀I฀see฀your฀ticket? /kan฀ai฀sí:฀ió:r฀tíkit/ I฀want฀a฀ticket฀to฀Milan /ai฀wónt฀e฀tíket฀tu฀milán/ How฀much฀is฀a฀single฀ticket฀to฀Naples?฀How฀much฀is฀a฀ /háu฀mátch฀iz฀e฀síngl฀tíkit฀tu฀néiplz/฀/háu฀ return฀ticket฀to฀Lyon? mátch฀iz฀a฀ritérn฀tíkit฀tu฀lión/

¿Puede฀mostrame฀su฀pasaporte฀por฀favor? ¿Cuál฀es฀su฀apellido?฀¿Puede฀deletrearlo฀por฀ favor? ¿Puedo฀ver฀su฀boleto? Quiero฀un฀ticket฀a฀Milán ¿Cuánto฀cuesta฀un฀b฀oleto฀simple฀a฀Nápoles?฀ ¿Cuánto฀cuesta฀un฀boleto฀de฀ida฀y฀vuelta฀a฀ Lyon? How฀much฀is฀the฀bus฀ticket฀to฀the฀zoo? /háu฀mátch฀is฀δe฀bás฀tíkit฀tu฀δe฀zú:/ ¿Cuánto฀cuesta฀el฀pasaje฀de฀bus฀al฀zoo? Is฀it฀a฀direct฀journey฀/flight? /iz฀it฀a฀dirékt฀dllérni฀/fláit/ ¿Es฀un฀viaje฀/vuelo฀directo? How฀long฀does฀the฀journey฀/flight฀take? ¿Cuánto฀tiempo฀dura฀el฀viaje฀/vuelo? /háu฀lóη฀daz฀δe฀dllérni฀/fláit฀téik/ What฀time฀does฀the฀train฀/plane฀leave? /wot฀táim฀daz฀δe฀tréin฀/pléin฀lí:v/ ¿A฀qué฀hora฀sale฀el฀tren฀/avión? What฀time฀does฀the฀train฀/plane฀/get฀there? /wot฀táim฀daz฀δe฀tréin฀/pléin฀get฀δéar/ ¿A฀qué฀hora฀llega฀el฀tren฀/avión฀allá? Which฀platform฀/gate฀does฀it฀leave฀from? /witch฀plátform฀/géit฀daz฀it฀lí:v฀from/ ¿Desde฀cuál฀andén฀/puerta฀sale? How฀long฀does฀it฀take฀to฀get฀to฀Budapest? /háu฀loη฀daz฀it฀teik฀to฀get฀tu฀budapést/ ¿Cuánto฀se฀demora฀en฀llegar฀a฀Budapest? What฀time฀do฀we฀need฀to฀check฀in? /wót฀táim฀du฀wi฀ní:sd฀tu฀tchek฀ín/ ¿A฀qué฀hora฀necesitamos฀presentarnos? Do฀they฀serve฀lunch฀on฀board? ¿Sirven฀almuerzo฀a฀bordo? /du฀δei฀sé:rv฀lántch฀on฀bó:rd/ Can฀I฀have฀a฀seat฀by฀the฀window? /kan฀ai฀hæv฀e฀sí:t฀bai฀δe฀wíndou/ ¿Puede฀ darme฀ un฀ asiento฀ al฀ lado฀ de฀ la฀ ventana? I฀want฀a฀seat฀in฀the฀non฀smoking฀area /ai฀wónt฀e฀sí:t฀in฀δe฀non฀smóukiη฀éaria/ Deseo฀un฀asiento฀en฀la฀zona฀de฀no฀fumadores These฀are฀my฀suitcases Estas฀son฀mis฀malaetas /δí:z฀a:r฀mai฀sutkéisiz/ Please฀carry฀my฀suitcases฀with฀care /plí:z฀kæri฀mai฀sutkéisiz฀wiδ฀kéar/ Por฀favor฀transporte฀mis฀maletas฀con฀cuidado I฀will฀carry฀this฀handbag฀myself. /ai฀wil฀kæri฀δis฀hændbæg฀maisélf/ Yo฀mismo฀transportaré฀ese฀bolso฀de฀mano Where฀is฀the฀luggage฀/baggage฀claim? /wéar฀iz฀δe฀lágidll฀/bæ´gidll฀kléim/ ¿Dónde฀está฀la฀entrega฀de฀equipaje? I฀have฀nothing฀to฀declare No฀tengo฀nada฀para฀declarar /ai฀hæv฀náθiη฀tu฀dikléar/ How฀many฀bottles฀can฀I฀take฀with฀me? /háu฀méni฀bótlz฀kan฀ai฀téik฀wiδ฀mí:/ ¿Cúantas฀botellas฀puedo฀llevar฀conmigo? Do฀I฀have฀to฀pay฀sales฀tax฀/customs฀duties? /du฀ai฀hæv฀tu฀pei฀seil฀taks฀/diútiz/ ¿Debo฀pagar฀IVA฀/derechos฀aduaneros? Is฀there฀a฀duty-free฀shop฀here? ¿Hay฀una฀tienda฀libre฀de฀IVA฀aquí? /iz฀δer฀e฀diu:ti฀frí:฀shop฀híar/ Where฀is฀the฀bar?฀/restaurant? /wéarz฀δe฀bá:r฀/restorant/ ¿Dónde฀está฀el฀bar฀/restaurante? Are฀we฀landing฀/arriving฀soon? ¿Estamos฀aterrizando฀/llegando฀pronto? /á:r฀wi฀lændiη฀/aráiviη฀sú:n/ We´re฀landing฀/arriving฀in฀a฀few฀minutes. /wi฀a:r฀lændiη฀/aráiviη฀in฀e฀fiu:฀minits/ Estamos฀aterrizando฀/llegando฀dentro฀de฀unos฀ pocos฀minutos. Please฀remain฀seated฀until฀the฀plane฀/train฀has฀stopped. /plí:z฀riméin฀sí:tid฀antil฀ δe฀pléin฀/tréin฀haz฀ Por฀favor฀manténgase฀sentado฀hasta฀que฀el฀ stópt/ avión฀/tren฀se฀haya฀detenido. Please฀put฀your฀cigarette฀out฀now. /plí:z฀put฀io:r฀sigarét฀áut฀nau/ Por฀favor฀apague฀su฀cigarrillo฀ahora. Fasten฀your฀seat฀belt,฀fold฀the฀table฀and฀put฀the฀back฀of฀ /fá:sn฀io:r฀sí:t฀bélt฀/fóuld฀δe฀téibl฀and฀put฀δe฀ Ajuste฀su฀cinturón,฀doble฀la฀mesita฀y฀enderece฀ your฀seat฀in฀the฀upright฀position. bæk฀ov฀io:r฀sí:t฀in฀δi฀apráit฀posíshn/ el฀respaldo฀de฀su฀asiento We฀hope฀you´ve฀enjoyed฀your฀trip฀/flight /wi฀hóup฀iuv฀indllóid฀io:r฀trip฀/fláit/ Esperamos฀que฀haya฀disfrutado฀su฀viaje฀/vuelo Can฀I฀have฀your฀passport,฀please? What´s฀your฀last฀name.฀Can฀you฀spell฀it฀please?

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F.฀Shopping฀(de฀compras) I฀like฀this฀/that฀watch฀/jacket. Can฀I฀see฀it? Can฀I฀try฀it฀on? How฀much฀is฀it?฀/How฀much฀does฀it฀cost? Do฀you฀have฀a฀larger฀/smaller฀size? I฀like฀these฀/those฀glasses฀/shoes. Can฀I฀see฀them? Can฀I฀try฀them฀on? How฀much฀are฀they?฀/How฀much฀do฀they฀cost?

/ai฀láik฀δis฀/δæt฀wótch฀/dllákit/ /kan฀ai฀sí:฀it/ /kan฀ai฀trái฀it฀ón/ /háu฀mátch฀iz฀it฀/háu฀mátch฀daz฀it฀kóst/ /diu฀hæv฀e฀lárdller฀/smóler฀sáiz/ /ai฀láik฀δí:z฀/δóuz฀glá:siz฀/shú:z/ /kan฀ai฀sí:฀δem/ /kan฀ai฀trái฀δem฀ón฀// /háu฀mátch฀á:r฀ δei฀/háu฀mátch฀du฀ δei฀ kóst/ Can฀I฀pay฀by฀credit฀card? /kan฀ai฀péi฀bai฀krédit฀ká:rd/ Can฀I฀pay฀with฀American฀money฀/US฀dollars /kan฀ ai฀ péi฀ wiδ฀ amérikan฀ máni฀ /iú:฀ és฀ dólarz/ I฀don´t฀like฀the฀colo(u)r.฀Do฀you฀have฀a฀different฀colo(u)r? /ai฀dóunt฀láik฀ δe฀kólor฀/diu฀hæv฀e฀dífrent฀ kólor/ What฀size฀do฀you฀take? /wót฀sáiz฀diu฀ték/ I฀ want฀ to฀ buy฀ a฀ present฀ for฀ my฀ wife.฀ Can฀ you฀ show฀ me฀ /ai฀wónt฀tu฀bái฀e฀prezent฀for฀mai฀wáif฀/kan฀ something? iu฀shóu฀mi฀sámθiη/ Is฀it฀made฀of฀leather฀/plastic฀/wool฀/cotton฀/gold฀/silver? /iz฀it฀méid฀of฀léδer฀/plástik฀/wu:l฀/kóton฀ /góuld฀/sílver Please฀keep฀this฀receipt.฀We´ll฀send฀the฀items฀to฀the฀plane. /plí:z฀kí:p฀ δis฀risí:t฀/wí฀wil฀sénd฀ δi฀áitmz฀ tu฀δe฀pléin/ How฀much฀is฀this฀watch? /háu฀mátch฀iz฀δis฀wotch/ How฀much฀are฀those฀gloves? /háu฀mátch฀a:r฀δouz฀glávz/

Me฀gusta฀este฀reloj฀/esa฀chaqueta ¿Puedo฀verlo฀/a? ¿Puedo฀probármelo฀/a? ¿Cuánto฀vale?฀¿Cuánto฀cuesta? ¿Tiene฀una฀talla฀más฀grande฀/más฀chica? Me฀gustans฀estos฀lentes฀/esos฀zapatos ¿Puedo฀verlos฀/verlas? ¿Puedo฀probármelos฀/las? ¿Cuánto฀valen?฀¿Cuánto฀cuestan? ¿Puedo฀pagar฀con฀tarjeta฀de฀crédito? ¿Puedo฀ pagar฀ con฀ dinero฀ norteamericano฀ /dólares? No฀ me฀ gusta฀ el฀ color.฀ ¿Tiene฀ Ud.฀ un฀ color฀ diferente? ¿Qué฀talla฀tiene฀Ud.? Quiero฀comprar฀un฀regalo฀para฀mi฀esposa.฀¿Puede฀ mostrarme฀algo? ¿Está฀hecho฀de฀cuero฀/plástico฀/lana฀/algodón฀ /oro฀/plata? Por฀favor,฀guarde฀este฀recibo.฀Le฀enviaremos฀los฀ artículos฀al฀avión ¿Cuánto฀vale฀este฀reloj? ¿Cuánto฀valen฀esos฀guantes?

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UNIT฀21 ASSESSMENT฀TEST฀ (Prueba฀de฀Evaluación฀Final) INSTRUCCIONES฀GENERALES 1.-฀Esta฀prueba฀consta฀de฀2฀partes: ฀ A.-฀LISTENTING฀PART฀(Parte฀Audio฀Escrita) ฀ B.-฀READING฀PART฀(Parte฀Escrita) 2.-฀Usted฀deberá฀tener฀su฀ QUESTION฀BOOKLET฀(Cuadernillo฀de฀Preguntas)฀y฀su฀ANSWER฀SHEET฀ (Hoja฀de฀Respuestas)฀ sobre฀su฀escritorio,฀antes฀de฀comenzar฀la฀prueba. 3.-฀Para฀contestar฀las฀preguntas฀de฀la฀LISTENTING฀PART฀ (Parte฀Audio฀Escrita),฀ Preguntas฀1฀-฀50,฀usted฀deberá฀solicitar฀a฀

otra฀persona฀(en฀lo฀posible฀un฀profesor฀de฀inglés฀o฀una฀persona฀que฀tenga฀buen฀dominio฀de฀ese฀฀idioma),฀que฀le฀lea฀las฀ preguntas฀que฀aparecen฀en฀el฀EXAMINER´S฀TEXT฀(Texto฀del฀para฀el฀Examinador).฀El฀examinador฀deberá฀leer฀2฀veces฀ cada฀una฀de฀las฀preguntas. 4.-฀ Para฀ contestar฀ las฀ preguntas฀ 51฀ a฀ 120฀ de฀ la฀ READING฀ PART฀ (Parte฀ Escrita)฀ ฀ usted฀ cuenta฀ con฀ tiempo฀ maximo฀ de฀ 35฀ minutos.฀ 5.-฀ Una฀ vez฀ que฀ haya฀ contestado฀ las฀ 120฀ preguntas,฀ compruebe฀ sus฀ respuestas฀ con฀ la฀ ฀ ANSWER฀ KEY฀ (Clave฀ de฀ Respuestas)฀y฀cuente฀el฀número฀de฀respuestas฀correctas฀obtenidas.฀Enseguida฀calcule฀su฀puntaje฀final฀según฀la฀pauta฀ dada฀a฀continuación:฀

Pauta฀de฀Evaluación Scoring฀(Puntaje):฀฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀

Listening฀฀Part:฀฀50฀%฀฀ ฀ Reading฀฀Part฀:฀฀50฀%฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ Overall฀฀Score:฀฀100฀%฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

Your฀score฀฀x฀฀1/0฀฀฀฀฀฀฀=฀฀฀______฀฀%฀฀ Your฀score฀฀x฀฀฀5/7฀฀฀฀฀฀=฀฀฀______฀฀% Your฀overall฀score:฀฀฀฀฀฀=฀฀฀______฀฀%

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BASIC฀ENGLISH฀GRAMMAR฀STRUCTURES฀AND฀VOCABULARY฀ A฀SHORT฀COURSE฀IN฀ENGLISH฀FOR฀ADULT฀ ASSESSMENT฀TEST฀1 QUESTION฀BOOKLET฀(Cuadernillo฀de฀Preguntas) A.฀LISTENING฀PART Instrucciones฀para฀las฀preguntas฀1฀-฀15.฀Ud.฀oirá฀oraciones฀incompletas.฀En฀cada฀caso฀Ud.฀deberá฀elegir฀la฀alternativa฀A,฀ B,฀C,฀o฀D,฀que฀complete฀en฀mejor฀forma฀la฀oración฀leída฀por฀el฀examinador.฀Una฀vez฀elegida฀la฀alternativa฀correcta,฀Ud.฀ deberá฀consignarla,฀marcando฀una฀X฀sobre฀la฀letra฀correspondiente,฀en฀su฀HOJA฀DE฀RESPUESTAS.฀No฀escriba฀en฀este฀ cuadernillo 1.฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀who฀Peter฀sent฀Mary฀last฀week. B฀฀whom฀Peter฀sent฀Mary฀last฀week.฀ C.฀which฀Peter฀sent฀Mary฀last฀week,฀ D.฀whose฀Peter฀sent฀Mary฀last฀week.

9.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀

A.฀a฀little฀bored. B.฀quite฀busy฀at฀the฀moment. C.฀very฀ill฀now. D.฀too฀late฀right฀now.

2.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀opens฀the฀door฀now. B.฀is฀trying฀to฀open฀the฀door฀now. C.฀have฀just฀opened฀the฀door. D.฀wants฀open฀the฀door฀now.

10.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀

A.฀too฀much฀difficult฀for฀him. B.฀too฀difficult฀for฀him. C.฀so฀much฀difficult฀for฀him. D.฀a฀few฀difficult฀for฀him.

3.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀can฀be฀there฀now. B.฀were฀there฀earlier. C.฀will฀be฀there฀on฀time. D.฀had฀to฀be฀there฀very฀quickly.

11.฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀

A.฀can฀see฀a฀doctor฀today. B.฀may฀see฀a฀doctor฀today. C.฀ought฀to฀see฀a฀doctor฀today. D.฀might฀see฀a฀doctor฀today.

4.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀know฀her฀new฀address. B.฀would฀know฀her฀new฀address. C.฀knew฀her฀new฀address. D.฀should฀know฀her฀new฀address.

12.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀anywhere฀that฀day. B.฀everywhere฀that฀day. C.฀nowhere฀that฀day. D.฀somewhere฀that฀day.

5.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀was฀been฀stolen. B.฀was฀stealing. C.฀had฀stolen. D.฀had฀been฀stolen.

13.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀are฀better฀to฀go฀by฀taxi. B.฀should฀to฀go฀by฀taxi. C.฀would฀rather฀go฀by฀taxi. D.฀had฀better฀go฀by฀taxi.

6.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀he฀always฀works฀hard. B.฀he฀often฀works฀hard. C.฀he฀seldom฀works฀hard. D.฀he฀works฀hard฀as฀a฀rule.

14.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀won’t฀be฀allowed฀to฀see฀it฀well, B.฀won’t฀be฀able฀to฀see฀it฀well. C.฀won’t฀can฀see฀it฀well. D.฀won’t฀be฀possible฀to฀see฀it฀well

7.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀had฀dinner฀that฀evening. B.฀are฀having฀dinner฀that฀evening. C.฀have฀been฀having฀dinner฀that฀evening. D.฀were฀having฀dinner฀that฀evening.

15.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀give฀him฀your฀message. B.฀will฀give฀to฀him฀your฀message C.฀am฀going฀to฀give฀him฀your฀message D.฀give฀your฀message฀to฀him

8.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀“How฀expensive฀it฀is!” B.฀“What฀expensive฀it฀is!” C.฀“How฀expensive฀watch฀is฀it!” D.฀“What฀expensive฀watch฀is฀it!”฀

A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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Instrucciones฀para฀las฀preguntas฀16฀-฀30.฀Ud.฀oirá฀oraciones฀completas฀esta฀vez.฀Después฀de฀cada฀oración฀U¡.฀oirá฀una฀ pregunta฀y฀deberá฀elegir฀la฀alternativa฀A,฀B,฀C,฀0฀D.฀que฀la฀conteste฀en฀mejor฀forma.฀una฀vez฀elegida฀la฀alternativa฀correcta฀ deberá฀consignarla,฀marcando฀una฀X฀sobre฀la฀letra฀correspondiente,฀en฀su฀HOJA฀DE฀RESPUESTAS,฀No฀escriba฀en฀este฀ cuadernillo. 16.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀On฀his฀way฀to฀the฀office.฀ B.฀Later฀in฀the฀day. C.฀Away฀from฀the฀office. D.฀At฀once.

17.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀

A.฀He฀was฀away฀almost฀all฀day,฀ B.฀He฀was฀working฀at฀home฀all฀day.฀ C.฀He฀was฀resting฀all฀day.฀ D.฀He฀was฀away฀all฀day฀long,

18.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀Didn’t฀forget.฀ B.฀Didn’t฀care฀much. C.฀Didn’t฀make฀a฀decision. D.฀Didn’t฀remember.

19.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.He฀had฀no฀time฀to฀travel.฀ ฀ B.฀He฀didn’t฀like฀hotels฀very฀much. C.฀He฀wanted฀to฀save฀money. D.฀He฀would฀miss฀his฀family.

20.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀A฀polite฀person.฀ B.฀A฀kind฀person. C.฀A฀dull฀person. D.฀A฀sociable฀person.฀฀

21.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀He฀hasn’t฀studied฀her฀well.฀ B.฀He฀doesn’t฀see฀her฀so฀often.฀ C.฀He’฀s฀only฀seen฀her฀once฀or฀twice. D.฀He฀hasn’t฀told฀us฀much฀about฀her.

22.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀She’ll฀call฀the฀roll.฀ B.฀She’ll฀ring฀them฀up.฀ C.฀She’ll฀show฀them฀a฀map.฀ D.฀She’ll฀go฀and฀see฀them.

23.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀Because฀they฀like฀the฀rain.฀ B.฀Because฀they฀like฀shopping.฀ C.฀Because฀it’s฀a฀busy฀little฀town.฀ D.฀Because฀it’s฀a฀quiet฀and฀pleasant฀place.

24.฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀

A.฀He฀remembered฀he฀had฀a฀friend. B.฀He฀visited฀a฀friend฀he฀had฀met฀at฀the฀airport. C.฀He฀stayed฀in฀the฀garden฀all฀morning. D.฀He฀drove฀to฀the฀airport฀to฀pick฀up฀a฀friend.

25.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀He฀has฀to฀decide฀what฀to฀do฀soon. B.฀He฀must฀order฀someone฀to฀do฀the฀job. C.฀He฀has฀to฀work฀in฀the฀evenings฀too D.฀He฀must฀finish฀the฀job฀sometime.

26.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀They฀are฀a฀little฀younger. B.฀They฀are฀10฀years฀altogether. C.฀They฀are฀12฀years฀old, D.฀They฀are฀a฀different฀age.

27.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀They฀had฀dinner฀at฀the฀restaurant. B.฀They฀went฀somewhere฀else฀together. C.฀They฀attended฀a฀meeting฀at฀the฀club. D.฀They฀decided฀to฀go฀home฀early.

28.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀There฀were฀too฀many฀people฀there. B.฀The฀weather฀was฀awful. C.฀It฀was฀a฀very฀crowded฀place. D.฀They฀met฀people฀and฀went฀on฀sightseeing฀tours.

29.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀He฀wanted฀to฀take฀a฀walk. B.฀The฀buses฀were฀crowded฀at฀that฀time C.฀He฀wanted฀to฀get฀home฀more฀safely. D.฀He฀preferred฀to฀go฀home฀by฀taxi.

30.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀

A.฀They฀go฀there฀from฀time฀to฀time. B.฀They฀go฀there฀when฀they฀have฀time. C.฀They฀go฀there฀when฀they฀want฀to฀have฀fun. D.฀They฀go฀there฀only฀when฀the฀weather’s฀fine.

Instrucciones฀para฀las฀preguntas฀31฀-40.฀Ud.฀oirá฀oraciones฀completas฀y,฀en฀cada฀caso,฀deberá฀elegir฀la฀alternativa฀A,฀B,฀ C,฀o฀D.฀que฀ten-ga฀el฀significado฀más฀parecido฀a฀la฀oración฀leída฀por฀el฀examinador.฀Una฀vez฀que฀haya฀elegido฀la฀alternativa฀ correcta฀deberá฀consignarla฀en฀su฀HOJA฀DE฀RESPUESTAS,฀No฀escriba฀en฀este฀cuadernillo. 31฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀He฀hates฀to฀be฀at฀home฀during฀the฀day. B.฀He’s฀happy฀when฀he฀can฀stay฀at฀home฀all฀day. C.฀He฀doesn’t฀feel฀like฀going฀out฀today. D.฀He’d฀better฀stay฀at฀home฀all฀day฀today.

32,฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀He฀came฀to฀live฀in฀this฀house฀very฀recently. B.฀He฀lived฀in฀this฀house฀until฀recently. C,฀He฀became฀accustomed฀to฀living฀in฀this฀house฀quickly. D.฀He฀used฀all฀his฀money฀quickly฀while฀he฀was฀living฀there.

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33,฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀He฀could฀not฀help฀at฀the฀reception. B.฀He฀should฀have฀gone฀to฀the฀reception. C.฀He฀wasn’t฀allowed฀to฀attend฀the฀reception. D.฀He฀wasn’t฀able฀to฀go฀to฀the฀reception.

34.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀Mary฀touched฀him฀as฀soon฀as฀she฀saw฀him. B.฀Mary฀was฀very฀surprised฀to฀see฀him฀so฀soon.฀ C.฀Mary฀telephoned฀him฀after฀she฀got฀there. D.฀Mary฀was฀welcomed฀by฀him฀at฀the฀railway฀station.

35.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀Paul฀is฀too฀young฀to฀go฀abroad฀alone. B.฀Paul฀is฀too฀young฀to฀have฀that฀kind฀of฀trouble. C.฀Paul฀can’t฀travel฀because฀he฀doesn’t฀have฀enough฀time. D,฀Paul฀isn’t฀tall฀enough฀to฀drive฀the฀car฀himself.

36.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀They฀didn’t฀accept฀Harry’s฀invitation฀because฀it฀was฀cold. B,฀They฀didn’t฀eat฀everything฀because฀the฀food฀was฀cold. C,฀It฀wasn’t฀warm฀enough฀inside,฀so฀they฀ate฀quickly฀and฀left฀the฀place. D.฀They฀didn’t฀like฀the฀meal฀Harry฀served฀because฀it฀was฀not฀warm.

37.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀Robert฀telephoned฀then฀to฀give฀them฀the฀new฀orders฀ B.฀Robert฀called฀them฀up฀to฀tell฀them฀what฀had฀happened. C.฀Robert฀telephoned฀them฀in฀a฀given฀order. D.฀Robert฀called฀to฀give฀them฀a฀new฀order.

38.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀Harry฀doesn’t฀know฀that฀area฀very฀well. B.฀That฀area฀never฀appears฀on฀the฀maps. C.฀It฀doesn’t฀snow฀very฀often฀in฀that฀part฀of฀the฀country. D.฀The฀weather฀in฀winter฀is฀not฀very฀nice฀in฀the฀area.

39.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀They฀already฀knew฀how฀to฀repair฀cars฀in฀those฀days. B.฀They฀worked฀in฀a฀garage฀in฀those฀days. C.฀They฀used฀to฀have฀two฀cars฀in฀those฀days. D.฀They฀have฀used฀that฀car฀for฀a฀long฀time.

40.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀She฀did฀everything฀correctly. B.฀She฀did฀everything฀immediately. C.฀She฀did฀everything฀as฀carefully฀as฀possible. D.฀She฀did฀everything฀following฀the฀instructions.

Instrucciones฀para฀las฀preguntas฀41฀-50.฀El฀examinador฀leerá฀una฀historia.฀Escuche฀atentamente.฀Enseguida฀oirá฀preguntas฀ relativas฀al฀texto฀leído.฀฀En฀cada฀caso,฀deberá฀elegir฀la฀alternativa฀A,฀B,฀C,฀o฀D.฀que฀responda฀en฀mejor฀forma฀la฀pregunta.฀Una฀฀vez฀ que฀haya฀elegido฀la฀alternativa฀correcta,฀deberá฀consignarla฀en฀su฀HOJA฀DE฀RESPUESTAS,฀No฀escriba฀en฀este฀cuadernillo. 41.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀Because฀they´d฀been฀friends฀for฀many฀years. B.฀She฀wanted฀him฀to฀advise฀her฀where฀to฀go฀on฀holiday. C.฀She฀wanted฀to฀buy฀an฀air฀ticket. D.฀She฀wanted฀to฀travel฀abroad฀by฀boat..฀

42.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀Because฀he฀was฀glad฀to฀see฀her฀again B.฀Because฀she฀told฀him฀about฀her฀husband´s฀death. C.฀Because฀he฀noticed฀she฀was฀an฀old฀lady฀now. D.฀Because฀she฀wanted฀to฀go฀back฀Brighton฀next฀summer.

43.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀At฀a฀hotel฀which฀a฀member฀of฀the฀family฀had฀in฀Brighton. B.฀At฀a฀summer฀house฀they฀had฀in฀the฀south฀of฀France. C.฀At฀a฀nice฀cheap฀guest฀house฀on฀the฀coast฀in฀Britain..฀ D.฀At฀an฀expensive฀hotel฀near฀Paris. A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

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44.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀Because฀they฀wanted฀their฀children฀to฀study฀a฀foreign฀language.฀฀ B.฀Because฀they฀knew฀they฀were฀going฀to฀have฀good฀weather฀there. C.฀Because฀the฀travel฀agent฀told฀them฀the฀weather฀was฀nicer฀in฀those฀countries. D.฀Because฀it฀was฀a฀lot฀more฀convenient฀for฀them฀to฀go฀there฀on฀holiday.฀฀฀฀฀

45.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀The฀Greens฀went฀on฀holiday฀abroad฀for฀the฀last฀time. B.฀Mrs฀Green´s฀husband฀passed฀away. C.฀They฀decided฀not฀to฀go฀on฀holiday฀abroad฀any฀longer. D.฀Mrs฀Green฀went฀to฀her฀travel฀agent฀to฀inquire฀about฀cheap฀hotels฀in฀Portugal.

46.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀฀To฀visit฀some฀friends฀in฀Portugal. B.฀To฀go฀to฀a฀cheap฀hotel฀in฀Italy฀or฀Spain. C.฀To฀spend฀her฀summer฀holidays฀in฀Britain. D.฀To฀spend฀her฀summer฀holidays฀abroad,฀as฀usual.

47.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀To฀a฀hotel฀a฀Potuguese฀friend฀had฀in฀Lisbon.฀ B.฀To฀the฀same฀family฀hotel฀she฀used฀stay฀when฀she฀was฀young. C.฀To฀฀a฀particular฀holiday฀place฀in฀India. D.฀To฀a฀nice฀and฀pleasant฀holiday฀resort฀in฀Potugal.

48.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀฀Because฀he฀was฀not฀expecting฀to฀see฀Mrs฀Green฀that฀day. B.฀Because฀he฀thought฀Mrs฀Green฀had฀died฀a฀few฀months฀ago. C.฀Because฀Mrs฀Green฀was฀planning฀to฀spend฀her฀summer฀holidays฀in฀Asia. D.฀Because฀wanted฀to฀take฀a฀two-week฀package฀tour฀of฀฀India.

49.฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀฀Because฀lots฀of฀people฀were฀spending฀their฀holidays฀there฀these฀days. B.฀Because฀everything฀was฀included฀in฀the฀fare฀and฀฀she฀wouldn´t฀have฀to฀worry฀about฀anything. C.฀Because฀that฀was฀the฀only฀way฀to฀visit฀interesting฀places฀in฀India. D.฀Because฀he฀happened฀to฀have฀a฀guidebook฀and฀some฀brochures฀to฀show฀her.

50.฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

A.฀฀Because฀she฀didn´t฀like฀traveling฀with฀other฀people. B.฀Because฀she฀didn´t฀like฀package฀tours฀very฀much. C.฀Because฀she฀wanted฀to฀arrange฀her฀holiday฀herself฀and฀travel฀cheaply. D.฀Because฀India฀was฀an฀amazing฀country.฀

฀฀฀

฀฀฀฀ ฀THIS฀IS฀THE฀END฀OF฀THE฀LISTENING฀PART฀OF฀THE฀TEST฀

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A฀short฀course฀in฀english฀for฀adult฀students฀

฀B.฀READING฀PART฀ Instrucciones฀para฀las฀preguntas฀51฀–฀80.฀En฀cada฀una฀de฀las฀oraciones฀hay฀uno฀o฀dos฀espacios฀en฀blanco,฀elija฀la฀alternativa฀ A,฀B,฀C,฀o฀D.฀que฀llene฀el฀o฀los฀espacios฀en฀blanco฀en฀forma฀correcta฀y,฀฀enseguida,฀consigne฀su฀elección฀en฀su฀HOJA฀DE฀ RESPUESTAS,฀No฀escriba฀en฀este฀cuadernillo, 51.฀Bob฀:฀฀฀฀฀__________฀you฀ever฀_________฀Drambuie,฀José?฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀José:฀฀฀฀No,฀never.฀But฀I฀know฀it’s฀a฀very฀strong฀liquor. ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ A.฀Do฀฀฀–฀฀drank฀ ฀ ฀ C.฀Will฀-฀drink ฀ B.฀Have฀-฀been฀drunk฀ ฀ D.฀Have฀-฀drunk 52.฀Captain฀Thomas฀has฀not฀worked฀_________฀during฀the฀last฀three฀months,฀so฀I฀don’t฀think฀he’ll฀get฀a฀good฀report฀from฀ his฀superiors..฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ A.฀too฀good฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ C.฀hard฀enough ฀ B.฀too฀many฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ D.฀satisfactory 53.฀What฀is฀the฀____________฀professional฀experience฀you’ve฀had฀in฀your฀military฀career? ฀ A.฀valuable฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ C.฀hardest ฀ B.฀better฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ D.฀most฀good 54.฀As฀soon฀as฀I฀opened฀the฀door฀and฀looked฀inside,฀I฀noticed฀that฀______________฀a฀฀฀party฀the฀night฀before฀because฀ there฀were฀dirty฀plates฀and฀glasses฀and฀empty฀bottles฀all฀over฀the฀place. ฀ ฀

A.฀there฀had฀been฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ C.฀they฀were฀having B.฀there฀were฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ D.฀it฀was

55.฀_____________฀books฀you´ve฀brought฀with฀you,฀Jack!฀Do฀you฀think฀you´ll฀have฀time฀to฀read฀them฀all? ฀ ฀

A.฀What฀a฀few฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ C.฀What฀a฀lot฀of B฀฀How฀interesting฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ D.฀How฀much

56.฀Mary฀seems฀to฀be฀a฀very฀responsible฀person.฀She฀has฀studied฀very฀hard฀______________฀this฀semester.฀She´ll฀surely฀ get฀one฀of฀____________฀marks฀in฀the฀final฀examination. ฀ ฀

A.฀since฀-฀฀the฀high฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ B.฀during฀-฀the฀highest฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

C.฀for฀฀-฀the฀most฀highest D.฀along฀-฀the฀higher

57.฀Remember฀that฀you฀have฀to฀turn฀off฀all฀the฀lights฀___________฀฀the฀office.฀John. ฀ ฀

A.฀before฀leaving฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ B.฀in฀order฀to฀leaving฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

C.฀before฀you’re฀leaving D.฀before฀to฀leave

58.฀You฀are฀getting฀too฀fat,฀Jim.฀I฀think฀you฀__________฀eat฀less฀and฀do฀more฀physical฀exercise. ฀ ฀

A.฀must฀to฀ ฀ B.฀should฀to฀฀

฀ ฀

฀ ฀

C.฀would฀rather D.฀ought฀to

59.฀__________฀did฀you฀use฀to฀write฀to฀____________฀when฀you฀were฀serving฀in฀the฀United฀Nations฀Peacekeeping฀Forces฀ in฀the฀Middle฀East? ฀ ฀

A.฀How฀long฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀฀your฀family฀฀฀฀฀ C.฀How฀often฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀฀them B.฀How฀many฀times฀฀฀–฀฀฀theirs฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ D.฀How฀much฀time฀฀฀-฀฀฀your฀friends

60.฀Mr฀Morrison฀__________฀the฀children฀to฀the฀park฀that฀morning,฀but฀he฀remembered฀that฀he฀_________฀go฀and฀see฀a฀

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friend฀who฀was฀in฀hospital. ฀ ฀

A.฀had฀taken฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀–฀฀฀฀฀฀must฀฀฀ B.฀was฀going฀to฀take฀-฀฀had฀to฀฀฀฀฀฀

C.฀had฀been฀taking฀฀฀–฀฀should฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ D.฀would฀take฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀was฀allowed

61.฀Grandmother฀____________฀when฀I฀went฀out฀to฀do฀the฀shopping฀about฀two฀hours฀ago฀and฀she฀is฀__________฀asleep..฀ Don’t฀you฀think฀I฀should฀go฀and฀see฀if฀she฀is฀all฀right? ฀ ฀

A.฀slept฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀–฀฀฀฀฀also฀ ฀ B.฀was฀sleeping฀฀฀–฀฀฀฀still฀ ฀

C.฀has฀slept฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀–฀฀฀฀already D.฀had฀been฀sleeping฀฀฀–฀฀฀yet฀

62.฀The฀number฀of฀accidents฀caused฀by฀careless฀drivers_____________฀during฀the฀last฀two฀years,฀I’฀m฀sure฀the฀strict฀ regulations฀the฀Ministry฀of฀Transport฀imposed฀two฀years฀ago฀___________฀the฀effects฀everyone฀expected. ฀ ฀

A.฀are฀decreasing฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀produce฀ C.฀has฀decreased฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀are฀producing B.฀are฀decreased฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀will฀produce฀฀ D.฀have฀been฀decreasing฀฀฀฀-฀฀will฀be฀producing

63.An฀illiterate฀person฀is฀a฀person฀_______฀can’t฀read฀or฀write.฀Consequently,฀he฀_________฀considered฀a฀full฀member฀of฀ our฀modern฀society. ฀ A.฀whose฀฀฀-฀฀฀mustn´t฀be฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ C.฀whom฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀฀never฀was฀able฀to฀be฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ B.฀which฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀doesn’t฀have฀to฀be฀฀฀฀ ฀ D.฀who฀฀฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀฀will฀never฀be 64.฀I´m฀going฀to฀______________฀as฀soon฀as฀I฀____________฀this฀afternoon. ฀ ฀

A,฀give฀to฀her฀the฀letter฀฀฀-฀฀฀will฀see฀her฀ B.฀give฀the฀letter฀to฀her฀฀฀-฀฀฀see฀her฀ ฀

C.฀give฀the฀letter฀her฀฀฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀can฀see฀her D.฀give฀her฀the฀letter฀฀฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀am฀going฀to฀see฀her

65.฀Mrs฀Brown฀takes฀her฀children฀to฀the฀dentist฀once฀or฀twice________ ฀ ฀

A.฀in฀a฀year฀฀฀ B.฀by฀the฀year฀฀

฀ ฀

฀ ฀

฀ ฀

C.฀a฀year D.฀for฀the฀year

66.Mr฀Smith฀isn’t฀in฀the฀office฀at฀the฀moment.฀He฀must฀be฀_________฀having฀lunch฀________attending฀a฀meeting฀at฀the฀ Conference฀Hall. ฀ ฀

A.฀as฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀ B.฀either฀฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀฀

as฀ or฀

฀ ฀

฀ ฀

C.฀neither฀฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀nor D.฀both฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀-฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀and

67.฀I฀can’t฀move฀this฀box฀by฀myself฀because฀it’s฀____________ ฀ ฀

A.฀very฀heavy฀ ฀ B.฀too฀much฀heavy฀ ฀

฀ ฀

฀ ฀

C.฀too฀heavy D.฀not฀heavy฀enough

68.฀John฀and฀his฀friends฀seldom_____________฀when฀they´re฀at฀work฀because฀their฀boss฀is฀always฀keeping฀an฀eye฀on฀ them. ฀ ฀

A.are฀talking฀฀ B.have฀talked฀

฀ ฀

฀ ฀

฀ ฀

C.฀don´t฀talk D.฀talk฀

69.฀The฀manager฀told฀the฀secretary฀to฀use฀the฀computer฀________฀have฀the฀work฀done฀before฀midday. ฀ ฀

A.฀for฀to฀ B.฀so฀to฀

฀ ฀

฀ ฀

฀ ฀

฀ ฀

C.฀so฀that D.฀in฀order฀to

70.฀If฀they฀had฀taken฀all฀the฀necessary฀precautions,฀the฀accident฀_____________. ฀ ฀ 284

A.฀must฀have฀prevented฀ ฀ B.฀cou